EP4419906A1 - Procédé de détection du scatol dans une solution aqueuse - Google Patents
Procédé de détection du scatol dans une solution aqueuseInfo
- Publication number
- EP4419906A1 EP4419906A1 EP22826136.8A EP22826136A EP4419906A1 EP 4419906 A1 EP4419906 A1 EP 4419906A1 EP 22826136 A EP22826136 A EP 22826136A EP 4419906 A1 EP4419906 A1 EP 4419906A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- skatole
- aqueous solution
- fat
- organic solvent
- aprotic organic
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/75—Systems in which material is subjected to a chemical reaction, the progress or the result of the reaction being investigated
- G01N21/76—Chemiluminescence; Bioluminescence
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/62—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light
- G01N21/66—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light electrically excited, e.g. electroluminescence
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/02—Food
- G01N33/12—Meat; Fish
Definitions
- the invention relates to the field of the food industry and, in particular, to the field of the production and distribution of pork.
- the invention relates to a method for detecting the presence of skatole, or 3-methylindole (3-MIH), in an aqueous solution and, in particular, in plasma or blood serum and, if the latter is present, to determine the content and this, with a very high sensitivity and a very high specificity vis-à-vis the other compounds likely to be also present in this solution.
- 3-methylindole 3-methylindole
- skatole together with androsterone, is responsible for an odor that is both strong and unpleasant, called "boar odor", which is given off during the cooking of the meat of whole male pigs
- the invention can, in the first place , be implemented to identify, before they are taken to slaughter, whole male pigs whose meat carries boar taint.
- boar taint for example by genetic selection or by modification of breeding conditions (feed, housing conditions, composition of groups of animals in terms of age, sex, etc.).
- Boar taint results mainly from an accumulation of skatole and androsterone and, to a lesser extent, indole in the fatty tissues of whole, ie uncastrated, male pigs.
- PCT international application WO-A-2021/009438 hereinafter reference [1] has proposed a method for detecting and assaying the skatole present in a sample of pig adipose tissue with a very high high sensitivity - since this method has a detection limit of the order of 20 nmol/L of sample - and very high specificity with respect to other indole compounds likely to also be present in this adipose tissue.
- This method consists in preparing an organic extract of the adipose tissue sample and in subjecting this sample to an electrochemiluminescence reaction.
- the concentration of skatole in the blood is proportional to its concentration in the adipose tissue, it is, however, much lower than the latter.
- the threshold for rejection of pork by the consumer being set at approximately 0.2 pg of skatole per gram of adipose tissue, this means in analytical terms that:
- the detection limit in the case of detection of skatole in an organic extract of adipose tissue, the detection limit must be at most 1.5 pmol per liter of organic extract, while
- the detection limit of skatole must be at most 100 nmol per liter of sample, which cannot be obtained with most of the analytical methods that have been proposed to date to detect skatole whether in adipose tissue samples or blood samples (immunoassays, colorimetry, thermal desorption laser diode coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LDTD-MS/MS), etc.).
- HPLC high performance liquid chromatography
- the inventors have set themselves the goal of providing a method which makes it possible to detect the presence of skatole in a blood sample - and, more generally, in an aqueous medium - with, on the one hand, a very high sensitivity (at least equivalent to that obtained with HPLC) and, on the other hand, high specificity so that this method leads to extremely reliable results.
- the invention aims precisely to provide such a method.
- the subject of the invention is therefore a method for detecting the presence of skatole in an aqueous solution, which comprises the steps consisting in: a) preparing an organic extract from the aqueous solution, by: i) mixing the aqueous solution with a fatty substance and then separating the aqueous solution from the fatty substance, whereby, if skatole is present in the aqueous solution, it is extracted by the fatty substance; ii) mixing the fat obtained at the end of i) with an aprotic organic solvent then separating the fat from the aprotic organic solvent, whereby, if skatole is present in the fat, it is extracted by the solvent aprotic organic; and iii) addition of a bottom salt to the aprotic organic solvent obtained at the end of ii); b) subjecting the organic extract prepared in step a) to an electrochemiluminescence (ECL) reaction; and c) measuring the luminescence intensity during step b) and, if
- an organic extract suitable for being subjected to an ECL reaction is prepared from an aqueous solution by carrying out two successive liquid-liquid extractions, namely: a first extraction which aims to transfer the skatole likely to be present in the aqueous solution to a fat, then a second extraction which aims to transfer the skatole likely to have been extracted by the fat to an aprotic organic solvent.
- the fat used in sub-step i) can in particular be:
- a saturated fatty acid such as capric acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid or stearic acid, or unsaturated such as oleic acid, linoleic acid, myristoleic acid , palmitoleic acid, linolenic acid or arachidonic acid, these fatty acids being commercially available, for example from Sigma-Aldrich, at purity levels typically greater than 95%,
- a fat of animal origin such as butter, pork fat (or lard), beef or mutton fat (or tallow), goose or duck fat, fish oil, or even
- rapeseed oil such as rapeseed oil, sunflower oil, soybean oil, coconut oil, palm oil, linseed oil, olive oil or corn germ oil.
- the fat on the one hand, has the lowest possible water content and, on the other hand, is liquid at room temperature (20 ° C-25 ° C) so as to avoid having to heat it to liquefy it before mixing it with the aqueous solution.
- a vegetable oil rapeseed oil being particularly suitable. If a fat containing water - which is the case, for example, with butter
- - is used, then it is preferably dehydrated beforehand, for example by heating to a temperature below 100° C. with drawing under vacuum.
- the aqueous solution is mixed with the fatty substance in an aqueous solution/fatty substance volume ratio of less than 1, this ratio typically being between 0.1 and 0.5 and, better still , between 0.2 and 0.3.
- the aqueous solution is then separated from the fat by centrifugation.
- aprotic when it is applied to an organic solvent, is taken in its usual meaning, namely that it designates an organic solvent whose molecule is free of atom of acidic hydrogen, that is, bonded to a heteroatom such as a nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur atom.
- the aprotic organic solvent used in sub-step ii) is advantageously a polar aprotic solvent, that is to say having a non-zero dipole moment, such as acetonitrile, dimethyl sulfoxide, carbonate of propylene or ⁇ -butyrolactone, preference being given to acetonitrile.
- the fat obtained at the end of sub-step i) is mixed with the aprotic organic solvent in a fat/organic solvent volume ratio of less than 1, this ratio typically being between 0.1 and 0, 5 and, even better, between 0.2 and 0.3.
- the fat is then separated from the aprotic organic solvent by centrifugation, optionally after having maintained, for example for 1 hour, the fat/organic solvent mixture at a temperature lower than or equal to 4° C. but higher than the temperature solidification of the organic solvent so as to freeze the fat without the organic solvent solidifying.
- the bottom salt which is added to the organic solvent obtained at the end of sub-step ii), can be chosen from a large number of salts, it being understood that it must be, on the one hand, soluble in the organic solvent aprotic, and on the other hand, chemically and electrochemically inert so as not to disturb the ECL reaction nor to induce an undesirable reaction with the skatole.
- this salt may in particular be a tetrafluoroborate, a hexaflurorophosphate or a tetraalkylammonium perchlorate whose alkyl group comprises from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, such as tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate or tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate, this type of salt having, in fact, a remarkable stability in an organic medium.
- the bottom salt is added to the organic solvent in an amount such that its concentration in the organic extract is typically between 0.01 mol/L and 1 mol/L, preferably between 0.05 mol/L and 0.5 mol/L, and, even better, equal to 0.1 mol/L.
- the organic extract prepared in step a) it is preferable for the organic extract prepared in step a) to be anhydrous, that is to say that it comprises at most 1% by weight of water.
- a drying agent such as a hygroscopic salt which is not soluble in the aprotic organic solvent of the sodium or magnesium sulphate type. anhydrous, or a molecular sieve (for example, 3 or 4 angstroms) to eliminate any traces of water likely to have been extracted by the fat in sub-step i) then by the aprotic organic solvent in sub-step -step ii).
- this drying agent is then removed before proceeding to step b).
- the ECL reaction is preferably carried out in an electrochemical cell, the terms "electrochemical cell” here designating the assembly formed by a bowl-type container or the like, in which the organic extract is placed.
- electrochemical cell designating the assembly formed by a bowl-type container or the like, in which the organic extract is placed.
- electrodes for the ECL reaction, and at least two electrodes, namely a working electrode and a counter electrode.
- the application to the working electrode of a cathodic potential then of an anodic potential can be carried out according to various electrochemical protocols and, in particular, by:
- this container is desirable for this container to be made of a material which is resistant to organic solvents, to saline environments and, if a strong base is used, to alkaline environments.
- this container should be made of a material that is optically transparent in the range of luminescence emission wavelengths or that it should have at least one wall made of a material exhibiting such transparency if the detection of the photons emitted is carried out by an optical detector located opposite one of its walls.
- the choice of the electrodes of the electrolytic cell is not critical either.
- the working electrode can be made of any electrode material allowing the formation of such ions such as carbon (graphite, glassy carbon, doped diamond, for example boron or nitrogen, etc.), a noble metal (gold, platinum, palladium, iridium, etc.) or an alloy of noble metals.
- the counter-electrode can be made of a different electrode material or of the same electrode material as that which constitutes the working electrode.
- the working electrode and the counter-electrode be made of diamond doped, in particular with boron, because this material is highly conductive, has a very high stability, a natural resilience fouling due to the high atomic density of diamond.
- This resilience to fouling is particularly interesting given that the organic extract can comprise a certain number of compounds derived from pig adipose tissue, including fatty acids, which can quickly foul the surface of the electrodes.
- this type of electrode can easily be cleaned electrochemically, for example by the method described in US Pat. No. 9,121,107 B2, reference [3] below.
- this type of electrode has a large potential window which makes it possible to apply high potentials without electrolysing the solvent present in the organic extract.
- a reference electrode may in particular be a saturated calomel electrode (SCE) or a silver chloride electrode (Ag/AgCl), possibly with a double junction, as traditionally used in electrochemistry.
- SCE saturated calomel electrode
- Ag/AgCl silver chloride electrode
- the electrochemical cell i.e. container and electrodes
- the electrochemical cell is made of low-cost materials (plastic container, carbon paste electrodes, etc.) so as to be disposable, which allows, on the one hand, to overcome the problems of fouling of the electrodes and, on the other hand, to ensure traceability of the samples of adipose tissue analyzed, for example by referencing each electrochemical cell with respect to a pig carcass.
- the optical detector can be a photomultiplier coupled to a photocathode in bialkali, super-bialkali or ultra-bialkali, an avalanche photodiode, a photomultiplier with silicon photocathode, a spectrometer and , in particular, a spectrofluorimeter, a detector with a CCD sensor (from “Charged Coupled Device”), a detector with a CMOS sensor (from “Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor”), etc.
- the threshold value used in step c) is preferably at least equal to 150% of the mean value of the intensity of the luminescence corresponding to the background noise of the optical detector.
- the method of the invention also makes it possible, if skatole is present in the organic extract prepared in step a), to determine its concentration.
- the method advantageously further comprises a quantification of the skatole present in the organic extract by comparison of the maximum intensity of luminescence measured during step c ) with a calibration curve, this quantification being carried out during step c) or after step c).
- the aqueous solution is preferably male pig blood plasma or serum and, in particular, male pig blood plasma.
- plasma is the liquid part of blood which is obtained by centrifugation of this blood in a tube in the presence of an anticoagulant and, therefore, without coagulation
- serum is the liquid part of blood which is obtained by leaving the blood clot in a tube in the absence of any anticoagulant.
- serum is stripped of coagulation factors and fibrinogen.
- the method of the invention makes it possible to detect the presence of skatole in an aqueous solution with great sensitivity since a detection limit of around 37 nmol of skatole per liter of aqueous solution could be obtained.
- skatole is highly specific since other indole compounds present in the fatty tissues of pigs such as indole and their precursor , tryptophan, are hardly detected with this method.
- Figure 1 illustrates the chronoamperogram obtained by subjecting, to an ECL reaction by potential jump, a synthetic solution comprising 1 p.mol/L of skatole and 0.1 mol/L of tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate (TBAHFP) in the acetonitrile; in this figure, the ordinate axis corresponds to the intensity, denoted I and expressed in microamperes (piA), of the current measured at the working electrode while the abscissa axis corresponds to time, denoted t and expressed in seconds (s).
- piA microamperes
- FIG. 2 illustrates the luminescence signal measured simultaneously with the recording of the chronoamperogram shown in FIG. 1; in this figure, the ordinate axis corresponds to the number of shots emitted, denoted Ne and expressed in arbitrary units (ua), while the abscissa axis corresponds to time, denoted t and expressed in seconds (s).
- Figure 3 illustrates the maximum intensity of the luminescence signal obtained by subjecting, to an ECL reaction by potential jump, three synthetic solutions comprising respectively 1 pg/L of skatole, 1 pg/L of tryptophan and 1 pg/L of indole, as well as 0.1 mol/L of TBAHFP in acetonitrile;
- the ordinate axis corresponds to the maximum number of shots emitted, denoted Ne and expressed in arbitrary units (au), while the letters S, T and I on the abscissa axis designate respectively the skatole, the tryptophan and indole.
- Figure 4 illustrates a calibration curve established by subjecting, to an ECL reaction by potential jump, seven organic extracts having been obtained from one and the same plasma originating from a male pig not contaminated with skatole but to which was added 0 nmol/L to 1 pmol/L of skatole of commercial origin as well as 0.1 mol/L of TBAHFP; in this figure, the ordinate axis corresponds to the maximum number of shots emitted, denoted Ne and expressed in arbitrary units (a.u.), while the abscissa axis corresponds to the concentration of skatole, denoted [C] and expressed in nmol /L, in organic extracts.
- FIG. 5 illustrates the results of a test aimed at comparing the ECL assay of skatole in organic extracts having been obtained from the plasma of 24 male pigs with the HPLC assay of skatole in the adipose tissue of these same pigs;
- the ordinate axis corresponds to the skatole concentration found by ECL, denoted [C]ECL and expressed in ng/g
- the abscissa axis corresponds to the skatole concentration found by HPLC, denoted [ C]HPLC and expressed in ng/g
- the concentrations symbolized by triangles correspond to concentrations above the rejection threshold set at 0.2 pg of skatole/g of adipose tissue
- the concentrations symbolized by circles correspond to concentrations below this threshold.
- the organic extracts are prepared by following, for each extract, the following operating protocol.
- 1 mL of blood plasma previously obtained by subjecting whole pig blood to standard centrifugation in the presence of an anticoagulant (EDTA), is introduced into a first 15 mL tube, together with 4 mL of rapeseed oil.
- EDTA anticoagulant
- the tube After closing, the tube is subjected to stirring (with a vortex) for 10 minutes then to centrifugation for 5 minutes at 4000 rpm, whereby an oily phase and an aqueous phase are obtained.
- the tube After closing, the tube is subjected to agitation (with a vortex) for 10 minutes. The tube is then placed in a freezer for 1 hour to freeze the oily phase and then it is subjected to centrifugation for 5 minutes at 4000 rpm, whereby an oily phase and an acetonitrile phase are obtained.
- the tube is inverted several times to ensure total absorption of these traces of water by the sodium sulphate which, unlike TBAHFP, does not dissolve in acetonitrile.
- Synthetic solutions are prepared by dissolving, with stirring, either skatole or tryptophan or indole in acetonitrile, then adding to the resulting solutions TBAHFP to give them a background salt concentration of 0.1 mol/ I.
- the ECL reactions are carried out by means of an electrochemical cell with a capacity of 10 mL, of parallelepiped shape, fitted with an optical glass window.
- Two electrodes in the form of boron-doped diamond sections on a silicon substrate and serving respectively as working electrode and counter-electrode are positioned on the two opposite walls of this cell which have the largest surface but staggered relative to each other so that these electrodes are arranged parallel to each other but without facing each other.
- the working electrode measures 10 x 10 mm while the counter electrode measures 15 x 15 mm. Electrical contact is ensured via the silicon substrate constituting the rear face of these electrodes by means of a copper strip.
- the cell is further provided with a platinum wire serving as a pseudo-reference electrode.
- electrochemical and ECL measurements are performed using an AutolabTM PGSTAT128N potentiostat/galvanostat (Autolab) or PDM03-9107-USB photodetector module (ET-Enterprises ).
- ECL measurements are performed using a portable PalmSens4TM potentiostat (PalmSens) and a FluoromaxTM 4P spectrofluorimeter (Horiba Jobin Yvon) which allows real-time monitoring of the evolution of luminescence thanks to integrated software.
- PalmSens4TM potentiostat PanSens
- FluoromaxTM 4P spectrofluorimeter Horiba Jobin Yvon
- the electrodes are carefully cleaned by electrochemical activation by immersing them in a solution comprising 0.1 mol/L of TBAHFP in acetonitrile and by applying 0.5 second pulses of 2 mA and -2mA for 200 cycles.
- the ECL reaction which is favored in the context of the invention comprises the application of a cathodic potential to the working electrode of the electrochemical cell to induce the formation of superoxide ions, followed by the application of an anodic potential to this same electrode to induce the oxidation of the conjugate base of the skatole if the latter is present in the organic extract.
- this be achieved by a potential jump, that is to say by applying a constant negative potential to the working electrode, for a time sufficient to saturate the surface of this electrode with ions. superoxides, then by applying a constant positive potential to it, also for a time sufficient to saturate the surface of the working electrode with oxidized skatole.
- the measurement of the luminescence emitted is launched from the start of the application of the negative potential to the working electrode.
- the chronoamperogram obtained under these conditions for a synthetic solution comprising 1 pmol/L of skatole is illustrated in figure 1 while the luminescence signal measured simultaneously with the recording of the chronoamperogram is illustrated in figure 2.
- an intense peak of luminescence is observed when jumping from negative potential to positive potential. This peak can be linked to the presence of skatole in the standard solution and its amplitude can itself be linked to the amount of skatole present in said solution.
- 3 synthetic solutions comprising respectively 1 pg/L of skatole, 1 pg/L of tryptophan and 1 pg/L of indole, are each subjected to an ECL reaction by potential jump.
- the maximum intensities of the luminescence signals emitted during these reactions are illustrated in FIG. 3 in the form of a bar diagram, the rod denoted S corresponds to skatole, the rod denoted T corresponding to tryptophan and the rod denoted I corresponding to the indole.
- a very high luminescence signal is obtained for skatole while a very weak luminescence signal is obtained for tryptophan and indole, the maximum intensity of this signal being respectively 200 times and 170 times weaker than that of the luminescence signal obtained for skatole.
- a calibration test is carried out by subjecting 7 organic extracts - 6 of which comprise skatole to variable concentrations and 1 is free of skatole (“control” extract) - to an ECL reaction by potential jump.
- This detection limit is 37 nmol of skatole/litre of blood plasma, i.e.
- the concentrations thus obtained are compared with those previously obtained by assaying by HPLC the concentration of skatole in the adipose tissue of these 24 pigs.
- the method of the invention is therefore perfectly suited to the detection of boar taint in live male pigs.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
- Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
- Investigating Or Analysing Materials By The Use Of Chemical Reactions (AREA)
- Investigating Or Analysing Biological Materials (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR2112678A FR3129727B1 (fr) | 2021-11-29 | 2021-11-29 | Procédé de détection du scatol dans une solution aqueuse |
| PCT/FR2022/052134 WO2023094753A1 (fr) | 2021-11-29 | 2022-11-21 | Procédé de détection du scatol dans une solution aqueuse |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP4419906A1 true EP4419906A1 (fr) | 2024-08-28 |
Family
ID=80226023
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP22826136.8A Pending EP4419906A1 (fr) | 2021-11-29 | 2022-11-21 | Procédé de détection du scatol dans une solution aqueuse |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP4419906A1 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR3129727B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2023094753A1 (fr) |
Family Cites Families (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP1218534B1 (fr) * | 1999-09-30 | 2007-07-04 | University Of Guelph | Nouveaux enzymes et metabolites appartenant au metabolisme du scatole |
| FR2952436B1 (fr) * | 2009-11-10 | 2014-10-31 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Materiau et procede pour pieger, detecter et quantifier des composes aromatiques heterocycliques et autres. |
| FR2971795B1 (fr) | 2011-02-18 | 2015-07-17 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Procede d'activation d'une electrode en diamant dope |
| ES2973644T3 (es) * | 2015-03-03 | 2024-06-21 | Teknologisk Inst | Detección simultánea de compuestos relacionados con olor desagradable o a verraco en tejido animal |
| FR3098597B1 (fr) * | 2019-07-12 | 2022-10-28 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Procédé de détection du scatol dans un échantillon d’un tissu adipeux de porc |
-
2021
- 2021-11-29 FR FR2112678A patent/FR3129727B1/fr active Active
-
2022
- 2022-11-21 EP EP22826136.8A patent/EP4419906A1/fr active Pending
- 2022-11-21 WO PCT/FR2022/052134 patent/WO2023094753A1/fr not_active Ceased
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| FR3129727A1 (fr) | 2023-06-02 |
| FR3129727B1 (fr) | 2024-08-30 |
| WO2023094753A1 (fr) | 2023-06-01 |
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