EP3994249A1 - Procede de production in vitro de neurones de mammiferes - Google Patents
Procede de production in vitro de neurones de mammiferesInfo
- Publication number
- EP3994249A1 EP3994249A1 EP20735420.0A EP20735420A EP3994249A1 EP 3994249 A1 EP3994249 A1 EP 3994249A1 EP 20735420 A EP20735420 A EP 20735420A EP 3994249 A1 EP3994249 A1 EP 3994249A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- isoforms
- cells
- weeks
- neuronal
- vitro production
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
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- C07K14/46—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates
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- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N2533/00—Supports or coatings for cell culture, characterised by material
- C12N2533/90—Substrates of biological origin, e.g. extracellular matrix, decellularised tissue
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for the in vitro production of mammalian neurons. More particularly, the method according to the invention makes it possible to produce neurons expressing the 6 isoforms of the Tau protein (2N4R, 1N4R, 0N4R, 2N3R, 1N3R, 0N3R).
- the invention finds applications in connection with neurodegenerative diseases, in particular in the field of diagnosis and cell therapy, as well as for the identification and development of new therapeutic treatments.
- Tau is a multifunctional protein, originally identified as a cytoplasmic protein associated with microtubules. Six isoforms of Tau are expressed in the adult human brain, resulting from the alternative splicing of the MAPT gene. Tau splicing is regulated during development so that only the shorter isoform of Tau is expressed in the fetal brain, unlike the adult brain which expresses all 6 isoforms.
- tauopathies The accumulation of pathological intracellular deposits of the Tau protein is the hallmark of many neurodegenerative diseases called tauopathies (Sergeant et al., 2008). It is important to note that the protein composition (identity of the Tau isoforms present), the morphology and the anatomical distribution of the intracellular deposits of Tau make it possible to distinguish the different tauopathies.
- AD Alzheimer's disease
- the 6 Tau isoforms are abnormally phosphorylated and aggregated.
- Pick's disease isoforms of Tau 3R predominate, while aggregate forms of Tau 4R are prevalent in corticobasal degeneration and progressive supranuclear palsy.
- iPSC induced pluripotent stem cell
- the presence of adult Tau isoforms has also been described at the RNA level in cortical neurons derived from iPSC (Ehrlich et al., 2015). However, the corresponding protein isoforms could not be detected. Only the fetal isoform Tau 0N3R was present in these cortical neurons derived from iPSC.
- the inventors have discovered that it is possible to produce in vitro neurons expressing the 6 isoforms by culturing stem cells in microcompartments. hollow alginate-based cells, allowing a 3D culture, in a culture medium allowing neuronal differentiation.
- this step is carried out in a bioreactor in which the microcompartments are kept in suspension in said neuronal differentiation medium.
- the inventors have also demonstrated that by using a particular neuronal differentiation medium comprising sodium chloride, a neuroactive inorganic salt, glycine, L-alanine and L-serine, it is possible to obtain post-mitotic neuronal cells comprising the 6 isoforms of the Tau protein in relatively short times, between 5 and 50 weeks.
- the inventors have thus developed culture methods making it possible to obtain such neurons after only a few weeks.
- the subject of the invention is therefore a process for the in vitro production of mammalian neurons expressing the 6 isoforms of the Tau protein (2N4R, 1N4R, 0N4R, 2N3R, 1N3R, 0N3R), comprising a neuronal differentiation step, according to which one cultivates cellular microcompartments each comprising a hollow hydrogel capsule surrounding post-mitotic neuronal cells and an extracellular matrix, said neuronal differentiation step being carried out in a bioreactor, the cellular microcompartments being kept in suspension in an enclosure of said bioreactor containing a differentiation medium neuronal for a period of between 5 weeks and 100 weeks.
- a subject of the invention is also a method for the in vitro production of mammalian neurons expressing the 6 isoforms of the Tau protein (2N4R, 1N4R, 0N4R, 2N3R, 1N3R, 0N3R), comprising a step of neuronal differentiation according to which one cultivates for a period between 5 weeks and 100 weeks, preferably between 5 and 50 weeks, more preferably between 10 and 50 weeks, even more preferably between 25 and 50 weeks, between 25 and 40 weeks, between 25 and 35 weeks, between 25 and 30 weeks, between 20 and 50 weeks, between 20 and 40 weeks, between 20 and 35 weeks, between 20 and 30 weeks, or between 20 and 25 weeks, cellular microcompartments each comprising a hollow hydrogel capsule surrounding post-neuronal cells.
- mitotics and an extracellular matrix in a neuronal differentiation medium comprising at least one neuroactive inorganic salt, glycine, L-alanine and L-serine.
- Said compounds are each present at a concentration which maintains the survival and neural functionality of a neuronal cell.
- the subject of the invention is also unnatural post-mitotic neuronal cells, capable of being obtained by the method according to the invention, in which the 6 isoforms of the Tau protein are expressed.
- unnatural post-mitotic neuronal cells cells obtained by in vitro culture under controlled conditions of cells capable of differentiating into neuronal cells, such as pluripotent cells, as opposed to cells obtained by sampling from a human subject such as an adult human subject.
- the subject of the invention is post-mitotic neuronal cells derived from cell culture, capable of being obtained by the method according to the invention, in which the 6 isoforms of the Tau protein 2N4R, 1N4R, 0N4R, 2N3R, 1N3R and 0N3R are expressed.
- such post-mitotic neuronal cells exhibit an expression ratio of the isoforms of 3R and 4R of between 1/3 and 3, more preferably between 1 ⁇ 2 and 2, even more preferably between 3 ⁇ 4 and 4/3, ideally at 10% of an equimolar ratio.
- the 2N, IN and ON isoforms advantageously represent, respectively, more than 3%, more than 17% and less than 90% of the total isoforms, preferably respectively more than 5%, more than 26% and less than 50%, even more preferably. respectively more than 8%, more than 45% and less than 45%, ideally respectively 9%, 54%, and 37%.
- FIG 1 shows a molecular characterization of iPSCs, NSCs and neurons derived from iPSC.
- the cells were differentiated for 15, 20 or 25 weeks (w), in DMEM / F12 - Neurobasal (D / N) or BrainPhys medium.
- FIG 2 shows the detection of 6 adult isoforms of MAPT mRNA in brain extracts.
- A Schematic representation of the different MAPT isoforms analyzed. The expected sizes for each PCR product were calculated depending on the location of the primers covering exons 1 and 11.
- B Each peak corresponds to a different MAPT isoform. The Y axis shows fluorescence in arbitrary units and the X axis shows size in bp.
- FIG 3 shows the expression of mRNA and adult MAPT protein isoforms in neurons derived from iPSC
- A Representation of the relative expression of the 6 isoforms of MAPT in neurons induced from iPSC after 15 , 20 and 25 weeks of maturation by RT-qPCR analysis. The cells were differentiated for 15, 20 or 25 week (s), in DMEM / F12 - Neurobasal (D / N) or BrainPhys medium.
- B Western blot analysis of proteins extracted from 25 week neuronal capsules maintained in BrainPhys. Treatment with Lambda phosphatase reveals the presence of 4 isoforms of Tau, corresponding to 1N4R, 1N3R, 0N4R and 0N3R. 2N isoforms are not detectable.
- FIG 4 shows the quantification of the relative expression of the 6 adult isoforms of MAPT mRNA.
- MAPT mRNA isoforms were quantified either individually (A) or grouped according to the inclusion of exon 10 (B), or the inclusion of exons 2 and 3 (C).
- FIG 5 shows the detection and quantification of adult MAPT mRNA isoforms.
- A ON, IN and 2N
- B 3R and 4R
- the neuronal cells were differentiated for 15, 20 or 25 weeks (w), in DMEM / F12 - Neurobasal (D / N) or BrainPhys medium.
- A, B a schematic representation of the different MAPT mRNA isoforms analyzed, the expected size of the PCR product calculated based on the location of the primers and a representative electropherogram are shown.
- the Y axis shows fluorescence in arbitrary units and the X axis shows size in bp.
- C The quantitative values are shown in the tables. Data represent the mean standard deviation (SD) of two or more independent experiments.
- FIG 6 shows the detection and quantification of adult MAPT mRNA isoforms after exclusion of 0N3R transcripts.
- A transcripts or 4R-Tau
- B isoforms in brain extracts or in neural capsules 25 weeks maintained in BrainPhys by RT-qPCR.
- A The use of the primers ex2 and ex11 made it possible to amplify only the IN and 2N isoforms.
- B The use of the primers ex1 and ex10 allowed the specific amplification of the 4R isoforms.
- the present invention relates to a method for culturing and producing post-mitotic neuronal cells expressing the 6 isoforms 2N4R, 1N4R, 0N4R, 2N3R, 1N3R, 0N3R of the Tau protein.
- This expression profile is characteristic of adult neurons, and is not particularly found at the embryonic level.
- methods of in vitro production of neuronal cells have not resulted in the production of neuronal cells expressing these 6 isoforms.
- the inventors have had the merit of discovering and showing that it is possible to produce such neurons in vitro, at high throughput and within a reasonable time (of the order of a few tens of weeks), by combining a cell culture in 3D to a differentiating medium.
- cellular microcompartments comprising a hollow outer shell of hydrogel encapsulating the cells and of the extracellular matrix is particularly advantageous and makes it possible, in the context of the present invention, to promote cell differentiation and the maturation of neurons up to the stage. post-mitotic characteristic of adult neurons.
- Each cell microcompartment comprises a hollow crosslinked hydrogel capsule, in which cells are housed, embedded in an extracellular matrix.
- the hydrogel capsule contains a single set of cells.
- single it is meant that the capsule contains only one group of cells, which can be more or less cohesive.
- a single set of cells refers to a cellular structure three-dimensional in which each cell of said set is in physical contact with at least one other cell of said set.
- the cells are self-organized into a set of cells positioned in a particular manner with respect to each other to create cellular interactions and communications and to form a three-dimensional microstructure of interest.
- Each microcompartment thus comprises an outer layer of hydrogel, or hydrogel capsule, containing a set of self-organized cells. Cells can multiply, organize and / or differentiate within the hydrogel capsule.
- the external hydrogel layer designates a three-dimensional structure formed from a matrix of polymer chains swollen by a liquid, and preferably of water.
- Such an outer hydrogel layer is obtained by crosslinking a hydrogel solution.
- the polymer (s) of the hydrogel solution are polymers which can be crosslinked when subjected to a stimulus, such as temperature, pH, ions, etc.
- the hydrogel solution used is biocompatible, in the sense that it is not toxic to the cells.
- the hydrogel layer advantageously allows the diffusion of dissolved gases (and in particular oxygen and / or carbon dioxide), nutrients, and metabolic waste to allow survival, proliferation, differentiation, maturation of cells and / or the production of molecules or molecular assemblies of interest and / or the recapitulation of cellular behaviors of interest.
- the polymers in the hydrogel solution can be of natural or synthetic origin.
- the hydrogel solution contains one or more polymers from sulfonate-based polymers, such as sodium polystyrene sulfonate, acrylate-based polymers, such as sodium polyacrylate, polyethylene glycol diacrylate, gelatin methacrylate compound, polysaccharides, and in particular polysaccharides of bacterial origin, such as gellan gum, or of plant origin, such as pectin or alginate.
- the hydrogel solution comprises at least alginate.
- the hydrogel solution only comprises alginate.
- alginate is understood to mean linear polysaccharides formed from b-D-mannuronate (M) and a-L-guluronate (G), salts and derivatives thereof.
- G alginate is a sodium alginate, composed of more than 80% of G and less than 20% of M, with an average molecular mass of 100 to 400 kDa (for example: PRONOVA® SLG100) and a total concentration of between 0.5% and 5% by density (weight / volume).
- the cellular microcompartment is closed. It is the outer hydrogel layer that gives the cell microcompartment its size and shape.
- the microcompartment can have any shape compatible with the encapsulation of cells.
- the extracellular matrix layer forms a gel.
- the extracellular matrix layer comprises a mixture of proteins and extracellular compounds necessary for cell culture, for example of pluripotent cells.
- the extracellular matrix comprises structural proteins, such as laminin 521, 511 or 421, rentactin, vitronectin, laminins, collagen, as well as growth factors, such as TGF-beta and / or of EGF.
- the extracellular matrix layer consists of or contains Matrigel® and / or Geltrex®.
- the microcompartment may contain, instead of the extracellular matrix, an extracellular matrix substitute.
- An extracellular matrix surrogate is defined as a compound capable of promoting cell attachment and / or survival by interacting with membrane proteins and / or extracellular signal transduction pathways.
- such a substitute comprises biological polymers and their fragments, in particular proteins (laminins, vitronectins, fibronectins and collagens), non-sulfated (hyaluronic acid) or sulfated glycosaminoglycans (chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, keratan sulfate, heparan sulfate), and synthetic polymers containing units derived from biological polymers or reproducing their properties (RGD motif) and small molecules mimicking attachment to a substrate (Rho-A kinase inhibitors such as Y-27632 or thiazovivin).
- proteins laminins, vitronectins, fibronectins and collagens
- non-sulfated hyaluronic acid
- sulfated glycosaminoglycans chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, keratan sulfate, heparan sul
- any method of producing cellular microcompartments containing inside a hydrogel capsule of the extracellular matrix and cells can be used for carrying out the preparation method according to the invention.
- the dimensions of the cellular microcompartment are controlled.
- the cellular microcompartment according to the invention has a spherical shape.
- the diameter of such a microcompartment is between 10 ⁇ m and 1 mm, more preferably between 75 and 750 ⁇ m, more preferably between 100 and 500 ⁇ m, even more preferably between 150 and 300 ⁇ m, +/- 10%.
- the cellular microcompartment according to the invention has an elongated shape.
- the microcompartment can have an ovoid or tubular shape.
- the smallest dimension of such an ovoid or tubular microcompartment is between 10 ⁇ m and 1 mm, more preferably between 75 and 750 ⁇ m, more preferably between 100 and 500 ⁇ m, even more preferably between 150 and 300 ⁇ m, + / - 10%.
- smallest dimension is meant twice the minimum distance between a point on the outer surface of the hydrogel layer and the center of the microcompartment.
- the thickness of the external hydrogel layer represents 5 to 40% of the radius of the microcompartment.
- the thickness of the extracellular matrix layer represents 5 to 80% of the radius of the microcompartment and is advantageously hung on the internal face of the hydrogel shell. This matrix layer can fill the space between cells and the hydrogel shell.
- the "thickness" of a layer is the dimension of said layer extending radially from the center of the microcompartment.
- post-mitotic neuronal cells expressing the 6 isoforms are obtained within a relatively short production time, and in particular less than 100 weeks, and more preferably less than 50 weeks.
- the microcompartments are maintained in a neuronal differentiation medium.
- N2B27 500 ml DMEM / F12, 500mL Neurobasal, 5mL N2 medium complement, 10 mL B27 medium supplement.
- such a medium is supplemented in a first phase (first 10 to 15 days, neural induction phase) by molecules blocking the signaling pathways linked to BMP2 (such as LDN-193189 or the Noggin protein) and the pathway TGF-beta signaling (such as SB-431542), and / or in an optional second phase by molecules activating the signaling pathways linked to EGF-1 and FGF-2 (amplification phase of neural stem cells), and / or complemented in a terminal differentiation phase by molecules activating neurotrophic signaling pathways (for example the BDNF transduction pathway) and molecules blocking the Notch signal transduction pathways (for example compound E or another inhibitor of gamma-secretase)
- BMP2 such as LDN-193189 or the Noggin protein
- TGF-beta signaling such as SB-431542
- EGF-1 and FGF-2 amplification phase of neural stem cells
- a terminal differentiation phase by molecules activating neurotrophic signaling pathways (for example the BDNF transduction pathway) and molecules blocking the Not
- the cellular microcompartments, containing stem cells, possibly already differentiated into post-mitotic neuronal cells, are placed in culture in a particular neuronal differentiation medium, comprising at least one neuroactive inorganic salt, glycine, L-alanine and L-serine said compounds each being present at a concentration which maintains the survival and neural functionality of a neuronal cell.
- a particular neuronal differentiation medium comprising at least one neuroactive inorganic salt, glycine, L-alanine and L-serine said compounds each being present at a concentration which maintains the survival and neural functionality of a neuronal cell.
- neuroactive compound is understood to mean a compound, such as an inorganic salt, which significantly affects the neural activity of a cell (by example an electrophysiological activity).
- Such neural activity can be substantially identical to the neural activity of a wild neuronal cell in its natural environment (in vivo).
- the at least one neuroactive inorganic salt is selected from the group consisting of sodium chloride (NaCl), potassium chloride (KC1), calcium chloride (CaC12), magnesium sulfate (MgS04) ), magnesium chloride (MgCL2), ferric nitrate (FeN03), zinc sulfate (ZnS04), cupric sulfate (CuS04), ferric sulfate (FeS04) and combinations thereof.
- the neuronal differentiation medium comprises sodium chloride and at least one other neuroactive inorganic salt.
- the sodium chloride concentration is between 20 and 200 mM, preferably between 70 and 150 mM, in particular at 120 mM +/- 10%.
- the concentration in the other neuroactive inorganic salts is preferably between 0.000001 and 10 mM, 0.000005 and 8 mM, 0.00001 and 6 mM, 0.00005 and 4 mM, 0.00005 and 2 mM, 0.0001 and 1 mM, 0.0005 and 0.5 mM, 0.001 and 0.05 mM, 0.01 and 0.05 mM.
- Both the glycine concentration and the L-alanine concentration are advantageously between 0.0001 and 0.05 mM.
- the L-serine concentration is advantageously between 0.001 and 0.03 mM.
- the culture medium further comprises L-aspartic acid, preferably at a concentration of between 0.00001 and 0.003 mM, and / or L-glutamic acid, preferably at a concentration of between 0.00001 and 0.02 mM, and / or a pH modulating agent, such as an inorganic salt.
- the modulating agent is an inorganic salt selected from dibasic sodium phosphate, monobasic sodium phosphate and combinations thereof, said agent being advantageously at a concentration of between 0.001 and 1 mM.
- the modulating agent is sodium bicarbonate, advantageously at a concentration of between 1 and 35 mM.
- the culture medium can comprise at least one of the following compounds: one or more amino acids, each amino acid advantageously being at a concentration of between 0.001 and 1 mM; one or more vitamins, each vitamin being advantageously at a concentration of between 0.00001 and 1 mM; an additional agent selected from the group consisting of a protein, a neurotrophic factor, a steroid, a hormone, a fatty acid, a lipid, a vitamin, an inorganic sulfate, an organic chemical compound, a monosaccharide, a nucleotide and combinations of these; an energetic substrate, such as sugar, sodium pyruvate and combinations thereof, preferably at a concentration of between 0.1 and 5 mM; and a photosensitive agent, in particular riboflavin (B2) at a concentration between 0.0001 and 0.0006 mM; and / or HEPES at a concentration between 1 and 10 mM.
- one or more amino acids each amino acid advantageously being at a concentration of between 0.001
- amino acid (s) are then advantageously chosen from L-alanyl-L-glutamine, L-arginine hydrochloride, L-asparagine-H20, cysteine-H20 hydrochloride, L-Cystine 2HC1, L-histidine-H2O hydrochloride, L-isoleucine, L-leucine, L-lysine hydrochloride, L-methionine, L-phenylalanine, L-proline, L-threonine, L tryptophan, L-tyrosine disodium salt dihydrate, L-Valine and combinations thereof.
- the vitamin (s) are chosen from the group consisting of choline chloride, D-calcium pantothenate (B5), folic acid (B9), i-Inositol, niacinamide (B3), hydrochloride pyridoxine, thiamine hydrochloride, vitamin B 12 (cyanocobalamin), riboflavin (B2) and combinations thereof.
- the culture medium does not include serum.
- the osmolarity of the medium is between 280 and 330 Osm / mL.
- composition of neuronal differentiation medium that can be used for implementing the method according to the invention are described in application WO2014 / 172580.
- the BrainPhys TM Neuronal Medium marketed by the company STEMCELL Technologies is particularly suitable for use as a neuronal differentiation medium in the process of the invention.
- the microcompartments are cultured in the cell differentiation medium for a period of between 5 weeks and 100 weeks.
- the culture step in the differentiation medium is carried out for a period of between 5 and 50 weeks, preferably between 10 and 50 weeks, between 20 and 50 weeks, between 25 and 50 weeks, between 20 and 40 weeks. between 25 and 40 weeks, between 20 and 30 weeks, between 25 and 30 weeks, more preferably between 20 and 25 weeks, even more preferably for approximately 24 weeks, 25 weeks, 26 weeks, 27 weeks, 28 weeks, 29 weeks, 30 weeks, especially for 25 weeks +/- 1 week.
- all or part of the microcompartments contains neurons expressing the 6 isoforms of the Tau protein (2N4R, 1N4R, 0N4R, 2N3R, 1N3R, 0N3R).
- the microcompartments comprising the post-mitotic neuronal cells can be obtained during a step of preculture of cellular microcompartments each comprising a hollow hydrogel capsule surrounding a single cluster of stem cells and the extracellular matrix in a culture medium. capable of inducing cell differentiation within said cellular microcompartments.
- the cells being advantageously organized in a cyst inside the hydrogel capsules at the end of said preculture step.
- a cyst denotes at least one layer of pluripotent cells organized around a central lumen.
- a microcompartment therefore comprises successively, around a central lumen, said layer of pluripotent cells, a layer of extracellular matrix, or of an extracellular matrix substitute, and the external hydrogel layer.
- Light is generated, at the time of cyst formation, by cells which multiply and develop in layers on the extracellular matrix layer.
- the lumen contains a liquid and more particularly culture medium.
- the stem cells used for the preparation of the microcompartments are advantageously pluripotent stem cells of mammals, human or non-human.
- a pluripotent stem cell, or pluripotent cell is understood to mean a cell which has the capacity to form all the tissues present in the whole organism of origin, without being able to form an entire organism as such.
- the stem cells are chosen from induced pluripotent stem cells (IPS), embryonic stem cells (ES), transdifferentiated cells and mixtures thereof.
- IPS induced pluripotent stem cells
- ES embryonic stem cells
- Transdifferentiated cells are defined as cells for which differentiation into cells of interest is achieved without going through a pluripotency step. Cells change from their initial state (eg fibroblast or peripheral blood mononuclear cell) to a mature neuron terminal state by forcing expression of a set of terminal state genes without ever transitioning through the pluripotent phenotype.
- a process for preparing cysts is described in application WO2018 / 096277, as well as culture media favorable to the organization of cells into cysts within microcompartments.
- neural progenitors are encapsulated in a hydrogel shell, said progenitors being advantageously able to organize in the form of cysts.
- the cellular microcompartments predominantly contain post-mitotic neuronal cells, said compartments are placed in the neuronal differentiation medium.
- the microcompartment comprises more than 50% by number of post-mitotic neuronal cells, preferably more than 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%.
- the neuronal differentiation step is carried out in a bioreactor, the cellular microcompartments being kept in suspension in an enclosure of said bioreactor containing the differentiation medium.
- the flow through the bioreactor can be as strong as the hydrogel shell can support.
- the hydrogel shell of cellular microcompartments protects cells from mechanical stresses associated with collisions and prevents fusions of multicellular elements (aggregates, micro-carriers).
- the microcompartments are suspended in the bioreactor, which allows access to the culture medium and diffusion into the homogeneous microcompartments, as well as good convection.
- microcompartments make it possible to cultivate the cells in any type of bioreactor, provided with a closed chamber, and in particular in a bioreactor in “batch” feed mode, in “fed” feed mode. batch ”or continuous feeding mode (infusion).
- the use of these microcompartments is particularly advantageous in the case of culture in continuous feeding mode. Indeed, the cells being protected by the hydrogel shell, it is possible to subject them to continuous flows, without risk of weakening them.
- the bioreactor comprises a hermetically sealable enclosure. This makes it possible to control the atmosphere inside the bioreactor, and for example to cultivate the microcompartments under an inert atmosphere.
- the bioreactor may include an enclosure having a volume between 1 mL and 10,000L, preferably between 5 mL and 10,000 L, between 10 mL and 10,000 L, between 100 mL and 10,000 L, between 200 mL and 10,000 L, between 500 mL and 10,000 L.
- the enclosure has a volume of at least 1 mL.
- the enclosure has a volume of at least 10 mL.
- the enclosure has a volume of at least 100 mL.
- the enclosure has a volume of at least 500 mL.
- the enclosure has a volume of at least 1 L.
- the enclosure has a volume of at least 10 L.
- the enclosure has a volume of 100 L, or more. Those skilled in the art will know how to adapt the number of microcompartments and the volume of the bioreactor according to requirements.
- the neural differentiation step is carried out under sterile conditions in order to avoid any contamination by microorganisms.
- the bioreactor enclosure is closed to prevent contamination, but allows gas exchange with the outside.
- the neuronal differentiation step it is possible to recover all or part of the cellular microcompartments, in order to recover post-mitotic neurons expressing the 6 isoforms of the Tau protein contained in said microcompartments.
- the cells can be recovered easily, by simple hydrolysis and / or dissolution of the outer hydrogel layer.
- the method according to the invention makes it possible to obtain post-mitotic neuronal cells in which the 6 isoforms 2N4R, 1N4R, 0N4R, 2N3R, 1N3R, 0N3R of the Tau protein are expressed.
- the 6 isoforms are proportions substantially identical to the proportions present in wild adult neuronal cells.
- the post-mitotic neuronal cells recovered from the cellular microcompartments at the end of the differentiation step exhibit an expression ratio of the 3R and 4R isoforms of between 1/3 and 3, more preferably between 1 ⁇ 2 and 2, even more preferably between 3 ⁇ 4 and 4/3, ideally at 10% of an equimolar ratio.
- the 2N, IN and ON isoforms advantageously represent, respectively, more than 3%, more than 17% and less than 90% of the total isoforms, preferably respectively more than 5%, more than 26% and less than 50%, even more preferably. respectively more than 8%, more than 45% and less than 45%, ideally respectively 9%, 54%, and 37%.
- the post-mitotic neuronal cells recovered from the cellular microcompartments at the end of the differentiation step comprise the 6 isoforms in the proportions below relative to the total number of the 6 isoforms: between 0.1 and 0.9% of Tisoform 2N4R, in particular 0.16% or 0.9%, between 0.5 and 1% of Tisoform 2N3R, in particular 0.69% or 1%, between 2 and 18% of Tisoform 1N4R, in particular 2 , 19% or 17.6%, between 8 and 23% of Tisoform 0N4R, in particular 9.4% or 22.4%, between 8 and 23% of Tisoform 1N3R, in particular 9.4% or 27.5%, and between 30 and 80% of Tisoform 0N3R, in particular 78.16% or 30.6%.
- Such post-mitotic neuronal cells can be used for research as well as diagnostic or treatment purposes. These cells, exhibiting an expression profile of the Tau protein substantially identical to that of wild-type adult neuronal cells, are particularly suitable for screening for therapeutic molecules targeting neurodegenerative diseases and / or modifying the pathophysiology of neurons, in particular in humans. .
- the BC-1 line (WT XY, passages 15-25, MTI-Globalstem, Gaithersburg, MD) was maintained in the absence of feeder cells. Culture plates were covered with Matrigel matrix for 2 hours at 37 ° C (Corning, NY, 1/100, diluted in DMEM medium). BC-1 colonies were dissociated using ReLeSR (STEMCELL Technologies, Vancouver, Canada) and then grown in mTESR1 (STEMCELL technologies) supplemented with 1% penicillin / streptomycin (Invitrogen, Caribstad, CA). The cultures were fed daily and passed every 5-7 days.
- Neural induction was performed in a 1: 1 mixture of DMEM / F12 and Neurobasal supplemented with B27 and N2 (Thermo Fischer Scientific Inc., Waltham, MA), ImM LDN- 193189 (Sigma Aldrich, St-Louis, MO ,) and IOmM SB431542 (Tocris Biosciences, Bristol, UK). The medium was changed every day for 8 days. Next, the differentiation of the neural stem cells was carried out using the DMEM / F12: Neurobasal mixture (1: 1) supplemented with B27 and N2, or the BrainPhys TM medium supplemented with N2-A and SMI (STEMCELL Technologies).
- Both media were supplemented with 10 ng / mL of BDNF and GDNF (Cell Guidance Systems Ltd., Cambridge, UK), 10 nM of Compound E (Abcam, Cambridge, UK) and 10 nM trichostatin A (Abcam). Half of the medium was changed daily until the specified ripening period.
- the sedimented microcompartments were rinsed once in PBS IX (Thermo Fischer Scientific Inc.) then incubated with Gentle Cell Dissociation Reagent (STEMCELL Technologies) for 5 minutes to disintegrate the alginate capsule. After two IX PBS washes, total RNA from cells was extracted using the Nucleospin RNA XS kit (Macherey-Nagel GmbH and Co KG, Düren, Germany). Validation experiments were performed on total RNA extracted from normal adult human cerebral cortex (BioChain Institute Inc., Newark, CA).
- RNA Reverse transcription was performed on 70 ng of RNA, using the Verso cDNA kit (Thermo Fischer Scientific Inc.) and oligo (dT) primers.
- the primers used in this study are listed in Table 1 below.
- the relative proportion of the MAPT isoforms was then analyzed by fluorescent PCR, using an unlabeled sense primer and a 6-FAM labeled antisense primer.
- the PCR products were analyzed on a Genetic Analyzer 3500 automatic sequencer (Applied Biosystems), and the electropherograms analyzed with the GeneMapper Software 5 software.
- the spheres were rinsed in PBS IX (Thermo Fischer Scientific Inc.) and then incubated with the Gentle Cell Dissociation Reagent (STEMCELL Technologies) for 5 minutes to disintegrate the alginate capsule. After two washes in PBS IX, the spheres were homogenized in Pierce® RIPA buffer (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.) supplemented with a cocktail of protease inhibitors (Sigma-Aldrich), using TissueLyserLT (Qiagen,
- the proteins were analyzed using the Western blot technique as described previously (Pons et al., 2017). Briefly, the proteins of the dephosphorylated samples were separated by electrophoresis on 10% SDS-PAGE gel, in parallel with lpL of a reference sample containing the 6 protein isoforms of Tau produced in vitro (Sigma Aldrich), then transferred to a membrane. nitrocellulose. The membranes were incubated with the primary antibody: Polyclonal Anti-human Tau (Dako Denmark A / S, Glostrup, Denmark) (1: 50,000) then revealed using chemiluminescent reagents (ECL Clarity, Bio-Rad Laboratories).
- iPSCs from healthy donors were used. After dissociation, iPSCs cells were encapsulated inside alginate capsules coated with Matrigel as previously described for neural stem cells (NSC) in Alessandri et al, 2016. The capsules were first maintained in medium. mTESR to allow colonies to emerge inside the capsules. Then, the neural induction of iPSCs was carried out by the double inhibition of SMAD until the NSCs reached 100% confluence in the capsules (Feyeux et al., 2012). The efficiency of neural induction was confirmed by the evaluation of the expression of POU5F1 and OTX-1 mRNAs by RT -PCR.
- the POU5F1 pluripotency gene was highly expressed in iPSCs and almost undetected in NSCs (Fig. 1A).
- the OTX-1 marker of the NSCs was specifically overexpressed in the NSCs compared to the uninduced iPSCs (Fig. IB).
- a commonly used medium DMEM / F12 - Neurobasal 1: 1, D / N
- BrainPhys TM medium which was designed to promote the maturation and synaptic function of neurons derived from iPSC (Bardy et al., 2015).
- cortical neurogenesis from iPSC follows the same temporal order in vitro as mammalian cortical development and extends at least through day 90 in culture (Espuny-Camacho et al., 2013; Kirwan et al., 2015; Shi et al., 2012), it was arbitrarily decided to characterize the identity of human cortical neurons derived from iPSCs in the experimental procedure after 15, 20 or 25 weeks in culture.
- CALB1 Calbindin 1
- RELN Reelin
- CALB 1 is expressed in cortical layers II and III of the human cerebral cortex and RELN in cortical layer I. As shown in Figures IC and 1D, the expression of CALB 1 and RELN mRNAs was detected in neurons derived from iPSC from 15 weeks of culture regardless of the medium used. Expression of both genes was maintained for up to 25 weeks. As expected, CALB1 and RELN were not detected at a significant level in iPSCs and NSCs.
- GF AP Gaal fibrillary acidic protein
- CLDN11 Claudin11
- iPSC-derived neurons inside Matrigel-coated alginate capsules were able to differentiate into cortical neurons, including upper layer cortical neurons which are generated in later stages. of cortical neurogenesis. It is important to note the presence of oligodendrocytes specifically in the cultures maintained in BrainPhys TM, pointing out that the BrainPhys TM neuronal medium improved neuronal maturation compared to the D / N medium commonly used.
- the 0N3R and 1N3R isoforms were the most expressed (30.6 and 27.5%), followed by the 0N4R and 1N4R isoforms (22.4 and 17.6%), while the 2N3R and 2N4R isoforms only represented 1 and 0 , 9% of all isoforms.
- BrainPhys TM promotes the expression of 6 adult mRNA isoforms of MAPT in neurons derived from iPSC and grown inside alginate capsules coated with Matrigel
- the method was used to assess the expression of adult MAPT isoforms in iPSC-derived neuronal cultures maintained in D / N or in BrainPhys TM medium, over a period of time. maturation of 25 weeks. Consistent with previous studies, analysis of the NSCs revealed a single peak, corresponding to the predicted size of the 0N3R isoform of MAPT (Fig. 3A and Fig. 4A). From 15 weeks of maturation, isoforms containing exon 2 (the 1N3R and 1N4R isoforms) and exon 10 (the 0N4R and 1N4R isoforms) were detected.
- the experimental procedure allowed the development of neurons expressing the 6 adult MAPT mRNA transcripts, but the 0N3R isoform remained mainly expressed after 25 weeks of maturation (-78%).
- the expression of the MAPT isoforms was analyzed independently of the 0N3R transcripts.
- two sets of primers (Fig. 6) were made: the first covering exons 2 and 11 to precisely analyze the 1N3R, 1N4R, 2N3R and 2N4R transcriptions, and the second covering exons 1 and 10 to specifically amplify the 4R-Tau isoforms.
- Analysis of brain extracts as well as cultures maintained in BrainPhys TM for 25 weeks confirmed the relative proportions of the different MAPT isoforms, thus validating the test.
- BrainPhys TM expressed the 6 adult MAPT transcripts after 25 weeks of maturation, including the 2N3R and 2N4R isoforms. It is important to note that when the cultures derived from iPSC were stored in D / N medium, only 5 isoforms were expressed. The 2N4R isoform was undetectable. In addition, at each study point, the mRNA levels for each isoform were consistently lower than those observed with BrainPhys TM medium. These data are perfectly consistent with the beneficial role of the BrainPhys TM medium on the maturation state of neurons. Interestingly, in accordance with what has been shown during human brain development (Hefti et al., 2018), a change in the expression of exon 2 and exon 10 was first detected. The inclusion of exon 3 is later.
- Tau protein isoforms were then evaluated by Western Blot in spheres maintained in BrainPhys TM for 25 weeks.
- the proteins were or were not dephosphorylated using lambda phosphatase and separated by electrophoresis next to a ladder of recombinant Tau proteins containing the 6 isoforms.
- Tau proteins migrate as multiple bands between 40 and 60 kDa, due to (i) the presence of multiple isoforms and (ii) the phosphorylation state of the proteins. Phosphatase treatment resulted in a shift of Tau proteins to lower molecular weights.
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| FR1907554A FR3098223A1 (fr) | 2019-07-05 | 2019-07-05 | Procede de production in vitro de neurones de mammiferes |
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