EP4203185B1 - Verbesserte breitbandige drahtantenne - Google Patents

Verbesserte breitbandige drahtantenne Download PDF

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Publication number
EP4203185B1
EP4203185B1 EP22215304.1A EP22215304A EP4203185B1 EP 4203185 B1 EP4203185 B1 EP 4203185B1 EP 22215304 A EP22215304 A EP 22215304A EP 4203185 B1 EP4203185 B1 EP 4203185B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
relative electrical
interstices
height
substrate
radius
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Active
Application number
EP22215304.1A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP4203185A1 (de
EP4203185C0 (de
Inventor
Jefferson Champion
Stéphane Mallegol
Ismaël Pele
Erwan Goron
Jessica Benedicto
Noham Guy Philippe MARTIN
Rozenn ALLANIC
Cédric QUENDO
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS
Thales SA
Univerdite de Bretagne Occidentale
Original Assignee
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS
Thales SA
Univerdite de Bretagne Occidentale
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Publication of EP4203185A1 publication Critical patent/EP4203185A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP4203185B1 publication Critical patent/EP4203185B1/de
Publication of EP4203185C0 publication Critical patent/EP4203185C0/de
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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/36—Structural form of radiating elements, e.g. cone, spiral, umbrella; Particular materials used therewith
    • H01Q1/38—Structural form of radiating elements, e.g. cone, spiral, umbrella; Particular materials used therewith formed by a conductive layer on an insulating support
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q19/00—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic
    • H01Q19/10—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic using reflecting surfaces
    • H01Q19/108—Combination of a dipole with a plane reflecting surface
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q21/00—Antenna arrays or systems
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q5/00—Arrangements for simultaneous operation of antennas on two or more different wavebands, e.g. dual-band or multi-band arrangements
    • H01Q5/20—Arrangements for simultaneous operation of antennas on two or more different wavebands, e.g. dual-band or multi-band arrangements characterised by the operating wavebands
    • H01Q5/25—Ultra-wideband [UWB] systems, e.g. multiple resonance systems; Pulse systems
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q9/00—Electrically-short antennas having dimensions not more than twice the operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
    • H01Q9/04—Resonant antennas
    • H01Q9/16—Resonant antennas with feed intermediate between the extremities of the antenna, e.g. centre-fed dipole
    • H01Q9/26—Resonant antennas with feed intermediate between the extremities of the antenna, e.g. centre-fed dipole with folded element or elements, the folded parts being spaced apart a small fraction of operating wavelength
    • H01Q9/27—Spiral antennas

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the field of wide frequency band wire antennas.
  • the antennas which are used either individually or in a goniometric or interferometric network, must operate in a very wide frequency band and in a circular, linear or double linear polarization, because neither the frequency nor the polarization of the signal to be captured are known a priori. It should be noted that the characteristics of an antenna being the same in reception and in transmission, an antenna can be characterized both in transmission and in reception. In what follows, the behavior in transmission is more often presented.
  • These antennas must have the smallest possible size and, in particular, a low thickness. They must also have radiation performances (gain, quality of radiation patterns, etc.) reproducible from one antenna to another, for network applications or to facilitate their replacement during a maintenance operation.
  • the radiating element consists of a metal wire which is shaped to describe, in a so-called radiating plane, a spiral-shaped pattern for a spiral antenna, or a log-periodic-shaped pattern for a log-periodic antenna, or a hybridization of these two geometries for a sinuous antenna (as defined for example in the article by Crocker DA et al. “Sinuous Antenna Design for UWB Radar” 2019 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation and USNC-URSI Radio Science Meeting, DOI: 10.1109/APUSNCURSINRSM.2019.8888630 ).
  • the metal wire is wound on itself so as to form, when viewed from above, a spiral.
  • This spiral can for example be an Archimedean spiral, a logarithmic spiral, or other.
  • several metal wires can be used to form as many spirals nested between each other.
  • the wire is shaped so as to have, when viewed from above, several segments. Each segment is inscribed in an angular sector, extends radially and has indentations. The length of each tooth and the spacing between two successive teeth of a segment follow a logarithmic progression.
  • the radiating element is produced by etching a thin metal layer, for example a copper layer between 2 and 40 ⁇ m, for example equal to 17.5 ⁇ m or 35 ⁇ m, deposited on a thin support film.
  • a thin metal layer for example a copper layer between 2 and 40 ⁇ m, for example equal to 17.5 ⁇ m or 35 ⁇ m, deposited on a thin support film.
  • the radiating plane is located above a metal reflecting plane.
  • the wave emitted by the radiating element towards the rear of the radiating plane is reflected forward by the reflecting plane.
  • the wave is phase-shifted by an angle ⁇ .
  • the reflected wave propagates forward and interferes, beyond the radiating plane, with the wave emitted by the radiating element towards the front of the radiating plane. This interference is constructive when, for a position of the wave front, the phases of the waves emitted forward and reflected forward are close. This occurs if the distance separating the radiating plane and the reflecting plane is close to ⁇ /4, where ⁇ is the wavelength in the dielectric medium between the radiating plane and the reflecting plane of the wave emitted by the radiating element.
  • the frequency band of such an antenna is restricted because of the relationship between the operating frequency of the antenna (i.e. the wavelength of the emitted wave) and the fixed distance between the radiating plane and the reflecting plane (which is defined by construction).
  • an antenna comprising, interposed between the radiating plane and the reflecting plane, a substrate having a relative electrical permittivity which varies as a function of the distance from the axis of the antenna, here called radius r.
  • the fixed distance between the radiating plane and the reflecting plane is thus overcome by modifying the wavelength in the substrate as a function of the radius by varying the value of the permittivity.
  • only one ring of the antenna functions correctly, i.e. allows for constructive interference in front of the radiating plane in transmission.
  • a permittivity gradient along the radius r is obtained by producing, in a disk made of a first dielectric material, vertical and through vias (empty or filled with a second dielectric material).
  • a permittivity gradient along the radius r is obtained by associating rings made of different dielectric materials, the lateral faces of the rings being beveled to obtain a continuous permittivity gradient along the radius r.
  • a first problem has been identified. It relates to the generation of creeping waves on the surface of the reflecting plane. Once generated, a creeping wave can disturb the reflection of the wave emitted backwards by the radiating element and consequently alter the constructive interference that one seeks to create with the wave emitted forwards in front of the radiating plane.
  • This first problem is caused by the substrate material in the immediate vicinity of the reflecting plane, which has too high a local relative electric permittivity. It should ideally be equal to or close to unity.
  • a second problem has been identified. It is related to the coupling established between two successive strands of the radiating element. Since each strand is associated with a specific operating frequency, such coupling degrades the accuracy of the antenna.
  • This second problem is caused by the substrate material in the immediate vicinity of the radiating plane, which has too high a local relative electric permittivity. It should ideally be equal to or close to unity.
  • a third problem has been identified. It lies in the disruption of the wave path when crossing the substrate.
  • the interface between two successive rings constitutes a jump in the local relative permittivity, i.e. an index jump. This interface therefore disrupts the direction of propagation of the waves by refraction.
  • the reflected wave no longer allows us to precisely establish constructive interference in front of the reflecting plane.
  • the aim of this invention is to solve these problems.
  • the invention relates to a wide-band frequency wire antenna comprising: a radiating element, the radiating element comprising at least one metal wire shaped around an axis of the antenna, in a transverse radiating plane; a reflecting plane, the reflecting plane being transverse to the axis, the radiating plane being located at a predetermined height (h0) above the reflecting plane; and a substrate, the substrate being interposed between the radiating element and the reflecting plane, and having a constant thickness, characterized in that a local relative electrical permittivity and/or a local relative electrical permeability of the substrate is a function of the radius, i.e. of the distance from the axis, and of a height, i.e. of a distance from the reflecting plane, the local relative electrical permittivity being, at constant height, increasing as a function of the radius, and, at constant radius, increasing as a function of the height at least for a portion of the substrate in the vicinity of the reflecting plane.
  • the wide frequency band wire antenna 2 comprises, stacked along an axis A, a reflector plane 8, a substrate 6 and a radiating element 4.
  • An origin O is chosen at the intersection of the axis A and the reflecting plane 8.
  • the coordinate along the A axis is called height h. It is therefore the distance to the reflecting plane 8.
  • a direction D is chosen extending radially with respect to the axis A in the reflecting plane 8.
  • the coordinate according to the direction D is called radius r. It is therefore the distance to the axis A.
  • the radiating element 4 is arranged in a radiating plane S, located at a height h 0 from the reflector plane 8.
  • the radiating element 4 is for example produced by etching a metal layer carried by a support film 5.
  • the radiating element 4 comprises, for example, first and second metal wires 10 and 12 which are respectively shaped according to a spiral, in particular an Archimedean spiral, around the axis A.
  • the reflecting plane 8 is for example a disk with axis A and radius r 0 . It is made of a metallic material. Its function is to reflect any incident wave whatever its frequency.
  • the substrate 6 has the general external shape of a disk with axis A of radius r 0 and constant thickness, equal to the height h 0 .
  • the substrate 6 is in contact, by a lower surface 14, with the reflecting plane 8.
  • the substrate 6 is in contact, by an upper surface 15, with the radiating element 4, or more precisely with the support film 5 of the radiating element 4.
  • a feed device (not shown in the figures) for the radiating element 4 is positioned below the reflector plane 8.
  • the reflector plane 8 and the substrate 6 are advantageously provided with a passage (not shown), along the axis A, for the passage of the feed lines for the radiating element 4.
  • the substrate 6 has a local relative electrical permittivity ⁇ r at the point P(r,h) which is a function of both the radius r and the height h. It can therefore be written: ⁇ r (r,h).
  • the material of the substrate 6 in contact with the reflecting plane 8 has a low permittivity such as to avoid the generation of creeping waves.
  • the dependence of the permittivity on h, for a given radius r is such that for h close to h 0 , that is to say for the points P(r, h) of the substrate 6 in the immediate vicinity of the radiating plane 4, the permittivity is minimal, preferably equal to unity.
  • the material of the substrate 6 in contact with the radiating element 4 has a low permittivity such as to avoid coupling between two consecutive strands of the radiating element 4.
  • the substrate material does not disturb the propagation of waves passing through the substrate.
  • the relative electrical permittivity considered is an effective permittivity, obtained by integration over the height h, at a given radius r.
  • THE figure 3 represents, in gray level, an example of a substrate whose permittivity ⁇ r at a point P(r, h) depends on the radius r and the height h of this point.
  • the local relative electric permittivity combines the three improvements identified above, namely a value close to unity on the lower surface 14, a value close to unity on the upper surface 15, and continuity at all points.
  • the local permittivity for a given radius r, has a first minimum for a zero height, then increases with the height, to reach a maximum (for example in the middle of the substrate (h 0 /2), then decreases with the height h, to reach a second minimum for the height h 0 .
  • y is a constant and predefined value parameter
  • n is a variable which can be an integer or a function depending on r and/or h
  • the local relative electric permittivity ⁇ r is a cosine function of the height h, at a given radius r.
  • e min which is preferably 1.
  • the effective permittivity at a given radius r i.e. the integral according to the variable h of the local relative electrical permittivity ⁇ r (r,h) between 0 and h 0 , is a function of the radius r adapted to allow the desired constructive interference, the principle on which this antenna technology is based.
  • an additive manufacturing process is preferably used, for example three-dimensional printing.
  • the material constituting the substrate 6 results from the combination of at least two materials, respectively a first material, having a first low relative permittivity, and a second material, having a second high relative permittivity.
  • the relative concentration of the first and second materials at a point P(r,h) is a function of the coordinates h and r.
  • the first material is deposited so as to have a plurality of first interstices, some of said first interstices being filled by the second material and/or the second material has a plurality of second interstices, some of said second interstices being filled by the first material.
  • three-dimensional printing makes it possible to structure the substrate into cells.
  • the first material is deposited to form the walls 32 of the cell while providing a gap 31, which is left empty.
  • the first material is deposited to form the walls 34 of the cell, while leaving a gap 33, the latter then being filled with the second material.
  • the second material is deposited to form the walls 36 of the cell while leaving a gap 35, the latter then being filled with the first material.
  • the second material is deposited to form the walls 37 of the cell, without leaving any gaps.
  • the cell is full.
  • the thickness of the walls (and therefore the size of the gaps) is adjusted for each cell so as to obtain the value of the local relative electrical permittivity sought, taking into account the properties of the materials used.
  • the first interstices and/or the second interstices have a characteristic dimension which depends on the distance from the axis and/or the distance from the radiating plane and/or the reflecting plane.
  • the first interstices and/or the second interstices have a rectangular parallelepiped shape (as a first approximation). Alternatively, they have a spherical shape.
  • the largest dimension of a gap is less than ⁇ /8, preferably less than ⁇ /10, more preferably less than ⁇ /15.
  • the structure of the substrate has, due to this alveolar structure, good mechanical resistance.
  • FIG. 5 is a graph representing the gain (in Decibel dB) as a function of the operating frequency (in Hertz Hz) of an antenna according to the state of the art and of an antenna according to the invention. The gain is here evaluated along the axis of the antenna.
  • the gain of the antenna according to the invention is much more stable in frequency with gain values often higher than those of an antenna according to the state of the art.
  • the antenna instead of characterizing the antenna by a local relative electrical permittivity function of r and h, it could be characterized by a local relative electrical permeability function of r and h.

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  • Aerials With Secondary Devices (AREA)
  • Details Of Aerials (AREA)
  • Communication Cables (AREA)
  • Waveguide Aerials (AREA)

Claims (9)

  1. Breitbandige Drahtantenne (2), umfassend:
    - ein strahlendes Element (4), das strahlende Element umfassend mindestens einen Metalldraht (10, 12), der um eine Achse (A) der Antenne in einer quer verlaufenden strahlenden Ebene (S) geformt ist;
    - eine reflektierende Ebene (8), wobei die reflektierende Ebene quer zu der Achse (A) ist, wobei sich die strahlende Ebene in einer vorbestimmten Höhe (h0) über der reflektierende Ebene (8) befindet; und,
    - ein Substrat (6), wobei das Substrat zwischen das strahlende Element (4) und die reflektierende Ebene (8) eingefügt ist und eine konstante Stärke aufweist,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass eine lokale relative elektrische Permittivität und/oder eine lokale relative elektrische Permeabilität des Substrats (6) abhängig von dem Radius (r), d. h. dem Abstand von der Achse (A), und einer Höhe (h), d. h. einem Abstand von der reflektierenden Ebene (8), ist, wobei die lokale relative elektrische Permittivität und/oder eine lokale relative elektrische Permeabilität bei konstanter Höhe abhängig von dem Radius zunimmt und bei konstantem Radius abhängig von der Höhe zumindest für einen Teil des Substrats (6) in der Nähe der reflektierenden Ebene (8) zunimmt.
  2. Antenne nach Anspruch 1, wobei die lokale relative elektrische Permittivität und/oder die lokale relative elektrische Permeabilität bei konstantem Radius (r) zumindest für einen Teil des Substrats (6) in der Nähe des strahlenden Elements (4) mit der Höhe abnehmend ist.
  3. Antenne nach Anspruch 2, wobei die lokale relative elektrische Permittivität und/oder die lokale relative elektrische Permeabilität bei konstantem Radius (r) eine Kosinusfunktion der Höhe (h) ist.
  4. Antenne nach einem der vorherigen Ansprüche, wobei die lokale relative elektrische Permittivität und/oder die lokale relative elektrische Permeabilität eine kontinuierliche Funktion des Radius (r) und der Höhe (h) ist.
  5. Antenne nach einem der vorherigen Ansprüche, wobei das Substrat (6) aus der Kombination von mindestens einem ersten Material mit einer ersten relativen elektrischen Permittivität und/oder einer ersten relativen elektrischen Permeabilität mit einem zweiten Material mit einer zweiten relativen elektrischen Permittivität, die sich von der ersten unterscheidet, und/oder einer zweiten relativen elektrischen Permeabilität, die sich von der ersten unterscheidet, resultiert, wobei eine relative Konzentration des ersten und des zweiten Materials abhängig von dem Radius (r) und der Höhe (h) ist.
  6. Antenne nach Anspruch 5, wobei die Kombination des ersten und des zweiten Materials durch Einsatz einer additiven Fertigungstechnologie, insbesondere des dreidimensionalen Drucks, realisiert wird.
  7. Antenne nach Anspruch 5 oder Anspruch 6, wobei das erste Material eine Vielzahl von ersten Zwischenräumen (31, 33) aufweist, wobei einige der ersten Zwischenräume mit dem zweiten Material gefüllt sind, und/oder das zweite Material eine Vielzahl von zweiten Zwischenräumen (35) aufweist, wobei einige der zweiten Zwischenräume mit dem ersten Material gefüllt sind.
  8. Antenne nach Anspruch 4, wobei die ersten Zwischenräume und/oder die zweiten Zwischenräume eine charakteristische Größe aufweisen, die von dem Radius (r) und/oder der Höhe (h) abhängt.
  9. Antenne nach Anspruch 7 oder Anspruch 8, wobei die ersten Zwischenräume (31, 33) und/oder die zweiten Zwischenräume (35, 37) quader- oder kugelförmig sind, wobei die größte Abmessung eines Zwischenraums vorzugsweise kleiner als λ/10 ist.
EP22215304.1A 2021-12-21 2022-12-21 Verbesserte breitbandige drahtantenne Active EP4203185B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR2114098A FR3131108B1 (fr) 2021-12-21 2021-12-21 Antenne filaire amelioree a large bande de frequences.

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP4203185A1 EP4203185A1 (de) 2023-06-28
EP4203185B1 true EP4203185B1 (de) 2024-09-04
EP4203185C0 EP4203185C0 (de) 2024-09-04

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Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP22215304.1A Active EP4203185B1 (de) 2021-12-21 2022-12-21 Verbesserte breitbandige drahtantenne

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US (1) US12080955B2 (de)
EP (1) EP4203185B1 (de)
FR (1) FR3131108B1 (de)
IL (1) IL299213B1 (de)

Family Cites Families (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5563616A (en) * 1994-03-18 1996-10-08 California Microwave Antenna design using a high index, low loss material
US6075485A (en) * 1998-11-03 2000-06-13 Atlantic Aerospace Electronics Corp. Reduced weight artificial dielectric antennas and method for providing the same
US6137453A (en) * 1998-11-19 2000-10-24 Wang Electro-Opto Corporation Broadband miniaturized slow-wave antenna
US6567048B2 (en) * 2001-07-26 2003-05-20 E-Tenna Corporation Reduced weight artificial dielectric antennas and method for providing the same
FR2906410B1 (fr) * 2006-09-25 2008-12-05 Cnes Epic Antenne a materiau bip(bande interdite photonique), systeme et procede utilisant cette antenne
FR2965669B1 (fr) * 2010-10-01 2012-10-05 Thales Sa Reflecteur d'antenne large bande pour une antenne filaire plane a polarisation circulaire et procede de realisation du deflecteur d'antenne
US8847846B1 (en) * 2012-02-29 2014-09-30 General Atomics Magnetic pseudo-conductor spiral antennas
FR3003702B1 (fr) 2013-03-22 2016-07-15 Thales Sa Antenne filaire amelioree a large bande de frequences.
FR3003701B1 (fr) * 2013-03-22 2016-07-15 Thales Sa Antenne filaire amelioree a large bande de frequences.
FR3052600B1 (fr) * 2016-06-10 2018-07-06 Thales Antenne filaire large bande a motifs resistifs
CN207183522U (zh) * 2017-06-02 2018-04-03 厦门大学嘉庚学院 太赫兹波段三维渐变介电常数阵列天线结构
FR3080959B1 (fr) * 2018-05-04 2021-06-25 Thales Sa Antenne filaire large bande
US12160041B2 (en) * 2021-04-30 2024-12-03 The Board Of Trustees Of The University Of Alabama Miniaturized reflector antenna

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP4203185A1 (de) 2023-06-28
IL299213A (en) 2023-07-01
FR3131108B1 (fr) 2023-12-22
US12080955B2 (en) 2024-09-03
EP4203185C0 (de) 2024-09-04
IL299213B1 (en) 2026-04-01
US20230198157A1 (en) 2023-06-22
FR3131108A1 (fr) 2023-06-23

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