EP4505539A2 - Procédé pour faire fonctionner un système de pile à combustible et système de pile à combustible - Google Patents

Procédé pour faire fonctionner un système de pile à combustible et système de pile à combustible

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Publication number
EP4505539A2
EP4505539A2 EP23718201.9A EP23718201A EP4505539A2 EP 4505539 A2 EP4505539 A2 EP 4505539A2 EP 23718201 A EP23718201 A EP 23718201A EP 4505539 A2 EP4505539 A2 EP 4505539A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
fuel cell
fuel
cell system
unit
operating
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
EP23718201.9A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Felix Schaefer
Sebastian Egger
Maxime Carre
Sebastian Schmaderer
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Robert Bosch GmbH
Original Assignee
Robert Bosch GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from DE102022209841.2A external-priority patent/DE102022209841A1/de
Application filed by Robert Bosch GmbH filed Critical Robert Bosch GmbH
Publication of EP4505539A2 publication Critical patent/EP4505539A2/fr
Pending legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
    • H01M8/04694—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by variables to be controlled
    • H01M8/04746—Pressure; Flow
    • H01M8/04753—Pressure; Flow of fuel cell reactants
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
    • H01M8/04313—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the detection or assessment of variables; characterised by the detection or assessment of failure or abnormal function
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
    • H01M8/04313—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the detection or assessment of variables; characterised by the detection or assessment of failure or abnormal function
    • H01M8/0432—Temperature; Ambient temperature
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
    • H01M8/04313—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the detection or assessment of variables; characterised by the detection or assessment of failure or abnormal function
    • H01M8/0432—Temperature; Ambient temperature
    • H01M8/04328—Temperature; Ambient temperature of anode reactants at the inlet or inside the fuel cell
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
    • H01M8/04313—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the detection or assessment of variables; characterised by the detection or assessment of failure or abnormal function
    • H01M8/0438—Pressure; Ambient pressure; Flow
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
    • H01M8/04313—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the detection or assessment of variables; characterised by the detection or assessment of failure or abnormal function
    • H01M8/0438—Pressure; Ambient pressure; Flow
    • H01M8/04388—Pressure; Ambient pressure; Flow of anode reactants at the inlet or inside the fuel cell
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
    • H01M8/04313—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the detection or assessment of variables; characterised by the detection or assessment of failure or abnormal function
    • H01M8/0438—Pressure; Ambient pressure; Flow
    • H01M8/04395—Pressure; Ambient pressure; Flow of cathode reactants at the inlet or inside the fuel cell
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
    • H01M8/04313—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the detection or assessment of variables; characterised by the detection or assessment of failure or abnormal function
    • H01M8/0444—Concentration; Density
    • H01M8/04447—Concentration; Density of anode reactants at the inlet or inside the fuel cell
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
    • H01M8/04313—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the detection or assessment of variables; characterised by the detection or assessment of failure or abnormal function
    • H01M8/04537—Electric variables
    • H01M8/04604—Power, energy, capacity or load
    • H01M8/04611—Power, energy, capacity or load of the individual fuel cell
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
    • H01M8/04992—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the implementation of mathematical or computational algorithms, e.g. feedback control loops, fuzzy logic, neural networks or artificial intelligence
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
    • H01M8/12—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte
    • H01M8/1231—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte with both reactants being gaseous or vaporised
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
    • H01M8/12—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte
    • H01M2008/1293—Fuel cells with solid oxide electrolytes
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/50—Fuel cells

Definitions

  • a method for operating a fuel cell system in particular a high-temperature fuel cell system, has already been proposed, wherein in at least one method step an oxygen-containing fluid is promoted for reaction with a fuel through at least one fuel cell of the fuel cell system, wherein a flow parameter of the oxygen-containing fluid depends on a Power balance of the fuel cell system is set.
  • the invention is based on a method for operating a fuel cell system, in particular a high-temperature fuel cell system, wherein in at least one method step of the method an oxygen-containing fluid is conveyed for reaction with a fuel through at least one fuel cell unit of the fuel cell system, wherein a flow parameter of the oxygen-containing fluid depends on a performance balance of the fuel cell system is set.
  • the fuel cell system preferably comprises at least one fluid delivery unit, for example a fan, a compressor or a pump, for conveying the oxygen-containing fluid through the fuel cell unit.
  • the fuel cell system preferably comprises at least one control or regulating unit for setting, in particular regulating, the flow parameter by means of the fluid delivery unit.
  • the oxygen-containing fluid is preferably air, in particular sucked-in ambient air, alternatively an industrial gas, which consists at least partially, in particular predominantly, of oxygen.
  • the oxygen-containing fluid is intended in particular to be converted by the fuel cell unit by supplying a fuel in order to generate electrical energy.
  • the fuel cell unit comprises at least one fuel cell, in particular at least one high-temperature fuel cell, for example at least one molten carbon fuel cell (MCFC) and/or at least one solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC).
  • the fuel cell unit preferably comprises a plurality of fuel cells, which are preferably arranged in at least one stack.
  • the open-loop or closed-loop control unit preferably evaluates the power balance in order to set the flow parameter.
  • the flow parameter is, for example, a volume flow, a material flow, a mass flow, a particle flow or the like.
  • the power balance preferably sums up energy flows to and from the fuel cell unit, so that they result in zero, in particular apart from one error term.
  • the error term is preferably less than 20%, preferably less than 10%, particularly preferably less than 5%, of the largest term in terms of magnitude of the power balance.
  • the power balance preferably includes terms that describe an energy flow due to a transport of matter through the fuel cell unit, for example in the form of a molar enthalpy flow carried by the fuel, by the oxygen-containing fluid and/or by an exhaust gas.
  • the power balance is particularly preferably dependent on the flow parameter of the oxygen-containing fluid.
  • the power balance preferably includes a term that describes an energy flow carried by the oxygen-containing fluid entering the fuel cell unit.
  • the oxygen-containing fluid is preferably converted into an exhaust gas that is low in oxygen, in particular relative to the oxygen-containing fluid.
  • the power balance preferably includes a term that describes an energy flow carried by the low-oxygen exhaust gas emerging from the fuel cell unit.
  • the power balance preferably includes a term that describes an energy flow carried by the fuel entering the fuel cell unit.
  • Fuel is produced in the fuel cell unit preferably converted into an exhaust gas that is low in fuel, in particular relative to the fuel.
  • the power balance preferably includes a term that describes an energy flow carried by the low-fuel exhaust gas emerging from the fuel cell unit.
  • the power balance preferably includes a term that includes an electrical power provided by the fuel cell unit.
  • the power balance includes a term that describes heat losses of the fuel cell unit, in particular through heat conduction and/or heat radiation.
  • the heat losses are added to the error term.
  • the error term is preferably set to a constant value, in particular equal to zero or equal to a value determined in advance of the method.
  • the open-loop or closed-loop control unit uses the energy balance to determine a pre-control value for setting the flow parameter.
  • the open-loop or closed-loop control unit preferably compensates for an inaccuracy in the power balance due to the error term by regulating the flow parameter, which is added to the pre-control value.
  • the electrical power provided by the fuel cell unit, temperatures of the fuel cell system, gas properties of the oxygen-containing fluid and/or the fuel and/or other operating parameters of the fuel cell system are constant, in particular at least within a control accuracy of the open-loop or closed-loop control unit.
  • the load changes for example, the electrical power drawn from the fuel cell unit changes.
  • the method is preferably intended to adapt the flow parameter to the change in load.
  • the method is particularly preferably intended to adapt the flow parameter in the event of a rapid change in load.
  • temperatures of the fuel cell system, gas properties of the oxygen-containing fluid and/or the fuel remain constant, in particular at least within a control accuracy of the control or regulation unit.
  • the control unit updates a pre-control value to set the flow parameter using the energy balance.
  • the operating characteristic is preferably a number or variable which the control or regulating unit determines in the stationary operating state by a partial evaluation of the power balance and stores in a memory of the control or regulating unit.
  • the control or regulation unit preferably evaluates the Load change in at least one process step of the method produces a shortened form of the power balance by using the operating key figure.
  • the power balance includes in particular dynamic variables and quasi-constant variables. Compared to the dynamic variables, quasi-constant variables preferably have a smaller time derivative, preferably more than 5 times, preferably more than 10 times smaller.
  • an electrical current generated by the fuel cell unit and/or the flow parameter of the oxygen-containing fluid is a dynamic variable with respect to the load change.
  • a composition of the fuel, a fuel electrode input temperature of the fuel upon entry into the fuel cell unit, a fuel cell temperature of the fuel cell unit and/or a fuel utilization of the fuel cell unit is a quasi-constant variable with respect to the load change.
  • the operating characteristic preferably comprises one, particularly preferably several, of the quasi-constant variables.
  • the operating indicator combines several quasi-constant variables into a proportionality factor for at least one dynamic variable.
  • the open-loop or closed-loop control unit can determine the operating indicator by evaluating the quasi-constant variables summarized in the operating indicator and/or by evaluating the dynamic variables linked via the operating indicator.
  • the open-loop or closed-loop control unit checks regularly and/or on an occasion-related basis before determining the flow parameter whether the stored operating characteristic number is still valid. If the operating indicator is no longer valid, in particular if a variable assumed to be quasi-constant has changed by more than a tolerance value, the control or regulation unit evaluates an expanded, in particular complete, form of the power balance, preferably without recourse to the operating indicator.
  • the expanded, in particular complete, form of the performance balance preferably includes an explicit dependence on at least one, in particular all, variables summarized in the operating indicator.
  • the open-loop or closed-loop control unit updates the stored value of the operating key figure at least after an evaluation of the expanded, in particular complete, form of the performance balance.
  • the embodiment according to the invention can provide an advantageously robust and/or advantageously simple method, by means of which a required value of the flow parameter of the oxygen-containing fluid can advantageously be determined precisely. Furthermore, an advantageously high dynamic range of a fuel cell system operated with the method can be achieved.
  • the operating figure eliminates at least two unknowns of the power balance when the load changes.
  • the unknowns can be time-dependent variables and/or unknown constants, for example a composition of the fuel.
  • the operating key figure preferably includes at least two quasi-constant variables as unknowns of the power balance.
  • the open-loop or closed-loop control unit uses the stored value of the operating characteristic number instead of the unknown.
  • the control or regulation unit evaluates a calculation rule for the flow parameter, which is independent of the eliminated unknowns.
  • the control or regulation unit preferably determines the unknowns that can be eliminated by the operating indicator in order to determine the flow parameter. Due to the design according to the invention, advantageously few variables have to be evaluated or recorded. In particular, the flow parameter can advantageously be determined quickly or with advantageously little computing power and/or advantageously little memory requirement.
  • the operating characteristic is a dependence of the flow parameter on a fuel electrode inlet temperature of the fuel, on a fuel cell temperature of the at least one fuel cell unit, on a hydrogen-carbon ratio of the fuel, on an oxygen-carbon ratio of the fuel upon entry into the at least one fuel cell unit and / or from a fuel use that combines at least one fuel cell.
  • the fuel electrode inlet temperature of the fuel is in particular a temperature of the fuel when it enters the fuel cell unit.
  • the operating characteristic is preferably a thermoneutral electrical voltage of the fuel cell unit.
  • the operating characteristic gives in particular a ratio of an enthalpy change of the fuel to a number of electrons that occur during a reaction of the fuel in the fuel cell unit are bound using oxygen. Due to the design according to the invention, a calculation rule for determining the flow parameter can advantageously be kept compact. In particular, a dependence of the required value of the flow parameter on the fuel can be summarized in the operating characteristic.
  • the operating ratio be determined as a moving average.
  • the open-loop or closed-loop control unit determines a value of the operating characteristic in the stationary operating state at regular time intervals and/or triggered by receipt of a sensor signal from a sensor unit of the fuel cell system.
  • the control or regulation unit preferably stores several values of the operating key figure.
  • the open-loop or closed-loop control unit preferably uses an average value of the stored values of the operating characteristic number when determining the flow parameter using the operating characteristic number.
  • the mean can be an arithmetic mean or a geometric mean and weighted or unweighted.
  • the control or regulation unit preferably deletes all stored values when the control or regulation unit evaluates the expanded, in particular complete, form of the power balance in order to determine the flow parameter due to a change in one of the quasi-constant variables.
  • the design according to the invention allows a value of the operating characteristic number to be used which is advantageously uninfluenced by fluctuations in operating parameters of the fuel cell system.
  • the flow parameter when determining the flow parameter using the operating characteristic of the flow parameters, is determined as a function of a setpoint of a fuel cell temperature, in particular the fuel cell temperature already mentioned, of the at least one fuel cell unit.
  • the power balance term which describes the energy flow carried by the low-oxygen exhaust gas emerging from the fuel cell unit, is dependent on the fuel cell temperature.
  • An actual value of the fuel cell temperature can be recorded on and/or in the fuel cell unit or can be estimated depending on a temperature measurement value recorded downstream of the fuel cell unit based on the low-oxygen exhaust gas.
  • the design according to the invention allows the fuel cell temperature of the fuel cell unit adjusted, in particular regulated, via the flow parameter of the oxygen-containing fluid.
  • the operating characteristic is kept constant when the load changes.
  • the operating characteristic is kept constant for the duration of the load change.
  • no new value of the operating characteristic is determined during the load change.
  • the open-loop or closed-loop control unit preferably checks whether the operating indicator, in particular the last determined value of the operating indicator or the moving average of the operating indicator, is suitable for describing the fuel cell system during the load change and/or at a new value of a load of the fuel cell system .
  • the control or regulation unit checks whether the operating indicator lies within a predetermined tolerance band, which is stored in a memory of the control or regulation unit.
  • a maximum value and/or a minimum value of the tolerance band can be an individual value and/or a characteristic curve, which, for example, depends on a variable detected by the sensor unit, an actual value and/or a setpoint value of a variable to be set by the open-loop or closed-loop control unit and/or the load or change in load, in particular the electrical current, depends.
  • the open-loop or closed-loop control unit determines the flow parameter of the oxygen-containing fluid during and/or after the load change as a function of the operating characteristic, in particular that is assessed as suitable.
  • control or regulation unit evaluates the operating characteristic as unsuitable, the control or regulation unit preferably evaluates the expanded, in particular complete, power balance in order to determine the flow parameter during the load change and/or with the new load.
  • the design according to the invention allows the robustness of the method to be further increased. In particular, a risk of instability in the control of the flow parameter during the load change can be advantageously kept low.
  • the operating characteristic is changed when the load changes depending on the load change.
  • the operating characteristic is updated after the load change when a steady state is reached with the new load.
  • the operating indicator is from reaching the stationary level Status with the new load updated several times, especially regularly, especially until the next load change.
  • the operating characteristic is preferably updated, in particular only when the fuel cell system is in a stationary state. Due to the design according to the invention, the operating characteristic can advantageously be flexibly adapted to different operating states of the fuel cell system. In particular, there is no need to predetermine the operating characteristic in a wide variety of operating states before carrying out the method.
  • the operating characteristic is changed when the load changes as a function of the fuel electrode inlet temperature of the fuel.
  • the open-loop or closed-loop control unit preferably applies a correction function to the stored value of the operating characteristic, which depends on the fuel electrode input temperature.
  • the correction function can be a multiplicative or an additive factor to the stored value of the operating key figure.
  • the correction function preferably adds a linear correlation to the fuel electrode input temperature to the performance indicator.
  • the correction function includes further higher-order correction terms in the fuel electrode input temperature. Due to the embodiment according to the invention, the operating characteristic can advantageously be used to determine the flow parameter even if the fuel electrode input temperature has a change in the course of the load change that goes beyond a tolerance value for the change in the fuel electrode input temperature.
  • the composition of the fuel preferably changes as the fuel passes through the fuel cell system.
  • the fuel is fed into the fuel cell system in a fresh state, in particular as natural gas, optionally desulfurized, optionally mixed with the low-fuel exhaust gas, preferably reformed, preferably only partially oxidized to the low-fuel exhaust gas in the fuel cell unit and then preferably completely oxidized using an afterburner.
  • the measured value is preferably downstream of the Fuel cell unit, in particular in the fuel-poor exhaust gas, detected.
  • the measured value or in addition a further measured value of the composition of the fuel, in particular analogous to the measured value is recorded upstream of the fuel cell unit, preferably in the reformed fuel.
  • the measured value describes, for example, a, in particular molar, concentration, a volume fraction, a mass fraction, in particular per time, of a substance contained in the fuel at a measuring point of the measured value or a concentration ratio, a volume ratio and / or mass ratio of two or more at the measuring point of the measured value substances contained in the fuel.
  • the measured value is a combustion air ratio of the fuel or a quantity analogous to the combustion air ratio, such as an oxygen deficit, a fuel excess, in particular an excess of electrons available for oxidation, or the like.
  • the measured value and/or the further measured value is preferably recorded in a stationary operating state of the fuel cell system.
  • the open-loop or closed-loop control unit preferably determines the operating parameter depending on the measured value and/or the further measured value.
  • the open-loop or closed-loop control unit determines the operating parameter depending on an actual value of the flow parameter, in particular by reversing the calculation rule for determining the flow parameter depending on the operating parameter.
  • the actual value of the flow parameter is determined by the control or regulating unit, for example via the expanded, in particular complete, form of the power balance. Due to the design according to the invention, uncertainty in the determination of the operating parameter can advantageously be kept small. In particular, an accuracy of the operating parameter can be maintained independently of an accuracy in the determination of the flow parameter.
  • the measured value is recorded using at least one lambda probe.
  • the measured value and/or the further measured value is recorded using, in particular, a broadband lambda probe.
  • the lambda probe preferably comprises a Nernst cell and a pump cell, which are connected to one another in series, with a measuring chamber being arranged between the two cell variants.
  • the measuring chamber is preferably delimited by a ceramic diffusion barrier of the lambda probe.
  • the lambda sensor is optionally kept at a constant temperature Temperature is maintained, in particular so that an influence of the temperature on a probe signal, in particular a pump current of the pump cell, of the lambda probe is eliminated.
  • the lambda sensor preferably has a response time of less than 500 ms, preferably less than 200 ms, particularly preferably less than 100 ms.
  • a voltage signal from the Nernst cell is preferably regulated to a constant value, for example of 450 mV, in particular so that a defined combustion air ratio, in particular the stoichiometric combustion air ratio, is present in the measuring chamber.
  • the lambda probe preferably uses the pump cell as an actuator to pump oxygen into or out of the measuring chamber depending on the composition of the fuel in the measuring chamber.
  • the lambda sensor determines a mass flow of oxygen depending, in particular by means of a proportionality factor, on the set pump current of the pump cell.
  • the measured value and/or the further measured value is recorded using, in particular, a jump lambda probe.
  • the measured value and/or the further measured value is recorded by means of, in particular, a fuel cell additional to the fuel cell unit, which is operated in particular analogously to a lambda probe.
  • the lambda probe is preferably arranged upstream, in particular directly upstream, at a fuel inlet of the fuel cell unit or downstream, in particular directly downstream, at an exhaust gas outlet of the fuel cell unit, via which the fuel-poor exhaust gas is exhausted from the fuel cell unit.
  • the fuel cell system particularly preferably comprises a lambda sensor downstream of the fuel cell unit and a further lambda sensor upstream of the fuel cell unit.
  • two objects are arranged “directly” upstream or downstream of one another should be understood in particular to mean that no further objects are arranged along the flow direction between these objects which change a composition of the fluid flowing through the objects, for example a reformer, an afterburner or similar.
  • the objects arranged directly upstream or downstream of one another can be in physical contact with one another or can be arranged at a distance from one another and can be fluidly connected, for example by means of fluid lines, a distributor plate or the like.
  • further objects can be arranged along the flow direction between the objects arranged directly upstream or downstream of one another, which do not have a composition of the fluid flowing through the objects change, for example a temperature sensor or the like. Due to the design according to the invention, the measured value and/or the further measured value can advantageously be recorded simply and cost-effectively. Furthermore, the measured value and/or the further measured value can advantageously be recorded quickly and/or advantageously precisely.
  • variable variables from which the operating key figure is determined are determined as a function of the at least one measured value, in particular of the at least one measured value and/or the further measured value.
  • the open-loop or closed-loop control unit preferably determines at least one of the variable variables of the operating key figure using a regression function of the measured value and/or the further measured value.
  • the regression function preferably indicates an energy carried by the fuel, in particular in the form of a molar enthalpy, into or out of the fuel cell unit as a function of the measured value or the further measured value.
  • the regression function can be stored as an analytical expression or as a table in the control or regulation unit.
  • a set of regression functions is stored in the open-loop or closed-loop control unit, which differ from one another as parameters in particular by the fuel electrode input temperature of the fuel or the fuel cell temperature of the at least one fuel cell unit.
  • the open-loop or closed-loop control unit determines the fuel usage of the fuel cell unit, preferably depending on a difference between the measured value and the further measured value. If the measured value or the further measured value describes the oxygen deficit, the open-loop or closed-loop control unit determines the number of available electrons in the fuel to determine the operating characteristic, preferably by means of a correlation function depending on the measured value and/or the further measured value.
  • the correlation function maps a distance of the measured value and/or the further measured value from the stoichiometric combustion air ratio to the number of available electrons in the fuel.
  • the regression function is a monotonically decreasing function in the measured value and/or the further measured value. Due to the design according to the invention, the operating characteristic can be determined simply, quickly and reliably with advantageously little effort on measuring devices.
  • a fuel cell system with at least one, in particular the already mentioned, fuel cell unit and with at least one, in particular the already mentioned, control or regulating unit is proposed for carrying out a method according to the invention.
  • a “control or regulation unit” is to be understood in particular as a unit with at least one control electronics.
  • Control electronics is to be understood in particular as a unit with a processor unit and with a memory as well as with an operating program stored in the memory.
  • the fuel cell system preferably includes the fluid delivery unit.
  • the fuel includes, for example, hydrogen, methane, ethane, propane and/or another hydrocarbon, in particular an alkane.
  • the fuel is natural gas, a natural gas-hydrogen mixture, pure hydrogen or the like.
  • the fuel cell system optionally includes further components for processing and/or post-processing the oxygen-containing fluid, the fuel and/or the exhaust gases.
  • the fuel cell system may include a reformer for reforming the fuel, an afterburner for burning fuel residues in the exhaust gases, heat exchangers for preheating the fuel and/or the oxygen-containing fluid or the like.
  • the fuel cell system preferably includes the sensor unit for detecting the fuel electrode input temperature, the fuel cell temperature, an inlet temperature of the oxygen-containing fluid upon entry into the fuel cell unit, an electrical current generated by the fuel cell unit and an electrical voltage associated with the current, an actual value of the flow parameter and/or further operating parameters of the fuel cell system.
  • the sensor unit includes the lambda probe and/or the further lambda probe.
  • the method according to the invention and/or the fuel cell system according to the invention should not be limited to the application and embodiment described above.
  • the method according to the invention and/or the fuel cell system according to the invention can be one of a number of individual elements, components and units mentioned herein in order to fulfill a mode of operation described herein Process steps have a different number.
  • values lying within the stated limits should also be considered disclosed and can be used in any way.
  • FIG. 1 shows a schematic representation of a fuel cell system according to the invention
  • Fig. 3 is a schematic representation of a further embodiment of a fuel cell system according to the invention with lambda sensors and
  • FIG. 4 shows a schematic flowchart of a further embodiment of a method according to the invention with the fuel cell system shown in FIG. 3.
  • FIG. 1 shows a fuel cell system 12a.
  • the fuel cell system 12a includes at least one fuel cell unit 14a.
  • the fuel cell unit 14a includes at least one, in particular several, fuel cells, in particular high-temperature fuel cells.
  • the fuel cell system 12a preferably comprises at least one fluid supply 18a for supplying an oxygen-containing fluid to the fuel cell unit 14a, in particular to at least one cathode of the fuel cell unit 14a.
  • the oxygen-containing fluid is, for example, air.
  • the fuel cell system 12a preferably comprises at least one fuel supply 22a for supplying a fuel to the fuel cell unit 14a, in particular to at least one anode of the fuel cell unit 14a.
  • the fuel cell unit 14a is preferably intended to react the oxygen-containing fluid with the fuel to generate an electrical current.
  • the fuel cell system 12a preferably includes an exhaust line 20a for removing an oxygen-poor exhaust gas resulting from the oxygen-containing fluid.
  • the fuel cell system 12a preferably includes a further exhaust line 24a for removing a low-fuel exhaust gas resulting from the fuel.
  • the fuel cell system 12a preferably includes a fluid delivery unit 26a for delivering the oxygen-containing fluid through the fluid supply 18a.
  • the fluid delivery unit 26a is preferably designed as a fan, blower, pump or compressor.
  • the fuel cell system 12a includes at least one control or regulating unit 16a for carrying out a method 10a, which is explained in more detail in FIG.
  • the control or regulating unit 16a is preferably intended to set a flow parameter of the oxygen-containing fluid by means of the fluid delivery unit 26a.
  • the fuel cell system 12a is shown here only in a rudimentary manner with the components that are more relevant to the method 10a.
  • the fuel cell system 12a can include further components, as shown for example in Figure 3.
  • FIG. 2 shows the method 10a for operating the fuel cell system 12a.
  • the method 10a preferably includes a switch-on process 28a, in which the fuel cell system 12a is put into operation.
  • the method 10a preferably includes an operating point control 30a, in which the control or regulating unit 16a controls an operating point of the fuel cell system 12a.
  • the fluid delivery unit 26a preferably conveys the oxygen-containing fluid through the fuel cell unit 14a.
  • the control or regulating unit 16a sets the flow parameter Ao 2 ,em of the oxygen-containing fluid, preferably by means of the fluid delivery unit 26a.
  • a setpoint of the flow parameter n 02 ,em is determined depending on a setpoint of a fuel cell temperature T stk of the at least one fuel cell unit 14a.
  • the flow parameter ho 2 ,a of the oxygen-containing fluid is determined depending on a power balance of the Fuel cell system 12a set.
  • the control or regulating unit 16a in the operating point control 30a determines a pre-control value of the flow parameter depending on an expanded, in particular complete, form of the power balance.
  • control or regulating unit 16a determines a pre-control value of the flow parameter in the operating point control 30a as a function of a characteristic curve of the flow parameter stored in advance in the memory of the control or regulating unit, which is preferably dependent on the electrical current generated by the fuel cell unit 14a is.
  • the flow parameter is expressed by the characteristic curve as a linear function, in particular only, of the electrical current.
  • control or regulating unit 16a evaluates the following stationary power balance: where H t denotes an enthalpy flow associated with a transport of the oxygen-containing fluid, the fuel and the exhaust gas into and out of the fuel cell unit 14a, P el denotes an electrical power generated by the fuel cell unit 14a and Err Q loss , ... ) denotes an error term.
  • the power balance preferably includes an energy flow carried by the oxygen-containing fluid to the fuel cell unit 14a:
  • a of the oxygen-containing fluid upon entry into the fuel cell unit 14a and rio 2 denotes the flow parameter.
  • the flow parameter here is designed, for example, as a material flow.
  • the power balance preferably includes an energy flow carried away by the low-oxygen exhaust gas away from the fuel cell unit 14a:
  • h 02iaus denotes a molar enthalpy of the oxygen-poor exhaust gas upon exit from the fuel cell unit 14a depending on the fuel cell temperature T stk and n 02itrans denotes an oxygen material flow within the fuel cell unit 14a from the oxygen-containing fluid into the fuel depending on the electrical current I el .
  • the power balance preferably includes an energy flow carried by the fuel to the fuel cell unit 14a: where h bSi a denotes a molar enthalpy of the fuel upon entry into the fuel cell unit 14a and n bs>a denotes a material flow of the fuel.
  • the molar enthalpy h bSi in of the fuel is preferably expressed as a function of a fuel electrode input temperature T bSi in of the fuel upon entry into the fuel cell unit 14a, a hydrogen-carbon ratio HC of the fuel, and an oxygen-carbon ratio of the fuel upon entry into the fuel cell unit 14a.
  • the material flow n bs > in of the fuel is preferably expressed as a function of the electrical current I et , a fuel utilization FU stk of the fuel cell unit 14a and a number of electrons of the fuel available for oxidation K e - bs , in per mole of the fuel.
  • the power balance preferably includes an energy flow carried by the fuel-poor exhaust gas away from the fuel cell unit 14a:
  • h bSi from denotes a molar enthalpy of the low-fuel exhaust gas as it exits the fuel cell unit 14a and n b s, from denotes a material flow of the low-fuel exhaust gas.
  • the molar enthalpy h bSi from the fuel-poor exhaust gas is preferably expressed as a function of the fuel cell temperature T stk , the hydrogen-carbon ratio of the fuel and an oxygen-carbon ratio of the fuel-poor exhaust gas as it exits the fuel cell unit 14a.
  • the material flow n b s, from the fuel-poor exhaust gas is preferably as a function of the electrical current I et , the fuel utilization FU stk of the fuel cell unit 14a, which is required for oxidation available number K e - bs in of electrons of the fuel per mole of the fuel and a ratio of a number K c bs in of carbon atoms in the fuel per mole of fuel to a number K c bs out of carbon atoms in the fuel-poor exhaust gas expressed per mole of this exhaust gas .
  • the error term Err Q loss , (7) preferably summarizes all further energy flows to and/or from the fuel cell unit 14a, which in particular are not explicitly determined in the course of this execution of the method 10a.
  • the error term is, for example, dependent on heat losses Q Ver iust of the fuel cell unit 14a, which take place in particular via heat conduction and/or heat radiation.
  • the error term Err Q loss , ... ) is set equal to zero when determining the pre-control value of the flow parameter fio 2 , a.
  • the error term Err Q Loss , ...) can be split into further terms in order, for example, to explicitly take heat losses Q Loss into account in the power balance.
  • Control unit 16a determines the flow parameter ho 2 ,etn using the following calculation rule derived from the power balance:
  • the method 10a preferably includes a regular operation 32a.
  • the oxygen-containing fluid is conveyed by the fluid delivery unit 26a for reaction with the fuel through the at least one fuel cell unit 14a of the fuel cell system 12a.
  • the control or regulating unit 16a keeps the fuel cell system 12a in a stationary state that depends on the operating point Condition.
  • the method 10a preferably includes an operating status test 44a. In the operating state test 44a, the control or regulating unit 16a checks whether the state of the fuel cell system 12a is stationary.
  • the method 10a preferably includes an operating metrics update 46a.
  • the method 10a preferably performs the performance indicator update 46a when the fuel cell system 12a is in a steady state.
  • the control or regulating unit 16a determines an operating code BK.
  • the operating key figure BK is defined, for example, as follows:
  • the operating key figure BK eliminates at least two unknowns of the current balance.
  • the operating characteristic BK captures a dependence of the flow parameter on the fuel electrode inlet temperature T bs of the fuel, on the fuel cell temperature T stk of the at least one fuel cell unit 14a, on the hydrogen-carbon ratio HC of the fuel, on the oxygen-carbon ratio 0C bs of the fuel at an entry in the at least one fuel cell unit 14a and/or the fuel utilization FU of the at least one fuel cell unit 14a together.
  • the operating characteristic BK replaces a dependence of the power balance on a composition, in particular gas quality, of the fuel and its influence on a cooling requirement of the fuel cell unit 14a, in particular by means of the oxygen-containing fluid.
  • the open-loop or closed-loop control unit 16a preferably determines the operating key figure BK using the following calculation rule:
  • the control or regulation unit 16a preferably stores the determined value of the operating characteristic number BK in the memory of the control or regulation unit 16a.
  • the operating key figure BK is determined as a moving average.
  • the electrical current I el in particular is a time-dependent function.
  • the method 10a preferably includes an operating characteristic test 36a.
  • the control or regulating unit 16a preferably checks whether the stored value of the operating indicator BK is suitable for describing the fuel cell system 12a under the load change 34a. If the operating characteristic BK is unsuitable, the control or regulating unit 16a preferably carries out a conventional pilot control 42a. If the operating characteristic number BK is suitable, the control or regulation unit 16a preferably carries out a shortened power balance evaluation 38a of the method 10a.
  • control or regulating unit 16a evaluates, for example, the already mentioned characteristic curve of the flow parameter or the above calculation rule for the flow parameter fio 2 , which is based in particular on a complete form of the power balance, in particular with the terms specified above.
  • Load change 34a of the fuel cell system 12a is partially replaced by the operating characteristic number BK of the fuel cell system 12a determined in the stationary state of the fuel cell system 12a, whereby in particular all unknowns of the energy balance are eliminated.
  • BK the operating characteristic number of the fuel cell system 12a determined in the stationary state of the fuel cell system 12a
  • the operating characteristic BK is kept constant during the load change 34a and is preferably not updated at least for the duration of the load change 34a. If the fuel cell temperature T stk changes with the load change 34a, the operating characteristic BK is changed with the load change 34a as a function of the fuel electrode input temperature T bs a of the fuel. In particular, the stored value of the operating characteristic number BK is subjected to a factor that correlates with the fuel electrode input temperature T bs .
  • the method 10a preferably includes a control 40a.
  • the control or regulating unit 16a preferably regulates the Flow parameter n ⁇ ⁇ starting from the pre-control value of the flow parameter fio 2 ,em- determined by means of the conventional pilot control 42a or the shortened power balance evaluation 38a.
  • the operating index BK is changed depending on the load change 34a.
  • FIG. 3 shows a fuel cell system 12b.
  • the fuel cell system 12b includes at least one fuel cell unit 14b.
  • the fuel cell unit 14b comprises at least one, in particular several, fuel cells, in particular high-temperature fuel cells.
  • the fuel cell system 12b preferably comprises at least one fluid supply 18b, a fuel supply 22b, an exhaust line 20b, a further exhaust line 24b and/or a fluid delivery unit 26b as described above in relation to Figure 1.
  • the fuel cell system 12b comprises at least one control or regulating unit 16b for carrying out a method 10b, which is explained in more detail in FIG.
  • the fuel cell system 12b preferably includes a fuel delivery unit 48b for conveying a fuel through the fuel supply 22b, the fuel cell unit 14b and the further exhaust line 24b.
  • the fuel cell system 12b optionally includes a desulfurizer 58b for desulphurizing the fuel, in particular downstream of the fuel delivery unit 48b.
  • the fuel cell system 12b preferably comprises a further heat exchanger 62b, for transferring heat from an exhaust gas of the fuel cell system 12b to the fuel, in particular downstream of the fuel delivery unit 48b and/or the desulphurizer 58b.
  • the fuel cell system 12b preferably includes a reformer 64b for reforming the fuel, in particular downstream of the further heat exchanger 62b and upstream of the fuel cell unit 14b.
  • the fuel cell system 12b preferably includes an afterburner 54b for the thermal utilization of fuel residues which are contained in an exhaust gas transported with the further exhaust line 24b.
  • the further heat exchanger 62b is preferably arranged downstream of an outlet of the afterburner 54b.
  • the fuel cell system 12b preferably comprises a heat exchanger 60b for transferring heat from the exhaust gas of the fuel cell system 12b, in particular the afterburner 54b, to an oxygen-containing fluid in the fluid supply 18b.
  • the fuel cell system 12b includes a Recirculation line for returning the exhaust gas carried by the further exhaust line 24b into the fuel supply 22b, with a feed point of the exhaust gas preferably being arranged upstream of the reformer 64b.
  • the fuel cell system 12b preferably includes a recirculation conveying unit 56b for conveying the exhaust gas carried by the further exhaust gas line 24b through the recirculation line.
  • the fuel cell system 12b preferably comprises at least one lambda probe 52b, which is arranged in the further exhaust line 24b or in the recirculation line of the fuel cell system 12b or downstream of a branch of the exhaust line 24b into the recirculation line and upstream of the afterburner 54b.
  • the lambda probe 52b is preferably intended to record a measured value of a composition of a fuel-poor exhaust gas produced by converting the fuel in the fuel cell unit 14b.
  • the fuel cell system 12b preferably includes at least one further lambda sensor 50b, which is arranged in the fuel supply 22b.
  • the further lambda probe 50b is preferably arranged downstream of the reformer 64b.
  • the further lambda probe 50b is preferably intended to record a further measured value of a composition of the fuel, in particular reformed, entering the fuel cell unit 14b.
  • Figure 4 shows the method 10b for operating the fuel cell system 12b.
  • the method 10b includes an operating indicator update 46b.
  • the control or regulating unit 16b preferably determines the operating key figure BK using the following calculation rule:
  • At least one method step of method 10b at least one measured value of a composition of the fuel is recorded, depending on which the operating characteristic BK is determined.
  • the measured value is recorded using at least one of the lambda sensors 50b, 52b. At least the majority, in particular all, of the variable variables from which the operating key figure BK is determined are determined depending on the at least one measured value.
  • the control unit 16b preferably determines fuel usage FU stk of the fuel cell unit 14b using the following calculation rule:
  • the method 10b preferably includes a measuring step 66b, in which the combustion air ratio bs from the fuel-poor exhaust gas is preferably detected by the lambda sensor 50b.
  • the method 10b preferably includes a measuring step 68b, in which the combustion air ratio bs,in of the fuel upon entry into the fuel cell unit 14b is preferably detected by the further lambda probe 52b.
  • the control or regulating unit 16b determines a molar enthalpy h bs a of the fuel when it enters the fuel cell unit 14b, preferably by means of a regression function depending on the further measured value, in particular the combustion air ratio Abs>a of the fuel when it enters the fuel cell unit 14b.
  • the open-loop or closed-loop control unit 16b preferably uses a fuel electrode input temperature T bs a of the fuel upon entry into the fuel cell unit 14b, as a parameter of the regression function or a specific regression function from a family of regression functions of the molar enthalpy h bs a of the fuel upon entry into the fuel cell unit Select 14b.
  • the control or regulating unit 16b preferably determines a molar enthalpy h bs from the low-fuel exhaust gas as it exits the fuel cell unit 14b by means of a further regression function depending on the measured value, in particular the combustion air ratio Abs , from the low-fuel exhaust gas as it exits the fuel cell unit 14b.
  • the open-loop or closed-loop control unit 16b preferably uses a fuel cell temperature T stk of the fuel cell unit 14b as a parameter of the further regression function or in order to select a specific further regression function from a family of further regression functions of the molar enthalpy h bs from the fuel-poor exhaust gas as it exits the fuel cell unit 14b.
  • the further regression function forms the combustion air ratio Abs , from des low-fuel exhaust gas directly to the product h bs from Kc ' bs ' em from the molar c,bs, from
  • the ratio of the molar amounts of carbon K Cibs to K Cibs is set to equal 1 or another constant determined in advance of the process.
  • the method 10b preferably includes a measuring step 70b for detecting a fuel cell temperature T stk , the fuel electrode input temperature T bs and/or further operating parameters of the fuel cell system 12b.
  • the open-loop or closed-loop control unit 16b preferably determines a number of electrons available in the fuel upon entry into the fuel cell unit 14b, preferably by means of a correlation function depending on the further measured value.
  • the at least one measured value is optionally corrected using a machine learning process, in particular in the sense of a hybrid system.
  • the machine learning process is preferably trained in advance of the method 10b with training data for estimating the error s in different operating points of the fuel cell system 12b.
  • the machine learning process can be carried out as a function of at least one measurement variable of at least one of the lambda sensors 50b, 52b such as pump current, pump voltage, temperature and/or Nernst voltage and/or as a function of at least one operating parameter of the fuel cell system 12b such as a component temperature, a fuel temperature, a pressure of the fuel , a volume flow of fuel or the like.
  • the error E preferably represents an initial variable to which the machine learning process is trained.
  • the machine learning process is designed, for example, as a multivariate linear regression, as a neural network and/or as a Gaussian process.
  • FIGS. 1 and 2 With regard to further features of the fuel cell system 12b and/or the method 10b, reference is made to FIGS. 1 and 2 and their description.
  • the method 10a can also be carried out with the fuel cell system 12b, or each component shown in the fuel cell system 12b can also be inserted into the fuel cell system 10a without adapting the method 10a.

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Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé pour faire fonctionner un système de pile à combustible, en particulier un système de pile à combustible à haute température. Au cours d'au moins une étape de ce procédé, un fluide contenant de l'oxygène est transporté pour réagir avec un combustible à travers au moins une unité de pile à combustible (14a; 14b) du système de pile à combustible, un paramètre d'écoulement de ce fluide contenant de l'oxygène étant ajusté en fonction d'un bilan de puissance du système de pile à combustible. Selon l'invention, au cours d'au moins une étape du procédé, le bilan de puissance est partiellement remplacé, lors d'une variation de charge (34a; 34b) du système de pile à combustible, par une caractéristique de fonctionnement du système de pile à combustible déterminé dans un état stationnaire du système de pile à combustible.
EP23718201.9A 2022-04-07 2023-04-05 Procédé pour faire fonctionner un système de pile à combustible et système de pile à combustible Pending EP4505539A2 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102022203527 2022-04-07
DE102022209841.2A DE102022209841A1 (de) 2022-04-07 2022-09-19 Verfahren zum Betrieb eines Brennstoffzellensystems und ein Brennstoffzellensystem
PCT/EP2023/058917 WO2023194425A2 (fr) 2022-04-07 2023-04-05 Procédé pour faire fonctionner un système de pile à combustible et système de pile à combustible

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EP (1) EP4505539A2 (fr)
KR (1) KR20250002345A (fr)
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DE102024200034A1 (de) * 2024-01-03 2025-07-03 Robert Bosch Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung Hochtemperaturmessvorrichtung und elektrochemisches System

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US8247122B2 (en) * 2003-07-25 2012-08-21 Nissan Motor Co., Ltd. Device and method for controlling fuel cell system with vibration amplitude detection
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KR20250002345A (ko) 2025-01-07
WO2023194425A3 (fr) 2024-03-21

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