EP4437007A1 - Verfahren zur herstellung von mikrokristalliner cellulose mit reduziertem nitritsalzgehalt - Google Patents
Verfahren zur herstellung von mikrokristalliner cellulose mit reduziertem nitritsalzgehaltInfo
- Publication number
- EP4437007A1 EP4437007A1 EP22783504.8A EP22783504A EP4437007A1 EP 4437007 A1 EP4437007 A1 EP 4437007A1 EP 22783504 A EP22783504 A EP 22783504A EP 4437007 A1 EP4437007 A1 EP 4437007A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- mcc
- microcrystalline cellulose
- heat treatment
- subjected
- temperature
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 229920000168 Microcrystalline cellulose Polymers 0.000 title claims abstract description 207
- 235000019813 microcrystalline cellulose Nutrition 0.000 title claims abstract description 207
- 239000008108 microcrystalline cellulose Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 206
- 229940016286 microcrystalline cellulose Drugs 0.000 title claims abstract description 206
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 40
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 35
- 150000002826 nitrites Chemical class 0.000 title claims description 33
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 66
- 238000001694 spray drying Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 238000005903 acid hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 230000003472 neutralizing effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- ATRRKUHOCOJYRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium bicarbonate Chemical compound [NH4+].OC([O-])=O ATRRKUHOCOJYRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000001099 ammonium carbonate Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910000013 Ammonium bicarbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium hydroxide Chemical compound [NH4+].[OH-] VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000012538 ammonium bicarbonate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000012501 ammonium carbonate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000908 ammonium hydroxide Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- IOVCWXUNBOPUCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M Nitrite anion Chemical compound [O-]N=O IOVCWXUNBOPUCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 abstract description 21
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 19
- 229920003084 Avicel® PH-102 Polymers 0.000 description 9
- 230000007062 hydrolysis Effects 0.000 description 9
- 238000006460 hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 9
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000004255 ion exchange chromatography Methods 0.000 description 7
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen peroxide Chemical compound OO MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 235000010980 cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 6
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 6
- 229920001131 Pulp (paper) Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000002655 kraft paper Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 5
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000006386 neutralization reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- HNSDLXPSAYFUHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate Chemical compound CCCCC(CC)COC(=O)CC(S(O)(=O)=O)C(=O)OCC(CC)CCCC HNSDLXPSAYFUHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229920000742 Cotton Polymers 0.000 description 3
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 101000945318 Homo sapiens Calponin-1 Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 101000652736 Homo sapiens Transgelin Proteins 0.000 description 3
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfurous acid Chemical compound OS(O)=O LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 102100031013 Transgelin Human genes 0.000 description 3
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 3
- -1 formaldehyde, nitrates Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 150000004005 nitrosamines Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000011122 softwood Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- JJAHTWIKCUJRDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N succinimidyl 4-(N-maleimidomethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylate Chemical compound C1CC(CN2C(C=CC2=O)=O)CCC1C(=O)ON1C(=O)CCC1=O JJAHTWIKCUJRDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920002134 Carboxymethyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 244000166124 Eucalyptus globulus Species 0.000 description 2
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KFSLWBXXFJQRDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Peracetic acid Chemical compound CC(=O)OO KFSLWBXXFJQRDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002671 adjuvant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000013019 agitation Methods 0.000 description 2
- CAMXVZOXBADHNJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium nitrite Chemical compound [NH4+].[O-]N=O CAMXVZOXBADHNJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000012267 brine Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010411 cooking Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002537 cosmetic Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010790 dilution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012895 dilution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007884 disintegrant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003480 eluent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000011067 equilibration Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920001903 high density polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004700 high-density polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000003301 hydrolyzing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydroxyacetaldehyde Natural products OCC=O WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000546 pharmaceutical excipient Substances 0.000 description 2
- LPXPTNMVRIOKMN-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium nitrite Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]N=O LPXPTNMVRIOKMN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- HPALAKNZSZLMCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;chloride;hydrate Chemical compound O.[Na+].[Cl-] HPALAKNZSZLMCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000375 suspending agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003442 weekly effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- LJGHYPLBDBRCRZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-(3-aminophenyl)sulfonylaniline Chemical compound NC1=CC=CC(S(=O)(=O)C=2C=C(N)C=CC=2)=C1 LJGHYPLBDBRCRZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000609240 Ambelania acida Species 0.000 description 1
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- 241001474374 Blennius Species 0.000 description 1
- 240000008564 Boehmeria nivea Species 0.000 description 1
- 244000025254 Cannabis sativa Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000012766 Cannabis sativa ssp. sativa var. sativa Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000012765 Cannabis sativa ssp. sativa var. spontanea Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920000875 Dissolving pulp Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 1
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N Glucose Natural products OC[C@H]1OC(O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 240000006240 Linum usitatissimum Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000004431 Linum usitatissimum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000006057 Non-nutritive feed additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ozone Chemical compound [O-][O+]=O CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 240000008042 Zea mays Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000005824 Zea mays ssp. parviglumis Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000002017 Zea mays subsp mays Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005054 agglomeration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001412 amines Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000010905 bagasse Substances 0.000 description 1
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N beta-D-glucose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1O[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000013361 beverage Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004061 bleaching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000009120 camo Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000001768 carboxy methyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010948 carboxy methyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008112 carboxymethyl-cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000005607 chanvre indien Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003610 charcoal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004587 chromatography analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940075614 colloidal silicon dioxide Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000005822 corn Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000551 dentifrice Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003599 detergent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003085 diluting agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940079593 drug Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004880 explosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003778 fat substitute Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013341 fat substitute Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010419 fine particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003349 gelling agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008103 glucose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002334 glycols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011121 hardwood Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011487 hemp Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000003 human carcinogen Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 239000010903 husk Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003456 ion exchange resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003303 ion-exchange polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 159000000014 iron salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006385 ozonation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000123 paper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002978 peroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- JRKICGRDRMAZLK-UHFFFAOYSA-L peroxydisulfate Chemical compound [O-]S(=O)(=O)OOS([O-])(=O)=O JRKICGRDRMAZLK-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000008194 pharmaceutical composition Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010288 sodium nitrite Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000007909 solid dosage form Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010902 straw Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001629 suppression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002562 thickening agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012498 ultrapure water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J3/00—Processes of treating or compounding macromolecular substances
- C08J3/12—Powdering or granulating
- C08J3/122—Pulverisation by spraying
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08B—POLYSACCHARIDES; DERIVATIVES THEREOF
- C08B15/00—Preparation of other cellulose derivatives or modified cellulose, e.g. complexes
- C08B15/02—Oxycellulose; Hydrocellulose; Cellulosehydrate, e.g. microcrystalline cellulose
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L1/00—Compositions of cellulose, modified cellulose or cellulose derivatives
- C08L1/02—Cellulose; Modified cellulose
- C08L1/04—Oxycellulose; Hydrocellulose, e.g. microcrystalline cellulose
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2301/00—Characterised by the use of cellulose, modified cellulose or cellulose derivatives
- C08J2301/02—Cellulose; Modified cellulose
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2301/00—Characterised by the use of cellulose, modified cellulose or cellulose derivatives
- C08J2301/04—Oxycellulose; Hydrocellulose
Definitions
- the present specification is directed to a process for producing microcrystalline cellulose having a reduced content of nitrite salts.
- Microcrystalline cellulose commonly referred to as “MCC”
- MCC Microcrystalline cellulose
- Applications of MCC include, for example, as a binder or stabilizer in beverages, as a binder or disintegrant in pharmaceutical tablets, as a suspending agent in liquid pharmaceutical formulations, as a binder, disintegrant or processing aid in industrial applications, in household products such as detergents or bleaches, in agricultural formulations, or in personal care products such as dentifrices or cosmetics.
- Microcrystalline cellulose is typically produced by hydrolyzing cellulosic materials, obtained from fibrous plant materials, preferably with a high alpha content, with mineral acids, preferably hydrochloric acid (acidic hydrolysis).
- the mineral acid preferentially attacks the amorphous regions of the cellulosic material, thereby exposing, freeing and leaving behind the paracrystalline regions, which form crystalline aggregates constituting microcrystalline cellulose.
- the aggregated crystalline mass is then separated from the reaction mixture and washed to remove degraded by-products.
- the resulting wet mass typically contains 40% to 60% moisture and is generally referred to by people skilled in the art as ‘hydrolyzed cellulose wet cake’ or ‘microcrystalline cellulose/MCC wet cake’.
- One aspect of the present invention is a process for reducing the content of nitrite salts in microcrystalline cellulose which comprises the step of subjecting microcrystalline cellulose to a heat treatment.
- Another aspect of the present invention is a process for producing microcrystalline cellulose which comprises the steps of i) acidic hydrolysis of cellulosic material to produce crude microcrystalline cellulose (MCC); ii) washing and at least partially neutralizing the crude MCC obtained in step i) to obtain an MCC wet cake; and iii) spray-drying the MCC wet cake, wherein after step ii) or step iii) or both of steps ii) and iii) MCC is subjected to a heat treatment.
- MCC microcrystalline cellulose
- MCC is subjected to heat treatment in the process of the present invention when the MCC is in its powder form.
- MCC When MCC is in its powder form, it generally has a moisture content of up to 30%, up to 20%, up to 10%, or up to 5%, based on the weight of dry MCC.
- the moisture content generally is 0% or more, typically 1 % or more, and more typically 2% or more, based on the weight of dry MCC. In the most preferred embodiment of the invention the moisture content is 3% or more, based on the weight of dry MCC.
- an MCC wet cake can be subjected to heat treatment.
- An MCC wet cake typically contains 30% to 90%, more typically 40% to 80% moisture, based on the weight of moist MCC.
- the moisture content of the MCC before heat treatment has an impact on the concentration of nitrite salts in MCC after heat treatment.
- the moisture content of the MCC before heat treatment is from 3 to 30%, more preferably from 5 to 30%, and most preferably from 9 to 25 %, based on the weight of dry MCC
- the nitrite salts in MCC can be reduced in the heat treatment in a shorter time period and to a lower concentration than when the moisture content is below 3%, based on the weight of dry MCC.
- the moisture content typically is the water content in the MCC.
- the temperature of the heat treatment depends on the duration of the heat treatment. The shorter the duration of the heat treatment is, the higher is generally the applied temperature, and vice versa.
- MCC is subjected to heat treatment at a temperature of at least 35°C.
- the maximum temperature of the heat treatment is not very critical, except that it should not cause significant degradation of the MCC.
- the heat treatment is conducted at a temperature of up to 400°C, typically at a temperature of up to 350°C. In some embodiments, the heat treatment is conducted in the absence of a chemical adjuvant.
- the duration of the heat treatment depends on the temperature during the heat treatment. The higher the temperature generally is, the shorter is generally the duration of the heat treatment and vice versa.
- the MCC is subjected to heat treatment for at least 1 minute, typically for at least s minutes. In some embodiments, the MCC is subjected to heat treatment for at least 30 minutes.
- the MCC is subjected to heat treatment at a temperature of from 35 to 50°C (or from 40 to 45°C) for a time period of from 2 weeks to 12 months, from 1 to 10 months, or from 2 to 8 months.
- the MCC is subjected to heat treatment at a temperature of from 50 to 150°C, from 60 to 120°C, or from 70 to 100°C for a time period of from 1 to 300 hours, from 1 to 200 hours, or from 2 to 100 hours.
- the MCC is subjected to heat treatment at a temperature of from 150 to 350°C (or from 200 to 300°C) for a time period of from 1 minute to 1 hour (or from 5 to 30 minutes).
- Typical nitrite salts that are reduced by the process of the present invention are ammonium and/or alkali metal nitrite salts, such as ammonium nitrite and/or sodium nitrite, preferably ammonium nitrite.
- the content of nitrite salts in MCC is typically reduced by at least 50% by the heat treatment, based on the weight of the nitrite salts in MCC prior to the heat treatment.
- the content of nitrite salts in MCC is reduced by at least 80%, at least 90%, or at least 95%.
- microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) from any source may be used in the process of the present invention.
- suitable sources of MCC include, for example, wood pulp (such as bleached sulfite and sulfate pulps), straw, cotton, flax, cotton linters, hemp, ramie, corn husks, bagasse, seaweed cellulose and fermented cellulose.
- Other sources include bleached softwood Kraft pulps, bleached hardwood Kraft pulps, bleached Eucalyptus Kraft pulps, paper pulps, fluff pulps, dissolving pulps, and bleached non-wood cellulosic pulps.
- the MCC used is one approved for human consumption by the United States Food and Drug Administration.
- low-cost pulp or mixtures of low-cost pulp and specialty pulp may be used as sources of MCC. If so, then, for example, about 30-80% of the total MCC can be made up of low-cost pulp. In some embodiments, the colloidal content of the resulting MCC product is at least 60%.
- low-cost pulp include paper grade pulps, fluff pulp such as Southern Bleached Softwood Kraft Pulp, Northern Bleached Softwood pulp, Bleached Eucalyptus Kraft pulp, Bleached Sulfite pulps, Bleached Hardwood Kraft pulp, Bleached Soda Pulps, and bleached non-wood pulps.
- the process for producing MCC comprises a step i) wherein cellulosic material is subjected to acidic hydrolysis to produce crude MCC.
- the term “acidic hydrolysis” as used herein does not imply limitation to a complete hydrolysis but encompasses partial hydrolysis that is generally applied in known processes for producing MCC.
- Crude MCC is typically produced by partially hydrolyzing the above-described cellulosic source material with an acid (in some embodiments with a mineral acid, or in some embodiments with hydrochloric acid (acidic hydrolysis)).
- Processes for producing microcrystalline cellulose by acidic hydrolysis are disclosed in U.S Patent Nos. 2,978,446; 3,023,104; and 3,146,168.
- the mineral acid preferentially attacks the amorphous regions of the cellulosic source material, thereby exposing, freeing and leaving behind the paracrystalline regions, which form crystalline aggregates constituting microcrystalline cellulose.
- the level-off values which can be obtained by means of partial hydrolysis depend mainly on the choice of the above-mentioned raw materials.
- MCC having an average level-off D.P. in the range of 15 to 60, for example, can be produced from regenerated forms of cellulose.
- MCC can be made more suitable to the optional attrition described further below by chemical or mechanical treatments.
- the MCC can be treated with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), peroxide, per-acetic acid, persulfate, performic acid, or ozone at acidic pH.
- CMC carboxymethyl cellulose
- Other additives such as iron salts, may be added to enhance the hydrolysis of MCC.
- Enhanced hydrolysis may also be achieved through extended cooking of MCC or by changing reaction conditions such as temperature of cooking, acid concentration, etc.
- the process for producing MCC further comprises a step ii) wherein after partial hydrolysis the aggregated crystalline mass, i.e., the crude MCC, is washed and at least partially neutralized with an aqueous liquid to remove degraded by-products and to at least partially neutralize excess acid that has been used in the acidic hydrolysis.
- the washing step involves filtration, followed by dilution to produce an MCC wet cake that is suitable for spraydrying.
- the neutralizing agent can be added to the washing liquor. In some embodiments, it is added to the liquor used for dilution. Examples of neutralizing agents are, e.g., ammonium bicarbonate or ammonium carbonate. In some embodiments, the neutralizing agent comprises ammonia or ammonium hydroxide.
- the washing liquors are water, brine, or organic solvents in admixture with water, such as aqueous mixtures of isopropanol, ethanol or methanol. In some embodiments, the washing liquors are water or brine.
- the resulting wet mass typically contains 30% to 80%, more typically 40% to 70% moisture, based on the total weight of moist MCC.
- MCC is modified for certain uses in food, pharmaceutical or cosmetic applications, such as use as a gelling agent, thickener, fat substitute, non-caloric filler, as suspension agent, texturizer or stabilizer in emulsions. In some embodiments, the MCC is modified for such uses by subjecting hydrolyzed wet MCC to high shear mixing called ‘attrition’.
- the process of attrition typically subdivides microcrystalline crystallites into fine particles (in some embodiments, in the colloidal range). Colloidal microcrystalline celluloses such as those modified with CMC are described in U.S. Patent No. 3,539,365.
- the optionally attrited MCC is subsequently diluted before spray-drying.
- the diluting agent is water, which, in some embodiments comprises an above-described neutralizing agent.
- a diluted MCC suitable for spray drying is generally in the form of an aqueous slurry of MCC and typically comprises about 10% to 20% MCC and about 80% to 90% water, based on the total weight of dry MCC and water.
- MCC wet cake Both the moist MCC containing 30% to 80% moisture, based on the total weight of moist MCC, as well as the diluted MCC comprising about 10% to 20% MCC and about 80% to 90% water, based on the total weight of dry MCC and water, are designated herein as “MCC wet cake”.
- step iii) of the process the MCC wet cake is spray-dried.
- the desired commercial grades of MCC are obtained by varying and controlling the spray drying conditions in order to manipulate the degree of agglomeration (particle size distribution) and moisture content of the MCC product. [G. Thorens, Int. J. Pharm. (2015), 490, 47-54; G. Thorens, Int. J. Pharm. (2014), 473, 64-72)].
- Suitable spray drying devices and conditions are known in the art.
- the process for producing MCC comprises the steps of i) acidic hydrolysis of cellulosic material to produce crude microcrystalline cellulose (MCC); ii) washing and at least partially neutralizing the crude MCC obtained in step i) to obtain an MCC wet cake; and iii) spray-drying the MCC wet cake.
- steps i) - iii) of the process are as described above.
- step ii) or step iii) or both of steps ii) and iii) MCC is subjected to a heat treatment as described further above wherein the content of the nitrite salts in MCC is reduced.
- the MCC is subjected to a heat treatment as described further above after step ii) and before step iii).
- the concentration of nitrite salts can be reduced that potentially originate from the starting material used for producing the MCC and/or that potentially originate from step ii) that involves the partial or complete neutralization of the crude MCC obtained in step i).
- the MCC is subjected to a heat treatment as described further above after the spray-drying step iii).
- concentration of nitrite salts potentially originating from the starting material used for producing the MCC can be reduced but also the concentration of nitrite salts that potentially originate from the partial or complete neutralization of the crude MCC obtained in step i) and the concentration of nitrite salts that potentially originate from the spray-drying step, for example from the drying gas utilized in the spray-drying step.
- nitrite salts were performed on an ion exchange chromatography system (Dionex ICS-6000 system consisting of AS-AP autosampler, quaternary pumps, KOH eluent generator, anion suppressor, conductivity detector, and Chromeleon 7.2.9 Chromatography Data System) with microbore analytical and guard columns (Dionex lonPac AS 19, 2 x 250 mm, Catalog number 062886 and Dionex lonPac AG 19, 2 x 50 mm, Catalog number 062888).
- KOH gradient was simultaneously generated by a KOH eluent generator: - 10 min at 1 mmol for equilibration (meaning 10 min pre-equilibration time for the IC column to get equilibrated before the IC method starts to run), 0-15 min from 1 mmol to 20 mmol, 15.1 min to 50 mmol and hold at 50 mmol until 28 min, 28-29 min from 50 mmol to 1 mmol and the run stops at 30 min.
- the flow rate is at 0.5 mL/min.
- Anion suppression with ADRS 2mm suppressor was applied with dynamic mode with starting voltage at 3.8 V.
- the column temperature was 30°C and compartment temperature was 15°C.
- the injection was done with 25 pL sample loop.
- microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) samples were prepared by extracting 1 g of MCC with 15 g of high purity water (electrical resistivity greater than 18 megohm-cm at 25°C, prepared by filtering deionized water through any reliable laboratory water purification system such as the Milli-Q IQ 7003/7005/7010/7015 system from Millipore Sigma) on a shaker at low shaking speed for 30 minutes in a 50-mL centrifuge tube. The tube was then centrifuged at 10000 rpm for 10 min to precipitate MCC (Sorvall Legend XT/XF Centrifuge Series, Catalog 75004541).
- the clear extraction solution was filtered through 0.45 pm PTFE filter and put into IC autosampler vials for analysis by ion exchange chromatography (IC).
- IC ion exchange chromatography
- the samples were calibrated with external calibration standards prepared at 0.5 pg/g, 0.05 pg/g and 0.005 pg/g with IC analytical standards purchased from Inorganic Ventures (1000 pg/g nitrite (NO2-), Part numbers ICNO31-125ML and ICNO21-125ML).
- Moisture analysis was performed using a Mettler-Toledo HB 43-S halogen moisture analyzer with moisture calculated as % loss on drying (LOD) at 110°C.
- the MCC used as starting material for the heat treatment was produced by acid hydrolysis of commercially available high purity wood pulps, with alpha contents above 90%.
- the acid hydrolysis was conducted with aqueous hydrochloric acid.
- the resultant MCC was separated from the reaction by-products and washed using water during a filtration step to produce an MCC wet cake of about 35% - 40% solids having an average degree of polymerization (DP) of about 240.
- the MCC wet cake was diluted with water to about 20% solids and anhydrous ammonia was added with the water to neutralize residual acid and obtain a pH of between 5.5 - 7.0 in the final powder. Finally, the diluted MCC was spray dried to produce a powder.
- MCC samples were produced according to the MCC Production Process described above, but with an extra filtration after ammonia neutralization and before spray drying.
- MCC samples were produced according to the MCC Production Process described above, except that hydrogen peroxide at a concentration of 3 wt.-%, based on the weight of dry MCC, was added after ammonia neutralization and before spray drying. An extra filtration was applied after addition of hydrogen peroxide and before spray drying.
- MCC samples were produced according to the MCC Production Process described above. No hydrogen peroxide addition and no extra filtration were applied.
- AVICEL PH-102 microcrystalline cellulose has a nominal particle size of 100 pm, a moisture content of 3.0 - 5.0 % LCD (loss on drying) and a bulk density of 0.28 - 0.33 g/ml.
- MCC sample 5-I was obtained by drying AVICEL PH-102 MCC in a vacuum oven at ambient temperature over several days to the desired final LCD of 0.4 %, based on the weight of absolutely dry MCC.
- MCC sample 5-II was AVICEL PH-102 MCC that had a moisture content, i.e. , a LCD (loss on drying), of 4.2 %, based on the weight of absolutely dry MCC.
- MCC samples 5-III, 5-IV and 5-V were obtained by humidification of AVICEL PH-102 MCC in a Lodige ploughshare reactor unit at room temperature.
- the desired amount of deionized (DI) water was sprayed (60psig air pressure through a hollow cone nozzle with a 30° spray angle) onto the agitated MCC powder over 1-2 minutes. Stirring was continued for an additional hour to blend/homogenize. Then the humified MCC was removed from the reactor. The humification was conducted 3 times adding three different amounts of DI water. The LCD of each humified MCC was measured to determine the new moisture level.
- DI deionized
- MCC sample 5-III had an LCD of 9.3%; MCC sample 5-IV had an LCD of 12.4%; and MCC sample 5-V had an LCD of 24.9%.
- the samples were then subjected to heat treatment.
- the heat treatment experiments were run in an agitated Lodige VT10 ploughshare blender.
- the jacket system was heated using a stand-alone heater/chiller system using a glycol/water mix.
- the jacket system was set to 99°C to give an internal temperature of about 90°C.
- the unit was pre-heated before adding MCC powder to the unit.
- Each of the MCC samples 5-I to 5-V was separately added to the preheated Lodige reactor and stirred at that temperature over the course of Day 1 and twice on Day 2. All samples were measured for LCD and nitrite content immediately after they were removed from the reactor. The nitrite content is based on the weight of dry MCC. The results are listed in Table 5 below.
- AVICEL PH-102 microcrystalline cellulose has a nominal particle size of 100 pm, a moisture content of 3.0% - 5.0% and a bulk density of 0.28 - 0.33 g/ml.
- AVICEL PH-102 originated from a different batch than in Example 5, therefore the nitrite content at the start was slightly different than in Example 5.
- AVICEL PH-112 microcrystalline cellulose has a nominal particle size of 100 pm, a moisture content of not greater than 1.5% and a bulk density of 0.28 - 0.34 g/ml.
- AVICEL SMCC 90 has a mean particle size (d50), determined by laser diffraction, of 90 - 150 pm and a bulk density of 0.25 - 0.37 g/ml.
- AVICEL SMCC 90 is a co-processed spray- dried excipient comprising 98% of MCC and 2% of colloidal silicon dioxide.
- AVICEL PH-101 MCC that was commercially available under the trademark AVICEL PH-101 was used for the heat treatment experiments.
- AVICEL PH-101 microcrystalline cellulose has a nominal particle size of 50 pm, a moisture content of 3.0% - 5.0% and a bulk density of 0.26 - 0.31 g/ml.
- 10 g of Avicel PH 101 microcrystalline cellulose was stored in a cabinet oven at high temperatures for a very short time.
- Table 7 below show the nitrite content in ppm after various time periods and various temperatures of the heat treatments.
- Example 8 a drum comprising about 50 kg of MCC that is commercially available under the trademark AVICEL PH-112 was placed in a warehouse that had at a temperature of 40°C.
- the MCC originated from a different batch than in Example 6, therefore the nitrite content at the start was slightly different than in Example 6.
- the drum was simply kept standing in the warehouse without agitation.
- MCC samples were taken from the drum and analyzed for the nitrate content as described further above. The results are listed in Table 8 below. Table 8
- Example 9 a box comprising about 20 kg of MCC that is commercially available under the trademark AVICEL PH-102 was placed in a warehouse that was had a temperature of 40°C.
- the MCC originated from a different batch than in Examples 5 and 6, therefore the nitrite content at the start was slightly different than in Examples 5 and 6.
- the box was simply placed in the warehouse without shaking or other agitation.
- MCC samples were taken from the box and analyzed for the nitrate content as described further above. The results are listed in Table 9 below.
- Table 9 The results Tables 8 and 9 illustrate the surprising finding that the content of nitrite salts in MCC can be reduced by about 50% or even more by simple heat treatment, even at large scale and even if the MCC is only kept standing.
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| US202163282869P | 2021-11-24 | 2021-11-24 | |
| EP22150943 | 2022-01-11 | ||
| PCT/EP2022/076374 WO2023094048A1 (en) | 2021-11-24 | 2022-09-22 | Process for producing microcrystalline cellulose with reduced nitrite salt content |
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| BE564287A (de) | 1957-01-28 | |||
| US3023104A (en) | 1960-07-05 | 1962-02-27 | American Viscose Corp | Food compositions incorporating cellulose crystallite aggregates |
| US3146168A (en) | 1962-04-10 | 1964-08-25 | Fmc Corp | Manufacture of pharmaceutical preparations containing cellulose crystallite aggregates |
| US3539365A (en) | 1967-02-13 | 1970-11-10 | Fmc Corp | Dispersing and stabilizing agent comprising beta-1,4 glucan and cmc and method for its preparation |
| DE4342442C2 (de) | 1993-12-13 | 1996-11-21 | Akzo Nobel Nv | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Level-off DP Cellulose (LODP Cellulose) und ihre Desaggregierung zu mikrokristalliner Cellulose |
| US5769934A (en) | 1997-01-15 | 1998-06-23 | Fmc Corporation | Method for producing microcrystalline cellulose |
| PL2902384T3 (pl) * | 2010-02-12 | 2018-04-30 | Krka, D.D., Novo Mesto | Postać chlorowodorku iwabradyny |
| JP6256672B2 (ja) * | 2013-02-28 | 2018-01-10 | 学校法人加計学園 | ナノ結晶セルロースの製造方法及びナノ結晶セルロースの製造装置 |
| JP2018070665A (ja) * | 2015-03-09 | 2018-05-10 | 三菱瓦斯化学株式会社 | セルロースの製造方法 |
| CN113336863A (zh) * | 2021-05-14 | 2021-09-03 | 珠海市东辰制药有限公司 | 一种微晶纤维素及其制备方法 |
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