Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A41—WEARING APPAREL
  • A41D—OUTERWEAR; PROTECTIVE GARMENTS; ACCESSORIES
  • A41D1/00—Garments
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A41—WEARING APPAREL
  • A41D—OUTERWEAR; PROTECTIVE GARMENTS; ACCESSORIES
  • A41D1/00—Garments
  • A41D1/04—Vests, jerseys, sweaters or the like
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A41—WEARING APPAREL
  • A41D—OUTERWEAR; PROTECTIVE GARMENTS; ACCESSORIES
  • A41D27/00—Details of garments or of their making
  • A41D27/24—Hems; Seams
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A41—WEARING APPAREL
  • A41D—OUTERWEAR; PROTECTIVE GARMENTS; ACCESSORIES
  • A41D31/00—Materials specially adapted for outerwear
  • A41D31/04—Materials specially adapted for outerwear characterised by special function or use
  • A41D31/18—Elastic
  • A41D31/185—Elastic using layered materials
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A41—WEARING APPAREL
  • A41D—OUTERWEAR; PROTECTIVE GARMENTS; ACCESSORIES
  • A41D2200/00—Components of garments
  • A41D2200/20—Hoods
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A41—WEARING APPAREL
  • A41D—OUTERWEAR; PROTECTIVE GARMENTS; ACCESSORIES
  • A41D2300/00—Details of garments
  • A41D2300/50—Seams
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A41—WEARING APPAREL
  • A41D—OUTERWEAR; PROTECTIVE GARMENTS; ACCESSORIES
  • A41D2500/00—Materials for garments
  • A41D2500/30—Non-woven

Definitions

• nonwoven textiles are generally not suitable for use in articles of apparel due to a lack of stretch and recovery properties, heavy weights, lack of drapability, a rough hand, and, in some instances where increased insulation is desired, lack of insulation properties.
• nonwoven textiles can present challenges associated with constructing garments (e.g., upper-body garments), and in some examples, garments constructed using nonwoven textile can include an undesirable aesthetic, poor fit, require inefficient construction methods, and the like.
• FIG. 1 illustrates an example lifecycle for an example composite nonwoven textile in accordance with aspects herein.
• FIG. 2 illustrates a first web of fibers for use in the example composite nonwoven textile of FIG. 1 in accordance with aspects herein.
• FIG. 3 illustrates a second web of fibers for use in the example composite nonwoven textile of FIG. 1 in accordance with aspects herein.
• FIG. 4 illustrates a third web of fibers for use in the example composite nonwoven textile of FIG. 1 in accordance with aspects herein.
• FIG. 5 illustrates an elastomeric layer for use in the example composite nonwoven textile of FIG. 1 in accordance with aspects herein.
• FIG. 6 illustrates an example manufacturing process for use in making the example composite nonwoven textile of FIG. 1 in accordance with aspects herein.
• FIG. 7 illustrates a first face of the example composite nonwoven textile of FIG. 1 in accordance with aspects herein.
• FIG. 8 illustrates an opposite second face of the example composite nonwoven textile of FIG. 1 in accordance with aspects herein.
• FIG. 9 illustrates a cross-section view of the example composite nonwoven textile of FIG. 7 in accordance with aspects herein.
• FIG. 10 illustrates a cross-section view of an alternative construction for the example composite nonwoven textile in accordance with aspects herein.
• FIG. 11 illustrates the cross-section view of FIG. 9 depicting only silicone -coated fibers in accordance with aspects herein.
• FIG. 12 illustrates an example manufacturing process for use in making an example composite nonwoven textile having a pile in accordance with aspects herein.
• FIG. 13 illustrates a first face of the example composite non woven textile produced using the manufacturing process of FIG. 12 in accordance with aspects herein.
• FIG. 14 illustrates a second face of the example composite nonwoven textile of FIG. 13 in accordance with aspects herein.
• FIG. 15 illustrates a cross-section view of the example composite nonwoven textile of FIG. 13 in accordance with aspects herein.
• FIG. 17 illustrates an opposite second face of the example composite nonwoven textile of FIG. 16 in accordance with aspects herein.
• FIG. 20 illustrates the first face of the example composite nonwoven textile depicted in FIG. 19 at a second point in time in accordance with aspects herein.
• FIG. 21 illustrates the second face of the example composite nonwoven textile of FIG. 1 at a first point in time in accordance with aspects herein.
• FIG. 22 illustrates the second face of the example composite nonwoven textile depicted in FIG. 21 at a second point in time in accordance with aspects herein.
• FIG. 23 illustrates an outer-facing surface of an apparel item formed from the example composite nonwoven textile of FIG. 1 at a first point in time in accordance with aspects herein.
• FIG. 24 illustrates the outer-facing surface of the apparel item of FIG. 23 at a second point in time in accordance with aspects herein.
• FIG. 25 illustrates an inner-facing surface of the apparel item of FIG. 23 at a first point in time in accordance with aspects herein.
• FIG. 26 illustrates the inner-facing surface of the apparel item depicted in FIG. 25 at a second point in time in accordance with aspects herein.
• FIG. 27 illustrates an example upper-body garment formed from the example composite nonwoven textile described herein in accordance with aspects herein.
• FIG. 28 illustrates an example lower-body garment formed from the example composite nonwoven textile described herein in accordance with aspects herein.
• FIG. 29 illustrates an example rotogravure system for applying a chemical binder to a first face of the example composite nonwoven textile described herein in accordance with aspects herein.
• FIG. 30 illustrates an example pattern of a gravure roller of the example rotogravure system of FIG. 29 in accordance with aspects here.
• FIG. 32 illustrates an opposite second face of the composite nonwoven textile of FIG. 31 in accordance with aspects herein.
• FIG. 34 illustrates a back view of an upper-body garment having a zonal application of chemical bonding sites in accordance with aspects herein.
• FIG. 35 illustrates a front view of a lower-body garment having a zonal application of chemical bonding sites in accordance with aspects herein.
• FIG. 36 illustrates an example ultrasonic bonding system for creating thermal bonding sites on the example composite nonwoven textile described herein in accordance with aspects herein.
• FIG. 37 illustrates a first face of the composite nonwoven textile after the thermal bonding sites have been created using the example ultrasonic bonding system of FIG. 36 in accordance with aspects herein.
• FIG. 38 illustrates an opposite second face of the composite nonwoven textile of FIG. 37 depicting the thermal bonding sites in accordance with aspects herein.
• FIG. 39 illustrates a cross-section of the composite nonwoven textile of FIG. 37 in accordance with aspects herein.
• FIG. 40 illustrates a first face of an example composite nonwoven textile having two sets of thermal bonding sites created using the example ultrasonic bonding system of FIG. 36 in accordance with aspects herein.
• FIG. 41 illustrates an opposite second face of the composite nonwoven textile of FIG. 40 depicting the two set of thermal bonding sites in accordance with aspects herein.
• FIG. 42 illustrates a cross-section of the composite nonwoven textile of FIG. 40 in accordance with aspects herein.
• FIG. 43 illustrates a back view of an upper-body garment having a zonal application of thermal bonding sites in accordance with aspects herein.
• FIG. 44 illustrates a front view of a lower-body garment having a zonal application of thermal bonding sites in accordance with aspects herein.
• FIG. 45 illustrates a first face of an example composite nonwoven textile having thermal bonding sites and chemical bonding sites in accordance with aspects herein.
• FIG. 46 illustrates an opposite second face of the composite nonwoven textile of FIG. 45 depicting the thermal bonding sites in accordance with aspects herein.
• FIG. 47 illustrates a cross-section of the composite nonwoven textile of FIG. 45 in accordance with aspects herein.
• FIG. 48 illustrates a schematic of an example two-step mechanical entanglement process for reducing the formation of pills on a first face of an example composite nonwoven textile in accordance with aspects herein.
• FIG. 49 illustrates the first face of the composite nonwoven textile after the two- step mechanical entanglement process of FIG. 48 in accordance with aspects herein.
• FIG. 50 illustrates an opposite second face of the composite nonwoven textile of FIG. 49 in accordance with aspects herein.
• FIG. 51 illustrates a cross-section of the composite nonwoven textile of FIG. 49 in accordance with aspects herein.
• FIG. 52 includes a front of an example upper-body garment in accordance with an aspect of this disclosure.
• FIG. 53 includes a back of an example upper-body garment in accordance with an aspect of this disclosure.
• FIG. 54 includes an enlarged view of a portion of the back of the example upperbody garment in accordance with an aspect of this disclosure.
• FIG. 55 includes a cross-section view in association with FIG. 54 in accordance with an aspect of this disclosure.
• FIG. 56 includes an inner-facing surface of a front of the example upper-body garment in accordance with an aspect of this disclosure.
• FIG. 57 includes a cross-section view in association with FIG. 56 in accordance with an aspect of this disclosure.
• FIG. 58 includes a disassembled view associated with the inner-facing surface of the front of the example upper-body garment in accordance with an aspect of this disclosure.
• FIG. 59 includes a pocket opening of a pocket of the example upper-body garment in accordance with an aspect of this disclosure.
• FIG. 60 includes edges of the pocket opening of FIG. 59 splayed open to show edge trim pieces in accordance with an aspect of this disclosure.
• FIG. 61 includes a cross-section view in association with FIG. 59 in accordance with an aspect of this disclosure.
• FIG. 62 depicts a side view of a hood portion of the example upper-body garment in accordance with an aspect of this disclosure.
• FIG. 63 depicts a cross-section view in association with FIG. 62 in accordance with an aspect of this disclosure.
• a dual-layer hood assembly can include a seam construction that, for aesthetics and/or functionality, can allow the seam (e.g., between an inner nonwoven panel and an outer nonwoven panel) to be positioned on an inward facing surface of the hood.
• the garment can include an elegant pocket construction that is associated with a clean aesthetic and reinforced pocket-opening edges and that is relatively easy to manufacture.
• the fibers that form the second entangled web may have a denier that is about half the denier of the fibers used to form the first entangled web because the second face may be less exposed to abrasion forces. Moreover, a smaller denier may produce a soft hand making it comfortable for skin or near skin contact.
• the second entangled web may include silicone-coated fibers which also imparts a soft hand and improves drapability of the textile (i.e., makes the textile less stiff).
• the second face may include loops and/or fiber ends that extend away from the second face in a direction perpendicular to the surface plane of the second face to form a pile.
• the loops and/or fiber ends may extend from about 1.5 mm to about 8.1 mm away from the second face.
• the pile helps to trap air heated by a wearer thereby improving the insulation properties of the nonwoven textile.
• the pile also provides additional comfort to the wearer.
• properties of the different webs and/or the number of webs used to form the composite nonwoven textile may be adjusted to achieve different desired end properties for the nonwoven textile including different desired end properties for each of the faces of the composite nonwoven textile.
• the result is a lightweight, asymmetrical-faced composite nonwoven textile with thermal properties, stretch and recovery, good drape, an interesting visual aesthetic, good resistance to abrasion, and a soft hand, making the composite nonwoven textile ideal for forming articles of apparel suitable for athletic wear.
• the composite nonwoven textile contemplated herein may be finished in a variety of ways.
• the textile may be printed with one or more patterns, graphics, logos, and the like using selected printing techniques.
• printing may be applied to one or more of the webs of fibers prior to entanglement such that the printed component is integrated into the nonwoven textile during entanglement.
• different techniques may be used to seam textile edges together. For example, textile edges may be overlapped, and an entanglement process may be used to entangle together fibers from the textile edges thereby forming a seam.
• the asymmetrical-faced composite nonwoven textile is recyclable, and in some aspects, the textile may be fully recyclable.
• the fibers selected to form the entangled webs may include recycled materials including recycled polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fibers, commonly known as polyester fibers. Additionally, materials selected to form the elastomeric layer may also be fully recyclable. Use of recycled fibers and materials reduces the carbon footprint of the composite nonwoven textile.
• PET polyethylene terephthalate
• the asymmetrical-faced composite nonwoven textile is formed by positioning an elastomeric layer between two or more webs of fibers.
• the selection of properties for the different webs such as number of webs, fiber denier, weight of the individual webs, fiber length, fiber color, and fiber coating, is based on desired end properties of the asymmetricalfaced composite nonwoven textile.
• a mechanical entanglement process is performed.
• the mechanical entanglement process is needlepunching.
• Different parameters associated with the needlepunching process such as needle selection, stitch density, penetration depth, direction of penetration, number of needle passes, and the like, are selected based on the desired end properties of the asymmetrical-faced composite nonwoven textile.
• the parameters may be selected to produce a nonwoven textile that has a desired thickness, a desired degree of stretch and recovery, a desired weight, a desired drape or stiffness, and the like.
• the selection of properties for the different webs in combination with the needling parameters may produce asymmetries in the nonwoven textile after wash and/or wear.
• the asymmetries produced by wash and/or wear may be a desirable attribute.
• the second face of the nonwoven textile may pill to a greater extent than the first face of the nonwoven textile.
• the inner-facing surface of the article of apparel may pill to a greater extent than the outer-facing surface of the article of apparel.
• the differential pilling may, in example aspects, be due to use of silicone-coated fibers for the second entangled web that forms, in part, the second face of the nonwoven textile.
• the silicone coating may increase the tendency of the fibers to migrate (i.e., there is less friction to keep the fibers entangled) such that the fiber ends become exposed on the second face where they may form pills.
• the presence of pills may be a desirable aesthetic and factors associated with the selection of the webs and/or entanglement parameters may be adjusted to increase the likelihood of pill formation.
• having a greater number of pills on an inner-facing surface of an article of apparel formed from the composite nonwoven textile may contribute to wearer comfort similar to that experienced when donning an old sweatshirt.
• the composite nonwoven textile may undergo post-processing steps such as calendaring, embossing, and/or the application of coatings to the faces of the composite nonwoven textile to increase the resistance to pilling.
• a needlepunching process typically used to manufacture Dilour carpets may be utilized to form a pile on the second face, and not the first face, of the nonwoven textile.
• brushes are positioned adjacent to the second face of the nonwoven textile during the needlepunching process. Needles are used to push fibers and/or fiber loops from the webs into the brushes where they are held in place until the needlepunching process is complete.
• the fibers and/or fiber loops that were held by the brushes are oriented in a common direction that is perpendicular to the surface plane of the second face.
• article of apparel is intended to encompass articles worn by a wearer. As such, they may include upper-body garments (e.g., tops, t-shirts, pullovers, hoodies, jackets, coats, and the like), and lower-body garments (e.g., pants, shorts, tights, capris, unitards, and the like). Articles of apparel may also include hats, gloves, sleeves (arm sleeves, calf sleeves), articles of footwear such as uppers for shoes, and the like.
• upper-body garments e.g., tops, t-shirts, pullovers, hoodies, jackets, coats, and the like
• lower-body garments e.g., pants, shorts, tights, capris, unitards, and the like.
• Articles of apparel may also include hats, gloves, sleeves (arm sleeves, calf sleeves), articles of footwear such as uppers for shoes, and the like.
• inner-facing surface when referring to the article of apparel means the surface that is configured to face towards a body surface of a wearer, and the term “outer-facing surface” means the surface that is configured to face away from the body surface of the wearer and toward an external environment.
• innermost-facing surface means the surface closest to the body surface of the wearer with respect to other layers of the article of apparel, and the term “outermost-facing surface” means the surface that is positioned furthest away from the body surface of the wearer with respect to the other layers of the article of apparel.
• nonwoven textile refers to fibers that are held together by mechanical and/or chemical interactions without being in the form of a knit, woven, braided construction, or other structured construction.
• the nonwoven textile includes a collection of fibers that are mechanically manipulated to form a mat-like material. Stated differently nonwoven textiles are directly made from fibers.
• the nonwoven textile may include different webs of fibers formed into a cohesive structure, where the different webs of fibers may have a different or similar composition of fibers and/or different properties.
• web of fibers refers to a layer prior to undergoing a mechanical entanglement process with one or more other webs of fibers.
• the web of fibers includes fibers that have undergone a carding and lapping process that generally aligns the fibers in one or more common directions that extend along an x, y plane and that achieves a desired basis weight.
• the web of fibers may also undergo a light needling process or mechanical entanglement process that entangles the fibers of the web to a degree such that the web of fibers forms a cohesive structure that can be manipulated (e.g., rolled on to a roller, un-rolled from the roller, stacked, and the like).
• the web of fibers may also undergo one or more additional processing steps such as printing prior to being entangled with other webs of fibers to form the composite nonwoven textile.
• entangled web of fibers when referring to the composite nonwoven textile refers to a web of fibers after it has undergone mechanical entanglement with one or more other webs of fibers.
• a web of entangled fibers may include fibers originally present in the web of fibers forming the layer as well as fibers that are present in other webs of fibers that have been moved through the entanglement process into the web of entangled fibers.
• the mechanical entanglement process contemplated herein may include needle entanglement (commonly known as needlepunching) using barbed or structured needles (e.g., forked needles), or fluid entanglement.
• needlepunching may be utilized based on the small denier of the fibers being used and the ability to fine tune different parameters associated with the needlepunching process. Needlepunching generally uses barbed or spiked needles to reposition a percentage of fibers from a generally horizontal orientation (an orientation extending along an x, y plane) to a generally vertical orientation (a z-direction orientation).
• the carded, lapped, and pre-needled webs may be stacked with other carded, lapped, and pre-needled webs and other layers such as an elastomeric layer and passed between a bed plate and a stripper plate positioned on opposing sides of the stacked web configuration.
• the distance between the stripper plate and the bed plate may be adjusted to control web compression during needling.
• the needle board repeatedly engages and disengages from the stacked web configuration as the stacked web configuration is moved in a machine direction along a conveyance system such that the length of the stacked web configuration is needled.
• Each engagement of a needle board with the stacked web configuration is known herein as a “pass.” Parameters associated with particular needle boards may be adjusted to achieve desired properties of the resulting needled nonwoven textile (e.g., basis weight, thickness, and the like).
• the different parameters may include stitch density (SD) which is the number of needles per cm 2 (n/cm 2 ) used during an entanglement pass and penetration depth (PD) which is how far the needle passes through the stacked web configuration before being pulled out of the stacked web configuration.
• SD stitch density
• PD penetration depth
• Parameters associated with the needlepunching process in general may also be adjusted such as the spacing between the bed plate and the stripper plate and the speed of conveyance of the stacked web configuration.
• a barbed needle a needle having a pre-set number of barbs arranged along a length of the needle
• the barbs on the needle “capture” fibers as the barb moves from a first face to an opposing second face of the stacked web configuration.
• the movement of the needle through the stacked web configuration effectively moves or pushes fibers captured by the barbs from a location near or at the first face to a location near or at the second face and further causes physical interactions with other fibers helping to “lock” the moved fibers into place through, for example, friction.
• the needles may pass through the stacked web configuration from the second face toward the first face.
• the number of barbs on the needle that interact with fibers may be based on the penetration depth of the needle. For example, all the barbs may interact with fibers when the penetration depth is a first amount, and fewer than all the barbs may interact with fibers as the penetration depth decreases.
• the size of the barb may be adjusted based on the denier of fibers used in the web(s). For example, the barb size may be selected so as to engage with small denier (e.g. fine) fibers but not with large denier fibers so as to cause selective movement of the small denier fibers but not the large denier fibers.
• the barb size may be selected so as to engage with both small denier and large denier fibers so as to cause movements of both fibers through the webs.
• the nonwoven textile may include a first face and an opposite second face which both face outward with respect to an interior of the nonwoven textile and comprise the outermost faces of the nonwoven textile.
• the first face and the second face are each fully visible.
• the first face and the second face may both extend along x, y planes that are generally parallel and offset from each other.
• the first face may be oriented in a first x, y plane and the second face may be oriented in a second x, y plane generally parallel to and offset from the first x, y plane.
• the term “elastomeric layer” as used herein refers to a layer that has stretch and recovery properties (i.e., is elastically resilient) in at least one orientational axis, which includes both a layer having stretch and recovery in a single orientational axis and a layer having stretch and recovery in multiple orientational axes.
• orientational axis include a length direction, a width direction, an x-direction, a y-direction, and any direction angularly offset from a length direction, a width direction, an x-direction, and a y-direction.
• the elastomeric layer may be formed from thermoplastic elastomers such as thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), thermoplastic poly ether ester elastomer (TPEE), combinations of TPU and TPEE and the like.
• the elastomeric layer may comprise a spunbond layer, a film, a web, and the like.
• the elastomeric layer may include a spunbond TPEE or a meltblown TPU.
• Non wo ven elastomeric materials such as a spunbond TPEE or a meltblown TPU allow for lower basis weights than elastomeric films.
• the term denier or denier per fiber is a unit of measure for the linear mass density of the fiber and more particularly, it is the mass in grams per 9000 meters of the fiber.
• the denier of a fiber may be measured using ASTM D 1577-07.
• the diameter of a fiber may be calculated based on the fiber’ s denier and the fiber’ s density, and in general, the diameter of a fiber has a direct correlation to the denier of the fiber (i.e., a smaller denier fiber has a smaller diameter).
• Fibers contemplated herein may be formed of a number of different materials (e.g., cotton, nylon and the like) including polyethylene terephthalate (PET) commonly known as polyester.
• PET polyethylene terephthalate
• the PET fibers may include virgin PET fibers (fibers that have not been recycled), and recycled PET fibers.
• Recycled PET fibers include shredded PET fibers derived from shredded articles and re-extruded PET fibers (fibers that are re-extruded using recycled PET chips).
• silicone-coated fiber may mean a fiber having a continuous silicone coating such that the silicone coating completely covers the fiber along its length.
• the fiber may form a core and the silicone may form a sheath surrounding the core.
• the term “silicone-coated fiber” may mean a fiber that has an intermittent coating of silicone in at least some areas along the length of the fiber. For instance, the fiber may be sprayed with a silicone coating. In this aspect, if a particular web of fibers includes 100% by weight of silicone-coated fibers, it is contemplated herein that the fibers that form the web may have areas that do not include the silicone coating.
• the silicone-coated fibers are incorporated into the webs of fibers that form the composite nonwoven textile. Said differently, the silicone coating on the fibers is not applied to the fibers after the composite nonwoven textile is formed using, for example, a silicone spray finish.
• color or “color property” as used herein when referring to the nonwoven textile generally refers to an observable color of fibers that form the textile.
• a color may be any color that may be afforded to fibers using dyes, pigments, and/or colorants that are known in the art.
• fibers may be configured to have a color including, but not limited to red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet, white, black, and shades thereof.
• the color may be imparted to the fiber when the fiber is formed (commonly known as dope dyeing). In dope dyeing, the color is added to the fiber as it is being extruded such that the color is integral to the fiber and is not added to the fiber in a post-formation step (e.g., through a piece dyeing step).
• a color may comprise a numerical color value, which may be determined by using instruments that objectively measure and/or calculate color values of a color of an object by standardizing and/or quantifying factors that may affect a perception of a color. Such instruments include, but are not limited to spectroradiometers, spectrophotometers, and the like.
• a “color” of a textile provided by fibers may comprise a numerical color value that is measured and/or calculated using spectroradiometers and/or spectrophotometers.
• numerical color values may be associated with a color space or color model, which is a specific organization of colors that provides color representations for numerical color values, and thus, each numerical color value corresponds to a singular color represented in the color space or color model.
• a color may be determined to be different from another color if a numerical color value of each color differs. Such a determination may be made by measuring and/or calculating a numerical color value of, for instance, a first textile having a first color with a spectroradiometer or a spectrophotometer, measuring and/or calculating a numerical color value of a second textile having a second color with the same instrument (i.e., if a spectrophotometer was used to measure the numerical color value of the first color, then a spectrophotometer is used to measure the numerical color value of the second color), and comparing the numerical color value of the first color with the numerical color value of the second color.
• FIG. 1 is a schematic depiction of an example lifecycle for the composite nonwoven textile contemplated herein.
• Reference numeral 100 generally indicates a first web of fibers 110, a second web of fibers 112, a third web of fibers 114, and an elastomeric layer 116 in a stacked configuration prior to entanglement. It is contemplated herein that in some example aspects, one or more of the webs of fibers may be optional.
• the fibers used to form the first, second, and third web of fibers 110, 112, and 114 may include recycled fibers and, in particular, recycled PET fibers.
• the elastomeric layer 116 in example aspects, may be formed of a material that is recyclable.
• Utilizing the silicone-coated fibers 312 eliminates the need for adding a silicone finish to the composite nonwoven textile 120 in a post-processing step. As known in the textile space, it is common practice to add silicone softener finishes to knitted or woven products in a post-processing step. By eliminating this step, the carbon footprint of the composite nonwoven textile 120 is further reduced.
• Each of the fibers 310 and 312 may include a denier of less than or equal to about 1 D.
• the denier may be about 0.1 D, about 0.2 D, about 0.3 D, about 0.4 D, about 0.5 D, about 0.6 D, about 0.7 D, about 0.8 D, or about 0.9 D.
• the denier of the fibers 310 and 312 may be from about 0.6 D to about 1 D, from about 0.7 D to about 0.9 D, or about 0.8 D. Utilizing a denier within this range helps to provide a soft feel or hand to the second face formed from the second web of fibers 112. Moreover, selecting a denier within this range while still achieving the basis weight of the second web of fibers 112 provides good coverage of the second face.
• each of the fibers 310 and 312 used to form the second web of fibers 112 may include a color property which may be the same or different.
• both of the fibers 310 and 312 include the first color property of the fibers 210.
• each of the fibers 310 and 312 may be dope dyed further reducing the need for post-processing dyeing steps for the resulting composite nonwoven textile.
• FIG. 5 depicts the elastomeric layer 116.
• the elastomeric layer 116 may have a basis weight from about 20 gsm to about 150 gsm, from about 50 gsm to about 70 gsm, from about 55 gsm to about 65 gsm, or about 60 gsm.
• the basis weight of the elastomeric layer 116 may be selected to achieve a desired basis weight for the resulting composite non woven textile.
• the elastomeric layer 116 from a thermoplastic elastomer such as a thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), a thermoplastic polyether ester elastomer (TPEE), combinations of TPU and TPEE, and the like.
• the elastomeric layer may include a spunbond layer, a film, a web, and the like.
• the elastomeric layer 116 may comprise a TPEE spunbond layer, and in another particular aspect, the elastomeric layer 116 may comprise a TPU meltblown layer.
• the elastomeric layer 116 is selected to provide desirable stretch and recovery properties to the composite non wo ven textile 120 while generally maintaining structural integrity during the entanglement process.
• the elastomeric layer 116 may also be selected to have a low basis weight to maintain a low basis weight for the resulting composite nonwoven textile 120, to be breathable and permeable which contributes to the comfort features of an apparel item formed from the composite nonwoven textile 120, and to be pliable to reduce the stiffness of the composite nonwoven textile 120.
• the elastomeric layer 116 has a color property.
• the color property may be the first color property associated with the fibers 210, 310, and 312, although other color properties are contemplated herein.
• FIG. 4 depicts the optional third web of fibers 114 prior to being entangled with other webs.
• the third web of fibers 114 is positioned between the first web of fibers 110 and the second web of fibers 112.
• properties associated with the third web of fibers 114 may be selected to achieve desired end properties for the composite nonwoven textile 120.
• the third web of fibers 114 may be incorporated into the composite non wo ven textile 120 to achieve a desired basis weight for the composite nonwoven textile 120, to achieve a desired thickness for the composite nonwoven textile 120, to achieve a desired insulation property for the composite nonwoven textile 120, to achieve a desired pile for the composite non wo ven textile 120, and the like.
• fibers forming the third web of fibers 114 may having a different color property than fibers used to form the first web of fibers 110 and the second web of fibers 112.
• the third web of fibers 114 has a basis weight of from about 20 gsm to about 150 gsm, from about 35 grams gsm to about 65 gsm, from about 40 gsm to about 60 gsm, from about 45 gsm to about 55 gsm, or about 50 gsm.
• Targeting a basis weight in this range for the third web of fibers 110 provides for a resulting nonwoven textile having a basis weight in a desired range after the third web of fibers 114 is combined with other webs and/or elastomeric layers.
• the third web of fibers 114 is formed of fibers, such as fibers 410 (depicted schematically) that may be oriented generally in a common direction, or two or more common directions, due to a carding and cross-lapping process.
• the fibers 410 may include PET fibers (recycled or virgin) although other virgin and recycled fiber types are contemplated herein (e.g., polyamide, cotton, and the like).
• the fibers 410 may include 100% by weight of recycled fibers such as 100% by weight of recycled PET fibers.
• the fibers 410 may include 100% by weight virgin fibers, or other combinations of virgin and recycled fibers, as desired.
• each of the first web of fibers 110, the second web of fibers 112, and the third web of fibers 114 has been carded and lapped to achieve a desired basis weight.
• each of the webs 110, 112, and 114 has been lightly needled to achieve a cohesive structure. Because the fibers in each of the first, second, and third web of fibers 110, 112, and 114 are in a generally loose web state, they are available for movement during the needle entanglement process.
• the conveyance system 610 may convey the stacked configuration 612 at a rate sufficient to ensure a needed level of entanglement via needle beds to produce desired end properties of the composite non woven textile (e.g., basis weight, thickness, growth and recovery).
• Pass 614 and Pass 616 may occur from different sides of the stacked configuration 612.
• Pass 614 occurs from the first web of fibers 110 in a direction toward the second web of fibers 112 and functionally has the effect of moving and entangling the fibers 210 from the first web of fibers 110 into the third web of fibers 114 and into the second web of fibers 112 and further moving and entangling the fibers 410 from the third web of fibers 114 into the second web of fibers 112.
• Pass 616 which may occur before, after, or simultaneously with Pass 614, is from the second web of fibers 112 toward the first web of fibers 110.
• Pass 616 moves the fibers 310 and 312 through the elastomeric layer 116 and into the third web of fibers 114 and into the first web of fibers 110.
• multiple passes may be utilized such as three passes, four passes, five passes, and the like from different sides of the stacked configuration 612 to achieve desired end properties for the composite nonwoven textile 120.
• Entanglement parameters such as needle selection, number of passes, direction of passes, stitch density per pass, and penetration depth may be selected to achieve desired end properties of the composite nonwoven textile 120.
• the composite nonwoven textile 120 may have grown in the machine direction (i.e., the length direction) and in the cross-machine direction (i.e., the width direction). This concept is known as machine drafting. For example, growth in the cross-machine direction may occur because as the needle passes through the webs of fibers 110, 112, and 114, it creates a void which is filled with fibers which may cause a gradual increase in width dependent upon the stitch density.
• Growth in the machine direction generally depends on the rate of conveyance and the penetration depth.
• the stacked configuration 612 continues to move during the entanglement process so an increase in penetration depth may cause a deflection of the fibers based on the dwell time of the needle (i.e., the conveyance rate). This stretches the composite non wo ven textile 120 in the machine direction.
• the composite non wo ven textile 120 exhibits a greater resistance to stretch in the length direction compared to the width direction (i.e., the textile 120 exhibits an anisotropic stretch property). This difference may be due to the machine drafting as discussed above. For instance, the growth in the machine direction may place the fibers forming the first, second, and third webs 110, 112, and 114 under tension resulting in a greater stretch resistance in the machine direction. This anisotropic stretch feature may impact how pattern pieces are cut and positioned on an article of apparel.
• a greater degree of stretch is generally desired in the horizontal direction (e.g., from a first sleeve opening to a second sleeve opening) compared to the vertical direction (e.g., from a neck opening to a waist opening).
• a pattern piece for the upper-body garment would be cut and positioned such that the width of the textile 120 would extend in the horizontal direction and the length of the textile 120 would extend in the vertical direction.
• the cross-machine direction of the textile 120 would extend in the horizontal direction and the machine direction of the textile 120 would extend vertically.
• the composite nonwoven textile 120 is rolled to form a rolled good 626 which can later be used for forming articles of apparel. It is also contemplated herein that the composite nonwoven textile 120 may undergo processing steps instead of being rolled to form the rolled good 626 or prior to being rolled to form the rolled good 626.
• the composite nonwoven textile 120 may be conveyed to a patterning station where different pattern shapes may be cut from the nonwoven textile 120.
• the composite nonwoven textile 120 may also be conveyed to a printing station where various prints are applied to faces of the nonwoven textile 120.
• the nonwoven textile 120 may be ironed to further smooth the first and second faces of the textile 120.
• the nonwoven textile 120 may also be subject to calendaring, embossing, or different coatings to increase resistance to pilling when this attribute is desired. Any and all aspects, and any variation thereof, are contemplated as being within aspects herein.
• the composite nonwoven textile 120 includes desired properties.
• the composite nonwoven textile 120 may have a final thickness of from about 1.8 mm to about 2.7 mm, from about 1.9 mm to about 2.6 mm, or from about 2 mm to about 2.5 mm.
• the composite nonwoven textile 120 may have a basis weight from about 40 gsm to about 450 gsm, from about 100 gsm to about 350 gsm, from about 150 gsm to about 190 gsm, or about 180 gsm.
• the final basis weight may be impacted by the number of layers (fiber webs) used in the construction, fiber loss due to stripping, machine draft, and the like.
• the composite nonwoven textile 120 may have a thermal resistance from about 50 RCT to about 95 RCT, from about 55 RCT to about 90 RCT, from about 60 RCT to about 85 RCT, or about 65 RCT to about 80 RCT.
• the composite nonwoven textile 120 may exhibit insulation properties associated with typical knit fleeces but have a lower basis weight and/or thickness.
• the composite nonwoven textile 120 may have minimal growth properties and good recovery properties. Using the ASTMD2594 testing standard, the composite nonwoven textile 120 may have a growth in the length direction (i.e., the machine direction) of less than or equal to about 5%, less than or equal to about 4%, less than or equal to about 3%, less than or equal to about 2%, less than or equal to about 1%, less than or equal to about 0.1 %, or less than or equal to 0%.
• the length direction i.e., the machine direction
• the composite nonwoven textile 120 may have a growth in the width direction (i.e., the cross machine direction) of less than or equal to about 10%, less than or equal to about 9%, less than or equal to about 8%, less than or equal to about 7%, less than or equal to about 6%, less than or equal to about 5%, less than or equal to about 4%, less than or equal to about 3%, less than or equal to about 2%, less than or equal to about 1%, less than or equal to about 0.1%, or less than or equal to 0%.
• the composite nonwoven textile 120 may have a recovery of within about 10% of its resting length and width, within about 9% of its resting length and width, within about 8% of its resting length and width, within about 7% of its resting length and width, within about 6% of its resting length and width, within about 5% of its resting length and width, within about 4% of its resting length and width, within about 3% of its resting length and width, within about 2% of its resting length and width, or within about 1% of its resting length and width.
• the stiffness of the composite nonwoven textile 120 which relates to the drapability of the textile 120, is less than or equal to about 0.4 Kgf, less than or equal to about 0.3 Kgf, less than or equal to about 0.2 Kgf, or less than or equal to about 0.1 Kgf.
• the features described above may, in some example aspects, make the composite nonwoven textile 120 suitable for a lightweight, thermal article of apparel for use in cool to cold weather conditions (e.g., a pullover, a hoodie, sweat pants, and the like). In other aspects, the features described above may make the composite nonwoven textile 120 suitable for uses in other articles where asymmetric faces are desired such as an upper for an article of footwear.
• FIGs. 7 and 8 illustrate the different faces of the composite nonwoven textile 120.
• FIG. 7 depicts a first face 710 of the composite nonwoven textile 120 along with the layers of the composite nonwoven textile 120.
• the first face 710 is formed from a first entangled web of fibers 712.
• the first entangled web of fibers 712 includes the fibers 210 from the first web of fibers 110, the fibers 310 and 312 from the second web of fibers 112, and the fibers 410 from the third web of fibers 114.
• the first entangled web of fibers 712 primarily includes the fibers 210 from the first web of fibers 110, while the fibers 310, 312, and 410 are present in smaller amounts.
• a unit area, defined herein as a 1 cm X 1 cm area (cm 2 ) of the first entangled web of fibers 712 includes a first number of fibers having a denier from about 1.2 D to about 3.5 D, or about 1.5 denier such as the fibers 210 and the fibers 410 and a second number of fibers having a denier from about 0.6 D to about 1 D, or about 0.8 D such as the fibers 310 and 312, where the first number of fibers is greater than the second number of fibers.
• the unit area of the first entangled web of fibers 712 has a ratio of the first denier to the second denier in a range of from about 1.5: 1 to about 2:1 or about 1.9:1.
• the first entangled web of fibers 712 has a first average denier per cm 2 .
• the first average denier may be determined by taking a set number of fibers (e.g., WO fibers) per cm 2 , determining the denier of the fibers, and determining the average denier.
• the first average denier may be from about 1.1 D to about 1.4 D.
• FIG. 7 further depicts a second entangled web of fibers 718 that forms a second face 810 of the composite nonwoven textile 120 as shown in FIG. 8.
• the second entangled web of fibers 718 includes the fibers 310 and 312 from the second web of fibers 112, the fibers 410 from the third web of fibers 114, and the fibers 210 from the first web of fibers 110.
• the second entangled web of fibers 718 primarily includes the fibers 3W and 312 from the second web of fibers 112, while the fibers 210 and 410 are present in smaller amounts.
• a unit area of the second entangled web of fibers 718 includes a third number of fibers having a denier from about 0.6 to about 1 D, or about 0.8 D such as the fibers 310 and 312, and a fourth number of fibers having a denier from about 1.2 D to about 3.5 D, or about 1.5 denier such as the fibers 210 and the fibers 410, where the third number of fibers is greater than the fourth number of fibers.
• a unit area of the second entangled web of fibers 718 has a ratio of the third denier to the fourth denier in a range of from about 0.3 : 1 to about 0.7: 1, or about 0.5:1.
• the second entangled web of fibers 718 has a second average denier per cm 2 .
• the second average denier may be greater than the first average denier.
• the second average denier may be from about 0.9 D to about 1 D.
• the composite nonwoven textile 120 further includes a third entangled web of fibers 714.
• the third entangled web of fibers 714 includes the fibers 410 from the third web of fibers 114, the fibers 310 and 312 from the second web of fibers 112, and the fibers 210 from the first web of fibers 110.
• the third entangled web of fibers 714 primarily includes the fibers 410 from the third web of fibers 114, while the fibers 310, 312, and 210 are present in smaller amounts.
• a unit area of the third entangled web of fibers 714 includes a fifth number of fibers having a denier from about 1.2 D to about 3.5 D, or about 1.5 denier such as the fibers 410 and the fibers 210 and a sixth number of fibers having a denier from about 0.6 D to about 1 D, or about 0.8 D such as the fibers 310 and 312, where the fifth number of fibers is greater than the sixth number of fibers.
• a unit area of the third entangled web of fibers 714 has a ratio of the fifth denier to the sixth denier in a range of from about 1.5:1 to about 2:1 or about 1.9:1.
• the third entangled web of fibers 714 has a third average denier per cm 2 .
• the third average denier may be greater than the second average denier.
• the third average denier may be from about 1.1 D to about 1.4 D.
• the composite nonwoven textile 120 shown in FIGs. 7 and 8 further includes the elastomeric layer 116.
• the elastomeric layer 116 is positioned between second entangled web of fibers 718 and the third entangled web of fibers 714
• at least some of the fibers from the first entangled web of fibers 712 and the third entangled web of fibers 714 extend through the elastomeric layer 116 and are entangled with the fibers of the second entangled web of fibers 718
• at least some of the fibers of the second entangled web of fibers 718 extend through the elastomeric layer 116 and are entangled with the fibers of the first entangled web of fibers 712 and the third entangled web of fibers 714.
• portions of the elastomeric layer 116 do not appreciably move in the z-direction during the entanglement process.
• the elastomeric layer 116 extends generally uniformly along an x, y plane and generally remains as a cohesive, unitary structure except for holes through which fibers of the different entangled webs 712, 714, and 718 extend.
• each of the webs 712, 714, and 718 retains features of a distinct layer such that the entangled webs 712, 714 and 718 are distinctly visible in a cross-section of the composite nonwoven textile 120 thus providing a unique aesthetic to cut edges of the composite nonwoven textile 120.
• the second face 810 formed from the second entangled web of fibers 718 includes the silicone-coated fibers 312 (shown in dashed line) in a greater number than the silicone-coated fibers 312 present on the first face 710 formed from the first entangled web of fibers 712.
• a unit area of the second entangled web of fibers 718 includes a greater number of the silicone-coated fibers 312 than a unit area of the first entangled web of fibers 712.
• a unit area of the third entangled web of fibers 714 includes a smaller number of silicone-coated fibers 312 as compared to a unit area of the second entangled web of fibers 718.
• the composite nonwoven textile 120 may comprise from about 10% to about 25% by weight of the silicone- coated fibers 312.
• having the second face 810 of the composite nonwoven textile 120 include silicone-coated fibers provides a soft hand to the second face 810 and reduces the stiffness (i.e., increases the drapability) of the composite nonwoven textile 120.
• FIG. 9 depicts a cross-section of the composite nonwoven textile 120 of FIG. 7 and illustrates the entanglement of fibers from the different entangled webs of fibers.
• the composite nonwoven textile 120 includes the first entangled web of fibers 712 that forms the first face 710, the second entangled web of fibers 718 that forms the second face 810, the third entangled web of fibers 714, and the elastomeric layer 116.
• the third entangled web of fibers 714 is positioned between the first entangled web of fibers 712 and the elastomeric layer 116.
• one or more of the entangled webs of fibers 712, 714, and/or 718 may be optional.
• the fiber 210 from the first entangled web of fibers 712 is shown entangled with the fibers 310 and/or 312 from the second entangled web of fibers 718, and the fiber 210 from the first entangled web of fibers 712 is shown entangled with the fiber 410 from the third entangled web of fibers 714.
• the fiber 410 from the third entangled web of fibers 714 is shown entangled with the fibers 310 and/or 312 from the second entangled web of fibers 718, and the fiber 410 from the third entangled web of fibers 714 is shown entangled with the fiber 210 from the first entangled web of fibers 712.
• the fibers 310 and/or 312 from the second entangled web of fibers 718 is shown entangled with the fiber 210 from the first entangled web of fibers 712, and the fibers 310 and/or 312 is shown entangled with the fiber 410 from the third entangled web of fibers 714.
• one or more of the fibers 210, 310, 312, and 410 extend through the elastomeric layer 116.
• Some of the fibers in FIG. 9 are shown as darkened but this is for illustrative purposes only.
• FIG. 10 depicts an alternative cross-section of the composite nonwoven textile 120.
• the elastomeric layer 116 is positioned between the third entangled web of fibers 714 and the second entangled web of fibers 718.
• the elastomeric layer 116 is positioned between the first entangled web of fibers 712 and the third entangled web of fibers 714.
• the fibers of the different layers are shown entangled together and extending through the elastomeric layer 116 as described for FIG. 9.
• FIG. 11 depicts the cross-section of FIG. 9 with only the silicone-coated fibers 312 shown. As shown in FIG.
• the silicone-coated fibers 312 are present in a greater amount in the second entangled web of fibers 718 but extend through the elastomeric layer 116 into the first entangled web of fibers 712 and the third entangled web of fibers 714.
• FIG. 12 illustrates an example manufacturing process, referenced generally by the numeral 1200, for use in producing a pile on a second face of a composite nonwoven textile.
• aspects of the manufacturing process 1200 as described below have traditionally been used to form Dilour carpets used in, for example, the automotive industry.
• needles punch through a single layer fibrous web, and the punched fibers are retained by a set of brushes. The web is then pulled off the brushes which creates a pile on one side of the web.
• Adaptations to this traditional Dilour process are described herein to make a resulting composite nonwoven textile with features suitable for use in an article of apparel (e.g., a drapable, lofty, soft textile with stretch and recovery features).
• FIG. 12 The depiction of the manufacturing components in FIG. 12 is illustrative only and is meant to convey general features of the manufacturing process 1200. Some of the features of the manufacturing process 1200 are the same as the manufacturing process 600, and, as such, disclosure relating to those steps is the same as that described in relation to FIG. 6. Disclosure with respect to FIG. 12 generally focuses on the differences between the manufacturing process 600 and the manufacturing process 1200 and how those differences impact the properties of the resulting composite nonwoven textile.
• FIG. 12 depicts a conveyance system 1209 that transports a stacked configuration 1218 of a first web of fibers 1210, a second web of fibers 1212, a third web of fibers 1214, and a elastomeric layer 1216 in a machine direction.
• Each of the first web of fibers 1210, the second web of fibers 1212, and the third web of fibers 1214 has been carded and lapped to achieve a desired basis weight.
• each of the webs 1210, 1212, and 1214 has been lightly needled to achieve a cohesive structure.
• the number of webs shown is illustrative, and it is contemplated that the number of webs may be different (less or more) than that shown, Because the fibers in each of the first, second, and third web of fibers 1210, 1212, and 1214 are in a generally loose web state, they are available for movement during the needle entanglement process.
• the first, second, and third web of fibers 1210, 1212, and 1214 may be the same as the first, second, and third web of fibers 110, 112, and 114 used in the manufacturing process 600, and the elastomeric layer 1216 may be the same as the elastomeric layer 116 used in the manufacturing process 600.
• the staple length of the fibers used to form the first, second, and third web of fibers 1210, 1212, and 1214 may be slightly longer than the staple length of the fibers used to form the first, second, and third web of fibers 110, 112, and 114.
• the staple length may be from about 60 mm to about 70 mm, from about 62 mm to about 68 mm, or about 64 mm.
• the fibers used to form the first, second, and third web of fibers 1210, 1212, and 1214 may be the same as the fibers used to form the first, second, and third web of fibers 110, 112, and 114 (e.g., same fiber type, denier, coatings, color properties, and the like).
• the rate of conveyance may be the same or different from the rate of conveyance as described for the manufacturing process 600. In example aspects, the rate of conveyance is selected to achieve the desired entanglement and pile of the resulting composite nonwoven textile.
• the stacked configuration 1218 passes one or more needle boards as indicated at example Pass 1220 and example Pass 1222.
• Pass 1228 also known as a Dilour pass, occurs subsequent to Pass 1220 and Pass 1222.
• one or more special needles may be used for Pass 1228.
• one or more of the needles, or all of the needles may include a forked tip that captures a fiber along its length as the needle traverses the stacked configuration 1218 to form a loop.
• Pass 1228 occurs from the direction of the first web of fibers 1210 toward the second web of fibers 1212.
• a set of brushes 1230 is positioned adjacent to a face of the second web of fibers 1212.
• the fibers and fiber loops held by the set of brushes 1230 After being pulled off of the set of brushes 1230, the fibers and fiber loops held by the set of brushes 1230 have a common orientation in a z-direction with respect to a surface plane of, for example, the second web of fibers 1212. As discussed more with respect to FIG. 15, the distal ends of the fibers and fiber loops held by the set of brushes 1230 extend a predetermined distance away from the face of the second web of fibers 1212.
• the stitch density of Pass 1228 may be greater than the stitch density of the previous passes.
• the stitch density of Pass 1228 may be from about 300 n/cm 2 to about 1200 n/cm 2 , from about 400 n/cm 2 to about 800 n/cm 2 , from about 500 n/cm 2 to about 700 n/cm 2 , or about 600 n/cm 2 .
• subjecting the first face to a high stitch density such as that used in Pass 1228 may reduce the formation of pills on the first face of the resulting composite nonwoven textile.
• the penetration depth of Pass 1228 may be adjusted to produce a longer pile or a shorter pile.
• the resulting composite nonwoven textile may be rolled to form a rolled good 1236 although other processing steps are contemplated herein (e.g., pattern cutting, printing, calendaring, embossing, coating, and the like) as discussed above with respect to the manufacturing process 600.
• the stitch density before Pass 1228 may be reduced compared to, for example, the stitch density of Pass 614 and Pass 616 of the manufacturing process 600 to ensure that the elastomeric layer 1216 is not ovemeedled before Pass 1228 since the stitch density of Pass 1228 is high. Overneedling the elastomeric layer 1216 may impact the structural integrity of the elastomeric layer 1216 and negatively affect the growth and recovery properties of the resulting composite nonwoven textile.
• the end result of the manufacturing process 1200 is a composite nonwoven textile having a desired basis weight, a desired loft, and a pile that has a uniform coverage on a second face of the textile, where the coverage may include both fibers ends and fiber loops, just fiber ends, or just fiber loops depending on needle selection.
• FIGs. 13 and 14 respectively depict a first face 1310 and an opposite second face 1410 of a composite nonwoven textile 1300 produced by the manufacturing process 1200.
• the composite nonwoven textile 1300 includes a first entangled web of fibers 1312, a second entangled web of fibers 1314, a third entangled web of fibers 1316, and the elastomeric layer 1216.
• the description of the different layers of the composite nonwoven textile 1300 is generally the same as the description of the different layers of the composite nonwoven textile 120 described in relation to FIGs. 7 and 8 and as such, will not be repeated here.
• the second face 1410 includes terminal ends of fibers 1412 as well as loops 1414 that extend away from the second face 1410 by a predetermined amount.
• the number of the fibers 1412 and the loops 1414 depicted in FIG. 14 is illustrative only, and it is contemplated herein that the second face 1410 may include all loops 1414, all terminal ends of fibers 1412, and any combination thereof.
• the fibers 1412 may include fibers from the first web of fibers 1210, the second web of fibers 1212, and/or the third web of fibers 1214.
• the loops 1414 may be formed from fibers of the first web of fibers 1210, the second web of fibers 1212, and/or the third web of fibers 1214.
• the denier of the fibers 1412 may be from about 0.6 D to about 1 D, or about 0.8 D. Or the denier of the fibers 1412 may be from about 1.3 D to about 3.5 D, or about 1.5 D.
• the denier of the fibers forming the loops 1414 may be from about 0.6 D to about 1 D, or about 0.8 D. Or the denier of the fibers forming the loops 1414 may be from about 1.3 D to about 3.5 D, or about 1.5 D.
• FIG. 15 is a cross-section of the composite nonwoven textile 1300 and includes the first entangled web of fibers 1312, the second entangled web of fibers 1314, the third entangled web of fibers 1316, and the elastomeric layer 1216.
• each of the first, second, and third entangled webs of fibers 1312, 1314, and 1316 extend in respective x, y planes that are generally parallel and offset from each other.
• the fibers 1412 and the fiber loops 1414 extend in a z-direction away from the second face 1410 of the composite nonwoven textile 1300.
• the fibers forming the second entangled web of fibers 1314 have a longitudinal length that extends from the elastomeric layer 1216 to a distal end of the respective fibers, where the distal end of the respective fibers, as shown by reference numeral 1510 (darkened for illustrative purposes), extends in a z-direction away from the second face 1410 by a predetermined amount.
• the distal ends of the respective fibers may include a terminal end such as with the fibers 1412 or an apex of a loop as with the loops 1414.
• the predetermined amount may be from about 1.5 mm to about 8.1 mm, from about 3.5 mm to about 6.5 mm, from about 3 mm to about 6 mm, or about 4 mm.
• the fibers forming the different layers of the composite nonwoven textile 120 may have different color properties that impart a unique aesthetic to the nonwoven textile 120 as shown in FIGs. 16-18.
• FIG. 16 depicts the first face 710 of the composite nonwoven textile 120
• FIG. 17 depicts the second face 810 of the composite nonwoven textile 120.
• the fibers 210 of the first web of fibers 1 10 have a first color property
• the fibers 310 and 312 of the second web of fibers 112 have the first color property
• the elastomeric layer 116 has the first color property.
• the fibers 410 of the third web of fibers 114 have a second color property that is different from the first color property.
• the fibers 410 of the third entangled web of fibers 114 are unequally pushed to the first face 710 and the second face 810 of the composite nonwoven textile 120 based, at least in part, on the order of the webs in the stacked configuration 612 and the entanglement parameters.
• the dark dots shown in FIGs. 16 and 17 represent the second color property (referenced by numeral 1610) imparted by the fibers 410 and the white space represents the first color property (referenced by numeral 1612) imparted by the fibers 210, 310, 312, and 410.
• the second color property 1610 is visually discernible or distinguishable to a greater degree on the first face 710 compared to the second face 810.
• the fibers 410 with the second color property 1610 may include a greater number of fibers per unit area on the first face 710 compared to the second face 810.
• the first color property 1612 on the second face 810 may be enhanced (or more visually perceptible) due to the elastomeric layer 116 having the first color property 1612 as the elastomeric layer may be visible in some areas on the second face 810.
• the overall look imparted by the fibers 410 to the first face 710 and the second face 810 is a heather-like effect with the heather-like effect being more pronounced on the first face 710.
• the patterning of the first color property 1612 and the second color property 1610 shown in FIGs. 16 and 17 is illustrative only and it is contemplated herein that the patterning may be different from that shown.
• the manufacturing process 600 produces a random entanglement of the different fibers of the composite nonwoven textile 120 such that the patterning is variable over the first face 710 and the second face 810 of the non woven textile 120.
• the overall color properties of the different faces 710 and 810 of the composite non wo ven textile 120 may be adjusted by varying the color properties of the fibers forming the different layers of the textile 120, changing the entanglement parameters, varying the stacking order of the carded webs prior to entanglement, and the like. Any and all aspects, and any variation thereof, are contemplated as being within aspects herein.
• FIG. 18 depicts a cross-section of the composite nonwoven textile 120 of FIG. 16.
• the fibers 410 having the second color property 1610 are pushed to both the first face 710 and the second face 810 of the composite nonwoven textile 120 such that the second color property 1610 is visually perceived on the opposing first and second faces 710 and 810.
• more of the fibers 410 may be pushed to the first face 710 compared to the second face 810 such that the second color property 1610 is visually discernible to a greater degree on the first face 710 compared to the second face 810.
• Having a composite nonwoven textile with different color properties on opposing surfaces may be useful when the textile is incorporated into an article of apparel.
• the different color properties may provide a visual marker to a wearer as to which side of the article of apparel is outer-facing or inner-facing.
• the different color properties may enable the article of apparel to be worn in two different configurations (right-side out and inside out) where different visual appearances are associated with each configuration.
• the composite nonwoven textile 120 may exhibit a different resistance to pilling on the first face 710 compared to the second face 810 in response to wash and wear.
• the different resistances to pilling between the first face 710 and the second face 810 may be a desired property to produce a desired aesthetic and hand feel.
• Properties associated with the first, second, and third webs 110, 112, and 114 and properties associated with the order of stacking of the webs 110, 112, and 114 may be adjusted to engineer a differential resistance to pilling on the first face 710 and the second face 810.
• the first face 710 is more resistant to pilling compared to the second face 810.
• the second face 810 may produce a greater number of pills per cm 2 in response to wash and wear compared to the first face 710.
• the different in resistance to pilling between the first face 710 and the second face 810 of the nonwoven textile 120 may be due to a number of factors.
• the greater number of silicone-coated fibers 312 present on the second face 810 increases the likelihood of fiber ends migrating out of the second face 810 and entangling with other fibers ends to form pills that extend away from the second face 810.
• Pass 614 is from the first face 710 toward the second face 810. This pass may push some of the fibers ends out through the second face 810 where they may entangle to form pills.
• FIG. 19 illustrates the first face 710 of the composite nonwoven textile 120 at a first point in time.
• the first point in time may be immediately after the nonwoven textile 120 is formed.
• the first face 710 is shown without a depiction of the fibers forming the first face 710 to better illustrate the pills.
• the first face 710 may not include any pills (as shown), or it may include a first number of pills per cm 2 .
• FIG. 21 illustrates the second face 810 of the composite nonwoven textile 120 at the first point in time.
• the second face 810 is also shown without a depiction of the fibers forming the second face 810 to better illustrate the pills.
• the second face 810 may not include any pills (as shown), or it may include a second number of pills per cm 2 .
• FIG. 20 illustrates the first face 710 at a second point in time after the first point in time. The second point in time may be after one or more washes or after a certain amount of wear or use.
• the first face 710 includes a third number of pills per cm 2 , such as pills 2010, where the third number of pills per cm 2 is greater than the first number of pills per cm 2 .
• FIG. 22 illustrates the second face 810 at the second point in time.
• the second face 810 includes a fourth number of pills per cm 2 , such as pills 2210, where the fourth number of pills per cm 2 is greater than the second number of pills per cm 2 . Additionally, the fourth number of pills per cm 2 is greater than the third amount of pills per cm 2 present on the first face 710 at the second point in time.
• the first face 710 forms an outer- facing surface of the article of apparel and, in example aspects, may form an outermost-facing surface of the article of apparel.
• the second face 810 forms an inner-facing surface of the article of apparel and, in example aspects, may form an innermost-facing surface of the article of apparel.
• the greater rate of pilling (or less pilling resistance) of the second face 810 may cause the inner-facing surface of the article of apparel to have a greater number of pills per cm 2 compared to the outer-facing surface of the article of apparel which is somewhat contrary to typical articles of apparel where pills may preferentially form on the outer-facing surface in areas exposed to greater abrasion (e.g., elbow area).
• FIG. 23 illustrates an outer- facing surface 2310 of an article of apparel 2300 at a first point in time, where the article of apparel 2300 is formed from the composite nonwoven textile 120 such that the first face 710 of the composite nonwoven textile 120 forms the outer-facing surface 2310.
• the first point in time may be immediately after the article of apparel 2300 is formed.
• the outer-facing surface 2310 is shown without a depiction of the fibers forming the outer-facing surface 2310 to better illustrate the pills.
• the outer- facing surface 2310 may not include any pills (as shown), or it may include a first number of pills per cm 2 .
• FIG. 25 illustrates an inner-facing surface 2510 of the article of apparel 2300 at the first point in time, where the inner-facing surface 2510 is formed from the second face 810 of the composite nonwoven textile 120. The inner- facing surface 2510 is also shown without a depiction of the fibers forming the inner-facing surface 2510 to better illustrate the pills.
• the inner-facing surface 2510 may not include any pills (as shown), or it may include a second number of pills per cm 2 .
• FIG. 24 illustrates the outer- facing surface 2310 at a second point in time after the first point in time.
• the second point in time may be after one or more washes or after a certain amount of wear.
• the outer- facing surface 2310 includes a third number of pills per cm 2 , such as pills 2410, where the third number of pills per cm 2 is greater than the first number of pills per cm 2 .
• FIG. 26 illustrates the inner-facing surface 2510 at the second point in time.
• the inner-facing surface 2510 includes a fourth number of pills per cm 2 , such as pills 2610, where the fourth number of pills per cm 2 is greater than the second number of pills per cm 2 . Additionally, the fourth number of pills per cm 2 is greater than the third amount of pills per cm 2 present on the outer-facing surface 2310 at the second point in time.
• the composite nonwoven textile 120 may be subjected to a number of post-processing steps that increase the resistance to pilling on the first face 710 and the second face 810.
• Example post-processing steps may include calendaring (hot or cold), embossing, treating the first face 710 and/or second face 810 with coatings such as, for example, an oil-based polyurethane, and the like. Any and all aspects, and any variation thereof, are contemplated as being within aspects herein.
• FIG. 27 illustrates an example article of apparel 2700 formed from the composite nonwoven textile 120 and/or the composite nonwoven textile 1300.
• the article of apparel 2700 is in the form of an upper-body garment with short sleeves although other configurations are contemplated herein such as a jacket, a hoodie, a long-sleeved shirt, a sleeveless shirt, a vest, and the like.
• the article of apparel 2700 includes an outer-facing surface 2710 and an inner- facing surface (not visible). As shown, the outer-facing surface 2710 is an outermost-facing surface of the article of apparel. In example aspects, the inner-facing surface is an innermost- facing surface of the article of apparel 2700.
• the first face 710 forms the outer-facing surface 2710 and the second face 810 forms the inner-facing surface of the article of apparel 2700.
• the first face 1310 forms the outer- facing surface 2710 and the second face 1410 forms the inner-facing surface of the article of apparel 2700.
• the composite non woven textiles 120 and/or 1300 are oriented such that the width direction of the textiles 120 and/or 1300 (i.e., the cross-machine direction) is oriented to extend between a first sleeve opening 2712 and a second sleeve opening 2714, and the length direction of the textiles 120 and/or 1300 (i.e., the machine direction) is oriented to extend between a neck opening 2716 and a waist opening 2718 of the article of apparel 2700.
• the width direction of the textiles 120 and/or 1300 have less resistance to stretch than the length direction of the textiles 120 and/or 1300. This orientation may be switched if different stretch features are desired for different portions of the article of apparel 2700.
• Forming the article of apparel 2700 from the composite nonwoven textiles 120 and/or 1300 impart different properties to the outer-facing surface 2710 and the inner-facing surface.
• the outer-facing surface 2710 may have a greater resistance to abrasion due to the presence of a greater amount of the fibers 210 compared to, for example, the fibers 310 and 312.
• the outer-facing surface 2710 may also have different color properties than the inner- facing surface due to the unequal movement of the fibers 410 between the first face and the second face of the composite nonwoven textiles 120 and/or 1300.
• the inner-facing surface of the article of apparel 2700 may have a softer hand due to, for example, a greater amount of the silicone-coated fibers 312 compared to, for example, the outer-facing surface 2710.
• the soft hand may be due to the smaller denier of the fibers 310 and 312 that primarily form the inner-facing surface of the article of apparel 2700.
• FIG. 28 depicts another example article of apparel 2800 formed from the composite nonwoven textile 120 or the composite nonwoven textile 1300.
• the article of apparel 2800 is in the form of a lower-body garment. Although shown as a pant, it is contemplated herein that the article of apparel 2800 may be in the form of a short, a capri, a tight, and the like.
• the article of apparel 2800 includes an outer-facing surface 2810 and an inner-facing surface (not visible). As shown, the outer-facing surface 2810 is an outermost-facing surface of the article of apparel. In example aspects, the inner-facing surface is an innermost-facing surface of the article of apparel 2800.
• the first face 710 forms the outer-facing surface 2810 and the second face 810 forms the inner-facing surface of the article of apparel 2800.
• the first face 1310 forms the outer-facing surface 2810 and the second face 1410 forms the inner-facing surface of the article of apparel 2800.
• the composite nonwoven textiles 120 and/or 1300 are oriented such that the width direction of the textiles 120 and/or 1300 (i.e., the cross-machine direction) is oriented to extend between a first lateral side 2812 and a second lateral side 2814, and the length direction of the textiles 120 and/or 1300 (i.e., the machine direction) is oriented to extend between a waist opening 2816 and leg openings 2818 of the article of apparel 2800.
• the width direction of the textiles 120 and/or 1300 have less resistance to stretch than the length direction of the textiles 120 and/or 1300. This orientation may be switched if different stretch features are desired for different portions of the article of apparel 2800.
• the asymmetric faces of the composite nonwoven textiles 120 and/or 1300 impart different desired features to the outer-facing surface 2810 and the inner- facing surface of the article of apparel 2800.
• the composite nonwoven textiles 120 and/or 1300 may be utilized in other articles of apparel where different features on the outer-facing surface versus the inner-facing surface are desired.
• Such articles of apparel may include, for example, an upper of an article of footwear.
• the composite nonwoven textile 120 may be subjected to pre-formation steps and/or one or more post-processing steps that increase the resistance to pilling on the first face 710 and/or the second face 810.
• FIG. 29 illustrates an example rotogravure system 2900 adapted to apply a chemical binder to the composite nonwoven textile 120 to reduce the formation of pills on at least the first face 710 of the composite nonwoven textile 120.
• the chemical binder may be applied to one or more of the webs of fibers such as the first web of fibers 110, the second web of fibers 112, and/or the third web of fibers 114 before the webs 110, 112, and/or 114 are incorporated into the composite nonwoven textile 120.
• the chemical binder may be applied to just the fibers that make up the individual webs such as the fibers 210 of the first web of fibers 110, the fibers 310 and 312 of the second web of fibers 112, and/or the fibers 410 of the third web of fibers 114.
• the chemical binder may be applied to the finished composite nonwoven textile 120 (the composite nonwoven textile after the individual webs 110, 112, and/or 114 have been stacked and entangled with each other).
• the chemical binder may bond together, for example, one or more of the fibers 210, the fibers 310 and 312, and/or the fibers 410 that are present on the first face 710.
• the chemical binder may be applied in an aqueous dispersion or an oil-based dispersion.
• the chemical binder may include an oil-based polyurethane binder.
• the term “chemical bonding site,” as used herein refers to the location of the chemical bond and it furthers refers to the chemical binder itself as applied to the composite nonwoven textile at the chemical bonding site.
• the components depicted in FIG. 29 are illustrative and are meant to convey general concepts associated with the rotogravure system 2900.
• the system 2900 may include additional components or fewer components, and the components may have different configurations than that shown.
• the rotogravure system 2900 includes a gravure roller 2910 adapted to rotate in a first direction 2912.
• the gravure roller 2910 has an engraved pattern 2914.
• the gravure roller 2910 is supplied with a chemical binder 2916.
• the gravure roller 2910 may be partially immersed in a tray 2918 that holds the chemical binder 2916.
• the gravure roller 2910 rotates in the first direction 2912, the chemical binder 2916 fills the engraved pattern 2914.
• excess chemical binder 2916 is scraped from the gravure roller 2910 before the gravure roller 2910 makes contact with the composite nonwoven textile 120 in order to remove excess chemical binder 2916.
• a viscosity of the chemical binder 2916 before application may be selected to achieve a desired level of penetration into the composite nonwoven textile 120 after the chemical binder 2916 is applied to, for example, the first face 710 of the composite nonwoven textile 120.
• the viscosity of the chemical binder 2916 when it is in the form of an oil-based polyurethane may range from about 960 millipascal-second (mPa.s) to about 1020 mPa.s, from about 970 mPa.s to about 1010 mPa.s, or from about 980 mPa.s to about 1000 mPa.s when at application temperatures from about 28 degrees Celsius to about 33 degrees Celsius and at a relative humidity from about 50% to about 80%.
• mPa.s millipascal-second
• the rotogravure system 2900 further includes an impression roller 2920 that rotates in a second direction 2922 opposite the first direction 2912.
• the composite nonwoven textile 120 is positioned between the impression roller 2920 and the gravure roller 2910 such that the first face 710 of the composite nonwoven textile 120 is in contact with the gravure roller 2910 and the second face 810 is in contact with the impression roller 2920.
• the gravure roller 2910 and the impression roller 2920 may each be adapted to apply a certain amount of pressure and heat to the composite nonwoven textile 120.
• the pressure applied by each of the gravure roller 2910 and the impression roller 2920 may range from about 20 kg to about 60 kg, from about 25 kg to about 55 kg, or from about 30 kg to about 50 kg.
• the gravure roller 2910 and the impression roller 2920 may apply different amounts of pressure.
• the gravure roller 2910 may apply a pressure of 30 kg and the impression roller 2920 may apply a pressure of 50 kg.
• the gravure roller 2910 may apply a pressure of 50 kg and the impression roller 2920 may apply a pressure of 30 kg.
• the chemical binder 2916 is transferred from the engraved pattern 2914 to the first face 710.
• the impression roller 2920 applies force to ensure that an entirety of the first face 710 is brought into contact with the gravure roller 2910 such that an even coverage of the chemical binder 2916 is applied to the first face 710 in a pattern corresponding to the engraved pattern 2914.
• the rotogravure system 2900 is depicted as applying the chemical binder 2916 to only the first face 710, aspects herein contemplate that the chemical binder 2916 may also be applied to the second face 810.
• the composite nonwoven textile 120 may be re-run through the rotogravure system 2900 such that the second face 810 is in contact with the gravure roller 2910 and the first face 710 is in contact with the impression roller 2920.
• additional rotogravure systems may be serially aligned.
• the chemical binder 2916 may compositionally comprise an oilbased dispersion of a polyurethane binder, a polyurethane binder in a dispersion that contains silica, and combinations thereof.
• silica reduces the friction between fibers to which the chemical binder 2916 is applied, which will make the fibers less likely to pill when exposed to abrasion or external friction (i.e., they slide more easily relative to each other).
• the chemical binder 2916 acts as an adhesive helping to secure fibers together in areas where it is applied.
• the terminal ends of the fibers are less prone to pilling and the overall pilling resistance of at least the first face 710 of the composite nonwoven textile 120 is increased.
• the first face 710 of the composite nonwoven textile 120 forms an outer-facing surface of the garment.
• the application of the chemical binder 2916 helps to increase the pilling resistance of the outerfacing surface of the garment which may be more prone to abrasion than, for example, the inner-facing surface of the garment formed by the second face 810.
• FIG. 30 depicts a portion of the gravure roller 2910 including the engraved pattern 2914.
• the engraved pattern 2914 is depicted as a regular pattern of recessed cells, such as cell 3010, where the cells 3010 have a similar size.
• Aspects herein contemplate configuring the engraved pattern 2914 to include discrete shapes that are separated and distinct from one another as opposed to a continuous pattern (e.g., continuous lines or shapes that extend from each other).
• the cells 3010 may have varying depths.
• the engraved pattern 2914 depicted in FIG. 30 is illustrative, and it is contemplated herein that other patterns, including irregular or organic patterns may be used herein.
• the size of each of the cells 3010 may vary with respect to one another to achieve a desired pattern on the composite nonwoven textile 120.
• a different engraved pattern may be used when the chemical binder 2916 is applied to the second face 810.
• the engraved pattern may include smaller cells that may be spaced farther apart from each other.
• the engraved pattern 2914 may be selected such that an average size 3012 of each cell 3010, and its corresponding chemical bonding site on the composite nonwoven textile 120 ranges from about 0.1 mm to about 1 mm. Moreover, a distance 3014 between adjacent cells 3010, and the corresponding chemical bonding sites on the composite nonwoven textile 120 ranges from about 0.5 mm to about 6 mm, from about 1 mm to about 5 nini, or about 1.1 mm to about 4 mm.
• the size 3012 of the cells 3010 and/or the distance 3014 between adjacent cells 3010 may be selected based on an average staple length of, for example, the fibers that form the first face 710 (e.g., the fibers 210, 310, 312, and, when used 410), and/or the fibers that form the second face 810 (e.g., the fibers 210, 310, 312, and, when used 410).
• the staple length of the fibers 210, 310, and 312 may range from about 40 mm to about 60 mm, from about 45 mm to about 55 mm, or about 51 mm.
• the size 3012 and/or distance 3014 between adjacent cells 3010 may be less than about 60 mm, less than about 55 mm, or less than about 51 mm. This ensures that different portions of an individual fiber length are secured by the chemical binder 2916.
• the engraved pattern 2914 By configuring the engraved pattern 2914 to include discrete shapes having the size and spacing as described, a desired amount of surface area of the composite nonwoven textile 120 occupied by the resulting chemical bonding sites is achieved.
• the surface area of the composite nonwoven textile 120 occupied by the resulting chemical bonding sites is balanced by the desire to maintain the drape, hand, and growth and recovery characteristics of the composite nonwoven textile 120. For example, if the surface area of the composite nonwoven textile 120 occupied by chemical bonding sites exceeds a threshold, then the drape and growth and recovery characteristics of the composite nonwoven textile 120 are reduced due to the adhesive characteristics of the chemical binder 2916 although resistance to pilling is increased.
• the hand of the composite nonwoven textile 120 may become more rubber-like which may decrease its desirability for use in apparel.
• the pilling resistance of at least the first face 710 of the composite nonwoven textile 120 may be less than desired.
• the amount of surface area of the composite nonwoven textile 120 occupied by the chemical bonding sites may be between about 10% to about 70%, or between about 40% to about 60% to produce a pilling resistance of 2 or greater while still maintaining desired drape, hand, and growth and recovery characteristics.
• a rotogravure system such as the rotogravure system 2900 is just one example way of applying a liquid form of the chemical binder 2916 to the composite nonwoven textile 120.
• Other application methods may include spraying the chemical binder 2916, and/or applying the chemical binder 2916 as a foam or powder.
• a mask may be used in areas of the composite nonwoven textile 120 where the chemical binder 2916 is not desired.
• An additional application method includes digitally printing the chemical binder 2916 on to the composite nonwoven textile 120. Digital printing may be desirable, in some aspects, where a zonal application of the chemical binder 2916 is desired.
• a computer program may be used to instruct the digital printer to print the chemical binder 2916 in a desired pattern including a pattern where the density of chemical bonding sites is greater in a first area of the composite nonwoven textile 120 compared to a second area of the composite non wo ven textile 120.
• density refers to a number of discrete bonding sites per cm 2 . Zonal application of chemical bonding sites will be described further below with respect to FIGs. 34 and 35.
• FIG. 31 depicts an illustrative schematic of the composite nonwoven textile 120 after being finished by the rotogravure system 2900 or the other application methods described herein.
• FIG. 31 depicts the first face 710 of the composite nonwoven textile 120 having a plurality of chemical bonding sites 3110 with a pattern corresponding to, for example, the engraved pattern 2914 of the gravure roller 2910.
• the size and spacing between adjacent chemical bonding sites 3110 may correspond to the size 3012 of the cells 3010 of the gravure roller 2910 and the distance 3014 between adjacent cells 3010 of the gravure roller 2910.
• the first face 710 of the composite nonwoven textile 120 may have a first color property and the chemical bonding sites 3110 may have a second color property different from the first color property.
• the second color property of the plurality of chemical bonding sites 3110 in combination with the first color property of the first face 710 may provide an interesting visual aesthetic.
• FIG. 32 depicts an illustrative schematic of the second face 810 of the composite nonwoven textile 120.
• the chemical bonding sites 3110 may be absent from the second face 810.
• the second face 810 may not include any chemical bonding sites 3110.
• the second face 810 forms an inner-facing surface of the resulting garment.
• the presence or absence of pills may not be as important from an aesthetic perspective and, thus, the chemical binder 2916 may not be applied to the second face 810 in order to reduce material costs.
• the chemical binder 2916 may be applied to the second face 810 to increase the resistance to pilling when that attribute it desired.
• the surface area of the second face 810 occupied by the plurality of chemical bonding sites 3110 may be reduced compared to the first face 710.
• the surface area of the second face 810 occupied by the plurality of chemical bonding sites 3110 may be less than the surface area of the first face 710 occupied by the plurality of chemical bonding sites 3110. This is done to ensure that the soft hand imparted by the use of the silicone-coated fibers 312 and the small denier of the fibers 310 and 312 is relatively maintained.
• FIG. 33 depicts a cross-section of a portion of the composite nonwoven textile 120 having a chemical bonding site 3110.
• the chemical binder 2916 at the chemical bonding site 3110 is depicted as sitting atop the first face 710 of the composite nonwoven textile 120.
• the chemical binder 2916 may have an application thickness 3310 between about 0.1 mm to about 0.2 mm to achieve a desired degree of chemical bonding of the fibers. Further, in some example aspects, the application thickness 3310 may cause the chemical binder 2916 to extend outward from the first face 710 at the chemical bonding site 3110 to form a dimple-like structure.
• the application thickness 3310 of the chemical binder 2916 may be adjusted based on, for instance, the depth of the cells 3010 of the gravure roller 2910 (i.e., deeper cells equates to increased thickness).
• the temperature of the gravure roller 2910 and the impression roller 2920 and the amount of pressure applied to the composite nonwoven textile 120 by the gravure roller 2910 and the impression roller 2920 as well as parameters associated with the chemical binder 2916 such as application temperature and viscosity may be adjusted to achieve more or less penetration of the chemical binder 2916 into the thickness of the composite non wo ven textile 120 with respect to the first face 710.
• an increased pressure and a reduced viscosity may be associated with a relatively greater penetration of the chemical binder 2916 into the composite nonwoven textile 120, while a reduced temperature and an increased viscosity may be associated with a relatively reduced penetration of the chemical binder 2916 into the composite nonwoven textile 120.
• the level of penetration of the chemical binder 2916 may be adjusted based on desired drape, hand feel, and growth and recovery characteristics of the composite nonwoven textile 120 where a greater penetration may be associated with a reduced drape and reduced growth and recovery characteristics but an increased resistance to pilling.
• the chemical binder 2916 may not extend past the elastomeric layer 116 when applied to the first face 710. Stated differently, when the chemical binder 2916 is applied to the first face 710 it does not penetrate into the second entangled web of fibers 718.
• FIGs. 34 and 35 illustrate a zonal application of the chemical binder 2916.
• Zonal application of the chemical binder 2916 may be executed in a number of different ways.
• a digital printer may be used to apply the chemical binder 2916 according to a computer program that may specify areas in which a greater density of chemical bonding sites are applied and areas where a smaller density of chemical bonding sites are applied.
• Zonal application may also be carried out using spray, foam, or powder applications where different portions of the composite nonwoven textile are masked to produce areas having a greater density and a smaller density of chemical bonding sites.
• a gravure roller such as the gravure roller 2910 may be configured to have a greater density of cells at one portion of the gravure roller and a smaller density of cells at another portion of the gravure roller.
• zonal application of the chemical binder 2916 may be achieved using a cut- and-sew method where a first composite nonwoven textile may include a greater density of chemical bonding sites compared to a second composite nonwoven textile. Patterns may be cut from each of the first composite nonwoven textile and the second composite nonwoven textile, and a garment may be formed from the patterns. In this aspect, the pattern from the first composite nonwoven textile may be positioned on the garment at areas that experience relatively higher rates of abrasion.
• FIG. 34 depicts a back view of an example upper-body garment 3400 having a back torso portion 3410, a front torso portion (not shown in FIG. 34) that together define a neck opening 3412 and a waist opening 3414.
• the upper-body garment 3400 further includes a first sleeve 3416 and an opposite second sleeve 3418.
• the upper-body garment 3400 may include other forms such as a pullover, a hoodie, a jacket/coat, a vest, a short sleeved upper-body garment, and the like.
• the upper-body garment 3400 may be formed from the composite nonwoven textile 120.
• the first face 710 of the composite nonwoven textile 120 forms an outer-facing surface 3401 of the upper-body garment 3400
• the second face 810 of the composite nonwoven textile 120 forms an inner-facing surface of the upper-body garment 3400.
• the upper-body garment 3400 includes a plurality of chemical bonding sites 3415 located on at least the outer- facing surface 3401.
• the depiction of the chemical bonding sites is illustrative in nature and not necessarily drawn to scale.
• the number of chemical bonding sites, the size of the chemical bonding sites, and the spacing between the chemical bonding sites is illustrative.
• the chemical bonding sites 3415 may be absent from the inner-facing surface of the upper-body garment 3400.
• a greater density of chemical bonding sites 3415 may be applied to areas of the upperbody garment 3400 that typically experience higher rates of abrasion.
• areas that may typically experience higher rates of abrasion include, for example, the elbow areas, collar area, waistband area, and cuff area.
• the areas of application of a greater density of chemical bonding sites may be based on a particular sport for which the upper-body garment 3400 is designed. In one example where the sport is running, a greater density of chemical bonding sites may be applied along the sides of the torso portion and in the underarm portion as these areas may experience a relatively higher amount of abrasion due to a wearer’s arm movements when running.
• FIG. 35 depicts a front view of an example lower-body garment 3500 having a front torso portion 3510 and a back torso portion (not shown in FIG. 35) that together define a waist opening 3512.
• the lower-body garment 3500 further includes a first leg portion 3514 with a first leg opening 3516 and a second leg portion 3518 with a second leg opening 3520.
• the lower-body garment 3500 may include other forms such as a short, a tight, a three-quarter pant, and the like.
• the lower-body garment 3500 may be formed from the composite nonwoven textile 120.
• the first face 710 of the composite nonwoven textile 120 forms an outer-facing surface 3501 of the lower-body garment 3500
• the second face 810 of the composite nonwoven textile 120 forms an inner-facing surface of the lower-body garment 3500.
• the lower-body garment 3500 includes a plurality of chemical bonding sites 3515 located on at least the outer- facing surface 3501.
• the depiction of the chemical bonding sites is illustrative in nature and not necessarily drawn to scale.
• the number of chemical bonding sites, the size of the chemical bonding sites, and the spacing between the chemical bonding sites is illustrative.
• the chemical bonding sites 3515 may be absent from the inner-facing surface of the lower-body garment 3500.
• a greater density of the chemical bonding sites 3515 may be applied to areas of the lower-body garment 3500 that typically experience higher rates of abrasion.
• knee areas 3522 may have a greater density of the chemical bonding sites 3 15 as indicated by box 3524 compared to, for example, the front torso portion 3510, the back torso portion, and other portions of the first leg portion 3514 and the second leg portion 3518 as indicated by box 3526.
• the difference in density of the chemical bonding sites 3515 on the lower-body garment 3500 is illustrative, and it is contemplated herein that other portions of the lower-body garment 3500 may include a relatively greater density of the chemical bonding sites 3515 based on abrasion patterns as described above.
• the thermal bonds would bond together, for example, one or more of the fibers 210, the fibers 310 and 312, and/or the fibers 410.
• thermal bonding refers to a process that may include locally heating fibers to melt, partially melt, and/or soften the fibers. This permits polymer chain relaxation and diffusion or polymer flow across fiber-fiber interfaces between two crossing fibers. Subsequent cooling of the fibers causes them to re-solidify and to trap the polymer chain segments that diffused across the fiber-fiber interfaces. The thermal bonds trap the terminal ends of the fibers and makes the fibers ends less prone to interacting with other fiber ends to form pills.
• thermal bonding site refers to the location of the thermal bond on the composite nonwoven textile
• thermal bond structure refers to the actual structure formed by the re-solidified fibers and/or materials and typically includes fibers and materials from the different webs of fibers used to form the composite nonwoven textile 120.
• film form as used herein also refers to a structure formed by the re-solidified fibers and/or materials.
• the ultrasonic bonding system 3600 may include an impression roller 3610 having an impression pattern 3612.
• the impression pattern 3612 may include a plurality of discrete projections extending away from the impression roller 3610. As described further below, a size of the projections and a spacing between adjacent projections may be selected to provide a desired thermal bonding pattern.
• the projections are depicted as having a rectangular shape, this is illustrative and other shapes are contemplated herein (e.g., circles, triangles, squares, and the like).
• the impression roller 3610 is configured to rotate in a first direction 3614.
• the ultrasonic bonding system 3600 further includes a sonotrode or ultrasonic horn 3616.
• the composite nonwoven textile 120 is positioned between the impression roller 3610 and the ultrasonic horn 3616 such that, in one example aspect, the first face 710 of the composite nonwoven textile 120 is in contact with the impression roller 3610 and the second face 810 is in contact with the ultrasonic horn 3616.
• Aspects herein further contemplate that the second face 810 of the composite nonwoven textile 120 is in contact with the impression roller 3610 and the first face 710 is in contact with the ultrasonic horn 3616.
• the impression roller 3610 applies pressure to discrete areas of the composite nonwoven textile 120 based on the impression pattern 3612. Stated differently, pressure is applied to the composite nonwoven textile 120 in areas corresponding to the projections that form the impression pattern 3612. In example aspects, the pressure applied to the composite nonwoven textile 120 may be between about 2 kg/cm 2 to about 4.6 kg/cm 2 .
• the pressure causes the discrete areas of the composite nonwoven textile 120 to come firmly into contact with the ultrasonic horn 3616 which delivers ultrasonic vibrations to heat up the fibers forming the composite nonwoven textile 120 to a melted, partially melted, and/or softened state which forms a plurality of thermal bonding sites 3618 (described further below). Pressures below these values may cause insufficient contact with the ultrasonic horn 3616 and the resulting thermal bonds may be weakened.
• the fibers 210, 310 and 312, and, when used, the fibers 410 may be melted together and have a film form at the thermal bonding sites 3618.
• a portion of the elastomeric layer 116 may be melted together with the fibers 210, the fibers 310 and 312, and the fibers 410 (when used) at the thermal bonding sites 3618. Because the fibers 210, 310 and 312, and the fibers 410 (when used) are melted at the thermal bonding sites 3618, there are reduced fiber ends available for pilling and, thus, pilling resistance of the composite nonwoven textile 120 is increased on both the first face 710 and the second face 810.
• the impression pattern 3612 By configuring the impression pattern 3612 to include discrete shapes having particular sizes and spacing, a desired amount of surface area of the composite nonwoven textile 120 occupied by the resulting thermal bonding sites is achieved.
• the surface area of the composite nonwoven textile 120 occupied by the resulting thermal bonding sites is balanced by the desire to maintain the drape, and growth and recovery characteristics of the composite nonwoven textile 120. For example, if the surface area of the composite nonwoven textile 120 occupied by thermal bonding sites exceeds a threshold, then the drape and growth and recovery characteristics of the composite nonwoven textile 120 are reduced although resistance to pilling is increased.
• the pilling resistance of at least the first face 710 of the composite nonwoven textile 120 may be less than desired.
• the amount of surface area of the composite nonwoven textile 120 occupied by the thermal bonding sites may be between about 10% to about 50%, between about 11% to about 30%, or between about 15% to about 25% to achieve a pilling resistance of 2 or greater.
• FIG. 37 depicts an illustrative schematic of the first face 710 of the composite nonwoven textile 120 after finishing by the ultrasonic bonding system 3600.
• the first face 710 is positioned to be in contact with the impression roller 3610
• the second face 810 is positioned to be in contact with the ultrasonic horn 3616.
• the composite nonwoven textile 120 includes the plurality of thermal bonding sites 3618.
• Each thermal bonding site 3618 includes a thermal bond structure (described further below) that is offset relative to the first face 710 in a direction extending toward the second face 810. Stated differently, the thermal bond structure is located between the first face 710 and the second face 810.
• a distance 3710 between adjacent thermal bonding sites 3618 may, in example aspects, be less than or equal to an average fiber length of the fibers present on the first face 710 (e.g., the fibers 210, the fibers 310 and 312, and/or the fibers 410).
• the spacing may be less than or equal to about 60 mm, less than about 5 mm, or less than about 51 mm.
• the size of the thermal bonding sites 3618 may be between about .75 mm to about 4 mm, between about 1 mm and about 3.5 mm, or between about 1 mm and about 3 mm.
• the distance 3710 between adjacent thermal bonding sites 3618 may be between about 3 mm to about 7 mm, or between about 4 mm and 6 mm.
• FIG. 38 depicts an illustrative schematic of the second face 810 of the composite nonwoven textile 120 after finishing by the ultrasonic bonding system 3600.
• the second face 810 further includes the plurality of thermal bonding sites 3618.
• the thermal bond structures associated with the thermal bonding sites 3618 are further offset relative to the second face 810 in a direction extending toward the first face 710. As such, the thermal bond structures are located between the first face 710 and the second face 810.
• the second face 810 Similar to the first face 710, the second face 810 retains a generally smooth, planar configuration which makes it desirable from at least a comfort perspective since the second face 810 forms the inner-facing surface of a resulting garment.
• FIG. 39 depicts a cross-section of the composite nonwoven textile 120 taken at a thermal bonding site 3618.
• the thermal bonding site 3618 includes a thermal bond structure 3910 that is offset relative to the first face 710 in a direction extending toward the second face 810 and is further offset relative to the second face 810 in a direction extending toward the first face 710.
• the bi-directional offset of the thermal bond structure 3910 may be due to a combination of the pressure and depth of the projections that form the impression pattern 3612 of the impression roller 3610 and the melting of all the layers of the composite nonwoven textile caused by the ultrasonic horn 3616 at the thermal bonding sites 3618.
• the thermal bond structure 3910 is a cohesive structure formed at least by the melted, partially melted, and/or softened and re-solidified fibers 210.
• the thermal bond structure 3910 may also include melted, partially melted, and/or softened and re-solidified fibers 310 and 312 and, when used, melted, partially melted, and/or softened and re-solidified fibers 410. Additionally, the thermal bond structure 3910 may include melted, partially melted, and/or softened and re-solidified materials, including fibers, from the elastomeric layer 116.
• the fibers 210, 310 and 312, the fibers 410 (when used), and/or the portion from the elastomeric layer 116 are in a film form at the thermal bond structure 3910.
• fibers 210 from the first entangled web of fibers 712 extend from the thermal bond structure 3910.
• FIG. 39 further depicts fibers 310 and 312 from the second entangled web of fibers 718 extending from the thermal bond structure 3910.
• fibers 410 from the third entangled web of fibers 714 (when used) extend from the thermal bond structure 3910.
• the thermal bond structure 3910 is offset a first average depth 3912 relative to the first face 710 and is further offset a second average depth 3914 relative to the second face 810, where the first average depth 3912 is greater than the second average depth 3914.
• the thermal bond structure 3910 is offset with respect to both the first face 710 and the second face 810 and with respect to a center plane 3915 of the composite nonwoven textile 120 where the center plane 3915 is positioned approximately halfway between the first face 710 and the second face 810.
• the thermal bond structure 3910 is positioned between the center plane 3915 and the second face 810.
• the first average depth 3912 is less than the second average depth 3914.
• the thermal bond structure 3910 would be positioned between the center plane 3915 and the first face 710.
• FIG. 40 depicts an illustrative schematic of the first face 710 of the composite nonwoven textile 120 where the composite nonwoven textile 120 includes a first plurality of discrete thermal bonding sites 4010 and a second plurality of discrete thermal bonding sites 4012.
• the first plurality of thermal bonding sites 4010 may be formed using the ultrasonic bonding system 3600 where the first face 710 is positioned to be in contact with the impression roller 3610 and the second face 810 is positioned to be in contract with the ultrasonic horn 3616.
• the second plurality of thermal bonding sites 4012 may be formed using the ultrasonic bonding system 3600 where the second face 810 is positioned to be in contact with an impression roller having a different pattern than the impression roller 3610 and the first face 710 is positioned to be in contact with then ultrasonic horn 3616.
• the first plurality of discrete thermal bonding sites 4010 are arranged in a first pattern, and the second plurality of discrete thermal bonding sites 4012 are arranged in a second pattern that is different from the first pattern.
• the first plurality of discrete thermal bonding sites 4010 may be distinct and separate from the second plurality of discrete thermal bonding sites 4012 such that the first plurality of discrete thermal bonding sites 4010 do not overlap with the second plurality of discrete thermal bonding sites 4012. Further, as shown in FIG.
• aspects herein contemplate that the shape of the first plurality of discrete thermal bonding sites 4010 may be different from the shape of the second plurality of discrete thermal bonding sites 4012 (rectangular versus circle), although aspects herein further contemplate that the shape of each of the first plurality of discrete thermal bonding sites 4010 and the second plurality of discrete thermal bonding sites 4012 is the same (e.g., both rectangles or both circles).
• FIG. 41 depicts an illustrative schematic of the second face 810 of the composite nonwoven textile 120 of FIG. 40.
• the second face 810 further includes the first plurality of thermal bonding sites 4010 and the second plurality of thermal bonding sites 4012.
• FIG. 42 depicts a cross-section taken through a thermal bonding site 4010 and a thermal bonding site 4012.
• the thermal bonding site 4010 includes a first thermal bond structure 4210 that is offset a first depth 4212 relative to the first face 710 in a direction extending toward the second face 810.
• the thermal bonding site 4012 includes a second thermal bond structure 4215 that is offset a second depth 4214 relative to the first face 710 in a direction extending toward the second face 810.
• the first depth 4212 is greater than the second depth 4214.
• the first thermal bond structure 4210 is offset a third depth 4216 relative to the second face 810 in a direction extending toward the first face 710.
• the second thermal bond structure 4215 is offset a fourth depth 4218 relative to the second face 810 in a direction extending toward the first face 710.
• the third depth 4216 is less than the first depth 4212 and the fourth depth 4218 is greater than the second depth 4214.
• the fourth depth 4218 is greater than the third depth 4216.
• the areas of application of a greater density of thermal bonding sites may be based on a particular sport for which the upper-body garment 4300 is designed. In one example where the sport is running, a greater density of thermal bonding sites may be applied along the sides of the torso portion and in the underarm portion as these areas may experience a relatively higher amount of abrasion due to a wearer’s arm movements when running.
• elbow areas 4320 have a greater density of the thermal bonding sites 4315 as indicated by box 4322 compared to, for example, the back torso portion 4310, the front torso portion, and other portions of the first sleeve 4316 and the second sleeve 4318 as indicated by box 4344.
• the differences in density of the thermal bonding sites 4315 on the upper-body garment 4300 is illustrative, and it is contemplated herein that other portions of the upper-body garment 4300 may include a relatively greater density of the thermal bonding sites 4315 based on abrasion patterns as described above.
• FIG. 44 depicts a front view of an example lower-body garment 4400 having a front torso portion 4410 and a back torso portion (not shown in FIG. 44) that together define a waist opening 4412.
• the lower-body garment 4400 further includes a first leg portion 4414 with a first leg opening 4416 and a second leg portion 4418 with a second leg opening 4420.
• the lower-body garment 4400 may include other forms such as a short, a tight, a three-quarter pant, and the like.
• the lower-body garment 4400 may be formed from the composite nonwoven textile 120.
• the first face 710 of the composite nonwoven textile 120 forms an outer-facing surface 4401 of the lower-body garment 4400
• the second face 810 of the composite nonwoven textile 120 forms an inner-facing surface of the lower-body garment 4400.
• knee areas 4422 may have a greater density of the thermal bonding sites 4415 as indicated by box 4424 compared to, for example, the front torso portion 4410, the back torso portion, and other portions of the first leg portion 4414 and the second leg portion 4418 as indicated by box 4426.
• the difference in density of the thermal bonding sites 4415 on the lower-body garment 4400 is illustrative, and it is contemplated herein that other portions of the lower-body garment 4400 may include a relatively greater density of the thermal bonding sites 4415 based on abrasion patterns as described above.
• the thermal bonding sites created through use of the ultrasonic bonding system 3600 may be combined with the chemical bonding sites created through, for example, the rotogravure system 2900 to further increase pilling resistance of the composite nonwoven textile 120.
• the composite nonwoven textile 120 may first be processed using the rotogravure system 2900 and then subsequently processed using the ultrasonic bonding system 3600.
• the composite nonwoven textile 120 may first be processed using the ultrasonic bonding system 3600 and then subsequently processed using the rotogravure system 2900.
• FIG. 45 depicts an illustrative schematic of the first face 710 of the composite nonwoven textile 120.
• a plurality of thermal bonding sites 4510 are present on the first face 710 at first locations, and a plurality of chemical bonding sites 4512 are present on the first face 710 at second locations.
• the second locations are different from the first locations.
• the first locations do not overlap with the second locations as shown in FIG. 45.
• the thermal bonding sites 4510 may have features similar to the thermal bonding sites 3618, and the chemical bonding sites 4512 may have features similar to the chemical bonding sites 3110.
• the pattern depicted for the thermal bonding sites 4510 and the chemical bonding sites 4512 is illustrative, and it is contemplated herein that the thermal bonding sites 4510 and the chemical bonding sites 4512 may have different patterns.
• FIG. 46 depicts an illustrative schematic of the second face 810 of the composite nonwoven textile 120 of FIG. 45.
• the second face 810 includes the thermal bonding sites 4510.
• the second face 810 may not include any chemical bonding sites such as the chemical bonding sites 4512.
• FIG. 47 depicts an example cross-section taken through a thermal bonding site 4510 and a chemical bonding site 4512.
• the thermal bonding site 4510 includes a thermal bond structure 4710 positioned between the first face 710 and the second face 810.
• the chemical bonding site 4512 is shown as being present on the first face 710 and is absent from the second face 810.
• thermal bonding sites 4510 and the chemical bonding sites 4512 increases resistance to pilling of at least the first face 710.
• aspects herein further contemplate forming thermal bonding sites by positioning the second face 810 against the impression roller 3610 of the ultrasonic bonding system 3600, forming chemical bonding sites on the second face 810 of the composite nonwoven textile 120, and combinations thereof. This may be useful when increased pilling resistance of the second face 810 is desired.
• FIG. 48 depicts a schematic of an example process 4800 for further reducing pilling on at least the first face 710 of the composite nonwoven textile 120.
• the process 4800 may be used by itself or it may be combined with one or more of the chemical bonding processes discussed above and the thermal bonding processes discussed above.
• the composite nonwoven textile 120 may include different webs of fibers, such as webs 110, 112, and 114, formed into a cohesive structure, where the different webs may have a different or similar composition of fibers and/or different properties.
• the term “web of fibers” refers to a layer prior to undergoing a mechanical entanglement process with one or more other webs of fibers.
• the webs include fibers that have undergone a carding and lapping process that generally aligns the fibers in one or more common directions that extend along an x, y plane and that achieves a desired basis weight.
• the webs may also undergo a light needling process or mechanical entanglement process that entangles the fibers of the web to a degree such that the web of fibers forms a cohesive structure that can be manipulated (e.g., rolled on to a roller, un-rolled from the roller, stacked, and the like).
• the webs 112 and 114 may each have a stitch density of about 50 n/cm 2 .
• Aspects herein contemplate increasing the stitch density of at least the first web of fibers 110 to increase the resistance to pilling of at least the first face 710 of the composite nonwoven textile 120 as described below.
• the first web of fibers 110 undergoes a first mechanical entanglement pass 4816 that is executed unidirectionally in a direction from a first face 4812 to an opposite second face 4814 of the first web of fibers 110.
• the stitch density of the first mechanical entanglement pass 4816 may be greater than 50 n/cm 2 , about 75 n/cm 2 , about 100 n/cm 2 , or about 200 n/cm 2 .
• the stitch density of the first web of fibers 110 after the first mechanical entanglement pass 4816 may be at least twice as much as the stitch density of the second web of fibers 112, and, when used, the third web of fibers 114.
• the first web of fibers 110 does not undergo a mechanical entanglement pass that is executed in a direction from the second face 4814 toward the first face 4812.
• Step 4818 depicts the first web of fibers 110 after undergoing the first mechanical entanglement pass 4816. Because the first mechanical entanglement pass 4816 occurs unidirectionally in the direction from the first face 4812 toward the second face 4814, the fibers 210 that form the first web of fibers 110 are pushed by the entanglement needles such that the fibers 210, including terminal ends 4820 of the fibers 210, extend outward from the second face 4814 of the first web of fibers 110. Stated differently, the fibers 201 extend in a direction away from the first face 4812 of the first web of fibers 110.
• a second mechanical entanglement pass 4826 is executed on the stacked configuration of the first web of fibers 110, the second web of fibers 112, the third web of fibers 114 (when used), and the elastomeric layer 116.
• the second mechanical entanglement pass 4826 is executed in a direction from the first web of fibers 110 toward the second web of fibers 112, and the second mechanical entanglement pass 4826 is effective to push the terminal ends 4920 of the fibers 210 back into at least the first web of fibers 110 to form, for example, loop structures.
• the step 4824 may include additional entanglement passes such as those described with respect to FIG. 7 including mechanical entanglement passes that occur in a direction from the second web of fibers 112 toward the first web of fibers 110.
• Step 4832 depicts the composite nonwoven textile 120 formed into an upper-body garment 4834 where the plurality of loops 4830 extend from an outer-facing surface of the upper-body garment 4834.
• the process 4800 may be configured to produce a zonal distribution of the plurality of loops 4830 where a greater density of loops 4830 are positioned at areas of a garment prone to increased abrasion similar to that described with respect to FIGs. 34-35 and FIGs. 43-44.
• first mechanical entanglement pass 4816 and the second mechanical entanglement pass 4826 may be localized to discrete areas of the first web of fibers 110 and/or the stacked configuration shown at step 4824 to form the loops 4830 at the discrete areas.
• FIG. 49 depicts an illustrative schematic of the first face 710 of the composite nonwoven textile 120 after undergoing the process 4800.
• the first face 710 includes the plurality of loops 4830 that represent the fibers 210 whose terminal ends 4820 were pushed back into the first web of fibers 110 subsequent to the second mechanical entanglement pass 4826.
• the first face 710 also includes fiber terminal ends such as fiber terminal ends 4820.
• the fiber terminal ends may include the terminal ends of the fibers 210 forming the first web of fibers 110 and may also include terminal ends of fibers from the other webs (e.g., the web 112 and the web 114) that are pushed through the first face 710 subsequent to the mechanical entanglement process.
• FIG. 50 depicts an illustrative schematic of the second face 810 of the composite nonwoven textile 120 after undergoing the process 4800.
• the second face 810 includes fiber terminal ends 5010 as well as some loops 5012.
• the fiber terminal ends 5010 and the loops 5012 may include the fibers 210, the fibers 310 and 312, and the fibers 410 (when used).
• the first face 710 may include a relatively greater density of loops (e.g., more loops per cm 2 ), such as loops 4830 as indicated by box 4910, and the second face 810 may include a relatively smaller density of loops, such as loops 5012.
• FIG. 52 depicts a front view of an example upper-body garment 5200
• FIG. 53 depicts a back view of the example upper-body garment 5200
• the upper-body garment 5200 includes a composite nonwoven textile that is associated with a desirable aesthetic, fit, functionality, and the like.
• the garment 5200 can include an upper-body garment, such as a hoodie, with a fit that allows for relatively easy or free range of motion.
• the garment 5200 can include one or more various features that contribute to a desired aesthetic.
• the garment 5200 can include a seam construction that includes a relatively flat seam and that also provides an interesting aesthetic in which elements of the composite nonwoven construction can be seen.
• a dual-layer hood assembly can include a seam construction that, for aesthetics and/or functionality, can allow the seam (e.g., between an inner nonwoven panel and an outer nonwoven panel) to be positioned on an inward facing surface of the hood.
• the garment 5200 can include an elegant pocket construction that is associated with a clean aesthetic and reinforced pocket-opening edges and that is relatively easy to manufacture.
• a composite nonwoven textile that constructs at least a portion of the garment 5200 can include any of the composite nonwoven textiles described with respect to FIGS. 1-51.
• the composite nonwoven textile can include a first web of fibers combined with (e.g., entangled with) an elastomeric layer. That is, the composite nonwoven textile can include a first web of fibers having properties similar to any of the first web of fibers 110/712, the second web of fibers 112/718, or the third web of fibers 116/714.
• the composite nonwoven textile can include an elastomeric layer that is entangled with the first web of fibers and that includes properties similar to the elastomeric layer 116.
• the first web of fibers can include an outer-facing surface of the garment, and in some instances still, the first web of fibers can include an outermost-facing surface. In at least some examples, the first web of fibers can include an inner-facing surface of the garment, and in some instances still, the first web of fibers can include an innermost- facing surface.
• the composite nonwoven textile of the garment 5200 can include the first web of fibers, a second web of fibers, and an elastomeric layer combined with (e.g., entangled with) the first web of fibers and the second web of fibers.
• the first web of fibers and the second web of fibers can each include a respective web of fibers having properties similar to any of the first web of fibers 110/712, the second web of fibers 112/718, or the third web of fibers 116/714.
• the composite nonwoven textile can include an elastomeric layer that is entangled with the first web of fibers and/or the second web of fibers and that includes properties similar to the elastomeric layer 116.
• the composite nonwoven textile of the garment 5200 can include the first web of fibers, the second web of fibers, a third web of fibers, and an elastomeric layer combined with (e.g., entangled with) an elastomeric layer.
• the first web of fibers, the second web of fibers, and the third web of fibers can each include a respective web of fibers having properties similar to any of the first web of fibers 110/712, the second web of fibers 112/718, or the third web of fibers 116/714.
• the composite nonwoven textile can include an elastomeric layer that is entangled with the first web of fibers, the second web of fibers, and/or the third web of fibers and that includes properties similar to the elastomeric layer 116.
• the composite nonwoven textile of the garment 5200 can include properties similar to the composite nonwoven textile associated with FIG. 9.
• the composite non wo ven textile of the garment 5200 can include properties similar to the composite nonwoven textile associated with FIG. 10.
• the exposed edge can provide visibility to one or more of the fiber web layer comprising the composite nonwoven textile, which can allow the wearer (and others) to visibly observe the technology (e.g., composite-nonwoven technology) comprised in the textile and in the garment 5200.
• the exposed edge can provide an opportunity for the edge to organically change in one or more interesting manners. For example, based at least in part on the edge 5210 being exposed, at least some of the fiber-web layers can (e.g., over time) at least partially detangle from one another. In some instances, at least partially detangled layers can curl or provide other interesting contours or aesthetics.
• the trim assembly 2250 can be constructed in various manners. For example, referring back to FIG. 58, as can be seen, the trim assembly 2250 is positioned between the inner facing surface 5236 of the front outer panel 5232 and the front inner panel 5238. As such, in examples, the trim assembly 2250 can be assembled with the front outer panel 5232 prior to attachment of the front inner panel 5238. For example, in some instances, the trim panel 2252 can be affixed (e.g., via an adhesive 5254) to the inner-facing surface 5236 of the front outer panel 5232. In addition, after the trim panel 2252 has been coupled, the opening 5228 can be formed through the combination of the front outer panel 5232 and the trim panel 2252.
• the opening 5228 can be laser cut through the front outer panel 5232 and the trim panel 2252.
• the edges 5228a and 5228b (which can include portions of the front outer panel 5232 and/or portions of the trim panel 2252) can include at least some fibers that have been melted or softened and resolidified (e.g., when the opening 5228 is laser cut or heat stamped), such that the resolidified fibers form a thin, flexible film along the edges 5228a and 5228b.
• the film can bind other fibers entangled therewith (e.g., fibers that may not have melted/softened and resolidified) to reduce the likelihood that fibers along the edge (and/or the fiber webs) will become disentangled.
• fibers entangled therewith e.g., fibers that may not have melted/softened and resolidified
• the garment 5200 can include a hood 5260, which can include various features that contribute to a desired aesthetic, fit, and/or other properties.
• the hood 5260 can attach to an upper-torso portion of the garment 5200, and the upper-torso portion can generally include the upper shoulders portion, upper chest portion, and/or upper back portion of the garment 5200.
• the hood 5260 can attach to the upper-torso portion near an upper margin of the upper-torso portion that is generally near a neck portion or neck opening of the garment 5200.
• the hood 5260 can attach to the upper-torso portion (e.g., to the upper margin of the upper-torso portion) along a seam 5292.
• the seam 5292 can at least partially circumscribe a neck portion (e.g., neck opening) of the garment 5200.
• the hood 5260 can include a dual-layer construction, which includes a first composite nonwoven textile layer and a second composite nonwoven textile layer, and the portion (e.g., yoke) of the garment 5200 to which the hood 5260 attaches along the seam 5292 includes a single layer of a composite nonwoven textile.
• the seam 5292 can operate to join the two layers of the hood with the single layer of the yoke portion of the garment.
• the hood 5260 can include a face opening 5262 comprising a perimeter edge 5264 that at least partially circumscribes the face opening 5262.
• the hood 5260 can include a dual-layer construction, which includes a first textile panel 5266 that forms at least part of an outer textile layer (e.g., oriented further away from the wearer’s head when the hood is in an up position and worn) and a second textile panel 5268 that forms at least part of an inner textile layer (e.g., oriented closer to the wearer’s head when the hood is in an up position and worn).
• the first textile panel 5266 and the second textile panel 5268 can include a composite nonwoven textile 5270 and 5272 (respectively) with at least some properties similar to the composite non wo ven textile described with respect to FIG. 10.
• the layers 5266 and 5268 can include any other composite nonwoven textile described in this disclosure.
• the panels 5266 and 5268 can include an asymmetric composite nonwoven textile 5270 and 5272, in which a first entangled web of fibers 5274 and 5276 (e.g., 712 in FIG. 10) includes a first set of properties and a second entangled web of fibers 5278 and 5282 (e.g., 718 in FIG.
• the first set of properties and the second set of properties can include, relative to each other, a different average denier, basis weight, color property, staple length, fiber density, percentage of silicone-coated fibers, or any combination thereof.
• the combination of properties of associated with the first entangled web of fibers 5274 and 5276 can impart wear resistance and/or be less susceptible to pilling (as compared with the second entangled web of fibers).
• the first textile panel 5266 can include a first portion 5284 that comprises an outer-facing surface of the hood 5260, a second portion 5286 that is continuous with the first portion 5284 and that comprises a fold. That is, the first textile panel 5266 can include a portion 5286 that folds back onto itself, and in some instances, the folded portion 5286 can comprise at least a portion of the perimeter edge 5264 around the face opening 5262. In addition, in some examples, the portion of the first textile panel 5266 that folds back onto itself is coupled to the second textile panel 5268.
• the first textile panel 5266 is coupled at a seam 5288 to the second textile panel 5268.
• an edge of the first textile panel 5266 can be stitched, adhered, entangled, fused, or otherwise coupled to an edge of the second textile panel.
• the seam 5288 can include a butt joint between the first textile panel 5266 and the second textile panel 5268 and the coupling can include stitches (e.g., merrow stitch or other style of stitch).
• a construction associated with the hood orients the seam 5288 on an inner facing side or surface 5290 (e.g., a side or surface that faces towards the wearer when the hood is up and worn on the wearer’s head).
• an inner facing side or surface 5290 e.g., a side or surface that faces towards the wearer when the hood is up and worn on the wearer’s head.
• the portion 5286 that includes a fold along the perimeter edge 5264, and the fold can position the junction between the panels 5266 and 5268 on an inner- facing side 5290 of the hood 5260.
• the folded portion 5286 and the seam 5288 intersect with the seam 5292 at the seam junction 5294, which can help to retain the seam 5288 in the inner-facing orientation.
• FIG. 63 depicts one end of the seam 5288 that intersects with the seam 5292, and the other end of the seam 5288 is obscured from view behind the overlapping portion (e.g., triangular portion), along the bottom of the face opening 5262.
• the other end of the seam 5288 that is obscured from view, as well as the folded portion associated with that other end of the seam 5288 also intersects with the seam 5292 to help retain the seam 5288 in the inner-facing orientation.
• the seam construction of the hood 5260 that contributes to the inner-facing orientation can impart various properties to the hood 5260.
• seam construction and resulting inner-facing orientation can contribute to a “seamless” appearing aesthetic, in which the outer-facing surface of the hood 5260 near the perimeter edge 5264 has fewer seams (e.g., no seams) than other constructions and can provide a cleaner aesthetic.
• the position of the seam on the inner-facing surface can, in some instances, help retain the hood in an up configuration when worn, such as where the seam 5288 can Fictionally engage with the wearer’s head to help prevent the hood 5260 from inadvertently falling off.
• FIGS. 52 to 64 depict a hoodie-style upper-body garment, and in other examples, one or more features of the garment 5200 can be included in one or more other types of garments, such as a non-hooded upper-body garment or a lower-body garment.
• At least one of element A or element B may include at least one of element A, at least one of element B, or at least one of element A and at least one of element
• Clause 3 The upper-body garment of Clauses 1 or 2, wherein: the first composite nonwoven textile panel comprises a first asymmetric-faced composite nonwoven textile comprising a third web of fibers, which is asymmetric relative to the first web of fibers; the first web of fibers comprises at least a portion of the outer-facing surface of the hood; the second composite nonwoven textile panel comprises a second asymmetric-faced composite nonwoven textile comprising a fourth web of fibers, which is asymmetric relative to the second web of fibers; and the second web of fibers comprises at least a portion of the inner- facing surface.
• An article of apparel comprising: a first composite nonwoven textile panel comprising: a first web of fibers entangled with a first elastomeric layer; a first face and a second face; a first panel edge; a second composite nonwoven textile panel comprising: a second web of fibers entangled with a second elastomeric layer; a third face and a fourth face; a second panel edge; and a lap joint coupling the first composite nonwoven textile panel to the second composite nonwoven textile panel and comprising: an overlapping zone comprising the first panel edge overlapping the second panel edge, such that, in the overlapping zone, the second face and the third face are face-to-face; a seam bisecting the overlapping zone and connecting the first textile panel to the second textile panel; and the seam being offset from the first panel edge and the second panel edge.
• Clause 10 The article of apparel of Clause 8 or 9, wherein: the first composite nonwoven textile panel comprises a first asymmetric-faced composite nonwoven textile comprising a third web of fibers, which is asymmetric relative to the first web of fibers; the first web of fibers comprises at least a portion of the first face and the third web of fibers comprises at least a portion of the second face; the second composite nonwoven textile panel comprises a second asymmetric-faced composite nonwoven textile comprising a fourth web of fibers, which is asymmetric relative to the second web of fibers; and the second web of fibers comprises at least a portion of the third face and is asymmetric to the third web of fibers.
• Clause 11 The article of apparel of any of Clauses 8 to 10, wherein the seam comprises a merrow stitch.
• Clause 13 The article of apparel of any of Clauses 8 to 12, wherein: the first composite nonwoven textile panel comprises a third web of fibers entangled with the first web of fibers; and along the first panel edge, the first web of fibers is at least partially detangled from one or more of the first elastomeric layer and the third web of fibers.
• Clause 15 The article of apparel of Clause 14, wherein: the first composite nonwoven textile panel comprises a front outer panel of an upper-torso garment; and the second composite nonwoven textile panel comprises a front inner panel of the upper-torso garment.
• Clause 20 The article of apparel of any of Clauses 14 to 19, wherein the second web of fibers comprises at least a portion of the second inner- facing surface.
• Clause 21 An article of apparel comprising: a first composite nonwoven textile panel comprising: a first web of fibers entangled with a first elastomeric layer; and a first outerfacing surface and a first inner-facing surface; a second composite nonwoven textile panel comprising: a second web of fibers entangled with a second elastomeric layer; a second outerfacing surface and a second inner-facing surface; and the second outer-facing surface coupled to, and in a face-to-face relationship with, the first inner-facing surface; and a pocket opening extending through the first composite nonwoven textile panel and the second composite nonwoven textile panel and extending from the first outer-facing surface to the second inner- facing surface.

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• 2023
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