EP4090132B1 - Plaque de béton chauffée électriquement - Google Patents

Plaque de béton chauffée électriquement

Info

Publication number
EP4090132B1
EP4090132B1 EP22171695.4A EP22171695A EP4090132B1 EP 4090132 B1 EP4090132 B1 EP 4090132B1 EP 22171695 A EP22171695 A EP 22171695A EP 4090132 B1 EP4090132 B1 EP 4090132B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
concrete
heating element
concrete slab
reinforcement
fibre reinforcement
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Active
Application number
EP22171695.4A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP4090132C0 (fr
EP4090132A1 (fr
Inventor
Steffen Lorenz
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Stl Heizsysteme GmbH
Original Assignee
Lorenz Martina
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Lorenz Martina filed Critical Lorenz Martina
Publication of EP4090132A1 publication Critical patent/EP4090132A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP4090132B1 publication Critical patent/EP4090132B1/fr
Publication of EP4090132C0 publication Critical patent/EP4090132C0/fr
Active legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/20—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional [2D] plane, e.g. plate-heater
    • H05B3/22—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional [2D] plane, e.g. plate-heater non-flexible
    • H05B3/28—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional [2D] plane, e.g. plate-heater non-flexible heating conductor embedded in insulating material
    • H05B3/283—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional [2D] plane, e.g. plate-heater non-flexible heating conductor embedded in insulating material the insulating material being an inorganic material, e.g. ceramic
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C2/00—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels
    • E04C2/02—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials
    • E04C2/04—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials of concrete or other stone-like material; of asbestos cement; of cement and other mineral fibres
    • E04C2/06—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials of concrete or other stone-like material; of asbestos cement; of cement and other mineral fibres reinforced
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C2/00—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels
    • E04C2/44—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by the purpose
    • E04C2/46—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by the purpose specially adapted for making walls
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C2/00—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels
    • E04C2/44—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by the purpose
    • E04C2/50—Self-supporting slabs specially adapted for making floors ceilings, or roofs, e.g. able to be loaded
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C2/00—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels
    • E04C2/44—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by the purpose
    • E04C2/52—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by the purpose with special adaptations for auxiliary purposes, e.g. serving for locating conduits
    • E04C2/521—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by the purpose with special adaptations for auxiliary purposes, e.g. serving for locating conduits serving for locating conduits; for ventilating, heating or cooling
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24D—DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
    • F24D13/00—Electric heating systems
    • F24D13/02—Electric heating systems solely using resistance heating, e.g. underfloor heating
    • F24D13/022—Electric heating systems solely using resistance heating, e.g. underfloor heating resistances incorporated in construction elements

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an electrically heated concrete slab, wherein the concrete slab is provided with fiber reinforcement and comprises at least one planar heating element.
  • the at least one planar heating element comprises at least one heating layer, preferably embedded in a synthetic resin-fiber composite.
  • the at least one planar heating element is thus a rigid and flexurally stiff component or semi-finished product, particularly for use on or in the concrete slab.
  • a concrete top layer is present, and on the opposite side or surface or outer surface of the planar heating element, an insulating layer or a concrete bottom layer is present, wherein the concrete top layer and concrete bottom layer each comprise, for example, a high-strength or other suitable concrete.
  • fiber reinforcement preferably made of carbon fibers, basalt fibers, or glass fibers
  • the fiber reinforcement can also be referred to as textile fiber reinforcement.
  • the fiber reinforcement is preferably planar, grid-like or lattice-like, but can also be spatially lattice-like or lattice-like, or have another or a combined planar, grid-like and/or lattice-like structure.
  • Electrically heated concrete slabs are available in various designs, for example as concrete roadway slabs. Electrically heated concrete slabs are, for example, made from... EP 0 894 417 , the DE 10 2006 007349 , the DE 195 16 909 , the DE 22 44 157 known.
  • Heating cables are known as heating elements that can be embedded in concrete. However, although they can be laid close together, these are point or strip-shaped heat sources that can lead to significant thermally induced stresses in the concrete. Therefore, such heating elements may only be installed with a large cross-section and a thick concrete cover. This results in increased energy consumption to reliably achieve desired temperatures on the concrete surface, for example, above the freezing point of water.
  • the object of the invention is to provide an electrically heated concrete slab that is highly durable, in particular exhibiting high flexural strength, and is easy to mass-produce and install at its intended location. Furthermore, the concrete slab should be large in area and very thin relative to its surface area, or have a low thickness, so that concrete slabs of any surface area up to approximately 50 square meters and with a thickness between 10 mm and 55 mm, with the thickness increasing only slightly as the surface area increases, can be easily manufactured and quickly installed.
  • the invention relates to an electrically heated, mechanically very strong concrete slab, wherein the concrete slab comprises fiber reinforcement and at least one planar heating element, wherein the at least one planar heating element comprises at least one heating layer embedded in a synthetic resin-fiber composite.
  • a concrete top layer is arranged on one side of the at least one planar heating element and an insulating layer or a concrete bottom layer is arranged on the other side of the at least one planar heating element.
  • the concrete top layer and/or the concrete bottom layer are formed with the fiber reinforcement.
  • the flat heating element alone or together with the fiber reinforcement, forms a statically effective element on the concrete surface layer or in or between the concrete surface layer and the concrete sublayer.
  • the insulation layer is, for example, a high-strength insulating material. Therefore, the insulation layer can also have a structural effect or at least provide structural support.
  • the concrete layers are divided into a top layer and a bottom layer for clarity, their specific assignment or designation can be reversed depending on the application and arrangement of the concrete slab. This also applies to the insulation layer.
  • the insulation layer may be located above the heating element, while the concrete layer is located below it.
  • the concrete slab can be manufactured with a thin slab thickness of, for example, only 30 mm.
  • Other slab thicknesses of more than 30 mm, more than 40 mm, or less than 30 mm are also possible, for example, with only one fiber reinforcement.
  • This design allows for a reduction in the amount of high-quality material required and, due to the near-surface placement of at least one surface heating element, faster and more cost-effective heating is achieved with lower power consumption compared to similar conventional heating surfaces or elements, since less concrete needs to be heated due to the proximity to the surface. This enables more rapid and demand-oriented operation with lower latency than is possible with conventional methods requiring a high concrete cover.
  • the concrete slab can be, for example, a concrete traffic slab, which includes all surfaces on which vehicles of any kind and/or people move about, a wall panel or wall element, a ceiling panel or floor panel, or a step. Other applications or areas of use are also included, even if not explicitly mentioned.
  • the invention advantageously fulfills the requirements for so-called LAU facilities (i.e., facilities for storing, filling, and transferring water-polluting substances) according to the Water Resources Act, as well as the freeze-thaw cycle requirements for concrete. Therefore, the invention can also be used, among other things, for mechanically demanding surfaces such as airport runways, storage or transfer areas, and production areas.
  • LAU facilities i.e., facilities for storing, filling, and transferring water-polluting substances
  • the invention can also be used, among other things, for mechanically demanding surfaces such as airport runways, storage or transfer areas, and production areas.
  • the fiber reinforcement is partially connected to the flat heating element. This connection is both positive-locking and force-locking.
  • the flat heating element and the fiber reinforcement together form a structurally effective element.
  • the fiber reinforcement can be vulcanized, bonded, or incorporated into the flat heating element.
  • the fiber reinforcement can be spaced away from the flat heating element or lie directly against it.
  • the fiber reinforcement may also have a coating.
  • the fiber reinforcement can simultaneously form a connection with the flat heating element. Alternatively, it can simply be embedded in the concrete, thus either in contact with or spaced away from the flat heating element.
  • the fiber reinforcement can be partially connected to or in contact with the flat heating element. For example, with a corrugated structure, the fiber reinforcement is only connected to or in contact with the flat heating element at the crests facing it.
  • At least one flat heating element has spaced-apart through-openings.
  • Through-openings are defined as openings that pass through the at least one flat heating element. This also includes recesses at the edge of the flat heating element. They can be provided during the manufacture of the flat heating element from the outset or added subsequently, for example, as a bore or by punching.
  • the concrete at least from the top layer, penetrates the openings in the at least one flat heating element.
  • the insulation layer is located on the other side of the at least one flat heating element.
  • the concrete can surround the at least one flat heating element at its edges, or it can surround both the at least one flat heating element and the insulation layer.
  • the concrete penetrates through the openings, so that the concrete of the lower layer is bonded to the concrete of the upper layer. Furthermore, the concrete surrounds the at least one flat heating element at its edges. This at least one flat heating element is embedded between the lower and upper layers of concrete, with the lower and upper layers bonding together at the points of contact or surfaces.
  • the openings in at least one flat heating element will guide further reinforcement elements and/or the fiber reinforcement of the concrete base layer and/or the concrete top layer.
  • the concrete base layer and the concrete top layer are thus additionally and advantageously connected to each other via fiber reinforcement in a force-fit and/or form-fit manner.
  • the heating layer embedded in at least one planar heating element is recessed or interrupted or guided around the through-openings, so that sufficient insulation and also the function are ensured.
  • the use of at least one flat heating element allows for a comparatively low component thickness and facilitates the placement of the heating element close to the surface, which in turn shortens the heating time, reduces energy losses, and consequently lowers energy consumption and operating costs.
  • the concrete can spread through and into the openings in at least one flat heating element, so that the concrete of the concrete base layer is connected with the concrete of the concrete top layer.
  • At least one flat heating element can have an adhesion-enhancing coating or a polymer-modified bonding bridge.
  • the at least one flat heating element with through-holes does not, therefore, separate the concrete layers.
  • This at least one flat heating element with through-holes also serves as an additional reinforcement element, resulting in a concrete slab with very high compressive strength and flexural stiffness. Consequently, the concrete slab is designed to withstand very high mechanical stresses.
  • reinforcing elements are also guided through the openings of at least one flat heating element.
  • the connection between the concrete sublayer and the concrete surface layer is strengthened, thus increasing the flexural strength and shear strength of the concrete slab and enabling it to absorb and dissipate greater forces.
  • the thickness of the concrete slab can be further reduced or a concrete slab of the same thickness can withstand higher loads.
  • the textile reinforcement elements form a unit with the fiber reinforcement of the concrete slab as an integral part of the fiber reinforcement, or are connected to, placed on, or inserted into the fiber reinforcement of the concrete slab.
  • a preferred positive-locking connection can advantageously be achieved, for example, by forming the ends of the reinforcement elements in a hook shape or by weaving the reinforcement elements into the fiber reinforcement of the concrete slab.
  • the textile fiber reinforcement is manufactured using three-dimensional knitting and weaving techniques to ensure force-fit and/or positive-locking properties. In this way, the reinforcement elements can have open, for example, rod-shaped or nail-shaped ends woven into the fiber reinforcement and guided through the openings.
  • the circumferential or lateral outer surfaces of the concrete slab have a wave structure or other corresponding surface structure in the vertical direction, corresponding to the lateral outer surfaces of the adjacent concrete slab.
  • This wave pattern allows for the efficient transmission of vertical forces between the adjacent concrete slabs without the disadvantages of a tongue-and-groove joint, such as material breakage.
  • the edges of the slabs are designed such that two adjacent edges are finished with the first wave pattern, and the other two edge areas are finished with the wave pattern corresponding to the first.
  • the concrete slabs, each appropriately aligned can be placed against each other with their wave pattern facing each other.
  • the components can be positively interlocked.
  • the waveform of the boundary regions can be realized as a sine wave.
  • the corresponding wave structure in addition to integer multiples, arbitrary multiples or non-integer multiples of a sine wave are also possible for the corresponding wave structure.
  • the corresponding wave structure can be arbitrarily oriented or arranged with respect to the amplitude and/or position of the minimum and maximum points.
  • the circumferential or lateral outer surfaces or the circumferential or lateral boundary of the concrete slab are each formed by concrete edge elements.
  • These edge elements are prefabricated from concrete and provided with edge fiber reinforcement.
  • the concrete edge elements On their outer surfaces, the concrete edge elements each have the corresponding wave structure or another corresponding surface structure. Reference can be made to the above descriptions regarding this wave structure or other corresponding surface structure.
  • the edge fiber reinforcement of the concrete edge elements projects beyond them as connecting reinforcement, so that they can be well connected to the concrete slab and preferably also to the fiber reinforcement of the concrete slab.
  • the prefabricated edge elements thus form the advantageous wave structure and simultaneously serve advantageously as integrated, so-called permanent formwork during the production of the concrete slabs.
  • the fiber reinforcement or edge fiber reinforcement be guided from the concrete base layer to the concrete surface layer in the area of the circumferential or lateral outer surfaces around the at least one planar heating element, thereby increasing stability.
  • the fiber reinforcement can be guided from the concrete base layer to the concrete surface layer around the at least one planar heating element.
  • a separate edge fiber reinforcement can be provided, which is guided or arranged around the at least one planar heating element and is directed to the respective Fiber reinforcement is guided through the concrete sublayer and/or concrete top layer and, if necessary, connected to it.
  • the fiber reinforcement of the concrete slab, the edge fiber reinforcement, and/or the reinforcement elements comprise planar and/or three-dimensional and/or elongated structures.
  • These structures can be carbon fiber structures, basalt fiber structures, glass fiber structures, or other fiber structures.
  • Such structures are woven or knitted fabrics, nonwovens, nets, or grids made from planar and/or three-dimensional and/or elongated or linear structures, such as yarn, filament, thread, or fiber arrangements.
  • These structures typically comprise several fibers.
  • different fibers such as carbon fibers, basalt fibers, glass fibers, or other fiber types, as well as different structures or combinations thereof, can be used.
  • Spatial and/or elongated fiber or carbon fiber structures are also suitable. These can be arranged on both sides of the planar heating element or in the concrete top and bottom layers.
  • the wave directions of the respective corrugated fiber or carbon fiber structures are offset from each other, for example by 90 degrees, so that the fiber or carbon fiber structure in the concrete top layer has a preferred force direction that is offset by 90 degrees from that of the fiber or carbon fiber structure in the concrete bottom layer.
  • the wave crests pointing away from the planar heating element, or the wave crests on one side of the corrugated structures can be connected with elongated linear fiber or carbon fiber structures or fiber or carbon fiber planar structures.
  • the corrugated fiber or carbon fiber structure can also be a fiber or carbon fiber mat or a fiber or carbon fiber mesh, the wave crests pointing away from the planar heating element or the wave crests of one side of the corrugated structures being connected via a fiber or carbon fiber mat or a fiber or carbon fiber mesh.
  • the fiber reinforcement, the edge fiber reinforcement, and/or the reinforcement elements comprise carbon fibers, basalt fibers, glass fibers, and/or other mineral or synthetic fibers.
  • Carbon fibers in particular, exhibit very high tensile strength. Consequently, concrete slabs with very high flexural strength can be produced using carbon fiber reinforcement, allowing these concrete slabs to be used for high loads with a comparatively thin slab thickness of approximately 4 cm. Such a concrete slab can therefore also be used on airport runways.
  • carbon fibers which exhibit very high tensile strength, is particularly advantageous.
  • the carbon fibers can be used in textile form or in rod form. Concrete combined with carbon fibers is also known as carbon concrete. Rod-shaped carbon fibers are preferably used with a profiled surface to ensure better frictional and/or form-fit with the concrete.
  • the planar and/or three-dimensional structures of the fiber reinforcement, edge fiber reinforcement, and/or the reinforcement elements, such as those made of carbon fibers are stiffened.
  • This stiffening can be achieved, for example, by a coating treatment, impregnation, or by encasing the reinforcing fibers with suitable materials.
  • This stiffening allows the planar and three-dimensional structures of the reinforcing fibers to be advantageously manufactured with dimension stability during the production of the concrete slabs.
  • a sizing treatment, impregnation or coating of the reinforcing fibers can create an adhesion-enhancing or friction-increasing or a three-dimensional surface structure.
  • the planar and/or spatial reinforcement structures have a grid or grid dimension of, for example, between 8 and 40 mm.
  • the grid or grid dimension can be, for example, between 10 and 20 mm.
  • Square, rectangular, or honeycomb-shaped grids are suitable examples. This allows the edge fiber reinforcements and the reinforcements provided by The reinforcement elements guided through the openings can be easily integrated into the fiber reinforcement of the concrete slab. At the same time, the use of the expensive carbon material is optimized.
  • the through-openings in at least one planar heating element are arranged in a grid pattern. This improves the compressive strength and flexural strength.
  • the compressive strength and flexural strength can be adjusted depending on the type of grid.
  • the openings in at least one planar heating element have a clear opening of 0.5 to 2.5 cm.
  • the openings are 1.25 to 2 cm in diameter, and particularly preferably 1.4 to 1.7 cm.
  • the openings can be round, but can also have other shapes, such as angular or hybrid forms. This allows for adjustment of the bond or connection between the concrete base layer and the concrete top layer, thereby improving the compressive and flexural strength.
  • 9 to 100 through-openings per square meter are distributed throughout the at least one planar heating element.
  • between 20 and 80, and particularly preferably between 30 and 60 through-openings per square meter are distributed throughout the at least one planar heating element.
  • the heating layer as the actual heating unit for converting electrical energy into heat, comprises a heating fabric, a heating mat, a heating braid, or a heating film. It is preferably provided according to the invention that the heating fabric, heating mat, heating braid, and/or heating film each have a conductive coating with metal and/or carbon. However, the heating fabric, heating mat, heating braid, and/or heating film can already be conductive. A combination of a conductive heating fabric, heating mat, heating braid, and/or heating film with a conductive coating is also provided.
  • Preferred embodiments of the concrete slab according to the invention are hereby specified, which advantageously enable an efficient provision of low-temperature heat in conjunction with the concrete slab designed according to the aforementioned features.
  • the heating layer is designed such that the heating fabric, heating mat, or heating braid is encased on both sides by prepreg material as a resin-fiber composite for protection and stability.
  • prepreg material is pressed and cured together with the heating layer to form a flat heating element, creating a strong bond. This embedding of the heating layer within the resin-fiber composite is achieved through the prepreg layers.
  • Using the prepreg material results in a laminated structure that improves compressive and flexural strength.
  • the special feature of the at least one flat heating element is that it has a maximum thickness of between 0.7 mm and 2.5 mm, preferably between 0.9 mm and 2 mm, and particularly preferably between 1 mm and 1.5 mm, thus enabling the production of the thin and mechanically highly resilient concrete slab.
  • the prepreg layers also achieve a high electrical dielectric strength, which allows the heating layer to be operated, for example, with between 110V and 1000V, thus also with 220V, 230V, 380V or 400V or with other voltage ranges.
  • At least one flat heating element with the laminated structure of the synthetic resin-fiber composite and the embedded heating layer can be prefabricated, making it easy to handle as a component, part, or semi-finished product during the production of the concrete slab. Furthermore, the heating layer is well protected from damage during the production of the concrete slab by the cured prepreg layers.
  • the outer surface of the concrete sublayer and/or the outer surface of the concrete toplayer has a three-dimensional and/or adhesion-enhancing or friction-enhancing surface structure on the side or surface opposite the at least one planar heating element, in order to ensure the bond to a substrate as required. to improve and/or increase slip resistance or sliding friction. Furthermore, it can increase road safety.
  • a three-dimensional surface structure formed on the underside of the concrete sublayer increases the contact area and interlocks with the underlying concrete or substructure, enabling shear forces in particular to be transferred more effectively to the underlying concrete or substructure.
  • a three-dimensional surface structure applied to the top of the concrete surface layer creates a surface roughness that improves the adhesion of tires to the concrete, especially on smooth surfaces.
  • This three-dimensional surface structure can be easily achieved, for example, by placing coarse-grained material, such as gravel, on the respective side of the concrete base layer and/or the concrete surface layer, or by using a formwork matrix during production with a negative or complementary structure to the desired or required surface texture.
  • the at least one planar heating element is provided on its surfaces with an adhesion-enhancing coating or a polymer-modified bonding bridge, or has an adhesion-enhancing three-dimensional surface structure.
  • This advantageously improves the adhesion between the at least one planar heating element and the concrete sublayer as well as the concrete surface layer. Consequently, the flexural strength of the concrete slab is increased, and the transfer of horizontal and/or vertical forces from the concrete surface layer to the concrete sublayer via the at least one planar heating element is improved, so that ultimately the concrete slab can withstand higher stresses.
  • the contact of at least one flat heating element can be routed to the side surfaces towards the adjacent concrete slab or downwards to enable the electrical connection to a power supply network.
  • fiber reinforcements provided they are electrically conductive, can be used for electromagnetic shielding, for example with carbon fibers.
  • Electrically conductive fiber reinforcements for grounding should preferably be routed out through the concrete sublayer.
  • a reflective layer and/or thermal insulation can be advantageously arranged below the concrete sublayer of the concrete slab to reduce heat loss.
  • the heating layer is controlled by a regulation dependent on the road surface temperature.
  • the electrically heated concrete slabs according to the invention are particularly suitable for runway heating at airports due to their excellent mechanical properties, where a monolithic structure of the described layers is not feasible, e.g., for reasons of time.
  • Figure 1 shows a section of the edge of an electrically heated, planar concrete slab 1 according to the invention.
  • the concrete slab 1 according to the invention is described starting from the bottom.
  • the base of the concrete slab 1 is the concrete sublayer 4, which is provided with fiber reinforcement 2 made of carbon fibers.
  • the fiber reinforcement 2 is advantageously arranged as a woven grid of carbon fibers horizontally oriented in the middle of the concrete sublayer 4.
  • Several layers of fiber reinforcement 2 can also be provided.
  • Such carbon fiber-reinforced concrete is also known as carbon concrete.
  • Concrete reinforced with other fibers is also known as textile-reinforced concrete.
  • Other fibers can be, for example, basalt fibers or other types of fibers.
  • High-strength and ultra-high-strength concrete is preferably used.
  • the flat heating element 3 is arranged above the concrete sublayer 4.
  • the planar heating element 3 comprises an electrically operated heating layer embedded in a resin-fiber composite.
  • the heating layer preferably comprises a metal-coated fabric.
  • the resin-fiber composite surrounding the heating layer is preferably prepreg material in the form of prepreg mats, which are pressed and cured as a stack with the heating layer arranged between at least two prepreg mats, thus forming a laminated structure or composite.
  • the resin-fiber composite stiffens the planar heating element 3, making it easy to handle.
  • the resin-fiber composite provides mechanical protection for the heating layer and ensures high dielectric strength.
  • the heating layer is provided with externally extending waterproof contacts (not shown).
  • a concrete top layer 5 is arranged, the basic structure of which corresponds to that of the concrete base layer 4.
  • 49 round through-openings 6 with a diameter of 15 mm are arranged in a grid pattern in the flat heating element 3.
  • the concrete top layer 5 is advantageously bonded to the concrete base layer 4, forming a homogeneous concrete body that penetrates the flat heating element 3 at intervals.
  • the concrete slab 1 can be made more resilient by the bonding of the concrete top layer 5 and the concrete base layer 4.
  • Concrete sublayer 4 can absorb horizontal and/or vertical shear forces significantly better.
  • This basic design provides an electrically heated concrete slab 1 that enables the heating of traffic areas and simultaneously withstands high mechanical stress. Thanks to the lightweight and durable carbon concrete, the concrete slab can be manufactured with a comparatively low thickness of only 3 cm or even 4 cm, making it suitable for high-stress applications.
  • the concrete slabs 1 according to the invention are therefore particularly suitable for runways and other traffic areas at airports, as well as for walkways, stairs, or driveways.
  • the electrically heated concrete slabs 1 according to the invention can be laid on existing concrete surfaces or other suitable existing surfaces.
  • the electrically heated concrete slabs 1 are formed with a vertically oriented wave structure 8 on their lateral outer edges or outer surfaces, wherein the wave structures 8 are each designed such that the adjacent wave structures 8 of side-by-side concrete slabs 1 correspond to each other.
  • the wave structures 8 are as shown, preferably correspondingly sinusoidal.
  • the vertically oriented wave structure 8 is realized by prefabricated concrete edge elements 9, which are provided with edge fiber reinforcement 2r made of carbon fibers.
  • the concrete edge elements 9, which are also made of carbon concrete, are cast during the production of the concrete slab 1, in particular during the creation of the concrete base layer 4 and the concrete top layer 5, and are thus integrated into the concrete slab 1 as permanent formwork.
  • the edge fiber reinforcement 2r of the concrete edge elements 9 protrudes from the prefabricated concrete edge elements 9 as connection reinforcement on the side opposite the wave structure 8.
  • a further fundamental advantage of using carbon fibers for fiber reinforcement 2 The advantage of the edge fiber reinforcement 2r is that, unlike steel reinforcement, corrosion cannot occur here, so no concrete cover is required for the fiber reinforcement 2. Therefore, the fiber reinforcement 2 and edge fiber reinforcement 2r can be implemented as carbon reinforcement on the underside for connection to the concrete substructure and/or for grounding from the concrete sublayer 4.
  • Figure 1 shows a horizontally cut, electrically heated concrete slab 1 in the plane of the planar heating element 3, viewed from above.
  • the electrically heated concrete slab 1 shown is like the one in Figure 2.
  • Fig. 1 as shown.
  • the through-openings 6 arranged in the heating element, through which the concrete of the upper layer (not shown) is connected to the concrete of the lower layer 4, are arranged in a grid pattern.
  • 60 through-openings 6 are provided per square meter.
  • the concrete sublayer 4 with the fiber reinforcement 2, shown as a dashed line is arranged.
  • the concrete edge elements 9, arranged on the side faces of the concrete slab 1, are also shown.
  • the edge fiber reinforcement 2r of the concrete edge elements 9, which is simplified and shown only in sections, is actually continuous around the perimeter and embedded in the concrete and the fiber reinforcement 2 of the concrete slab 1.
  • the through-openings 6 in the planar heating element 3 can be excluded from both the heating layer and the prepreg layers during the manufacture of the planar heating element 3, or they can be added subsequently, for example by punching or drilling.
  • FIG. 1 shows an electrically heated concrete slab 1 in a perspective view.
  • the concrete slab 1 shown here is based on the one described in Figure 1.
  • Fig. 1 The illustrated embodiment, in which no concrete edge elements are present or not shown, is shown.
  • the illustrated concrete slab 1 is connected not only to the concrete passing through the openings 6 and connecting the concrete base layer 4 with the concrete top layer 5, but also to carbon reinforcement elements 7. These carbon reinforcement elements 7 are also guided through the openings 6 in the planar heating element 3.
  • the reinforcement elements 7 can also be integrated into the fiber reinforcements 2 of the
  • the reinforcement elements 7, made of carbon are integrated into the concrete sublayer 4 and/or the concrete top layer 5, for example, by weaving them in, subsequently or additionally, or may already be a component of the reinforcement 2 as a unit.
  • the carbon reinforcement elements 7 improve the connection between the concrete sublayer 4 and the concrete top layer 5, so that, for example, larger mechanical forces, such as shear forces, can be transferred here.
  • FIG 4 An electrically heated concrete slab 1 with edge elements 9 is shown in a perspective view.
  • the concrete slab 1 shown is made of Fig. 3 and therefore from Figs. 1 and 2 known.
  • the outer edge elements 9, which have a wave-like shape, are shown.
  • the edge fiber reinforcement 2r, which stabilizes the edge elements 9 and is made of carbon, is brought close to the fiber reinforcement 2 of the concrete slab 1 and preferably connected to it.
  • the connections can be designed, for example, as hooks, loops and/or eyelets, or be braided or tied.
  • only individual reinforcement elements 7 are shown here as an example through the passage openings 6 in the flat heating element 3 in order to improve the bond between the concrete underlayer 4 and the concrete toplayer 5.
  • the Figure 5 The detailed sectional view of an electrically heated concrete slab 1 with fiber reinforcement 2 and reinforcement elements 7 is shown in a perspective view, as can be seen in particular from Fig. 3
  • the cross-sectional view is shown here through a passage opening 6.
  • the reinforcement elements 7, encased in concrete, extend through the passage opening 6.
  • the reinforcement elements 7 are shown with hook-shaped ends, ensuring at least a positive connection between the reinforcement elements 7, which are placed on or inserted into the fiber reinforcement 2, both in the concrete and with the fiber reinforcement 2 of the concrete slab 1. Accordingly, the strength properties of the concrete slab 1 are further improved.
  • An embodiment of the reinforcement elements 7, not shown, consists in the fact that open, for example rod-shaped, ends woven into the fiber reinforcement 2 are led through the passage openings as reinforcement elements 7 and thus the reinforcement elements 7 are also positively integrated into the fiber reinforcements 2.
  • FIG. 6a Another version of the electrically heated concrete slab 1 is in the Figures 6a and 6b
  • the concrete slab 1 is shown offset or rotated by 90 degrees around an axis perpendicular to the concrete slab 1.
  • a fiber reinforcement 2 in the form of a corrugated carbon fiber structure is arranged on each of the two opposing surfaces or outer surfaces.
  • the orientation of the corrugated carbon fiber structure is offset from each other by 90 degrees on the two opposing surfaces or outer surfaces of the planar heating element 3, as shown in the Figures 6a and 6b
  • the fiber reinforcement 2, a corrugated carbon fiber structure is vulcanized or bonded to the flat heating element 3 at the crests facing the flat heating element 3.
  • the fiber reinforcement 2, a corrugated carbon fiber structure has a stabilizing coating. Depending on the coating, the coating can also serve as a connection to the flat heating element 3.
  • a flat carbon fiber structure is present on each of the crests of the fiber reinforcement 2, which point away from the flat heating element 3, and is connected to these crests.
  • the concrete below the flat heating element 3 forms the concrete base layer 4, and the concrete above the flat heating element 3 forms the concrete top layer 5, thus forming the electrically heated concrete slab 1.
  • the concrete base layer 4 is connected to the concrete top layer 5.
  • the flat heating element 3 has an electrical supply line 10 that extends out of the concrete slab 1.
  • a heating element 3 is provided on a planar heating layer 3 embedded in a synthetic resin-fiber composite.
  • a fiber reinforcement 2 in the form of a corrugated carbon fiber structure is arranged on the upper surface or outer surface.
  • the fiber reinforcement 2, as a corrugated carbon fiber structure is vulcanized or bonded to the flat heating element 3 at the crests of the corrugations that point towards the flat heating element 3.
  • the fiber reinforcement 2, as a corrugated carbon fiber structure has a stabilizing coating.
  • Fiber reinforcement 2, in the form of a corrugated carbon fiber structure consists of a planar carbon fiber structure connected to the crests of the corrugations.
  • the planar heating element 3, with the connected fiber reinforcement 2 as a corrugated carbon fiber structure, is surrounded by concrete as a concrete surface layer 4.
  • An insulating layer 11 made of a solid or stable insulating material is arranged on the lower surface or outer surface of the flat heating element 3 and connected to the flat heating element 3. This assembly forms the electrically heated concrete slab 1.
  • the flat heating element 3 has an electrical supply line 10 (not shown) that leads out of the concrete slab 1 (not shown).

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Surface Heating Bodies (AREA)
  • Resistance Heating (AREA)
  • Road Paving Structures (AREA)

Claims (12)

  1. Dalle en béton chauffante électrique (1), la dalle en béton (1) comprenant au moins une armature fibreuse (2) et au moins un élément chauffant plat (3), l'élément chauffant (3) comprenant au moins une couche chauffante noyée dans un composite résine synthétique-fibres, la dalle en béton (1) comprenant, sur un côté ou une surface de l'élément chauffant plat (3) et sur le côté ou la surface opposée de l'élément chauffant plat (3) et, sur le côté ou la surface opposé(e) de l'élément chauffant plat (3), une couche isolante (11) ou une sous-couche de béton (4) avec l'armature fibreuse (2),
    - l'armature fibreuse (2) étant reliée par complémentarité de forme et par adhérence à au moins un élément chauffant plat (3) dans certaines zones
    ou
    - des ouvertures traversantes (6) espacées les unes des autres étant disposées de manière répartie dans au moins un élément chauffant plat (3) et le béton de la sous-couche en béton (4) est relié au béton de la couche supérieure en béton (5) à travers les ouvertures traversantes (6) dans l'élément chauffant plat (3) et qu'il existe des éléments d'armature (7) qui sont guidés à travers les ouvertures traversantes (6) du au moins un élément chauffant plat (3), les éléments d'armature (7) formant une unité avec l'armature fibreuse (2) de la dalle en béton (1) en tant que composant de l'armature fibreuse (2) ou étant reliés à l'armature fibreuse (2) ou posés sur l'armature fibreuse (2) ou insérés dans l'armature fibreuse (2).
  2. Dalle en béton chauffante électrique (1) selon la revendication 1
    caractérisé en ce
    que l'armature fibreuse (2) est espacée par endroits d'au moins un élément chauffant plat (3) ou repose contre au moins un élément chauffant plat (3).
  3. Dalle en béton chauffante électrique (1) selon l'une des revendications précédentes,
    caractérisé en ce
    que les surfaces extérieures périphériques ou latérales (8) de la dalle en béton (2) présentent, dans le sens vertical, une structure ondulée (8) correspondant respectivement aux surfaces extérieures latérales d'une dalle en béton disposée de manière adjacente.
  4. Dalle en béton chauffante électrique (1) selon la revendication 3
    caractérisé en ce
    qu'une délimitation périphérique ou latérale de la dalle en béton (1) est présente sous la forme d'éléments de bordure en béton (9) avec une face extérieure et une face intérieure, les éléments de bordure en béton (9) présentant sur la face extérieure la structure ondulée correspondante (8) et les éléments de bordure en béton (9) présentant une armature fibreuse de bordure (2r), l'armature fibreuse périphérique (2r) dépassant sur la face intérieure des éléments de bordure en béton (9) en tant qu'armature de raccordement en direction de l'armature fibreuse (2) de la dalle en béton (1) et étant reliée à l'armature fibreuse (2) de la dalle en béton (1) et/ou en ce que l'armature fibreuse (2) ou l'armature fibreuse périphérique (2r) est guidée de la sous-couche en béton (4) vers la couche supérieure en béton (5) dans la zone des surfaces extérieures périphériques ou latérales (8) autour d'au moins un élément chauffant plat (3).
  5. Dalle en béton chauffante électrique (1) selon l'une des revendications précédentes,
    caractérisé en ce
    que l'armature fibreuse (2), l'armature fibreuse périphérique (2r) et/ou les éléments d'armature (7) présentent des structures planes, spatiales et/ou allongées et/ou en ce que l'armature fibreuse (2), armature fibreuse périphérique (2r) et/ou les éléments d'armature (7) comprennent des fibres de carbone, des fibres de basalte, des fibres de verre ou d'autres fibres minérales ou synthétiques.
  6. Dalle en béton chauffante électrique (1) selon la revendication 5
    caractérisé en ce
    que les structures planes et/ou spatiales de l'armature fibreuse (2), de l'armature fibreuse périphérique (2r) et/ou des éléments d'armature (7) sont rigidifiées.
  7. Dalle en béton chauffante électrique (1) selon l'une des revendications précédentes 1 et 3,
    caractérisé en ce
    que les ouvertures traversantes (6) dans au moins un élément chauffant plat (3) ont une taille comprise entre 0,5 cm et 2,5 cm, de préférence entre 1,25 cm et 2 cm, et de manière particulièrement préférée entre 1,4 cm et 1,7 cm.
  8. Dalle en béton chauffante électrique (1) selon l'une des revendications précédentes 1, 3 et 7,
    caractérisé en ce
    que les ouvertures traversantes (6) sont réparties dans au moins un élément chauffant plat (3) en nombre compris entre 9 et 100, de préférence entre 20 et 80 et de manière particulièrement préférée entre 30 et 60 par mètre carré et/ou
    en ce que les ouvertures traversantes (6) sont disposées en forme de grille dans au moins un élément chauffant plat (3).
  9. Dalle en béton chauffante électrique (1) selon l'une des revendications précédentes,
    caractérisé en ce
    que la couche chauffante (3) comprend un tissu chauffant, un treillis chauffant, un maillage chauffant ou un film chauffant, le tissu chauffant, le treillis chauffant, le maillage chauffant et/ou le film chauffant étant conducteurs ou recouverts d'un revêtement conducteur.
  10. Dalle en béton chauffante électrique (1) selon l'une des revendications précédentes,
    caractérisé en ce
    la couche chauffante (2) est conçue de telle sorte que le tissu chauffant, le maillage chauffant et/ou le treillis chauffant sont entourés, pressés et durcis des deux côtés par un matériau pré-imprégné.
  11. Dalle en béton chauffante électrique (1) selon l'une des revendications précédentes,
    caractérisé en ce
    que la sous-couche en béton (4) et/ou la couche supérieure en béton (5) présente, sur le côté ou la surface opposé(e) à l'élément chauffant plat (3), une structure de surface tridimensionnelle et/ou améliorant l'adhérence ou augmentant le frottement.
  12. Dalle en béton chauffante électrique (1) selon l'une des revendications précédentes,
    caractérisé en ce
    que le(s) élément(s) chauffant(s) plat(s) (3) sont pourvus d'un revêtement améliorant l'adhérence sur leurs surfaces ou présentent une structure de surface tridimensionnelle améliorant l'adhérence.
EP22171695.4A 2021-05-11 2022-05-04 Plaque de béton chauffée électriquement Active EP4090132B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102021112343 2021-05-11
DE102021120560 2021-08-06

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EP4090132A1 EP4090132A1 (fr) 2022-11-16
EP4090132B1 true EP4090132B1 (fr) 2025-12-31
EP4090132C0 EP4090132C0 (fr) 2025-12-31

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2616394B (en) * 2021-07-30 2024-11-06 The Poured Project Ltd A moulded, heatable item

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2244157A1 (de) * 1972-09-08 1974-03-14 Ebenseer Betonwerke Gmbh Flaechenheizung fuer bauteile
JP2759312B2 (ja) * 1994-05-10 1998-05-28 株式会社有沢製作所 面状発熱体
DK0894417T3 (da) * 1996-04-19 2001-03-26 Thermion Systems Int Fremgangsmåde til at opvarme overfladen af en parabolantenne
DE102006007349A1 (de) * 2006-02-17 2007-08-30 Diecon Gmbh Flächenbeheizungs- und Abtauanlagen für Freiräume

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DE102022111048A1 (de) 2022-11-17
EP4090132A1 (fr) 2022-11-16

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