EP4077234A1 - Procédé de fabrication de ciments sursulfatés - Google Patents
Procédé de fabrication de ciments sursulfatésInfo
- Publication number
- EP4077234A1 EP4077234A1 EP20833875.6A EP20833875A EP4077234A1 EP 4077234 A1 EP4077234 A1 EP 4077234A1 EP 20833875 A EP20833875 A EP 20833875A EP 4077234 A1 EP4077234 A1 EP 4077234A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- components
- cement
- flash
- calcio
- sulfato
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 120
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 65
- OSGAYBCDTDRGGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium sulfate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O OSGAYBCDTDRGGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims abstract description 91
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 79
- 229910000323 aluminium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 46
- HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 41
- 235000011132 calcium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 39
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 239000001175 calcium sulphate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 230000003213 activating effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 95
- 238000001994 activation Methods 0.000 claims description 76
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 70
- 239000004567 concrete Substances 0.000 claims description 41
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims description 40
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 34
- 239000002893 slag Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000011410 supersulfated cement Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 238000006703 hydration reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000004570 mortar (masonry) Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 230000036571 hydration Effects 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium oxide Chemical compound [Ca]=O ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910052925 anhydrite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 235000008733 Citrus aurantifolia Nutrition 0.000 claims description 13
- 235000011941 Tilia x europaea Nutrition 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000004571 lime Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 230000009257 reactivity Effects 0.000 claims description 13
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 claims description 12
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000012190 activator Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000011381 foam concrete Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910021653 sulphate ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000000292 calcium oxide Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000018044 dehydration Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000006297 dehydration reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- ZOMBKNNSYQHRCA-UHFFFAOYSA-J calcium sulfate hemihydrate Chemical compound O.[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O ZOMBKNNSYQHRCA-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000004088 foaming agent Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 235000010755 mineral Nutrition 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011440 grout Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000033558 biomineral tissue development Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000005538 encapsulation Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000012255 calcium oxide Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- XFWJKVMFIVXPKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium;oxido(oxo)alumane Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-][Al]=O.[O-][Al]=O XFWJKVMFIVXPKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 231100001261 hazardous Toxicity 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004572 hydraulic lime Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002440 industrial waste Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010908 plant waste Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011505 plaster Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000003475 lamination Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000012633 leachable Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000000133 mechanosynthesis reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000035939 shock Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010902 straw Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000007725 thermal activation Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000001131 transforming effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 240000006909 Tilia x europaea Species 0.000 claims 2
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 26
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 20
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 13
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 13
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 description 11
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 10
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 9
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 9
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 description 9
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 8
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000007792 addition Methods 0.000 description 7
- 235000012241 calcium silicate Nutrition 0.000 description 7
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 7
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 6
- 239000000920 calcium hydroxide Substances 0.000 description 6
- 235000011116 calcium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 150000004677 hydrates Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 239000011396 hydraulic cement Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 6
- 235000019738 Limestone Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 229910052681 coesite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 229910052906 cristobalite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 229910001653 ettringite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000010440 gypsum Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052602 gypsum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium oxide Inorganic materials [Mg]=O CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910000029 sodium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 235000017550 sodium carbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 229910052682 stishovite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 229910052905 tridymite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- AXCZMVOFGPJBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium dihydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Ca+2] AXCZMVOFGPJBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- 229910001861 calcium hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- BRPQOXSCLDDYGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[Ca+2] BRPQOXSCLDDYGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000000378 calcium silicate Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052918 calcium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- OYACROKNLOSFPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium;dioxido(oxo)silane Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-][Si]([O-])=O OYACROKNLOSFPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000010881 fly ash Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000006028 limestone Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000395 magnesium oxide Substances 0.000 description 4
- AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium;oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[Mg+2] AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000000518 rheometry Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000004115 Sodium Silicate Substances 0.000 description 3
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000002671 adjuvant Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002956 ash Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008030 elimination Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000003379 elimination reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005265 energy consumption Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000007654 immersion Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 3
- -1 siliceous Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 150000003467 sulfuric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 235000002918 Fraxinus excelsior Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011398 Portland cement Substances 0.000 description 2
- PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Sulfate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 239000002250 absorbent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002745 absorbent Effects 0.000 description 2
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 210000003995 blood forming stem cell Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium carbonate Substances [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004927 clay Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010411 cooking Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008025 crystallization Effects 0.000 description 2
- 235000013365 dairy product Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 150000004683 dihydrates Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011810 insulating material Substances 0.000 description 2
- XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L lithium carbonate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-]C([O-])=O XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 229910052808 lithium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002609 medium Substances 0.000 description 2
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000009417 prefabrication Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000013049 sediment Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 2
- NTHWMYGWWRZVTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium silicate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-][Si]([O-])=O NTHWMYGWWRZVTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052911 sodium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011105 stabilization Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 241000206761 Bacillariophyta Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000894006 Bacteria Species 0.000 description 1
- 244000025254 Cannabis sativa Species 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 102000011045 Chloride Channels Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010062745 Chloride Channels Proteins 0.000 description 1
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 235000004431 Linum usitatissimum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 240000006240 Linum usitatissimum Species 0.000 description 1
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000015076 Shorea robusta Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000166071 Shorea robusta Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001133 acceleration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012736 aqueous medium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010216 calcium carbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000306 component Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052593 corundum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000003111 delayed effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- RMPLNKSBDVKRLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate;methyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate;methyl prop-2-enoate Chemical group COC(=O)C=C.COC(=O)C(C)=C.CCOC(=O)C(C)=C RMPLNKSBDVKRLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000284 extract Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013020 final formulation Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009970 fire resistant effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000295 fuel oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003517 fume Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001385 heavy metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000000887 hydrating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012212 insulator Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]=O JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N kaolin Chemical compound O.O.O=[Al]O[Si](=O)O[Si](=O)O[Al]=O NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004898 kneading Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000035800 maturation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012764 mineral filler Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005457 optimization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007170 pathology Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011056 performance test Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013502 plastic waste Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004014 plasticizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005646 polycarboxylate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002635 polyurethane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004814 polyurethane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004321 preservation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003449 preventive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002285 radioactive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011150 reinforced concrete Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003014 reinforcing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940108461 rennet Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 108010058314 rennet Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 238000009418 renovation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000779 smoke Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011182 sodium carbonates Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000011121 sodium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000019794 sodium silicate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000019351 sodium silicates Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052938 sodium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011152 sodium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005063 solubilization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007928 solubilization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005728 strengthening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000000346 sugar Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000008163 sugars Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000001629 suppression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008961 swelling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012749 thinning agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012549 training Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000844 transformation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000013311 vegetables Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000010792 warming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002916 wood waste Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001845 yogo sapphire Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B7/00—Hydraulic cements
- C04B7/12—Natural pozzuolanas; Natural pozzuolana cements; Artificial pozzuolanas or artificial pozzuolana cements other than those obtained from waste or combustion residues, e.g. burned clay; Treating inorganic materials to improve their pozzuolanic characteristics
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B18/00—Use of agglomerated or waste materials or refuse as fillers for mortars, concrete or artificial stone; Treatment of agglomerated or waste materials or refuse, specially adapted to enhance their filling properties in mortars, concrete or artificial stone
- C04B18/04—Waste materials; Refuse
- C04B18/18—Waste materials; Refuse organic
- C04B18/24—Vegetable refuse, e.g. rice husks, maize-ear refuse; Cellulosic materials, e.g. paper, cork
- C04B18/28—Mineralising; Compositions therefor
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B28/00—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements
- C04B28/02—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements containing hydraulic cements other than calcium sulfates
- C04B28/06—Aluminous cements
- C04B28/065—Calcium aluminosulfate cements, e.g. cements hydrating into ettringite
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B7/00—Hydraulic cements
- C04B7/14—Cements containing slag
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B7/00—Hydraulic cements
- C04B7/32—Aluminous cements
- C04B7/323—Calcium aluminosulfate cements, e.g. cements hydrating into ettringite
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
- C04B2111/00474—Uses not provided for elsewhere in C04B2111/00
- C04B2111/00612—Uses not provided for elsewhere in C04B2111/00 as one or more layers of a layered structure
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
- C04B2111/00474—Uses not provided for elsewhere in C04B2111/00
- C04B2111/00767—Uses not provided for elsewhere in C04B2111/00 for waste stabilisation purposes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
- C04B2111/20—Resistance against chemical, physical or biological attack
- C04B2111/2015—Sulfate resistance
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
- C04B2111/20—Resistance against chemical, physical or biological attack
- C04B2111/23—Acid resistance, e.g. against acid air or rain
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
- C04B2111/20—Resistance against chemical, physical or biological attack
- C04B2111/28—Fire resistance, i.e. materials resistant to accidental fires or high temperatures
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
- C04B2111/40—Porous or lightweight materials
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
- C04B2111/52—Sound-insulating materials
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
- C04B2111/74—Underwater applications
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P40/00—Technologies relating to the processing of minerals
- Y02P40/10—Production of cement, e.g. improving or optimising the production methods; Cement grinding
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P40/00—Technologies relating to the processing of minerals
- Y02P40/10—Production of cement, e.g. improving or optimising the production methods; Cement grinding
- Y02P40/18—Carbon capture and storage [CCS]
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
- Y02W30/50—Reuse, recycling or recovery technologies
- Y02W30/91—Use of waste materials as fillers for mortars or concrete
Definitions
- the invention relates to the technical field of the cement industry, and more particularly to supersulfated cements, that is to say cements with a high sulfate content.
- the invention relates in particular to a process for the manufacture of a supersulfated cement, the supersulfated cements obtained by said process, and their use for the preparation of materials of concrete, mortar or grout type and the admixture of cements with a view to improving of their performance.
- Cement is a hydraulic binder that hardens under the action of water, used in the preparation of concrete and most mortars. It is a hydraulic powdery material, that is, a very fine and very reactive powder. When this powder is mixed with water, it forms a paste that hardens due to hydration reactions. After hardening, this mixture retains its strength and stability even under water.
- the process for manufacturing a Portland type cement comprises the following steps: i. firing at high temperature (about 1450 ° C) in a rotary kiln, of a metered mixture of limestone (about 80% by weight) and clay (about 20% by weight), which gives what is called cement clinker; and ii. the co-grinding of the cement clinker obtained with gypsum to obtain a very fine and very reactive powder.
- a supersulphated cement is a cement consisting mainly (standard NF EN 15743) of blast furnace slag (S) and calcium sulphates (Cs).
- S blast furnace slag
- Cs calcium sulphates
- the mass proportion of the slag (S) is at least 75%
- the mass proportion of calcium sulphates (Cs) is between 5% and
- the clinker (K) is present in a mass proportion varying from 0% to 5%.
- Other secondary constituents (A) may be present, in a mass proportion varying from 0% to 5%, and finally additives can be added in a mass proportion of less than 1%.
- WO2015104466A1 a process for preparing such a cement, based on clinker or lime, calcium sulfate in the form of soluble anhydrite, and components pozzolanic and hydraulic. This process comprises the following steps: i. heat treatment of a powder mixture comprising cement or cement clinker or lime, and calcium sulfate, at a temperature between
- the invention relates to a process for manufacturing supersulfated cement, in which pozzolanic and hydraulic aluminosilicate components are mixed with a calcio-sulfato-alkaline activation complex ((Cs) + (K) + (A) )), in which said calcio-sulfato-alkaline activation complex is produced by carrying out the following successive steps:
- thermodynamic activation step by hot quenching of said calcio-sulfato-alkaline activation complex; then ⁇ a third step of cold quenching by rapid mixing of the activated calcio-sulfato-alkaline activation complex with the pozzolanic aluminosilicate components. and hydraulic.
- the so-called calcio-sulfato-alkaline activation complex thus produced makes it possible to increase the formation of the stable primary ettringite, and to increase the kinetics of formation of CSH hydrates (hydrated calcium silicate) during its hydration in the presence of pozzolanic aluminosilicate components. and hydraulics
- the flash thermodynamic treatment applied concomitantly to the premixed activation components (Cs) + (K) + (A) improves their solubility and their hydraulic and chemical reactivity upon hydration in the presence of the aluminosilicate components.
- the third step 3 all the components are mixed (pozzolanic and hydraulic aluminosilicates has a calcio-sulfato-alkali activating complex), the crystalline structure of the composite product is fixed and stabilized, and the metastability of the product is reduced to open air.
- the particle size of the pulverulent composition is between 5 microns and 100 microns and a specific surface area greater than 12 m 2 / g.
- the hydraulic reactivity of the activation complex is very efficient and makes it possible to eliminate, if necessary, the clinker or the Portland cement in the manufacture of the supersulfated cement resulting from the process according to the invention. Moreover, the mechanical performance of the supersulfated cement thus obtained is better compared to the state of the art by 15% to 25%, in particular from the first hours of setting.
- the energy consumption has been reduced by 50% compared to a supersulfated cement of the prior art, by the reduction of the calcination temperatures, by the partial recycling of the hot calcination air, and by the heating of the fresh air in a heat exchanger recovering the thermal effluents from the extracted air.
- the process may also include one or more of the following characteristics, taken alone or in combination: calcium sulfate is a composition comprising by mass from 5% to 10% soluble anhydrite II, 70% to 80% alpha anhydrite III, and 15% to 30% of alpha hemihydrate produced in superheated rennet vapor;
- the alkaline components are chosen alone or in combination from the following components: synthetic or natural pozzolanic and hydraulic components, an amorphous calcium aluminate, hydraulic lime, aerial lime, quicklime, basic components;
- the pozzolanic and hydraulic aluminosilicate component comprises at least 75% by mass of natural pozzolanic components (in particular of volcanic origin) or synthetic (in particular of blast furnace origin); the pozzolanic and hydraulic aluminosilicate components comprise a granulated blast furnace slag (but not exclusively);
- the second step of activating said calcio-sulfato-alkaline activation complex comprises a transformation and activation of calcium sulfate by a flash thermodynamic process
- the flash thermodynamic process is suitable for homogenizing, micronizing, thermally shocking said calcium sulfate, and transforming it into phases with high hydraulic reactivities, such as composite phases II anhydrites, III beta anhydrite, and alpha hemihydrate (processed phase under superheated steam under controlled atmospheric pressure) associated concentrically within the same particles.
- ⁇ micronization is an autogenous kinetic micronization obtained by mechanosynthesis of particles within the flash thermodynamic process; the components of the calcio-sulfato-alkaline activation complex have a temperature of between 150 ° C and 300 ° C at the outlet of the flash thermodynamic process;
- the flash thermodynamic process comprises a thermal shock step carried out inside a hot fluid of superheated vapor;
- ⁇ the transformation of calcium sulphate is a transformation in complex phases carried out by a flash thermodynamic reactor device comprising a toroidal duct with variable sections and an electronic control unit;
- the electronic management unit is able to control the parameters of the thermal activation step
- a step of almost instantaneous dehydration of the components of the calcio-sulphate-alkaline activation complex is carried out by direct contact and by entrainment by a gaseous fluid loaded with superheated vapor in the toroidal duct placed in depression at the outlet and subjected to the inlet at a pressure between 50 mbar and 200 mbar, at a temperature set between 250 ° C and 450 ° C, generating a flow of the gaseous fluid entering at a speed between 15 m / s and 25 m / s;
- this step makes it possible to increase by 50% the reactivities and the mechanical performances at the young age and in the long term of the cement (compressive strengths which can rise to 25 MPa at 48 hours and 70 MPa at 28 days) compared to the conventional processes of calcination not exceeding 12 MPa at 48 hours and 49 MPa at 28 days; it concomitantly allows an autogenous micronization of very high Blaine fineness greater than 12 m 2 /
- the hot fluid charged with superheated vapor is partially recycled and mixed with the fresh air in an electro-regulated mixing chamber; thus, the energy consumption is reduced by recycling the hot air, allowing a significant improvement in the heat balance, of the heat transfer of the hot fluid laden with superheated vapor in contact with the particles of the activation complex.
- Their dehydration is accelerated and an intensification of their hydraulic reactivity is thus obtained;
- the fresh air is heated by the hot fluid extracted in an air / air heat exchanger;
- the fluid charged with vapor is heated by an automated burner (gas, coal, fuel oil) and mixed in a combustion chamber before being injected into the thermodynamic flash reactor via a battery of injectors;
- the recycling hot air at the outlet of the flash thermodynamic process considerably reduces the consumption of the burner, which regulates the injection temperature of the hot fluid, by up to 40%;
- the speed of the hot gaseous fluid is between 30 m / s and 40 m / s, the temperature is between 180 ° C and 300 ° C;
- the third cold quenching step is carried out so as to cool the calcio-sulfato-alkaline activation complex to a temperature between 30 ° C and 50 ° C in less than one minute;
- the third cold quenching step is carried out by rapid mixing of the activated calcio-sulfato-alkali activation complex at the outlet of the flash thermodynamic process with powdered aluminosilicate components at 30 ° C +/- 15 ° C in a continuous mixer;
- the third cold quenching step is carried out by rapidly mixing the calcio-sulphate-alkaline activation complex at the flash outlet with the pozzolanic aluminosilicate components, for example ground steel slag, at room temperature (but not exclusively).
- the invention also relates to a supersulfated cement obtained by the process according to the invention.
- the invention also relates to uses of a cement according to the invention for its implementation:
- ⁇ to improve the performance of cements, concretes, technical mortars, slag cements, aluminous cements, sulfo-aluminous cements and geotechnical or road binders, plasters, hydraulic or aerial lime; or for the manufacture of sand concrete based on aggregates of round eolian sands, or sand of dunes, eolian sands or ordinary sand; or ⁇ for the manufacture of lightweight aggregates, thermal and acoustic insulation based on plant waste or wood or crushed straw or other low density waste, by mineralization of these components by means of a coating by rapid-setting grout based on said cement; or for the manufacture of thermally activated concrete; or
- ⁇ for the manufacture of plaster components of very high shore hardness implemented by molding, casting, injection, spraying, lamination; or ⁇ for the encapsulation of hazardous industrial waste by coating these components in a stable and non-leachable mineral matrix; or for the production of prefabricated composite elements based on wood and concrete, elements such as panels, sandwich panels, insulating panels, acoustic panels, slabs, pre-slabs, walls.
- Figure 1 is a schematic view of an installation for implementing the process for manufacturing supersulphated cement of the invention.
- FIG. 2 is a graph which makes it possible to compare the increase in resistance as a function of the number of days of hydration of the supersulphated cements in the state of the art in red on the one hand, with CSS object of the present invention on the other hand.
- FIG. 3 makes it possible to compare the C02 emissions of different types of cement according to the manufacturing process, in particular the CSS which is the subject of the present invention, the emission level of which is represented by the CSS bar on the abscissa.
- the invention relates to a process for the manufacture of supersulphated cement in which are mixed pozzolanic and hydraulic aluminosilicate components and a calcio-sulphate-alkali (Cs) + (K) + (A) activation complex.
- the supersulfated cement thus obtained comprises a mixture of 30%, preferably between 5 and 20%, by mass at most of the calcio-sulfato-alkali activation complex, and at least 75% by mass of pozzolanic and hydraulic aluminosilicate components (S ).
- the pozzolanic and hydraulic aluminosilicate components (in particular of blast furnace origin) or natural (in particular of volcanic origin) have a high pozzolanicity index (according to a Chapel test). and a high hydraulic activity in the presence of the activation complex Calcio Sulfato Alcalin
- the pozzolanic and hydraulic aluminosilicate components comprise a granulated blast furnace slag, but not exclusively.
- the calcio-sulphate-alkaline activation complex is prepared by carrying out the following successive steps: a first step of mixing 70% by mass of calcium sulphate and
- thermodynamic activation by hot quenching (toroid flash process) of said calcio-sulfato-alkali activation complex
- ⁇ a third cold quenching step by rapidly mixing the activated calcio-sulfato-alkali activating complex with the pozzolanic aluminosilicate components.
- the calcio-sulfato-alkaline activation complex comprises activators acting as alkaline catalysts which trigger a “hydroxylic” attack, which increases the reactions of dissolution, precipitation and crystallization of the glassy components Si02 of pozzolanic and hydraulic aluminosilicates and calcium components CaO and, not entering into the structure of hydrates.
- These reactions in an alkaline medium intensify the solubility of the siliceous and calcareous components.
- the formation of hydrates is only possible in a high basic environment which prevents the formation of an alumina gel blocking the further hydration in CSH (hydrated calcium silicate) of the aluminosilicate components.
- the SLO2 and AI3O2 tetrahedra which make up the glassy phases of the pozzolanic material are separated and release SiO (OH) 3 and Al (OH) ions by intensifying the density of the HSCs. 2.
- the activation complex also comprises reagents, mainly sulphate, aluminous and calcium components which are factors of increase of the multiple chemical reactions of dissolution, precipitation, substitution, crystallization of the calcic and aluminous elements, which lead to the formation of hydrates and in particular stable primary ettringite.
- the thermodynamically activated calcium sulfate in the flash thermodynamic process according to the invention (step 2) is 50% more soluble and more reactive than the calcium sulfate dihydrate or hemihydrate or anhydrite.
- the calcio-sulfato-alkaline activation complex is composed according to the present invention of: 70% of calcium sulfate, natural or synthetic, comprising by mass of
- alkaline components sodium carbonate, sodium silicate, sodium hydroxide, sodium sulphate, lime, portland cement or sulphoaluminous cement, aluminous cement, .
- the calcio-sulfato-alkaline activation complex is composed of calcium sulfate (Cs), secondary activating constituents (A), additives (regulating agents for setting, rheology and alkaline pH), and optionally of clinker (K) or cement, but preferably without clinker (K) or cement.
- the alkaline components are chosen alone or in combination from the following components: synthetic or natural pozzolanic components (such as conventional cements or aluminous cements or sulfo-aluminous cements), an amorphous calcium aluminate, hydraulic lime, aerial lime , quicklime, basic components (such as sodium carbonate or calcium silicate or potassium hydroxide, or lithium carbonate).
- the components are dosed beforehand and mixed with the calcium sulfate component (Cs) before their flash thermodynamic treatment (second step).
- the components of the activation complex are perfectly mixed and homogenized before their flash thermodynamic treatment (second step).
- This improved chemical composition allows to increase the formation of the stable primary ettringite, and to increase the kinetics of formation of CSH hydrates.
- composition of the mixture of pozzolanic and hydraulic aluminosilicate components (S) and of the calciosulfato-alkali activation complex is described in detail below.
- the pozzolanic and hydraulic aluminosilicate components are a ground blast furnace slag (LHF) dosed at a minimum of 75% by mass.
- the pozzolanic and hydraulic aluminosilicate components are aluminosilicate components with high pozzolanicity and hydraulicity of natural or synthetic origins, in particular chosen alone or in combination, from the following products: converter steelworks slags, silico slags -manganese, calcined clays, natural pozzolans, volcanic tuffs, metakaolins but not exclusively.
- the improvement in the chemical and hydraulic reactivities induced by the alkaline calciosulphatic chemical activation complex ((Cs) + (K) + (A)) makes it possible to resort to a greater choice, compared to cements known from the prior art, synthetic or natural alumino-silicate pozzolanic components as a substitute for ground slag, and to integrate them into the composition of new supersulphated cements in accordance with the standards in force.
- These components with high latent hydraulicity also exhibit high pozzolanicity indices or Chapel activity index [NF P 18-513].
- These substitute components are two-thirds by mass of the sum of calcium oxide (CaO), magnesium oxide (MgO) and silicon dioxide (SiC> 2).
- the rest contains aluminum oxide (AI2O3) and small amounts of other ingredients.
- the mass ratio (CaO + Mg0) / (Si0 2 ) exceeds 1.
- the choice of substitution of the aluminosilicate components does not affect the performance of the supersulfated cements as required by standard 15743.
- the pozzolanic and hydraulic aluminosilicate components are chosen alone or in combination from the following components: natural pozzolans, volcanic tuffs, blast furnace slags (S) mixed with steel converter slag (LAC) , calcined clays, calcined red mud, silico-aluminous ashes, ashes from paper mills, fly ash, metakaolins, calcined shales, calcined red mud, sediments and all mixtures of said components.
- this component is a ground cement or clinker or preferably a CEM.I cement.
- Portland clinker is made by sintering a precise mixture containing elements, usually in the form of oxides, CaO, SiO2, Al2O3, Fe203 and small amounts of other materials.
- Portland clinker is a hydraulic material which must contain at least two thirds by mass of calcium silicates (3Ca0.Si02 and 2Ca0.Si02), the remainder consisting of clinker phases containing aluminum, iron and others. components.
- the (Ca0) / (SiO2) ratio is not less than 2.0.
- the content of magnesium oxide (MgO) does not exceed 5.0% in mass. It is important to reduce or preferably eliminate the cement or ground clinker in order to reduce the environmental impact of the supersulfated cement.
- the calcio-sulfato-alkaline activation complex (Cs + K + A) does not contain a component K.
- this component is a secondary component comprising calcium hydroxide, resulting from industrial processes, specially chosen mineral components, of natural origin and or derived from specified industrial processes.
- the source of calcium hydroxide is slaked lime, aerial lime, hydraulic lime, or quicklime, or is selected from commercial lime.
- This component can also be chosen from: components with high pozzolanic reactivity such as flashed metakaolin, non-crystallized amorphous calcium aluminate (ACA), strong base components such as sodium carbonate, or sodium silicate or potassium hydroxide, either of non-crystallized lithium carbonate, or an aluminous cement, or a sulpho-aluminous cement or a mixture of said components.
- components with high pozzolanic reactivity such as flashed metakaolin, non-crystallized amorphous calcium aluminate (ACA), strong base components such as sodium carbonate, or sodium silicate or potassium hydroxide, either of non-crystallized lithium carbonate, or an aluminous cement, or a sulpho-aluminous cement or a mixture of said components.
- ACA non-crystallized amorphous calcium aluminate
- strong base components such as sodium carbonate, or sodium silicate or potassium hydroxide, either of non-crystallized lithium carbonate
- the additives of the calcio-sulfato-alkaline activation complex can be chosen from the following additives:
- Cs + K + A Additions to the calcio-sulfato-alkaline activation complex (Cs + K + A)
- Cs + K + A These additions can be mineral fillers with particle sizes of less than 100 microns, preferably less than 50 microns of the type: aluminosilicates, siliceous, silica. limestones, calcium carbonates, natural or synthetic pozzolans, smoke silicas, fly ash, zeolites, diatoms, magnesium, etc.
- the additions are factors in the reduction of the water to binder W / L ratio. They significantly improve (from 5% to 15%) the mechanical performance of concretes produced with supersulphated cements.
- the second stage of activation of the calcio-sulfato-alkaline activation complex involves transformation and activation of calcium sulfate by a flash thermodynamic process.
- the activation complex is thermodynamically activated by a flash thermodynamic process at a temperature between 250 ° C and 450 ° C to form a pulverulent composite comprising less than 15% of soluble anhydrite II phases CaSC> 4.0H 2 0 and at least 85% Soluble Alpha Anhydrite III CaSC> 4 zero H20.
- the activation complex is calcined in contact with a hot fluid of superheated steam resulting on the one hand from the dehydration of the gypsum and on the other hand from the partial recycling of this hot fluid.
- ALPHA SIGMA phases thus obtained are specific to the process according to the invention and are perfectly identifiable by means such as SEM microscopes, DRX diffractometers and by ATD / TG thermal analyzes.
- the flash thermodynamic process of the process according to the invention is suitable for homogenizing, micronizing, thermally shocking said calcium sulfate, and transforming it into phases with high hydraulic reactivities such as composite anhydrite II, anhydrite III beta, and hemihydrate phases. beta.
- Micronization is a kinetic autogenous micronization obtained by mechanosynthesis of particles, inside an asymmetric toroidal duct with variable section.
- the flash thermodynamic process of the process according to the invention comprises a thermal shock step carried out inside a hot fluid of superheated vapor.
- the transformation of calcium sulphate is a transformation in complex phases carried out by a thermodynamic flash reactor device comprising a toroidal duct and an electronic control unit.
- the electronic management unit is able to control all the parameters of the thermal activation process, namely: an inlet temperature and an outlet temperature of the flash thermodynamic reactor device, a cold quenching temperature, a dosage of the different components of said supersulfated cement, atmospheric pressures upstream and downstream of the flash thermodynamic reactor, hot fluid speeds upstream and downstream of the flash thermodynamic reactor, air flow rates at the outlet of the flash thermodynamic reactor.
- a step of almost instantaneous dehydration of the components of the calcio-sulphate-alkaline activation complex is carried out by direct contact and by entrainment by a gaseous fluid loaded with superheated vapor in the pipe. toroidal placed in depression at the outlet and subjected at the inlet to a pressure between 50 mbar and 200 mbar, at a temperature set between 250 ° C and 450 ° C, generating a flow of the gaseous fluid entering at a speed of between 15 m / s and 25 m / s.
- the hot fluid charged with superheated steam is partially recycled and mixed with the fresh air in a mixing chamber, in particular electro-regulated.
- the fresh air is heated by the hot fluid extracted in an air / air heat exchanger.
- the vapor-laden fluid is heated by an automated burner (gas, coal, fuel) and mixed in a combustion chamber before being injected into the thermodynamic flash reactor via a battery of injectors.
- the speed of the hot gaseous fluid is between 30 m / s and 40 m / s, the temperature is between 180 ° C and 300 ° C.
- the calcio-sulfato-alkaline activation complex (Cs + K + A) is treated after mixing by an improved flash thermodynamic process.
- This process has the following characteristics:
- ⁇ It includes a step of almost instantaneous dehydration of the pulverulent or granular components by direct contact and entrainment by a hot gaseous fluid loaded with superheated vapor in a flash having a toroidal duct placed in depression downstream and subjected to a pressure at the inlet included between 50 mbar and 200 mbar upstream;
- the hot gaseous fluid at the flash inlet is at a temperature set between 250 ° C and 450 ° C
- the speed of the hot gaseous fluid at the flash inlet is between 15 m / s and 25 m / s;
- the speed of the hot gaseous fluid leaving the flash is between 30 m / s and 40 m / s; the pulverulent or granular components undergo autogenous micronization within the toroidal duct of the flash;
- the temperature of the air leaving the flash is between 180 ° C and 300 ° C; the components of the calcio-sulfato-alkaline activation complex have a temperature of between 100 ° C and 200 ° C at the outlet of the flash thermodynamic process;
- the pulverulent composition at the flash outlet has a particle size of between 5 microns and 100 microns and a Blaine specific surface area greater than 12 m 2 / gram;
- the pulverulent composition comprises a rapid cooling step either by contact with cold pulverulent components or by contact in a thin-film heat exchanger;
- FIG. 1 represents a schematic view of an installation making it possible to implement the process for manufacturing supersulfated cement that is the subject of the invention.
- the upstream mixer making it possible to combine the components of the activation complex is not shown.
- the references in Figure 1 are as follows:
- Hot air recycling circuit loaded with superheated steam 15 Automated fuel or gas or coal burner and combustion chamber
- Extract air 100 device for manufacturing CSS according to the invention
- the calcium sulphate is injected in the form of hemihydrate or dihydrate, pulverulent or granular, into a flow of hot turbulent air saturated with water vapor, and having a temperature between 200 ° C and 500 ° C. and a speed ranging from 5 m / s to 40 m / s.
- the hot air flow is made up on the part of: a hot air flow charged with superheated steam from the recycling of the hot fluid at the flash outlet and on the other hand, a hot air flow previously heated on contact air at the flash outlet in an energy recovery exchanger, said reheated air at the outlet of the exchanger is heated to a temperature of 200 ° C to 500 ° C in a combustion chamber equipped with an automated burner.
- the mixture of hot air streams is injected into the flash calciner via a battery of injectors.
- This step is immediately followed by a step consisting in separating from the hot fluid at the flash outlet in a filter or a cyclone, the particles of the sulphate complex thus produced.
- the aluminosilicate components with high pozzolanicity undergo grinding by a vertical mill or by a ball mill, have a Blaine specific surface area of 3800 cm 2 / g to 6000 cm 2 / g and a fineness of grinding less than 100 microns.
- the cement thus produced has a surface specific Blaine ranging from 3800 cm 2 / g to 6000 cm 2 / g, and a fineness of grind less than 100 microns.
- the third cold quench step is performed to cool the calcio-sulfato-alkali activation complex to a temperature between 30 ° C and 50 ° C in less than one minute.
- This cold quenching step is carried out by rapidly mixing the activated calcio-sulfato-alkali activating complex at the outlet of the flash thermodynamic process with powdered aluminosilicate components at 30 ° C +/- 15 ° C in a continuous paddle mixer.
- This cold quenching step is carried out by rapidly mixing the calcio-sulfato-alkali activation complex at the outlet of the flash thermodynamic process with the pozzolanic aluminosilicate components, for example ground steel slag, at room temperature. Cold quenching can also be done using an indirect tube cooler.
- the invention also relates to a supersulfated cement obtained by the process according to the invention. .
- the stability and durability of this supersulfated cement have been studied.
- XRD X-ray diffraction
- SEM electron microscopic examination
- the reaction progress is optimal depending on the total consumption of calcium sulfate and that of calcium.
- reaction of aluminosilicate when properly activated, lasts until all of the potential reagents, in particular gypsum and portlandite, are consumed.
- the cement according to the invention exhibits slowed air rehydration kinetics, which gives the cement a storage stability in air four times longer than that of conventional cements.
- the energy consumption for manufacturing cement is reduced by 35% to 45% compared to the manufacture of a supersulfated cement according to the process described in document WO2015104466A1.
- This is possible thanks to the acceleration of the flash thermodynamic exchanges of activation of the components (Cs) + (K) + (A), thanks on the one hand to the recovery of the thermal effluents resulting from the process, and on the other hand, by recycling the hot fluid loaded with superheated steam resulting from the dehydration of calcium sulphate.
- an energy balance (mechanical energy and thermal energy) is observed during the manufacture of the cement which is the subject of the present invention, less than 110 MJ / tonne of cement, ie 10 times less than that of conventional cements.
- Figure 3 makes it possible to compare the emissions (EmC02) of CC> 2 per tonne of cement, for different types of cement, having different manufacturing processes, in particular the supersulfated cement (CSS) object of the present invention, the emission level of which is represented by the CSS bar on the abscissa.
- the environmental balance (CO2 energy + CC> 2 material) of the cement object of the present invention does not exceed 60 kg of CO2, ie 12 times less than conventional cements.
- Figure 2 shows the performance tests of over-sulphated cements carried out on mortars according to Standard NF EN 196-1. This figure makes it possible to compare the increase in resistance (R) as a function of the number of days (E) of hydration, for supersulfated cements of the state of the art (curve 1) on the one hand, and for cements according to the invention, resulting from the method according to the invention on the other hand (curve 2).
- Fluidizers, plasticizers or superplasticizers capable of allowing a significant reduction in water, with a constant workability window, and whose action, by reducing the porosity, very appreciably increases the mechanical performance of the final cementitious composition.
- fluidifying, plasticizing or superplasticizing agents water reducing agents
- the adjuvants which may enter into the final formulation of the cementitious composition according to the invention can be chosen from the adjuvants described in standard NF EN 934-2. It should also be specified that the increased mechanical strengths conferred from a young age (4 hours after hydration) by the hydraulic cements which are the subject of the invention are not obtained to the detriment of the workability window (or practical duration of use) of the formulated cementitious compositions, which workability is satisfactory and is ensured over at least 30 minutes, advantageously over a period of between 45 min and 90 min, at a temperature of between 5 ° C and 30 ° C.
- workability window according to the present invention, we mean the time during which the sag of the formulated cementitious composition, evaluated according to standard EN 12350-2, remains greater than or equal to 10 mm.
- the invention also relates to uses of the supersulphated cement obtained by the process according to the invention.
- the cement according to the invention is used in a process for the production of cast or molded cellular concrete cured at atmospheric pressure.
- the method comprises a step of mixing the cement according to the invention, the mixing water, at least one surfactant, at least one fluidizing agent, and optionally at least one foaming agent.
- a low-density concrete is produced between 300 kg / m 3 and 1000 kg / m 3 offering a mechanical resistance which can reach 9 MPa, and a very low thermal conductivity of between 0.025 W / mK and 0.7 W / mK, preferably a thermal conductivity of less than 0.5 W / mK.
- the cement of the present invention is used to prepare materials of low density of the light concrete type, cellular concretes hardened at atmospheric pressure (called cellular concretes outside autoclaves or foamed concretes), of fire-resistant materials.
- a cellular concrete (hardened at atmospheric pressure) is prepared from the hydraulic cement according to the present invention, by a process comprising the following steps: a) mixing a cement in accordance with present invention with at least one surfactant and at least one thinning agent; b) add the mixing water; c) kneading the mixture obtained in step (b) to produce an inorganic foam in which air bubbles are trapped; d) pouring the mineral foam thus obtained, in particular in a mold, and allow it to harden.
- this process for manufacturing cellular concretes hardened at atmospheric pressure further comprises prior to mixing step (c), a step (b ') consisting in adding to the mixture obtained in step (b) one or more foaming agents or a foam produced separately from one or more foaming agents and water, which foam can be prepared by any means for generating foam, known to those skilled in the art, for example by a generator of foam. foam with compressed air or by mechanical mixer.
- the foaming agent (s) are dosed at a rate of 1 liter to 1.5 liters per 2000 liters of water to make a foam with an apparent density of 20 kg / m 3 to 30 kg / m 3 .
- the dosage of foam to be incorporated into the mixture obtained in step (b) is variable from 400 l / m 3 to 800 l / m 3 depending on the density of the desired concrete.
- the foaming agents suitable for the implementation of this process are well known to those skilled in the art. We cite in particular those proposed by the company PROVOTON® under the name Provoton® and the company DR LUCAS & PARTNER® GmBH under the name Lithofoam®.
- the water / hydraulic cement weight ratio is between 0.2 and 0.4, preferably between 0.25 and 0.35.
- the amount of surfactant (s) used in step (b) is preferably between 0.01% and 0.5% w / w hydraulic cement, preferably 0.05% and 0.1% w / p hydraulic cement
- the cement according to the invention is used in a process for producing an elaborate normal or rapid hardening road hydraulic binder (LHR).
- LHR road hydraulic binder
- the hydraulic road binder comprises 50% minimum of supersulfated cement object of the present invention, and 40% minimum of a converter steelworks slag (LAC).
- LAC converter steelworks slag
- the cement according to the invention is used in a process for the production of a calcio-sulphate-alkali activator to improve the performance of ordinary cements, concretes, technical mortars, slag cements, aluminous cements, sulphate cements. aluminous and geotechnical or road binders, plasters, hydraulic or aerial lime, but not exclusively. f) Production of wind-powered sand concrete
- the cement according to the invention is used in a process for producing sand concrete based on aggregates of round eolian sands, or dune sands, eolian sands or ordinary sand.
- the binders resulting from the process according to the invention have a hydraulic activation behavior in contact with the siliceous component aggregates of wind sands.
- the Mineral matrices thus formed are composed of round grains of sand whose surface is attacked by calciosulphatic and alkaline activators.
- the CSH gel perfectly coats the siliceous components, which is a factor of high resistance equivalent to that obtained with compositions of concrete, sand and quarry gravel.
- the spherical appearance of wind power aggregates is a factor in fluid rheology and in reducing mixing water.
- a sand concrete is produced by mixing a cement according to the invention at 350 kg / m 3 with a wind-powered sand 0/2 mm 1950 Kg / m 3 .
- the aeolian sand is replaced by ground pozzolana sand with:
- the cement according to the invention is used in a process for manufacturing lightweight aggregates, thermal and acoustic insulators based on plant waste or wood or crushed straw or other low density waste, by mineralization of these components by means of a coating by rapid-setting grout based on said cement.
- a coating of plant aggregates is carried out with a cement slurry according to the invention.
- These vegetable aggregates based on flax shives, hemp hemp or crushed wood are of major interest for the composition of lightweight concrete with a density varying from 350 kg / m 3 to 600 kg / m 3 .
- the cut plant components have a length between 10 mm and 20 mm, preferably 15 mm.
- the method comprises the following steps:
- ⁇ phase B injection of the grout into a high-speed mixer with double-shaft shoes supplied in the upper part with plant aggregates; Mixing time 2 to 4 minutes; At the outlet of the mixer, the plant aggregates are perfectly impregnated and mineralized; the adhesion of the mineralization on the plant aggregate is complete and its thickness is from 150 microns to 300 microns These aggregates at the outlet of the mixer are then discharged onto a fluidized bed conveyor in stainless steel mesh through which a hot fluid between 45 ° C passes. at 65 ° C for 3 to 6 minutes; the grout setting time is adjusted between 5 to 8 minutes depending on the desired production rate. h) Waste recovery compositions
- polyurethane waste or plastic waste or plant waste or wood waste is used.
- compositions At least one of the following compositions is made:
- Such concretes can comprise calibrated aggregates, hydraulic fillers of limestone or siliceous type and alkaline agents of sodium carbonate or calcium silicates type. j) Production of plaster components of very high shore hardness
- the cement resulting from the process according to the invention can be used for the manufacture of plaster components of very high shore hardness implemented by molding, casting, injection, spraying, lamination. k) Encapsulation of hazardous industrial waste
- the cement resulting from the process according to the invention can be used for the encapsulation of hazardous industrial waste (chemical, pharmaceutical or radioactive), by coating these components in a stable and non-leachable mineral matrix.
- the cement resulting from the process according to the invention can be used for the production of prefabricated composite elements based on wood and concrete, elements such as panels, sandwich panels, insulating panels, acoustic panels, slabs, pre-slabs, walls, but not exclusively.
- the activation process according to the present invention induces multiple transformations on the components of the activation complex and thus considerably increases their reactivity:
- compositions thus obtained lead to: o up to 8% of “alpha sigma” hemihydrate phases arranged at the periphery of the particles, o up to 92% of Anhydrite III phases arranged in the center of the particles o very few Anhydrite II phases.
- the sources of raw materials making it possible to obtain said calcium sulfate phases are indifferently natural or synthetic gypsum dihydrates as well as hemihydrate plasters.
- the solubility of the hemihydrate is, at 20 ° C, 9 gl -1 , that of gypsum is 2 gl -1 , while that of the composite calcium sulfate object of the present invention is greater than 15 gl 1 .
- This very high solubility index is the main factor allowing intense activation of the aluminosilicate components which induce the early formation of primary ettringite and that of CSH (hydrated calcium silicates).
- One of the characteristics of the present calcium sulphate composite is its high stability in air due to its microencapsulation by stable hydrated phases which ultimately increase the kinetics of hydration and chemical reactivities in an aqueous medium.
- the intrinsic performances of this calcium sulphate composite are characterized by very high mechanical performances: RC at 12 hours greater than 30 MPa and RC at 7 days greater than 40 MPa.
- the flash thermodynamic treatment used by the method according to the invention causes the following parameters which are programmed and controlled by the computerized management to interact: the hot quenching and cold quenching temperatures; the circulation speeds and volumetric flow rates of the hot fluid; atmospheric pressures upstream and downstream of the flash; - component feed rates; the initial humidity of the components.
- These physicochemical modifications induce high performance during their hydration in the presence of aluminosilicate components (pozzolanic components)
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Curing Cements, Concrete, And Artificial Stone (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR1915293A FR3105219B1 (fr) | 2019-12-20 | 2019-12-20 | Procédé de fabrication de ciments sursulfatés |
| PCT/EP2020/087276 WO2021123349A1 (fr) | 2019-12-20 | 2020-12-18 | Procédé de fabrication de ciments sursulfatés |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP4077234A1 true EP4077234A1 (fr) | 2022-10-26 |
Family
ID=71661907
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP20833875.6A Pending EP4077234A1 (fr) | 2019-12-20 | 2020-12-18 | Procédé de fabrication de ciments sursulfatés |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20230019095A1 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP4077234A1 (fr) |
| CA (1) | CA3161526A1 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR3105219B1 (fr) |
| MX (1) | MX2022007325A (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2021123349A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP3956274A1 (fr) * | 2019-04-16 | 2022-02-23 | Dow Global Technologies LLC | Pâtes de ciment stables au stockage |
| FR3127215A1 (fr) * | 2021-09-17 | 2023-03-24 | Saint-Gobain Weber France | Mousse minérale |
| CN114135874A (zh) * | 2021-12-27 | 2022-03-04 | 佛山市邦权科技有限公司 | 一种无害化处理二次铝灰的装置及其方法 |
| FR3144130A1 (fr) * | 2022-12-21 | 2024-06-28 | Néolithe | Procédé de fabrication d’un granulat à base organique ou organique/minérale, granulat à base organique ou organique/minérale et applications de ces granulats |
| CN117258533B (zh) * | 2023-09-15 | 2025-02-14 | 北京予知环境工程有限公司 | 干法脱硫剂及其制备方法、应用 |
Family Cites Families (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2015104466A1 (fr) | 2014-01-10 | 2015-07-16 | Greenmade Development Limited | Ciments hydrauliques à base de ciment ou de clinker de ciment ou de la chaux, de sulfate de calcium, et d'un composant pouzzolanique; leur procédé de fabrication et leurs utilisations |
-
2019
- 2019-12-20 FR FR1915293A patent/FR3105219B1/fr active Active
-
2020
- 2020-12-18 CA CA3161526A patent/CA3161526A1/fr active Pending
- 2020-12-18 MX MX2022007325A patent/MX2022007325A/es unknown
- 2020-12-18 US US17/757,487 patent/US20230019095A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2020-12-18 EP EP20833875.6A patent/EP4077234A1/fr active Pending
- 2020-12-18 WO PCT/EP2020/087276 patent/WO2021123349A1/fr not_active Ceased
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US20230019095A1 (en) | 2023-01-19 |
| CA3161526A1 (fr) | 2021-06-24 |
| FR3105219B1 (fr) | 2021-12-31 |
| MX2022007325A (es) | 2022-07-19 |
| WO2021123349A1 (fr) | 2021-06-24 |
| FR3105219A1 (fr) | 2021-06-25 |
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