EP4393732B1 - Procédé d'estimation d'état de pneu et système d'estimation d'état de pneu - Google Patents

Procédé d'estimation d'état de pneu et système d'estimation d'état de pneu

Info

Publication number
EP4393732B1
EP4393732B1 EP22878407.0A EP22878407A EP4393732B1 EP 4393732 B1 EP4393732 B1 EP 4393732B1 EP 22878407 A EP22878407 A EP 22878407A EP 4393732 B1 EP4393732 B1 EP 4393732B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
tire
peak
ground contact
interval
power generator
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Active
Application number
EP22878407.0A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP4393732A1 (fr
EP4393732A4 (fr
Inventor
Takahiro Fujiwara
Mutsuki Sugimoto
Kenichi Kuroda
Kyota SUGIOKA
Hiroshi Tani
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Sumitomo Rubber Industries Ltd
Kansai University
Original Assignee
Sumitomo Rubber Industries Ltd
Kansai University
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Sumitomo Rubber Industries Ltd, Kansai University filed Critical Sumitomo Rubber Industries Ltd
Publication of EP4393732A1 publication Critical patent/EP4393732A1/fr
Publication of EP4393732A4 publication Critical patent/EP4393732A4/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP4393732B1 publication Critical patent/EP4393732B1/fr
Active legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

Links

Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01M—TESTING STATIC OR DYNAMIC BALANCE OF MACHINES OR STRUCTURES; TESTING OF STRUCTURES OR APPARATUS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01M17/00—Testing of vehicles
    • G01M17/007—Wheeled or endless-tracked vehicles
    • G01M17/02—Tyres
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60C—VEHICLE TYRES; TYRE INFLATION; TYRE CHANGING; CONNECTING VALVES TO INFLATABLE ELASTIC BODIES IN GENERAL; DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS RELATED TO TYRES
    • B60C11/00—Tyre tread bands; Tread patterns; Anti-skid inserts
    • B60C11/24—Wear-indicating arrangements
    • B60C11/243—Tread wear sensors, e.g. electronic sensors
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60C—VEHICLE TYRES; TYRE INFLATION; TYRE CHANGING; CONNECTING VALVES TO INFLATABLE ELASTIC BODIES IN GENERAL; DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS RELATED TO TYRES
    • B60C11/00—Tyre tread bands; Tread patterns; Anti-skid inserts
    • B60C11/24—Wear-indicating arrangements
    • B60C11/246—Tread wear monitoring systems
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60C—VEHICLE TYRES; TYRE INFLATION; TYRE CHANGING; CONNECTING VALVES TO INFLATABLE ELASTIC BODIES IN GENERAL; DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS RELATED TO TYRES
    • B60C23/00—Devices for measuring, signalling, controlling, or distributing tyre pressure or temperature, specially adapted for mounting on vehicles; Arrangement of tyre inflating devices on vehicles, e.g. of pumps or of tanks; Tyre cooling arrangements
    • B60C23/02—Signalling devices actuated by tyre pressure
    • B60C23/04—Signalling devices actuated by tyre pressure mounted on the wheel or tyre
    • B60C23/0408—Signalling devices actuated by tyre pressure mounted on the wheel or tyre transmitting the signals by non-mechanical means from the wheel or tyre to a vehicle body mounted receiver
    • B60C23/041—Means for supplying power to the signal- transmitting means on the wheel
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60C—VEHICLE TYRES; TYRE INFLATION; TYRE CHANGING; CONNECTING VALVES TO INFLATABLE ELASTIC BODIES IN GENERAL; DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS RELATED TO TYRES
    • B60C23/00—Devices for measuring, signalling, controlling, or distributing tyre pressure or temperature, specially adapted for mounting on vehicles; Arrangement of tyre inflating devices on vehicles, e.g. of pumps or of tanks; Tyre cooling arrangements
    • B60C23/02—Signalling devices actuated by tyre pressure
    • B60C23/04—Signalling devices actuated by tyre pressure mounted on the wheel or tyre
    • B60C23/0408—Signalling devices actuated by tyre pressure mounted on the wheel or tyre transmitting the signals by non-mechanical means from the wheel or tyre to a vehicle body mounted receiver
    • B60C23/041—Means for supplying power to the signal- transmitting means on the wheel
    • B60C23/0411—Piezoelectric generators
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60C—VEHICLE TYRES; TYRE INFLATION; TYRE CHANGING; CONNECTING VALVES TO INFLATABLE ELASTIC BODIES IN GENERAL; DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS RELATED TO TYRES
    • B60C23/00—Devices for measuring, signalling, controlling, or distributing tyre pressure or temperature, specially adapted for mounting on vehicles; Arrangement of tyre inflating devices on vehicles, e.g. of pumps or of tanks; Tyre cooling arrangements
    • B60C23/06—Signalling devices actuated by deformation of the tyre, e.g. tyre mounted deformation sensors or indirect determination of tyre deformation based on wheel speed, wheel-centre to ground distance or inclination of wheel axle
    • B60C23/064—Signalling devices actuated by deformation of the tyre, e.g. tyre mounted deformation sensors or indirect determination of tyre deformation based on wheel speed, wheel-centre to ground distance or inclination of wheel axle comprising tyre mounted deformation sensors, e.g. to determine road contact area
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02N—ELECTRIC MACHINES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H02N1/00—Electrostatic generators or motors using a solid moving electrostatic charge carrier
    • H02N1/06—Influence generators
    • H02N1/08—Influence generators with conductive charge carrier, i.e. capacitor machines

Definitions

  • Patent Document 1 Japanese Patent Laid-open Publication No. 2016-190615
  • the shape change of the ground contact surface may also be caused by a change in the air pressure of the tire, the mounting state, and the wheel load applied to the tire. Therefore, estimating the ground contact state of the tire including the shape change of the ground contact surface of the tire is useful not only for acquiring information regarding the wear state, but also for acquiring information regarding the mounting state of the tire on the wheel, the air pressure of the tire, and the wheel load applied to the tire.
  • the information regarding the mounting state of the tire includes, for example, information on whether or not the tire is mounted on the wheel in an appropriate attitude.
  • the information regarding the air pressure of the tire includes, for example, information indicating whether or not the tire is decompressed, and information indicating whether or not the tire has a pressure higher than necessary.
  • the information regarding the wheel load includes, for example, information indicating whether or not uneven loading, which is a state where the load is concentrated on a specific portion of the vehicle, occurs.
  • uneven loading which is a state where the load is concentrated on a specific portion of the vehicle.
  • estimating the ground contact state of the tire may be useful for controlling the vehicle including a relationship with the wear state of the tire.
  • An object of the present disclosure is to provide a wear state estimation method and estimation system that accurately estimate a wear state of a tire even when a vehicle is traveling at a low speed, and a tire ground contact state estimation method and estimation system.
  • a tire state estimation method includes the followings:
  • the power generator includes a first member and a second member.
  • the first member includes a first insulating film that forms a first surface.
  • the second member includes a second insulating film forming a second surface that faces the first surface and is in contact with the first surface.
  • the first member and the second member are configured such that a true contact area between the first surface and the second surface changes depending on pressure applied to the first member and the second member.
  • Specifying at least one of the values of the peaks or the interval between the peaks includes specifying at least one of a first interval that is an interval of the first peak, a second interval that is an interval of the second peak, or a time interval between the first peak and the second peak forming a pair.
  • At least one of the wear state or the ground contact state of the tire is estimated based on at least one of the values or the interval of the peaks repeatedly appearing in at least one piece of measurement data of the voltage of the power generator that generates the voltage according to the deformation of the tire and the physical quantity corresponding to the voltage. Since the peaks appear when the impact from a road surface is most strongly transmitted to the power generator at a specific rotational position of the tire, the peaks can be easily specified even in a case where a traveling speed of the vehicle, that is, a rotational speed of the tire is small. As a result, even in a case where the vehicle is traveling at a low speed, it is possible to avoid a decrease in the estimation accuracy of the wear state.
  • specifying at least one of values of the peaks or an interval between the peaks includes specifying the time interval and either the first interval or the second interval.
  • the estimating at least one of the wear state or the ground contact state of the tire includes calculating a time comparison value for comparing the time interval with the first interval or the second interval, and estimating the ground contact state of the tire based on the calculated time comparison value.
  • the method further includes acquiring a perimeter of the tire. Then, the estimating the ground contact state of the tire includes estimating a circumferential length of a ground contact surface of the tire based on the calculated time comparison value and the acquired perimeter.
  • Specifying at least one of the values of the peaks or the interval between the peaks includes specifying at least one of a first interval that is an interval of the first peak, a second interval that is an interval of the second peak, or a time interval between the first peak and the second peak forming a pair.
  • the system further includes at least two or more power generators and a power storage device.
  • the power storage device is configured to store electric charges of some of the at least two or more power generators.
  • an estimation method and an estimation system of a wear state capable of accurately estimating a wear state of a tire even when a vehicle is traveling at a low speed are provided.
  • a method and a system for estimating a ground contact state of a tire are provided, which estimate the ground contact state of the tire. Estimating the ground contact state of the tire is useful for acquiring, for example, information regarding a wear state of the tire, information regarding a mounting state of the tire on a wheel, information regarding an air pressure of the tire, information regarding a wheel load of the tire, and the like.
  • a wear state estimation method executed by a tire state estimation system and a ground contact state estimation method executed by the tire state estimation system will be described with reference to the drawings.
  • the wear state estimation system and the ground contact state estimation system are collectively referred to as an "estimation system”.
  • Fig. 1 is an overall configuration diagram of an estimation system 9 according to an embodiment
  • Fig. 2 is a block diagram illustrating an electrical configuration of the estimation system.
  • the estimation system 9 can be implemented on a vehicle 6 on which tire assemblies 7a to 7d are mounted.
  • the type of the vehicle 6 is not particularly limited, but is, for example, a four-wheel vehicle, and includes a left front wheel FL, a right front wheel FR, a left rear wheel RL, and a right rear wheel RR.
  • the tire assemblies 7a to 7d are mounted on the wheels FL, FR, RL, and RR of the vehicle 6, respectively.
  • the tire assemblies 7a to 7d have different wheels to be attached, but have the same structure and function. Therefore, hereinafter, the tire assemblies 7a to 7d may be referred to as tire assembly 7 without distinguishing them.
  • the vehicle 6 and the tire assembly 7 will be described later.
  • the estimation system 9 includes an external computer 60 disposed outside a tire 70 of the tire assembly 7.
  • the external computer 60 is not particularly limited, but is, for example, an in-vehicle device mounted on the vehicle 6.
  • the external computer 60 can wirelessly communicate with the tire assembly 7 of each wheel, and receives data collected in the tire assembly 7 by wireless communication.
  • the external computer 60 is configured to estimate at least one of a wear state or a ground contact state of the tire based on the data received from the tire assembly 7.
  • the external computer 60 of the present embodiment constitutes an estimation unit that estimates at least one of the wear state or the ground contact state of the tire together with an internal computer 81 to be described later.
  • the estimation system 9 further includes a power generator 1, the internal computer 81, a measurement device 82, and a communication device 83. These elements are disposed inside the tire 70 and constitute the tire assembly 7 described later. As will be described later, the power generator 1 is configured to generate a voltage using an impact transmitted from a road surface when the tire assembly 7 rotates on the road surface as the vehicle 6 travels. The voltage generated in the power generator 1 is measured by the measurement device 82 and output to the internal computer 81 as time-series measurement data. The internal computer 81 can transmit at least one of the measurement data or data processing of the measurement data to the external computer 60 via the communication device 83. The internal computer 81 of the present embodiment constitutes the estimation unit together with the external computer 60. Hereinafter, each configuration of the estimation system 9 will be described.
  • the vehicle 6 further includes the external computer 60.
  • the external computer 60 is a general-purpose computer as hardware, and includes a CPU 600, an I/O interface 601, a RAM 602, a ROM 603, and a nonvolatile rewritable storage device 604.
  • the I/O interface 601 is a communication device for performing wired or wireless communication with an external device such as a display 65 or the tire assembly 7.
  • the ROM 603 stores a program 610 for controlling the operation of the estimation system 9.
  • the program 610 is written in the ROM 603 from a storage medium 611 such as a CD-ROM or a USB memory.
  • the CPU 600 virtually operates as a data acquisition section 620, an estimation section 621, and an alarm output section 622 by reading and executing the program 610 from the ROM 603. Details of the operation of each section will be described later.
  • a storage location of the program 610 may be the storage device 604 instead of the ROM 603.
  • the RAM 602 and the storage device 604 are appropriately used for calculation of the CPU 600.
  • the storage device 604 includes a hard disk, a flash memory, or the like. In the storage device 604, at least one of data for estimating the wear state of the tire 70 or data for estimating the ground contact state of the tire 70 is stored in advance.
  • the estimation section 621 refers to data stored in the storage device 604 as necessary, and estimates at least one of the wear state or the ground contact state of the tire 70.
  • the vehicle 6 further includes the display 65.
  • a mode of the display 65 is not limited as long as various types of information can be displayed and conveyed to a user. For example, it can be realized in an arbitrary mode such as a liquid crystal monitor, a liquid crystal display element, an organic EL display, or a plasma display.
  • An attachment position of the display 65 can be appropriately selected, but for example, it is desirable to provide the display at a position easily understood by a driver, such as on an instrument panel.
  • a monitor for car navigation can be used as the display 65, and a multi-information display can be used as the display 65.
  • Fig. 3 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a configuration of the power generator 1.
  • a direction of the power generator 1 at the time of use is not limited to the direction illustrated in Fig. 3 .
  • the power generator 1 includes a first member 10 and a second member 20, and the members are stacked in this order.
  • the power generator 1 has a square shape in plan view.
  • a length of one square piece is not limited thereto, but can be set to about 10 mm to 100 mm.
  • the length of the square piece is preferably less than or equal to a ground contact length of the tire 70 on which the power generator 1 is disposed.
  • the ground contact length of the tire 70 is defined by a method described in Japanese Patent Laid-open Publication No. 2020-200012 , which is a previous application by the present applicant.
  • the power generator 1 is configured to convert vibration energy of the tire 70 into electrical energy to generate power.
  • the tire assembly 7 further includes the tire 70 and a cover body 50 in addition to the power generator 1 and the module 8 described above.
  • the tire 70 is made of vulcanized rubber or the like and has elasticity.
  • the tire 70 includes the tread portion 700, a shoulder portion 701, a sidewall portion 702, and a bead portion 703.
  • the tread portion 700 is a portion that defines a side peripheral surface of the tire assembly 7, and moves the vehicle 6 forward by coming into contact with a road surface and generating friction.
  • the shoulder portion 701 is a portion adjacent to the tread portion 700 and the sidewall portion 702.
  • the sidewall portion 702 bends and flexes to absorb an impact from the road surface.
  • the bead portion 703 incorporates a bead wire (not illustrated) therein, and is fixed to a wheel rim 710 formed at a peripheral portion of a wheel 71.
  • the power generator 1 is disposed on an inner side surface 720 of the tire 70.
  • the cover body 50 is a member disposed on the inner side surface 720 so as to cover the entire power generator 1, and an outer peripheral portion thereof is fixed to the inner side surface 720 in a state where the power generator 1 is sandwiched between the cover body and the inner side surface 720. Accordingly, the power generator 1 is fixed to the inner side surface 720.
  • the cover body 50 is preferably made of a material having elasticity, and more preferably made of a material having heat resistance, impact resistance, and durability. Examples of such a material include an elastomer.
  • the cover body 50 is not limited to this, but a member for tire repair mainly made of an elastomer and incorporating a layer of a reinforcing cord can be used.
  • the method for fixing the cover body 50 to the inner side surface 720 is not particularly limited, and adhesion by an adhesive, adhesion by vulcanization, or the like can be appropriately selected.
  • the power generator 1 may be disposed such that the first member 10 faces the inner side surface 720 of the tire 70 and the second member 20 faces the cover body 50, or such that the second member 20 faces the inner side surface 720 of the tire 70 and the first member 10 faces the cover body 50. Furthermore, the number of power generators 1 to be disposed and the positions on the inner side surface 720 where the power generators 1 are disposed are not particularly limited, but from the viewpoint of accurately estimating the wear and ground contact state of the tire, for example, as illustrated in Fig. 8 , the five power generators 1 can be disposed at different positions on the inner side surface 720. For convenience of description, in Fig. 8 , the five power generators 1 are referred to as power generators 1A to 1E to be distinguished. The power generators 1A to 1E may have a common configuration, or may have different dimensions, for example.
  • the power generators 1A to 1E are disposed in this order along a width direction of the tire 70.
  • the middle power generator 1C is disposed such that a center line thereof coincides with a center line of the tread portion 700, and the power generators 1B and 1D and the power generators 1A and 1E are disposed at positions in the width direction symmetrical to each other with respect to a center line (center line representing a center of the ground contact surface in the width direction) of the tread portion 700.
  • the power generators 1B and 1D are disposed at positions (on the inner side surface 720) corresponding to edges on both sides in the width direction of the ground contact surface when the tire 70 is new.
  • Each of the power generators 1A and 1E is disposed at a position corresponding to the outside in the width direction (on the inner side surface 720) with respect to a width of the ground contact surface when the tire 70 is in a new state. Note that the power generators 1A to 1E may be disposed at the same position or different positions in a circumferential direction of the tire 70. The reason for disposing the power generators 1A to 1E in this manner will be described later.
  • the first insulating film 110 and the second insulating film 210 come close to or away from each other, or the relative position between the first insulating film 110 and the second insulating film 210 deviates in the surface direction, so that the average surface interval and the true contact area change.
  • charges are induced to the first electrode 120 and the second electrode 220, and a voltage larger than that when the tire assembly 7 is stationary is measured by the measurement device 82.
  • the impact applied to the tire 70 is best transmitted to the power generator 1 when the fixed position of the power generator 1 becomes a position where the tire 70 starts to be grounded (grounding start position) and when the tire 70 finishes being grounded (grounding separation position).
  • grounding start position the power generator 1 reaches the lowermost position, and at the grounding separation position, the power generator 1 separates from the lowermost position.
  • the time change of the average surface interval of the power generator 1 becomes the largest.
  • the measurement data of the voltage generated in the power generator 1 reflects the degree of the impact transmitted to the power generator 1 and the grounding start time and the grounding separation time of the tire 70.
  • Fig. 9 is a graph supporting this.
  • This graph is a graph in which the tire assembly 7 is rotated at a constant speed by an experimental device and the time-series voltage of the power generator 1 is measured. Since the power generator 1 repeatedly receives an impact from the road surface as the tire 70 rotates, a peak repeatedly appears in the voltage waveform of the power generator 1 as illustrated in the left graph of Fig. 9 . Therefore, the time interval T from the appearance of the peak to the appearance of the next peak indicates a rotational speed of the tire 70.
  • the graph on the right side of Fig. 9 is a graph in which one peak is enlarged.
  • each peak repeatedly appearing in the voltage waveform of the power generator 1 includes a first peak P1 and a second peak P2 having a polarity opposite to the first peak P1.
  • the first peak P1 is a peak of a positive voltage having an absolute value Vp, and corresponds to the grounding start time.
  • the second peak P2 is a peak of a negative voltage having an absolute value Vn and corresponds to the grounding separation time. Therefore, the first peak P1 and the second peak P2 appear in pairs.
  • the absolute value Vp is an example of a first peak value
  • the absolute value Vn is an example of a second peak value.
  • the rigidity of the tire 70 decreases.
  • the distribution of the load applied to the tire 70 changes, and thus the shape of the ground contact surface of the tire 70 changes. That is, the circumferential length and the width length of the ground contact surface change.
  • the wear state of the tire 70 can be estimated based on the change in the ground contact state.
  • a time interval Tc from the appearance of the first peak P1 to the appearance of the next second peak P2 during one rotation of the tire 70 indicates a time during which the tire 70 advances by the circumferential length of the ground contact surface. That is, the time interval Tc corresponds to the circumferential length of the ground contact surface of the tire 70, and the time interval T corresponds to a perimeter of the tire 70. From this, a ratio Tc/T of the time interval Tc to the time interval T can represent a ratio of the circumferential length of the ground contact surface of the tire 70 to the perimeter of the tire 70 in the internal pressure, the rotational speed, and the wheel load of the tire 70 at that time.
  • time comparison value Tc/T By comparing the time comparison value Tc/T with the time comparison value Tc/T of the tire 70 in an initial use state which is a new state or a state close thereto, it is possible to estimate whether or not the circumferential length of the ground contact surface has changed.
  • the change in the time comparison value Tc/T can be caused not only by wear of the tire 70 but also by a change in air pressure, a change in rotational speed, and a change in wheel load of the tire 70.
  • the wear state of the tire 70 is estimated based on this, it is preferable that at least one of the internal pressure, the rotational speed, or the wheel load of the tire 70 is separately acquired and compared with the time comparison value Tc/T of the tire 70 at the initial use acquired under a condition equivalent thereto or a condition relatively close thereto. Furthermore, depending on the type of the tire 70, it is considered that the circumferential length of the ground contact surface may become longer or shorter when worn. Therefore, in the case of estimating the wear state of the tire 70, it is preferable to specify in advance in which direction the circumferential length of the ground contact surface changes when the tire 70 included in the estimation system 9 wears.
  • the time comparison value Tc/T of the tire 70 in the initial use state for various internal pressure, rotational speed, and wheel load conditions may be acquired during actual traveling of the vehicle 6, or may be acquired in advance by experiment or simulation. These obtained values may be stored in the storage device 604 of the external computer 60, for example. Furthermore, a threshold for estimating that the circumferential length of the ground contact surface has changed, a threshold for estimating that the tire 70 is in a wear state, or data defining these thresholds can be determined in advance by experiment or simulation. The threshold value or data defining the threshold value may be stored in advance in the storage device 604 of the external computer 60, similarly to the time comparison value Tc/T of the tire 70 in the initial use state.
  • a change in the perimeter of the tire 70 is negligibly small with respect to a change in the circumferential length of the ground contact surface of the tire 70
  • the perimeter of the tire 70 can be calculated from, for example, the diameter of the tire 70 in a new state. Estimating the circumferential length of the ground contact surface of the tire 70 is included in estimating the ground contact state of the tire 70.
  • whether or not the tire 70 is worn may be estimated by comparing the estimated circumferential length of the ground contact surface with the circumferential length of the ground contact surface of the tire 70 at the initial stage of use under the same internal pressure, rotational speed, and wheel load.
  • the circumferential length of the ground contact surface of the tire 70 at the initial use may be specified in advance for various internal pressure, rotational speed, and wheel load conditions by experiment or simulation, and these values may be stored in the storage device 604 of the external computer 60, for example.
  • the threshold for estimating that the circumferential length of the ground contact surface has changed, the threshold for estimating that the tire 70 is in a wear state, or data defining these thresholds can be determined in advance for various conditions of internal pressure, rotational speed, and wheel load by experiment or simulation.
  • the threshold value or data defining the threshold value may be stored in the storage device 604 of the external computer 60 in advance, similarly to the circumferential length of the ground contact surface of the tire 70 in the initial use state.
  • a plurality of power generators 1A to 1E along the width direction of the tire 70 as illustrated in Fig. 8 .
  • the width length of the ground contact surface of the tire 70 becomes longer than that in the initial use state, and a portion that is not grounded in the initial use state comes to be grounded, the first peak value Vp and the second peak value Vn of the power generator 1 at that position remarkably increase from the initial use value.
  • the power generators 1A and 1E in Fig. 8 are disposed by utilizing this.
  • the peak values Vp and Vn of the power generators 1A and 1E are the magnitude of the noise level as compared with the peak values of the other power generators 1B to 1D at the initial use of the tire 70, but if this is remarkably increased, it can be estimated that the width length of the ground contact surface of the tire 70 is increased. Therefore, the position in the width direction where the power generators 1A and 1E are disposed is preferably a position corresponding to an increase in the width length of the ground contact surface of the tire 70, which is assumed in advance by an experiment, a simulation, or the like.
  • the peak values Vp and Vn of the power generators 1B and 1D fall within a certain range as compared with the peak values Vp and Vn of the power generator 1C at the initial stage of use of the tire 70, but if the peak values Vp and Vn are significantly reduced as compared with the peak values Vp and Vn of the power generator 1C, it can be estimated that the width length of the ground contact surface of the tire 70 is shortened.
  • the ground contact state of the tire 70 can be estimated by comparing the peak values Vp and Vn of the target power generator 1 with the initial use value of the tire 70. Furthermore, in a case where the wear state of the tire 70 is estimated based on the change in the ground contact state, it is preferable to specify in advance in which direction the width length of the ground contact surface changes when the tire 70 wears. If the width length is shortened when the tire 70 is worn, the peak values Vp and Vn of the power generator disposed at the edge in the width direction of the ground contact surface of the tire 70 when the tire is in a new state are remarkably decreased, so that it can be estimated that the tire 70 is in a wear state.
  • the peak values Vp and Vn at the initial use stage of the tire 70 may be acquired, for example, during actual traveling of the vehicle 6, or may be acquired by an experiment or simulation using the same type of tire 70. Furthermore, these values may be acquired for each condition of various internal pressures, rotational speeds, and wheel loads of the tire 70.
  • a threshold for estimating whether or not the width length of the ground contact surface has changed and whether or not the tire 70 has worn or data defining the threshold can be determined in advance by experiment or simulation.
  • the wear state and the ground contact state can be estimated by storing the threshold or data defining the threshold in the storage device 604 of the external computer 60 together with the peak values Vp and Vn at the initial use of the tire 70.
  • the power generators 1A to 1E are disposed at positions symmetrical in the width direction with respect to the center line of the tread portion 700, but even in a case where the power generator 1 is disposed only on one side with respect to the center line of the tread portion 700, it is possible to estimate the change in the length of the ground contact surface in the width direction. That is, when at least one power generator 1 is disposed at a position outside the width of the ground contact surface of the tire 70 in a new state, a change in the width length can be estimated. Furthermore, when at least one power generator 1 is disposed at the edge in the width direction of the ground contact surface of the tire 70 in a new state, a change in the width length can be estimated.
  • the power generators 1 are disposed such that the positions in the width direction are symmetrical with respect to the center line of the tread portion 700, more information on the ground contact state of the tire 70 can be obtained by comparing the measurement data of the pair of power generators 1 at the symmetrical positions and comparing these measurement data with the measurement data of the power generator 1 at the center in the width direction.
  • the peak values Vp and Vn of the pair of power generators 1 located at the symmetrical positions are compared with each other, and in a case where one of the peak values Vp and Vn is significantly larger than the other peak value Vp or Vn, it is estimated that the tire 70 is biased in the width direction and grounded.
  • the peak values Vp and Vn of the power generator 1 at the center in the width direction are compared with the peak values Vp and Vn of the power generator 1 on the outer side in the width direction, and in a case where the former is significantly larger than the latter, it is estimated that the tire 70 is biased to the center in the width direction and grounded. On the other hand, in a case where the latter is significantly larger than the former, it is estimated that the tire 70 is biased outward in the width direction and the central portion in the width direction is relatively out of contact with the ground.
  • the unbalance of the ground contact of the tire 70 in the width direction is caused by, for example, an attachment posture of the tire assembly 7 to the wheel shaft, pressure reduction of the tire 70, high pressure of the tire 70, uneven wear of the tire 70, and the like.
  • the tread portion 700 is inclined in one direction with respect to the road surface, so that the inner portion or the outer portion of the tread portion 700 in the width direction is intensively grounded.
  • the vicinity of the center in the width direction of the tread portion 700 is recessed radially inward, and the vicinity of the outer side in the width direction of the tread portion 700 is intensively grounded.
  • the vicinity of the center in the width direction of the tread portion 700 protrudes outward in the radial direction from the other portions, and the vicinity of the center in the width direction of the tread portion 700 is intensively grounded.
  • the estimation section 621 estimates that the tire 70 is worn (YES).
  • the alarm output section 622 generates an alarm and outputs the alarm to the display 65.
  • the alarm may be, for example, a message or an image for warning the driver of the vehicle 6 that the tire 70 is worn.
  • the alarm output section 622 may generate at least one of character information or graphics indicating the position of the tire 70 estimated to be worn, and display the character information and the graphics on the display 65.
  • the alarm output section 622 may generate an alarm by voice and output the alarm by a speaker (not illustrated).
  • Fig. 16 is a flowchart showing an example of the estimation process of the ground contact state executed by the estimation system 9, but is common to the estimation process of the wear state illustrated in Fig. 15 in many points. Therefore, hereinafter, configurations different from the wear state estimation process will be described in detail, and description of common configurations will be omitted.
  • step S21 to step S26 is common to steps S1 to S6 in the wear state estimation processing.
  • step S28 the data acquisition section 620 determines whether or not the first peak value Vp, the second peak value Vn, the time interval T, and the time interval Tc of the power generators 1B to 1D at the initial use of the tire 70 are stored in the storage device 604 as initial data. In a case where it is determined that the initial data is stored (YES), the processing proceeds to step S30. Note that, since the voltages of the power generators 1A and 1E at the initial use are assumed to be noise levels, no measurement data is present in the initial data.
  • the data acquisition section 620 stores the data received in the latest step S27 in the storage device 604 as the initial data (step S29).
  • This initial data may be stored in association with data of at least one of the internal pressure, the rotational speed, or the wheel load of the tire 70 acquired by a sensor or the like mounted on the vehicle 6 or the tire assembly 7.
  • step S30 is executed after step S28 without performing step S29.
  • step S30 the estimation section 621 calculates the time comparison value Tc/T for the power generators 1B to 1D.
  • the estimation section 621 stores the calculated time comparison value Tc/T in the RAM 602 or the storage device 604 in association with the original data.
  • step S31 the estimation section 621 compares the time comparison value Tc/T calculated in step S30 with the time comparison value Tc/T at the initial use of the tire 70.
  • the estimation section 621 reads the time interval T and the time interval Tc of the initial data stored in the storage device 604, calculates a time comparison value Tc/T at the initial use, and compares the time comparison value Tc/T with the time comparison value Tc/T calculated in step S30.
  • the estimation section 621 extracts at least one condition of the internal pressure, the rotational speed, and the wheel load associated with the time comparison value Tc/T in step S30, and reads initial data of the time intervals T and Tc associated with a condition equivalent thereto or a condition relatively close thereto. Then, a time comparison value Tc/T at the initial stage of use is calculated, and this is compared with the time comparison value Tc/T calculated in step S30.
  • the estimation section 621 compares the data of the first peak value Vp and the second peak value Vn acquired in step S27 with the initial data for the power generators 1A to 1E.
  • the estimation section 621 simply reads the initial data of the first peak value Vp and the second peak value Vn stored in the storage device 604, and compares the initial data with the first peak value Vp and the second peak value Vn acquired in step S27, respectively.
  • the estimation section 621 reads initial data of the first peak value Vp and the second peak value Vn associated with a condition equivalent to at least one of the conditions associated with the data to be compared or to a condition relatively close thereto, and compares them. Note that, since there is no initial data for the power generators 1A and 1E, it is determined whether the first peak value Vp and the second peak value Vn of at least one of the power generators 1A or 1E is newly acquired.
  • step S32 the estimation section 621 estimates whether or not the shape of the ground contact surface has changed on the basis of the comparison result of step S31. First, in a case where it is determined in step S31 that the first peak value Vp and the second peak value Vn of at least one of the power generators 1A or 1E is newly acquired, the estimation section 621 estimates that the width length of the ground contact surface is increased, and estimates that the shape of the ground contact surface is changed (YES).
  • the estimation section 621 estimates that the shape of the ground contact surface has changed (YES). Moreover, in a case where it is determined that at least one time comparison value Tc/T among the power generators 1B to 1D has changed to the threshold value or more as compared with the time comparison value Tc/T of the initial data, the estimation section 621 estimates that the circumferential length of the ground contact surface has increased or decreased, and estimates that the shape of the ground contact surface has changed (YES).
  • the estimation section 621 estimates that there is no change in the shape of the ground contact surface (NO). In this case, the processing returns to step S27, and steps S28 to S32 are repeated for newly received data.
  • the peak values Vp and Vn and the time comparison value Tc/T may be compared with the peak values Vp and Vn and the time comparison value Tc/T of the initial data by calculating a difference between the peak values Vp and Vn and the time comparison value Tc/T or by calculating a ratio between the peak values Vp and Vn and the time comparison value Tc/T. Then, the estimation of the ground contact state may be performed on the basis of whether or not the calculated difference or ratio exceeds a predetermined threshold value.
  • the estimation section 621 can estimate that the tire 70 is biased outward in the width direction and grounded (YES).
  • the estimation section 621 can estimate that the tire 70 is grounded biased to the center in the width direction (YES). If not, the estimation section 621 can estimate that the unbalance of the ground contact state does not occur or falls within the allowable range (NO).
  • step S33 In a case where it is estimated in step S33 that the unbalance of the ground contact state does not occur or is within the allowable range, the process returns to step S27, and steps S28 to S32 are repeated for newly received data.
  • the alarm output section 622 In a case where the unbalance of the ground contact state is estimated in step S33, the alarm output section 622 generates an alarm in step S34 and outputs the alarm to the display 65.
  • the alarm may be, for example, a message or an image for warning the driver of the vehicle 6 that the ground contact state of the tire 70 is biased and the tire 70 is suspected of having reduced pressure, high pressure, defective attachment, or uneven wear. The rest is similar to the alarm generated in the process of estimating the wear state.
  • the two or more power generators 1 are two-dimensionally disposed along the circumferential direction and the width direction of the tire 70, and it is more preferable that the power generators 1 are disposed so as to be dispersed at substantially equal intervals in the circumferential direction of the tire 70 and to be dispersed at symmetrical positions with respect to the center line of the tread portion 700.
  • the power generators 1 are disposed so as to be dispersed at substantially equal intervals in the circumferential direction of the tire 70 and to be dispersed at symmetrical positions with respect to the center line of the tread portion 700.
  • a V-shaped arrangement in which a set of power generators 1 located at positions symmetrical with respect to the center line of the tread portion 700 is disposed at the same position in the circumferential direction, as illustrated in Fig. 18G , a U-shaped arrangement as illustrated in Fig. 18H , an O-shaped arrangement as illustrated in Fig. 18I , and the like are exemplified.
  • the set of power generators 1 disposed at symmetrical positions with respect to the center line of the tread portion 700 may be disposed at different positions instead of the same position in the circumferential direction.
  • the power generator 1 constituting the estimation system 9 may be replaced with a piezoelectric element PE that generates a voltage when pressure is applied. That is, the estimation system 9 may be configured as an estimation system including the piezoelectric element PE disposed on the inner side surface 720 of the tire 70, the measurement device 82 that measures at least one of a voltage generated in the piezoelectric element PE or a physical quantity corresponding to the voltage and outputs time-series measurement data, and an estimation unit (at least one of the internal computer 81 or the external computer 60) that estimates at least one of a wear state or a ground contact state of the tire on the basis of the measurement data.
  • the estimation system 9 may be configured as an estimation system including the piezoelectric element PE disposed on the inner side surface 720 of the tire 70, the measurement device 82 that measures at least one of a voltage generated in the piezoelectric element PE or a physical quantity corresponding to the voltage and outputs time-series measurement data, and an estimation unit (at least one of the internal computer 81 or the external
  • the piezoelectric element PE also outputs a voltage of a waveform in which the first peak P1, the second peak P2, the time intervals T and Tc are observed as illustrated in Fig. 22 with the rotation of the tire 70. Therefore, the estimation of at least one of the wear state or the ground contact state of the tire based on the time comparison value Tc/T, the peak values Vp and Vn, the peak comparison value Vp/Vn, and the like, which has already been described for the power generator 1, can be similarly applied to the piezoelectric element PE. Furthermore, the processing of steps S1 to 11 and steps S21 to S34 of the above embodiment can be similarly applied to the piezoelectric element PE.
  • the piezoelectric element PE is preferably disposed on at least one of a position corresponding to edges on both sides in the width direction of the ground contact surface when the tire 70 is in a new state and a position corresponding to an outer side in the width direction than the width of the ground contact surface when the tire 70 is in a new state on the inner side surface 720.
  • the piezoelectric element PE similarly to the power generator 1, it is preferable that two or more piezoelectric elements PE are two-dimensionally disposed along the circumferential direction and the width direction of the tire 70, and it is more preferable that these piezoelectric elements PE are disposed so as to be dispersed at substantially equal intervals in the circumferential direction of the tire 70 and to be dispersed at symmetrical positions with respect to the center line of the tread portion 700. Therefore, the example of the two-dimensional arrangement of the power generator 1 illustrated in Figs. 18A to 18I is also applied to the piezoelectric element PE.
  • At least one of the piezoelectric elements PE is disposed on at least one of a position corresponding to edges on both sides in the width direction of the ground contact surface when the tire 70 is in a new state and a position corresponding to an outer side in the width direction than the width of the ground contact surface when the tire 70 is in a new state on the inner side surface 720.
  • the number of these elements is not particularly limited as long as it is two or more.
  • the "Two or more elements are disposed two-dimensionally along the circumferential direction and the width direction of the tire 70.” state is established.
  • the estimation system 9 since the impact transmitted to the tire 70 is converted into a voltage by the power generator 1, the S/N ratio of the measurement data is less likely to deteriorate even when the vehicle 6 is traveling at a low speed, and the estimation accuracy of the wear state and the ground contact state is maintained. Furthermore, since the measurement data is generated by power generation of the power generator 1, a power source for operating the power generator 1 is unnecessary, and power consumption in the tire assembly 7 is cut. In a case where the tire assembly 7 includes the power generator 1 for supplying electric power in addition to the power generator 1 for acquiring measurement data, electric power necessary for performing the estimation processing can be supplied inside the tire assembly 7, and the cost for separately configuring the power source can be reduced.
  • the estimation system 9 it is also possible to estimate the driving tendency of the driver, the characteristics of the vehicle 6 itself, the environment in which the vehicle 6 is easily used, and the like, to evaluate the performance of the tire 70, and to propose the tire 70 according to the estimation. For example, a situation such as turning, acceleration, deceleration, and high-speed traveling of the vehicle 6 is determined by another sensor mounted on the vehicle 6, and the ground contact state estimated by the estimation system 9 under each situation is analyzed.
  • a tire or the like having high grip performance can be proposed.
  • a low fuel consumption tire, a high durability tire, a tire having high quietness, or the like can be proposed.
  • the estimation of the driving tendency of the driver, the characteristics of the vehicle 6 itself, the environment in which the vehicle 6 is easily used, and the like, the performance evaluation of the tire 70, and the proposal of the tire 70 according to the estimation can also be performed on the basis of time-series data of various sensors used for control of the vehicle 6, such as a wheel speed sensor, an acceleration sensor, a yaw rate sensor, a steering angle sensor of a steering wheel, a lateral acceleration sensor, and a gyro sensor mounted on the vehicle 6.
  • various sensors used for control of the vehicle 6 such as a wheel speed sensor, an acceleration sensor, a yaw rate sensor, a steering angle sensor of a steering wheel, a lateral acceleration sensor, and a gyro sensor mounted on the vehicle 6.
  • a wheel speed sensor such as a wheel speed sensor, an acceleration sensor, a yaw rate sensor, a steering angle sensor of a steering wheel, a lateral acceleration sensor, and a gyro sensor mounted on the vehicle 6.
  • a new tire (size: 145/80R12) was prepared, and five power generators 1G to 1K having the same configuration as the power generator 1F described above were disposed on the inner side surface of the tire to manufacture an experimental tire assembly.
  • the size of each power generator was 15 mm ⁇ 15 mm.
  • the power generators were disposed at intervals of 200 mm in the circumferential direction of the tire.
  • the power generators 1I are disposed such that the center line coincides with the center line of the tread portion in the width direction, and the power generators 1H and 1J and the power generators 1G and 1K are disposed so as to be symmetric with respect to the center line of the tread portion in the width direction.
  • the distance from the center line of the tread portion was 40 mm for the power generators 1H and 1J and 50 mm for the power generators 1G and 1K, and the power generators 1G and 1K were disposed at the positions of the edges in the width direction of the ground contact surface of the tire.
  • As the cover body that covers the power generators 1G to 1K and is fixed to the inner side surface a member for tire repair similar to the experiment described above was cut in accordance with the size of each power generator. Each electrode of the power generators 1G to 1K was connected to the measurement module.
  • the produced tire assembly was mounted on a wheel, and incorporated into the experimental device illustrated in Fig. 10 while changing the internal pressure and the wheel load of the tire, and the shape of the ground contact surface when the tire assembly was stationary was measured.
  • the measurement method was performed by transferring the ink of the tread portion to paper as in the experiment described above. There were four combinations of internal pressure and wheel load: (250 kPa, 3 kN), (250 kPa, 2.5 kN), (200 kPa, 2 kN), and (150 kPa, 2 kN).
  • the tire assembly was rotated at a speed corresponding to 30 km/h (rotational speed conversion value), and measurement data of the power generators 1G to 1K was acquired by a telemeter.
  • An average time interval T and an average time interval Tc were specified from each acquired measurement data, and a time comparison value Tc/T was further calculated.
  • the circumferential length of the ground contact surface of the tire was estimated for the power generators 1G to 1K based on the calculated time comparison value Tc/T and the perimeter calculated from the diameter of the tire.
  • the estimated circumferential length and the measured circumferential length of the shape of the ground contact surface substantially match under any of the four conditions. From this result, it was confirmed that the shape of the dynamic ground contact surface of the rotating tire can be estimated based on the position and output of the power generator.
  • a tire assembly was produced in which a power generator 1F for supplying electric power and a module 8 similar to that of the above embodiment were further incorporated in the tire assembly produced in Experiment 1.
  • the tire assembly was mounted on a wheel, and was incorporated in the experimental device illustrated in Fig. 10 and rotated, and it was confirmed whether or not the module 8 correctly operated without other batteries.
  • the module 8 operated correctly, and the data of the first peak value Vp, the second peak value Vn, the time interval T, and the time interval Tc of the power generators 1G to 1K were wirelessly transmitted in a predetermined cycle. From this result, it has been confirmed that the tire assembly including the power generator for power supply operates without separately preparing a power source, which is advantageous for simplification of the configuration of the estimation system and cost reduction.
  • piezoelectric elements (LDT0 Solid State Switch/Vibration Sensor, Measurement Specialties Incorporated) including a piezo film were disposed on an inner side surface of a tire of the same type as the new tire used in Experiment 1 to produce an experimental tire assembly.
  • the piezoelectric element was covered with a repair material for an inner liner of the tire and attached to the inner side surface of the tire.
  • the piezoelectric element included a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) film having a thickness of 28 ⁇ m, a polyester substrate having a thickness of 0.125 mm, and a connector, and had an outer shape of about 25 mm ⁇ 13 mm and an internal impedance of 40 M ⁇ to 60 M ⁇ .
  • PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
  • the piezoelectric elements were disposed at intervals of 10 mm at positions of -60 mm to 60 mm in the width direction of the tire with the center line of the tread as 0 mm.
  • two rows of piezoelectric elements were formed at intervals of about 50 mm in the circumferential direction of the tire.
  • the position of -40 mm corresponds to the edge in the width direction on the wheel cap side of the ground contact surface of the tire
  • the position of 50 mm corresponds to the edge in the width direction on the side (back side) opposite to the wheel cap of the ground contact surface of the tire. That is, the positions of -60 mm, -50 mm, and 60 mm were positions that were not grounded by a new tire.
  • the direction of the piezoelectric element was set such that the longitudinal direction thereof coincided with the circumferential direction of the tire.
  • Each electrode of the piezoelectric element was connected to the same measurement module as in Experiment 1.
  • FIG. 22 is a diagram summarizing a graph of a voltage generated in a piezoelectric element at a position on a tire.
  • the upper stage corresponds to the opposite (back) side of the wheel cap
  • the lower stage corresponds to the wheel cap side.
  • the graph is arranged such that the closer to the left side of the page, the closer to the edge side in the width direction of the tire, and the closer to the right side, the closer to the center side in the width direction of the tire.
  • each graph represents time (seconds), and the vertical axis represents relative voltage (V).
  • V relative voltage
  • the tire assembly was rotated at a speed corresponding to 30 km/h (rotational speed conversion value), and measurement data of voltages generated in the 13 piezoelectric elements was acquired by a telemeter.
  • An average time interval T and an average time interval Tc were specified from the acquired measurement data in the same manner as in Experiment 1, and a time comparison value Tc/T was further calculated.
  • the circumferential length of the ground contact surface of the tire was estimated for each piezoelectric element based on the calculated time comparison value Tc/T and the perimeter calculated from the diameter of the tire.
  • positions -60 mm, -50 mm, and 60 mm in the width direction correspond to positions that are not grounded in a new tire, but the tire is deformed including a portion that is not grounded including a sidewall portion and the like. Therefore, in the measurement data of the voltage generated in these piezoelectric elements, the first peak and the second peak associated with the rotation of the tire appeared, similarly to the graph illustrated in Fig. 22 . However, the magnitudes of the first peak and the second peak themselves were smaller than the magnitudes of the first peak and the second peak of other piezoelectric elements corresponding to the ground contact surface to a distinguishable extent. In the graphs of Figs.
  • the tire assembly produced in Experiment 3 was incorporated into an experimental device illustrated in Fig. 10 , and rotated at a constant wheel load and rotational speed to acquire time-series measurement data of the voltage generated in each piezoelectric element.
  • the average value of the first peak value Vp, the average value of the second peak value Vn, the time interval T1 of the first peak, and the time interval Tc between the first peak and the second peak were calculated.
  • a tire assembly in which the tread of the tire assembly produced in Experiment 3 was worn by about 3 mm was produced, and incorporated into the experimental device illustrated in Fig.
  • the average value of the first peak value Vp, the average value of the second peak value Vn, the time interval T1 of the first peak, and the time interval Tc between the first peak and the second peak were calculated.
  • a graph as illustrated in Fig. 24B is obtained. From the graph of Fig. 24B , it has been confirmed that the time comparison value Tc/T1 does not have a large difference between the time when the tread is new and the time when the tread is worn at the center in the width direction, but has a relatively large difference between the time when the tread is new and the time when the tread is worn at the edge in the width direction and in the vicinity thereof. Therefore, it has been confirmed that when the wear state is estimated by the time comparison value Tc/T1, only the measurement data of the piezoelectric element at the edge in the width direction of the ground contact surface of the tire and the vicinity thereof may be analyzed.
  • the circumferential length of the ground contact surface with respect to the position of each piezoelectric element was estimated on the basis of the time comparison value Tc/T1 of each piezoelectric element of the tire assembly at the time of wear, and compared with the shape measured at rest, as illustrated in Fig. 25 .
  • the perimeter of the tire a perimeter (1652 mm) in consideration of wear is adopted.
  • Fig. 26 illustrates a diagram comparing the circumferential length of the ground contact surface estimated by a similar experiment with the shape measured at rest for the same tire assembly when it is new (In Figs.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Tires In General (AREA)

Claims (8)

  1. Procédé d'estimation d'état de pneumatique comprenant les étapes consistant à :
    disposer au moins un générateur de puissance (1A - 1K) à l'intérieur du pneumatique (70), le générateur de puissance (1A - 1K) générant une tension en réponse à une déformation du pneumatique (70) ;
    acquérir des données de mesurage en série temporelle obtenues en mesurant l'une au moins d'une tension ou d'une quantité physique correspondant à la tension tandis que le pneumatique (70) est en rotation ;
    identifier des pics (P1, P2) apparaissant de manière répétée dans les données de mesurage ;
    spécifier au moins un élément parmi des valeurs (Vp, Vn) des pics (P1, P2) ou un intervalle (Tc, T1, T2) entre les pics ; et
    estimer l'un au moins d'un état d'usure ou d'un état de contact au sol du pneumatique sur la base d'au moins un élément parmi les valeurs spécifiées (Vp, Vn) ou l'intervalle spécifié (Tc, T1, T2),
    dans lequel le générateur de puissance (1A - 1K) inclut :
    un premier élément (10) incluant un premier film isolant (110) qui forme une première surface (100) ; et
    un second élément (20) incluant un second film isolant (210) qui forme une seconde surface (200), la seconde surface (200) étant tournée vers la première surface (100) et étant en contact avec la première surface (100),
    le premier élément (10) et le second élément (20) sont configurés de telle sorte qu'une zone de contact véritable entre la première surface (100) et la seconde surface (200) change en dépendance d'une pression appliquée sur le premier élément (10) et le second élément (20), et
    le premier film isolant (110) et le second film isolant (210) sont configurés de telle sorte que l'un du premier film isolant (110) et du second film isolant (210) est chargé positivement et que l'autre est chargé négativement en raison d'un changement dans la zone de contact véritable,
    dans lequel
    l'étape consistant à identifier les pics inclut d'identifier un premier pic (P1) et un second pic (P2) qui apparaît par paires avec le premier pic (P1), et
    caractérisé en ce que
    l'étape consistant à spécifier au moins un élément parmi les valeurs des pics ou l'intervalle entre les pics inclut de spécifier au moins une première valeur de pic (Vp) qui est une valeur du premier pic (P1), une seconde valeur de pic (Vn) qui est une valeur du second pic (P2), un intervalle temporel (Tc) entre le premier pic (P1) et le second pic (P2) formant une paire, et un premier intervalle (T1) qui est un intervalle du premier pic (P1) ou un second intervalle (T2) qui est un intervalle du second pic (P2), et en ce que
    l'étape consistant à estimer l'un au moins dudit état d'usure ou dudit état de contact au sol du pneumatique inclut de calculer l'une au moins d'une valeur de comparaison de pics (Vp/Vn, Vn/Vp) pour comparer la première valeur de pic (Vp) à la seconde valeur de pic (Vn) ou d'une valeur de comparaison temporelle (Tc/T) pour comparer l'intervalle temporel (Tc) soit au premier intervalle (T1) soit au second intervalle (T2), et d'estimer l'état d'usure du pneumatique sur la base de l'une au moins de la valeur de comparaison de pics calculée (Vp/Vn, Vn/Vp) ou de la valeur de comparaison temporelle calculée (Tc/T).
  2. Procédé d'estimation d'état de pneumatique selon la revendication 1, dans lequel
    la valeur de comparaison de pics (Vp/Vn, Vn/Vp) est un rapport entre la valeur de premier pic et la valeur de second pic,
    la valeur de comparaison temporelle (Tc/T) est un rapport entre l'intervalle temporel et soit le premier intervalle, soit le second intervalle, et
    l'étape consistant à estimer l'état d'usure du pneumatique inclut d'estimer l'état d'usure du pneumatique sur la base de la valeur de comparaison de pics (Vp/Vn, Vn/Vp) et de la valeur de comparaison temporelle (Tc/T).
  3. Procédé d'estimation d'état de pneumatique selon la revendication 1, dans lequel
    l'étape consistant à disposer au moins un générateur de puissance (1A - 1K) à l'intérieur du pneumatique inclut de disposer ledit au moins un générateur de puissance à une position à l'extérieur d'une largeur d'une surface de contact au sol quand le pneumatique est neuf,
    l'étape consistant spécifier ledit au moins un élément parmi les valeurs (Vp, Vn) des pics ou l'intervalle (Tc, T1, T2) entre les pics un flux de spécifier des valeurs des pics du générateur de puissance disposé à la position extérieure, et
    l'étape consistant à estimer l'un du contact d'usure ou de l'état de contact au sol du pneumatique inclut d'estimer l'un au moins de l'état d'usure ou de l'état de contact au sol du pneumatique sur la base d'un changement dans les valeurs spécifiées.
  4. Procédé d'estimation de l'état de pneumatique selon la revendication 1, dans lequel
    l'étape consistant à disposer au moins un générateur de puissance (1A - 1K) à l'intérieur du pneumatique inclut de disposer ledit au moins un générateur de puissance (1A - 1K) à une position d'un bord dans une direction de la largeur d'une surface de contact au sol quand le pneumatique est neuf,
    l'étape consistant à spécifier au moins un élément parmi les valeurs des pics (Vp, Vn) ou l'intervalle (Tc, T1, T2) entre les pics inclut de spécifier les valeurs des pics du générateur de puissance disposé à la position du bord, et
    l'étape consistant à estimer l'un au moins de l'état d'usure ou de l'état de contact au sol du pneumatique inclut d'estimer l'un au moins de l'état d'usure ou de l'état de contact au sol du pneumatique sur la base d'un changement dans les valeurs spécifiées.
  5. Procédé d'estimation d'état de pneumatique selon la revendication 1, dans lequel
    l'étape consistant à estimer l'un au moins de l'état d'usure ou de l'état de contact au sol du pneumatique inclut de calculer une valeur de comparaison temporelle (Tc/T) pour comparer l'intervalle temporel (Tc) soit au premier intervalle (T1), soit au second intervalle (T2), et d'estimer l'état de contact au sol du pneumatique sur la base de la valeur de comparaison temporelle calculée (Tc/T).
  6. Procédé d'estimation d'état de pneumatique selon la revendication 5, comprenant en outre l'étape consistant à :
    acquérir un périmètre du pneumatique (70),
    dans lequel l'étape consistant à estimer l'état de contact au sol du pneumatique (70) inclut d'estimer une longueur circonférentielle d'une surface de contact au sol du pneumatique sur la base de la valeur de comparaison temporelle calculée et du périmètre acquis.
  7. Système d'estimation d'état de pneumatique (9) comprenant :
    au moins un générateur de puissance (1A - 1K) qui est disposé à l'intérieur d'un pneumatique (70) et qui génère une tension en réponse à une déformation du pneumatique (70) ;
    un dispositif de mesurage (82) qui est disposé à l'intérieur du pneumatique, qui mesure l'une au moins d'une tension ou d'une quantité physique correspondant à la tension tandis que le pneumatique (70) est en rotation, et qui sort des données de mesurage en série temporelle ; et
    une unité d'estimation (60, 81) qui identifie des pics (P1, P2) apparaissant de manière répétée dans les données de mesurage, qui spécifie au moins un élément parmi des valeurs (Vp, Vn) des pics (P1, P2) ou un intervalle (Tc, T1, T2) entre les pics, et qui estime l'un au moins d'un état d'usure ou d'un état de contact au sol du pneumatique sur la base d'au moins un élément parmi les valeurs spécifiées (Vp, Vn) ou l'intervalle spécifié (1A - 1K),
    dans lequel le générateur de puissance (1A - 1K) inclut :
    un premier élément (10) incluant un premier film isolant (110) qui forme une première surface (100) ; et
    un second élément (20) incluant un second film isolant (210) qui forme une seconde surface (200), la seconde surface (200) étant tournée vers la première surface (100) et étant en contact avec la première surface (100),
    le premier élément (10) et le second élément (20) sont configurés de telle sorte qu'une zone de contact véritable entre la première surface (100) et la seconde surface (200) change en dépendance d'une pression appliquée sur le premier élément (10) et le second élément (20), et
    le premier film isolant (110) et le second film isolant (210) sont configurés de telle sorte que l'un du premier film isolant (110) et du second film isolant (210) est chargé positivement et que l'autre est chargé négativement en raison d'un changement dans la zone de contact véritable,
    dans lequel
    l'étape consistant à identifier les pics inclut d'identifier un premier pic (P1) et un second pic (P2) qui apparaît par paires avec le premier pic (P1), et
    caractérisé en ce que
    l'étape consistant à spécifier au moins un élément parmi les valeurs des pics ou l'intervalle entre les pics inclut de spécifier au moins une première valeur de pic (Vp) qui est une valeur du premier pic (P1), une seconde valeur de pic (Vn) qui est une valeur du second pic (P2), un intervalle temporel (Tc) entre le premier pic (P1) et le second pic (P2) formant une paire, et un premier intervalle (T1) qui est un intervalle du premier pic (P1) ou un second intervalle (T2) qui est un intervalle du second pic (P2), et en ce que
    l'étape consistant à estimer l'un au moins dudit état d'usure ou dudit état de contact au sol du pneumatique inclut de calculer l'une au moins d'une valeur de comparaison de pics (Vp/Vn, Vn/Vp) pour comparer la première valeur de pic (Vp) à la seconde valeur de pic (Vn) ou d'une valeur de comparaison temporelle (Tc/T) pour comparer l'intervalle temporel (Tc) soit au premier intervalle (T1), soit au second intervalle (T2), et d'estimer l'état d'usure du pneumatique sur la base de l'une au moins de la valeur de comparaison de pics calculée (Vp/Vn, Vn/Vp) ou de la valeur de comparaison temporelle calculée (Tc/T).
  8. Système d'estimation d'état de pneumatique (9) selon la revendication 7, comprenant en outre :
    au moins deux ou plusieurs générateurs de puissance (1A - 1K) ; et
    un dispositif de stockage de puissance (80),
    dans lequel le dispositif de stockage de puissance (80) est configuré pour stocker des charges électriques de certains desdits au moins deux ou plusieurs générateurs de puissance (1A - 1K).
EP22878407.0A 2021-10-06 2022-09-28 Procédé d'estimation d'état de pneu et système d'estimation d'état de pneu Active EP4393732B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP2021165111 2021-10-06
PCT/JP2022/036325 WO2023058537A1 (fr) 2021-10-06 2022-09-28 Procédé d'estimation d'état de pneu et système d'estimation d'état de pneu

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP4393732A1 EP4393732A1 (fr) 2024-07-03
EP4393732A4 EP4393732A4 (fr) 2024-12-11
EP4393732B1 true EP4393732B1 (fr) 2025-08-27

Family

ID=85803423

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP22878407.0A Active EP4393732B1 (fr) 2021-10-06 2022-09-28 Procédé d'estimation d'état de pneu et système d'estimation d'état de pneu

Country Status (5)

Country Link
US (1) US20240410791A1 (fr)
EP (1) EP4393732B1 (fr)
JP (1) JPWO2023058537A1 (fr)
CN (1) CN117980161A (fr)
WO (1) WO2023058537A1 (fr)

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE112021005744T5 (de) * 2021-03-16 2023-08-31 Hitachi Astemo, Ltd. Einrichtung zur detektion physikalischer grössen
US12337694B2 (en) * 2022-10-06 2025-06-24 Ford Global Technologies, Llc Wheel motor compensation systems and methods using wheel sensor data

Family Cites Families (15)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP4472363B2 (ja) * 2004-01-20 2010-06-02 株式会社ブリヂストン タイヤ状態推定方法
JP2007153034A (ja) * 2005-12-01 2007-06-21 Toyota Motor Corp タイヤ摩耗状態判定装置
US8371159B2 (en) * 2007-07-11 2013-02-12 Kabushiki Kaisha Bridgestone Method for estimating the wear of a tire
JP5036459B2 (ja) * 2007-09-06 2012-09-26 株式会社ブリヂストン タイヤ摩耗推定方法及びタイヤ摩耗推定装置
JP5165603B2 (ja) * 2009-01-09 2013-03-21 株式会社ブリヂストン タイヤ走行状態推定方法、定常走行状態推定装置、タイヤ摩耗推定方法とその装置
JP5902473B2 (ja) * 2011-12-28 2016-04-13 株式会社ブリヂストン タイヤ偏摩耗検知方法及びタイヤ偏摩耗検知装置
JP6088908B2 (ja) * 2013-05-31 2017-03-01 国立大学法人 東京大学 タイヤ内センサーの変形状態検知方法、タイヤ接地状態推定方法、及び、タイヤ接地状態推定装置
JP6317999B2 (ja) * 2014-05-14 2018-04-25 株式会社ブリヂストン タイヤ情報送信装置
JP6650680B2 (ja) 2015-03-31 2020-02-19 株式会社ブリヂストン タイヤ摩耗量推定方法及びタイヤ摩耗量推定装置
FR3042281B1 (fr) * 2015-10-13 2017-10-27 Continental Automotive France Procede de determination de l'acceleration radiale de la roue d'un vehicule
JP7292644B2 (ja) * 2018-07-18 2023-06-19 住友ゴム工業株式会社 タイヤ組立体、タイヤのモニタリングシステム及び方法
CN110733299A (zh) * 2018-07-18 2020-01-31 住友橡胶工业株式会社 轮胎组装体、轮胎的监控系统和方法
JP2021129464A (ja) * 2020-02-17 2021-09-02 住友ゴム工業株式会社 発電体
JP7432889B2 (ja) * 2020-02-17 2024-02-19 住友ゴム工業株式会社 発電体
JP7319940B2 (ja) * 2020-03-25 2023-08-02 株式会社ブリヂストン タイヤ摩耗推定方法、及び、タイヤ摩耗形状判別方法

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP4393732A1 (fr) 2024-07-03
CN117980161A (zh) 2024-05-03
WO2023058537A1 (fr) 2023-04-13
US20240410791A1 (en) 2024-12-12
JPWO2023058537A1 (fr) 2023-04-13
EP4393732A4 (fr) 2024-12-11

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
EP3597455B1 (fr) Ensemble de pneu, système de surveillance de pneu, et procédé de surveillance de pneu
EP4393732B1 (fr) Procédé d'estimation d'état de pneu et système d'estimation d'état de pneu
CN101001763B (zh) 轮胎动态状态量估计方法及其装置
US12379286B2 (en) Tire and tire sensor
US12083832B2 (en) Tire deterioration inferring device and tire deterioration inferring method
US6959593B2 (en) System, tire, wheel, vehicle, and method for determining the behavior of a tire in motion
JP7292644B2 (ja) タイヤ組立体、タイヤのモニタリングシステム及び方法
CN113271036B (zh) 发电体
CN113271035B (zh) 发电体
JP2005521866A (ja) 自動車走行中のタイヤ挙動を監視する方法およびシステム
JP6558005B2 (ja) 空気入りタイヤおよび車両
US12558927B2 (en) Elastic and power generation body assembly for a tire
US20100057295A1 (en) Method and device for detecting aceleration peaks in tires
EP3539835B1 (fr) Dispositif de capteur de vitesse de véhicule et appareil du type abs comprenant celui-ci
US20250093236A1 (en) Wireless sensors for a tire and sensing methods thereof
EP3967525B1 (fr) Pneu piézoélectrique
JP2026503112A (ja) タイヤ内ホイール力変換器のためのシステムおよび方法

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
STAA Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent

Free format text: STATUS: THE INTERNATIONAL PUBLICATION HAS BEEN MADE

PUAI Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012

STAA Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent

Free format text: STATUS: REQUEST FOR EXAMINATION WAS MADE

17P Request for examination filed

Effective date: 20240328

AK Designated contracting states

Kind code of ref document: A1

Designated state(s): AL AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HR HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC MK MT NL NO PL PT RO RS SE SI SK SM TR

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: DE

Ref legal event code: R079

Free format text: PREVIOUS MAIN CLASS: B60C0023060000

Ref country code: DE

Ref legal event code: R079

Ref document number: 602022020465

Country of ref document: DE

Free format text: PREVIOUS MAIN CLASS: B60C0023060000

Ipc: B60C0011240000

A4 Supplementary search report drawn up and despatched

Effective date: 20241112

RIC1 Information provided on ipc code assigned before grant

Ipc: G01M 17/02 20060101ALI20241106BHEP

Ipc: B60C 19/00 20060101ALI20241106BHEP

Ipc: B60C 23/06 20060101ALI20241106BHEP

Ipc: B60C 23/04 20060101ALI20241106BHEP

Ipc: B60C 11/24 20060101AFI20241106BHEP

DAV Request for validation of the european patent (deleted)
DAX Request for extension of the european patent (deleted)
P01 Opt-out of the competence of the unified patent court (upc) registered

Free format text: CASE NUMBER: APP_12392/2025

Effective date: 20250313

GRAP Despatch of communication of intention to grant a patent

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOSNIGR1

STAA Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent

Free format text: STATUS: GRANT OF PATENT IS INTENDED

RIC1 Information provided on ipc code assigned before grant

Ipc: G01M 17/02 20060101ALI20250515BHEP

Ipc: B60C 19/00 20060101ALI20250515BHEP

Ipc: B60C 23/06 20060101ALI20250515BHEP

Ipc: B60C 23/04 20060101ALI20250515BHEP

Ipc: B60C 11/24 20060101AFI20250515BHEP

INTG Intention to grant announced

Effective date: 20250526

GRAS Grant fee paid

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOSNIGR3

GRAA (expected) grant

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009210

STAA Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent

Free format text: STATUS: THE PATENT HAS BEEN GRANTED

AK Designated contracting states

Kind code of ref document: B1

Designated state(s): AL AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HR HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC MK MT NL NO PL PT RO RS SE SI SK SM TR

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: CH

Ref legal event code: EP

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: DE

Ref legal event code: R096

Ref document number: 602022020465

Country of ref document: DE

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: IE

Ref legal event code: FG4D

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: AT

Payment date: 20251020

Year of fee payment: 4

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: NL

Ref legal event code: MP

Effective date: 20250827

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: IS

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 20251227

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: DE

Payment date: 20251126

Year of fee payment: 4

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: NO

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 20251127

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: LT

Ref legal event code: MG9D

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: PT

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 20251229

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: FI

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 20250827

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: NL

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 20250827

Ref country code: HR

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 20250827

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: FR

Payment date: 20251030

Year of fee payment: 4

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: GR

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 20251128

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: SE

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 20250827

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: LV

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 20250827

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: PL

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 20250827

Ref country code: BG

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 20250827

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: RS

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 20251127

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: ES

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 20250827

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: AT

Ref legal event code: MK05

Ref document number: 1829604

Country of ref document: AT

Kind code of ref document: T

Effective date: 20250827

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: RO

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 20250827

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: SM

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 20250827

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: DK

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 20250827

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: AT

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 20250827

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: IT

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 20250827