Classifications

• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
  • B01D53/02—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by adsorption, e.g. preparative gas chromatography
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
  • B01D53/02—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by adsorption, e.g. preparative gas chromatography
  • B01D53/04—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by adsorption, e.g. preparative gas chromatography with stationary adsorbents
  • B01D53/0407—Constructional details of adsorbing systems
  • B01D53/0438—Cooling or heating systems
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
  • B01D53/02—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by adsorption, e.g. preparative gas chromatography
  • B01D53/04—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by adsorption, e.g. preparative gas chromatography with stationary adsorbents
  • B01D53/0462—Temperature swing adsorption
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
  • B01D53/02—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by adsorption, e.g. preparative gas chromatography
  • B01D53/04—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by adsorption, e.g. preparative gas chromatography with stationary adsorbents
  • B01D53/047—Pressure swing adsorption
  • B01D53/0476—Vacuum pressure swing adsorption
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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  • B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
  • B01D53/46—Removing components of defined structure
  • B01D53/62—Carbon oxides
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
  • B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
  • B01D53/96—Regeneration, reactivation or recycling of reactants
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
  • B01J20/02—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material
  • B01J20/10—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising silica or silicate
  • B01J20/16—Alumino-silicates
  • B01J20/18—Synthetic zeolitic molecular sieves
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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  • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
  • B01J20/02—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material
  • B01J20/20—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising free carbon; comprising carbon obtained by carbonising processes
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
  • B01J20/22—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising organic material
  • B01J20/26—Synthetic macromolecular compounds
  • B01J20/262—Synthetic macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon to carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. obtained by polycondensation
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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  • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
  • B01J20/30—Processes for preparing, regenerating, or reactivating
  • B01J20/32—Impregnating or coating ; Solid sorbent compositions obtained from processes involving impregnating or coating
  • B01J20/3202—Impregnating or coating ; Solid sorbent compositions obtained from processes involving impregnating or coating characterised by the carrier, support or substrate used for impregnation or coating
  • B01J20/3204—Inorganic carriers, supports or substrates
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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  • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
  • B01J20/30—Processes for preparing, regenerating, or reactivating
  • B01J20/32—Impregnating or coating ; Solid sorbent compositions obtained from processes involving impregnating or coating
  • B01J20/3202—Impregnating or coating ; Solid sorbent compositions obtained from processes involving impregnating or coating characterised by the carrier, support or substrate used for impregnation or coating
  • B01J20/3206—Organic carriers, supports or substrates
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
  • B01J20/30—Processes for preparing, regenerating, or reactivating
  • B01J20/32—Impregnating or coating ; Solid sorbent compositions obtained from processes involving impregnating or coating
  • B01J20/3231—Impregnating or coating ; Solid sorbent compositions obtained from processes involving impregnating or coating characterised by the coating or impregnating layer
  • B01J20/3242—Layers with a functional group, e.g. an affinity material, a ligand, a reactant or a complexing group
  • B01J20/3244—Non-macromolecular compounds
  • B01J20/3246—Non-macromolecular compounds having a well defined chemical structure
  • B01J20/3248—Non-macromolecular compounds having a well defined chemical structure the functional group or the linking, spacer or anchoring group as a whole comprising at least one type of heteroatom selected from a nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur, these atoms not being part of the carrier as such
  • B01J20/3251—Non-macromolecular compounds having a well defined chemical structure the functional group or the linking, spacer or anchoring group as a whole comprising at least one type of heteroatom selected from a nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur, these atoms not being part of the carrier as such comprising at least two different types of heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen or sulphur
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
  • B01J20/30—Processes for preparing, regenerating, or reactivating
  • B01J20/32—Impregnating or coating ; Solid sorbent compositions obtained from processes involving impregnating or coating
  • B01J20/3231—Impregnating or coating ; Solid sorbent compositions obtained from processes involving impregnating or coating characterised by the coating or impregnating layer
  • B01J20/3242—Layers with a functional group, e.g. an affinity material, a ligand, a reactant or a complexing group
  • B01J20/3244—Non-macromolecular compounds
  • B01J20/3246—Non-macromolecular compounds having a well defined chemical structure
  • B01J20/3257—Non-macromolecular compounds having a well defined chemical structure the functional group or the linking, spacer or anchoring group as a whole comprising at least one of the heteroatoms nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur together with at least one silicon atom, these atoms not being part of the carrier as such
  • B01J20/3259—Non-macromolecular compounds having a well defined chemical structure the functional group or the linking, spacer or anchoring group as a whole comprising at least one of the heteroatoms nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur together with at least one silicon atom, these atoms not being part of the carrier as such comprising at least two different types of heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur with at least one silicon atom
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
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  • B01J20/30—Processes for preparing, regenerating, or reactivating
  • B01J20/32—Impregnating or coating ; Solid sorbent compositions obtained from processes involving impregnating or coating
  • B01J20/3231—Impregnating or coating ; Solid sorbent compositions obtained from processes involving impregnating or coating characterised by the coating or impregnating layer
  • B01J20/3242—Layers with a functional group, e.g. an affinity material, a ligand, a reactant or a complexing group
  • B01J20/3268—Macromolecular compounds
  • B01J20/3272—Polymers obtained by reactions otherwise than involving only carbon to carbon unsaturated bonds
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
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  • B01J20/30—Processes for preparing, regenerating, or reactivating
  • B01J20/34—Regenerating or reactivating
  • B01J20/3425—Regenerating or reactivating of sorbents or filter aids comprising organic materials
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
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  • B01J20/30—Processes for preparing, regenerating, or reactivating
  • B01J20/34—Regenerating or reactivating
  • B01J20/3433—Regenerating or reactivating of sorbents or filter aids other than those covered by B01J20/3408 - B01J20/3425
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
  • B01J20/30—Processes for preparing, regenerating, or reactivating
  • B01J20/34—Regenerating or reactivating
  • B01J20/3441—Regeneration or reactivation by electric current, ultrasound or irradiation, e.g. electromagnetic radiation such as X-rays, UV, light, microwaves
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
  • C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
  • C01B32/50—Carbon dioxide
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D2253/00—Adsorbents used in seperation treatment of gases and vapours
  • B01D2253/25—Coated, impregnated or composite adsorbents
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D2257/00—Components to be removed
  • B01D2257/50—Carbon oxides
  • B01D2257/504—Carbon dioxide
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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  • B01D2258/06—Polluted air
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D2259/00—Type of treatment
  • B01D2259/40—Further details for adsorption processes and devices
  • B01D2259/40083—Regeneration of adsorbents in processes other than pressure or temperature swing adsorption
  • B01D2259/40088—Regeneration of adsorbents in processes other than pressure or temperature swing adsorption by heating
  • B01D2259/40094—Regeneration of adsorbents in processes other than pressure or temperature swing adsorption by heating by applying microwaves
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D2273/00—Operation of filters specially adapted for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours
  • B01D2273/22—Making use of microwaves, e.g. for measurements
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
  • Y02A50/20—Air quality improvement or preservation, e.g. vehicle emission control or emission reduction by using catalytic converters
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02C—CAPTURE, STORAGE, SEQUESTRATION OR DISPOSAL OF GREENHOUSE GASES [GHG]
  • Y02C20/00—Capture or disposal of greenhouse gases
  • Y02C20/40—Capture or disposal of greenhouse gases of CO2

Definitions

• the present invention relates to methods, compositions and devices for efficiently capturing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and regenerating the sorbents used to capture the carbon dioxide.
• Anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions are the leading cause of global warming, with carbon dioxide as the primary contributor coming from both point sources and distributed emissions. While post-combustion carbon capture is an effective near-term mitigation strategy for combating carbon dioxide emissions, negative-carbon technologies must be employed in order to avoid excessive carbon dioxide emissions as one third of carbon dioxide emissions come from point sources and the scale-up of technologies for post-combustion carbon capture and storage are challenging and have progressed slowly.
• CO 2 carbon dioxide
• Some energy services such as heating and cooling whether household or industrial in nature may be obtained by generating electricity from renewable energy sources.
• industrial processes that necessarily utilize and release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere present a problem with serious consequences.
• carbon dioxide is a product used widely in industry for a wide variety of purposes such as in the food and beverage and agriculture sectors.
• removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere is carried out using DAC with a sorbent and release of the carbon dioxide using microwave (MW) irradiation to regenerate the sorbent.
• removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere is carried out using DAC with a poly amine sorbent and release of the carbon dioxide using microwave (MW) irradiation to regenerate the poly amine sorbent.
• removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere is carried out using DAC with a poly amine sorbent and release of the carbon dioxide using radio frequency (RF) irradiation to regenerate the poly amine sorbent.
• RF radio frequency
• the poly amine sorbent can be polyethyleniemine (PEI).
• PEI polyethyleniemine
• the PEI sorbents can be grafted or loaded onto solid supports.
• the solid supports can be cellulose acetate, gamma alumina, titania or functionalized cellulose acetate silica dioxide.
• the poly amine sorbent can be branched PEI functionalized cellulose acetate silica dioxide sorbent material.
• the MW irradiation energy consumption can be monitored to optimize the time taken for efficient regeneration of the poly amine sorbent and thereby increase the removal of carbon dioxide.
• a MW swing technology utilizes laminar-flow contactors with solid-amine sorbents coupled with a MW swing desorption (MWSD) step.
• MWSD MW swing desorption
• a continuous mechanism for moving the contactors through the MW desorption cavity can be employed.
• a process for moving the resonant cavity and waveguide around the sorbent material can be employed.
• a metal comprises one or more elements consisting of lithium, beryllium, boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, sodium, magnesium, aluminum, silicon, phosphorous, sulphur, potassium, calcium, scandium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, gallium, germanium, arsenic, selenium, rubidium, strontium, yttrium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, technetium, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, cadmium, indium, tin, antimony, tellurium, cesium, barium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, lutetium, hafnium,
• a plastic comprises one or more of polystyrene, high impact polystyrene, polypropylene, polycarbonate, low density polyethylene, high density polyethylene, polypropylene, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, polyphenyl ether alloyed with high impact polystyrene, expanded polystyrene, polyphenylene ether and polystyrene impregnated with pentane, a blend of polyphenylene ether and polystyrene impregnated with pentane or polyethylene and polypropylene.
• a polymer comprises a material synthesized from one or more reagents selected from the group comprising of styrene, propylene, carbonate, ethylene, acrylonitrile, butadiene, vinyl chloride, vinyl fluoride, ethylene terephthalate, terephthalate, dimethyl terephthalate, bis-beta-terephthalate, naphthalene dicarboxylic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, 6-hyderoxynaphthalene-2-carboxylic acid, mono ethylene glycol (1,2 ethanediol), cyclohexylene-dimethanol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,3-butanediol, polyester, cyclohexane dimethanol, terephthalic acid, isophthalic acid, methylamine, ethylamine, ethanolamine, dimethylamine, hexamthylamine diamine (hexane-1,6-diamine), pentam
• a 'contactor' is a crucible used to hold or contain the sorbent.
• the contactor is partially transparent to radio frequency or microwaves.
• the contactor contains specific covalently bound groups to allow absorption of specific radio frequency or microwaves.
• the contactor is fabricated from polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polymers with low dielectric constants, alumina based ceramics, corundum, titanium based ceramics, zeolites, fused quartz or a ferrite to minimize absorption in the resonant cavity frequency.
• the contactor is fabricated from a porous ceramic.
• the porous ceramic is a silicate, an aluminosilicate, a diatomite, carbon, corundum, silicon carbide or cordierite.
• the contactor can be cellulose acetate.
• the contactor can be mesoporous silica.
• the contactor is fabricated from a glass coated ferromagnetic.
• the contactor is fabricated from MnFe 2 O.
• the contactor is PTFE impregnated with non aqueous hydroxyl group containing molecules.
• the contactor is PTFE derivatized with hydroxyl groups.
• a resonant cavity means a vessel suitable for carbon dioxide radio frequency and/or microwave desorption.
• a sorbent is a material that is capable of forming a bond with carbon dioxide molecules present in air.
• the carbon dioxide molecules in a feed material that is to be processed are absorbed or adsorbed by the sorbent.
• the feed material is atmosphere.
• the sorbent is a poly amine sorbent.
• the sorbent is a plastic impregnated with an amine.
• the sorbent is selected from the group consisting of linear PEI, branched PEI, linear PEI functionalized cellulose acetate silica dioxide, branched PEI functionalized cellulose acetate silica dioxide, PAA poly(allylamine) and PPI poly(propylenimine).
• a gas sealable entrance means an opening that separates the outside (e.g., of a resonant cavity) from the inside, through which materials such as contactors can pass from one side to the other (e.g., when loading a resonant cavity with a contactor) which when sealed limits a plurality of gas molecules passing from one the inside to the outside.
• a gas sealable entrance of a resonant cavity with an attached vacuum pump is able to maintain a vacuum differential pressure between the outside and inside of the gas sealable entrance of approximately 0.2 bar. In this range approximately means plus or minus thirty (30) per cent.
• a cavity is tuned to provide uniform heating means heating through design of the geometrical dimensions of the processing cavity and may include the active manipulation of the electromagnetic standing waves through a variety of methods such as movement of a dielectric material through the cavity, stirring or moving a microwave absorptive material through the cavity.
• a reservoir is a vessel used to contain one or more of a liquid, a gaseous or a solid sample.
• Carbon-dioxide and CO 2 are used herein interchangeably.
• Direct Air Capture involves the removal and concentration of carbon dioxide from air and is regarded as an attractive and scalable carbon mitigation pathway strategy if carbon dioxide is geologically sequestered or up-converted into materials such as concrete, polymers and carbon fibers.
• DAC has the potential to achieving net negative emissions at the multi GT/y scale by the year 2050.
• the technologies, costs and process steps involved with DAC can limit its application to larger-scale embodiments that are not well-suited for market adoption requiring compression, liquefaction, storage and transportation of the carbon dioxide to the commercial customer.
• On-site production of carbon dioxide from DAC to existing industries that use carbon dioxide can decrease the costs of carbon dioxide to the customers and provide a more sustainable supply while meeting emission reduction targets/requirements.
• DAC requires the contact of carbon dioxide from the air onto a sorbent followed by desorption of the carbon dioxide to collect the gas.
• carbon dioxide capture There are two predominant methods for carbon dioxide capture currently in the state of commercialization or pre-commercialization - alkali aqueous solutions and amines.
• ⁇ Steam stripping' systems supply the energy required to break an amine-carbon dioxide chemical bond when amines are used to capture the carbon dioxide.
• Amine systems are generally described in two categories: liquid amine contactors and solid amine contactors (including amine-tethered MOFs).
• amines can be degraded under oxidizing conditions and at elevated temperatures or in the presence of humidity or steam.
• Alkali liquid systems contact carbon dioxide from air to an aqueous alkaline solution to form carbonates which are then decomposed using heat to produce carbon dioxide requiring large capital and energy costs and do not lend themselves to applications that fit the merchant carbon dioxide market without transportation.
• DAC requires the contact of carbon dioxide from the air onto a sorbent followed by desorption of the carbon dioxide to collect the gas.
• carbon dioxide capture There are currently two predominant methods for carbon dioxide capture (i) absorption via alkali aqueous solutions and (ii) adsorption via chemisorption of amines or physisorption of zeolites.
• Alkali aqueous solution systems contact gaseous carbon dioxide (from air) with an aqueous alkaline solution to form carbonates, thereby removing the carbon dioxide from the air.
• the carbonates are then decomposed using heat to generate the carbon dioxide and regenerate the alkali solution.
• the process requires large capital costs and high energy costs. The process does not lend itself to applications that fit the merchant carbon dioxide market without transportation.
• Amine systems are generally described in two categories: liquid amine contactors and solid (polymeric) amine contactors, including amine-tethered Metal Organic Frameworks (MOFs).
• Solid polymeric amine systems are generally impregnated or grafted onto porous support structures such as silica, clays, zeolites and carbons.
• Polymeric amine DAC systems require CO 2 regeneration via heat (TSA thermal swing adsorption), pressure (VSA vacuum swing adsorption) or a combination (TVSA thermal vacuum swing adsorption).
• CO 2 is useful to industry and DAC enables utilization of lower-cost and more sustainable supplies of CO 2 to existing and future markets. Additionally, CO 2 supplied from DAC can replace existing CO 2 sources used in industry that ultimately increase atmospheric CO 2 loading. DAC can be used meet emission reduction requirements of industry.
• the first order considerations when designing DAC systems are a) the energy cost of contacting carbon dioxide with the sorbent, b) regeneration of the sorbent, and c) capital and maintenance cost of the system.
• FIG. 1A is a schematic diagram showing one of a plurality of the holders 1040 with associated monolith contactors 1035 on which the sorbent is associated (not labelled) exposed to a laminar flow of air 1060 generated by a fan 1030, according to an embodiment of the invention.
• Desorption represents the largest energy cost for DAC, although an argument can be made that leveraging waste heat reduces desorption costs; however, this approach limits the market potential of DAC by requiring co-location with waste thermal heat sources.
• v is the air velocity given in m/s
• A is the contactor frontal surface area given in m 2
• Pd is the pressure drop given in Pa (J/m 3 )
• Eff is the fan efficiency.
• the poly amine sorbent can be linear polyethylenimine (PEI), branched PEI, aziridine, diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine, diethyleanetriamino organosilane, and aminopropyl organosilane.
• the poly amine sorbent can be linear PEI functionalized cellulose acetate silica dioxide sorbent, branched PEI functionalized cellulose acetate silica dioxide sorbent material, linear PEI incorporated into a metal organic framework, branched PEI incorporated into a metal organic framework, and amine incorporated into a metal organic framework.
• the poly amine sorbent can be a mesoporous material selected from the group consisting of M41S, FSM-16 and SBA-15 modified with amino groups such as polyethylene MCM-41, or 3-trimethoxysilylpropyl diethylenetriamine SBA-15.
• alternative higher adsorption capacity sorbents and alternative contactor materials can be used with MWSD.
• some amine-silica sorbent materials which are known to degrade to some extent in the presence of steam may be useful with the present invention where desorption is under sufficiently anhydrous conditions.
• Conventional steam stripping technology employs a desorption mechanism which leverages a combination of vacuum and low-temperature steam to provide a rapid and reasonably efficient mechanism of carbon dioxide desorption while reducing the primary deactivation mechanism of oxidation of the amine at elevated temperatures.
• the adsorption energy for PEI has been measured to be about 94 kJ/mol, or 2,350 kJ/kg carbon dioxide.
• empirical data from commercially designed systems with multiple monoliths are reported to require about 5,000 kJ/kg carbon dioxide. Cooling of the monolith for cyclical adsorption occurs via the contactor wetted surfaces drying via airflow through dissipation of the contactor thermal mass lost to the environment. As a result, the latent energy of the desorption system thermal mass is difficult to recover, limiting overall system energy efficiency and exergy.
• Q c is the thermal energy required for the latent heat of the contactor (C p,c * dT) and Q s is the energy required for the remaining wetted system components.
• Thermal recovery is considered in the full system design wherein Q r > Q s > Q c ; however, the heat recovery efficiency of Q s >> Q r & Q c due to evaporative cooling of the contactor and polymer.
• Typical sorbent loading on the contactor is approximately 30-40 wt%. In this range approximately means plus or minus twenty (20) per cent.
• system desorption components get larger and require more mass with increased contactor frontal surface area to provide structural stability for the reduced pressure of desorption which increases thermal mass, reducing thermal efficiency with larger contactor frontal surface area and increases overall capital and energy costs.
• Radio frequency (RF) irradiation includes radio waves and microwaves (MW).
• RF irradiation is the oscillating electromagnetic irradiation in the frequency range of 20 kHz to 1 GHz. Typically, RF below approximately 1 GHz heats via ionic conduction, whereas above 1 GHz, MW heats via dipole heating.
• RF irradiation at approximately 27.2 MHz, at room temperature will be used to excite the carbamate bond.
• RF irradiation at approximately 42 MHz at room temperature will be used to excite the carbamate bond.
• RF irradiation at approximately 915 MHz at room temperature will be used to excite the carbamate bond. In this range approximately means plus or minus twenty per cent.
• the substrate is heated indirectly (without directly exciting the bond) resulting in the excitation of the carbamate bond.
• MW irradiation is electromagnetic irradiation in the frequency range of 1 GHz to 300 GHz.
• MW irradiation at approximately 2.45 GHz at room temperature will be used to excite the carbamate bond. In this range approximately means plus or minus twenty per cent.
• Domestic ⁇ kitchen' MW ovens and the majority of dedicated MW reactors for chemical synthesis operate at a frequency of 2.45 GHz (which corresponds to a wavelength of 12.24 cm) to avoid interference with telecommunication and cellular phone frequencies.
• the energy of the MW photon in this frequency region (0.0016 eV) which is generally too low to break chemical bonds and is also lower than the energy of Brownian motion.
• microwave irradiation at 2.45 GHz frequency requires additional energy in order to induce chemical reactions.
• RF below approximately 1 GHz heats via ionic conduction, whereas above 1 GHz, MW heats via dipole heating coupling to the RF field.
• MW heating occurs via direct molecular interactions with the MW radiation affording instantaneous and volumetric heating without the heat transfer restrictions and heat losses associated with conventional conductive or convective heating modes.
• Microwaves interact directly with the molecules of a reaction mixture transferring energy more rapidly and efficiently than convection techniques that rely on thermal conductivity where heat is transferred to the entire reactor assembly until the target desorption temperature is reached.
• Microwaves interact with molecules through two methods: dipole rotation and iconic conduction.
• Microwave-enhanced chemistry is based on the efficient heating of materials by ⁇ microwave dielectric heating' effects. This phenomenon is dependent on the ability of a specific material (solvent or reagent) to absorb MW energy and convert it into heat.
• the electric component of an electromagnetic field causes heating by two main mechanisms: dipolar polarization and ionic conduction. Irradiation of the sample at MW frequencies results in the dipoles or ions aligning in the applied electric field. As the applied field oscillates, the dipole or ion field attempts to realign itself with the alternating electric field and, in the process, energy is lost in the form of heat through molecular friction and dielectric loss.
• the amount of heat generated by this process is directly related to the ability of the matrix to align itself with the frequency of the applied field. If the dipole does not have enough time to realign, or reorients too quickly with the applied field, no heating occurs.
• the allocated frequency of 2.45 GHz used in all commercial systems lies between these two extremes and gives the molecular dipole time to align in the field, but not to follow the alternating field precisely.
• a MW swing technology utilizes laminar-flow contactors with solid-amine sorbents coupled with the MWSD step.
• a continuous mechanism for moving the contactors through the MW desorption cavity can be employed.
• a process for moving the resonant cavity and waveguide around the sorbent material can be employed.
• MW heating generates standing waves based on the dimensions of the resonant cavity and frequency that are correlated with hot/high power spots, and cool/low power spots.
• by generating uniform heating/power distribution throughout the system near complete desorption of the carbon dioxide can be assured.
• the loss factor (tan ⁇ ) will change until carbon dioxide desorption occurs, affecting the wave pattern.
• the MW irradiation energy can be monitored to optimize the time taken for efficient regeneration of the sorbent and thereby increase productivity and efficiency of the carbon dioxide removal process.
• a microwave generator can be coupled to a specifically designed resonant cavity for carbon dioxide desorption with a Class A/B amplifier which will operate as an oscillator when receiving feedback from the cavity to excite molecular oscillations in the sorbent.
• a fan field stirrer (wave stirrer or mechanical stirrer) will be used to modify the molecular oscillations in the carbon dioxide bound sorbent generated by the MW irradiation, which affects the standing wave patterns.
• a wave reflector will be used to modify the molecular oscillations in the carbon dioxide bound sorbent generated by the MW irradiation.
• the microwave generator is adapted to allow scanning between variable frequencies to optimize the desorption process.
• the microwave generator is adapted to allow pulse width modulation.
• the microwave generator can be used to ensure even heating in the desorption cavity allowing for rapid and complete carbon dioxide desorption with higher adsorption duty cycles and faster cooling, when compared to conventional heating. When presented with a mixture of different dielectrics, the microwaves will selectively couple to the higher dielectric loss component.
• the system can be configured to self-frequency modulate enabling the device to automatically search out frequencies that maximize carbon dioxide desorption and direct the MW energy specifically into the desorption bond.
• MWSD can specifically target the enthalpy of desorption without heating a significant amount of contactor thermal mass in addition to the minimum energy required for desorption.
• FIG. 1B is a schematic diagram showing a holder 1040 with associated monolith contactors 1035 on which the sorbent is associated (not labelled) inserted through a gas sealable entrance 1045 into a resonant cavity 1015 in which a microwave or radio frequency source 1010, and a waveguide 1080 are used to irradiate the sorbent, where carbon dioxide is expelled through a vacuum port 1025.
• the resonant cavity 1015 is adapted to move in relation to the holder 1040 in order to form a gas seal.
• MW energy utilization requires low capital cost equipment, does not require water for convective heat transfer and is readily scalable. If water is present, it will couple to the field and heat.
• FIG. 1C is a schematic diagram showing a holder 1040 with associated monolith contactors 1035 on which the sorbent is associated (not labelled) inserted through a gas sealable entrance 1045 into a resonant cavity 1015 in which a microwave or radio frequency source 1010, a waveguide 1080 and a tuning element 1070, are used to irradiate the sorbent, where a vacuum port 1025, and a vacuum pump 1020 evacuate carbon dioxide.
• FIG. 1A is a schematic diagram showing one of a plurality of the holders 1040 with associated monolith contactors 1035 on which the sorbent is associated (not labelled) exposed.
• the dipole or ion field attempts to realign itself with the alternating electric field and, in the process, energy is lost in the form of heat through molecular friction and dielectric loss.
• the amount of heat generated by this process is directly related to the ability of the matrix to align itself with the frequency of the applied field. If the dipole does not have enough time to realign, or reorients too quickly with the applied field, no heating occurs.
• the allocated frequency of 2.45 GHz used in most commercial systems lies between these two extremes and gives the molecular dipole time to align in the field, but not to follow the alternating field precisely.
• the heating characteristics of a particular material under MW irradiation conditions are dependent on its dielectric properties.
• the ability of a specific substance to convert electromagnetic energy into heat at a given frequency and temperature is determined by the so-called loss factor tan ⁇ .
• ⁇ " is the dielectric loss, which is indicative of the efficiency with which electromagnetic radiation is converted into heat
• ⁇ ' is the dielectric constant describing the ability of molecules to be polarized by the electric field.
• a reaction medium with a high tan ⁇ value is required for efficient absorption and, consequently, for rapid heating.
• Maximum Power Point Tracking can be used to optimize the structural arrangement of components between the MW source, the location of the contactors, the position of the sorbent and on the contactors, and the power density of the microwaves and the geometry of the microwaves.
• MPPT Maximum Power Point Tracking
• instrumental feedback and software control which result in the ability to change the microwave power density and/or the geometry of the microwaves to provide more efficient heating of the sorbent.
• MPPT feedback between some sensor inside the device that can determine either a) how much energy is being absorbed by the sorbent, or b) that the EM field provides for even heating throughout the sorbent apparatus.
• MPPT feedback can be used to ensure desorption of the bonded carbon dioxide between a lower limit of approximately forty (40) per cent and an upper limit of approximately ninety (90) per cent and to optimize the experimental conditions of the desorption process. In this range approximately means plus or minus twenty (20) per cent.
• the dominant DAC cost is associated with the sensible heat requirements of the monolith contactor
• PEI is the current preferred amine because has been found to be highly stable and maintains sufficient carbon dioxide adsorption capacity in the presence of repeated steam cycles up to 120 °C.
• the most commonly used amine-silica sorbent materials are known to degrade to some extent in the presence of steam.
• PEI is a widely commercially available material that can be manufactured at large scales and is available in a number of configurations with different chemical-physical properties, and can be manufactured using different methods including MW heating. Significant work has been done showing that parallel channel low pressure drop monoliths with high mesopore volumes and fully sorbing walls versus wash coats have been shown to be preferred. Many other sorbents with higher amine loading or carbon dioxide binding efficiencies have been tested with varying results to stability through repeated cycling at higher temperatures which does not lend itself to utilizing waste heat.
• corderite material has been shown to contribute significantly (25-45%) to the overall cost of the process largely due to its high specific heat capacity.
• the utilization of other mesoporous materials with lower specific heat capacities such as gamma-alumina has been the subject of significant development due to its Cp being approximately half of that for corderite (0.8 vs. 1.4 Jg -1 K -1 ).
• DAC embodiment utilizes low-cost low-pressure drop mesoporous contactors with commercially-available and stable amines and utilizes a desorption process that maximizes second law efficiencies and adsorption duty cycle.
• the proposed technology utilizes the preferred commercially available laminar-flow contactors (corderite and extruded mesoporous ⁇ - alumina parallel-channel monoliths) with commercially-available solid-amine sorbents coupled with a microwave-assisted desorption step. Due to the nature of the amine-carbon dioxide carbamate bond, the resultant carbamate exhibits a dipole and ionic charge which are directly excitable via electromagnetic fields present in MW radiation.
• the contactor monoliths and carbon dioxide lean sorbents do not have strong dipole moments compared to the carbamate or sorbent-CO2 bond, and are therefore largely transparent to microwaves.
• the sorbent captures carbon dioxide, the resulting carbamate bond exhibits a dipole which resonates in the presence of the MW frequency electromagnetic field until the carbon dioxide is released.
• the sorbent has a significantly reduced dipole and a significantly reduced capacity to absorb energy. Therefore, a system can be designed such that the energy used during the desorption step can be used mainly for desorption, maximizing the second law efficiency of desorption and reducing the primary amine deactivation pathway of oxidation at higher temperatures.
• the key design requirements are: (i) sufficient mass transfer of carbon dioxide adsorption coupled with efficient desorption energy consumption and cycle times; (ii) laminar-flow regime to maximize mass transfer while minimizing energy costs associated with adsorption; and (iii) carbon dioxide adsorption via diffusion in a high mass air flow.
• the commercially-available monolithic contactors maximize surface area per pressure drop enabling high mass transfer of carbon dioxide adsorption in the laminar flow regime.
• the technology employs a desorption mechanism which leverages a combination of vacuum and low-temperature steam which together provide a mechanism of carbon dioxide desorption while reducing the primary deactivation mechanism of amine oxidation at regeneration temperatures.
• water can be added to the contactor prior to microwave desorption
• Embodiments contemplated herein include Embodiments P1-P69 following.
• a Direct Air Capture (DAC) device including a contactor, a polyamine sorbent associated with the contactor, where a plurality of carbon dioxide molecules in the air contacting the polyamine sorbent form a bond with the polyamine sorbent, a vacuum pump, and a resonant cavity including a gas sealable entrance adapted to allow the contactor to enter the resonant cavity and seal the resonant cavity, a vacuum port, where the vacuum pump is in gaseous connection with the vacuum port to evacuate the resonant cavity; and a microwave generator adapted to be electromagnetically connected to the resonant cavity, where the microwave generator is adapted to select a microwave frequency to optimize breaking the bond between the polyamine sorbent and the plurality of carbon dioxide molecules releasing the plurality of carbon dioxide molecules into the vacuum port, where the plurality of gaseous carbon dioxide molecules released by the microwave generator are removed from the resonant cavity through the vacuum port.
• DAC Direct Air Capture
• Embodiment P2 The DAC device of Embodiment P1, wherein the microwave frequency selected at room temperature is between a lower limit of approximately 0.95 GHz, and an upper limit of approximately 2.5 GHz.
• Embodiment P3 The DAC device of Embodiment P1, wherein the microwave generator is adapted to optimize irradiation at frequencies between a lower limit of approximately 1 GHz, and an upper limit of approximately 3 GHz.
• Embodiment P4 The DAC device of Embodiment P1, wherein the microwave generator further comprises a variable scanning microwave frequency with a lock in amplifier to affect desorption of the bonded carbon dioxide molecules between a lower limit of approximately forty (40) per cent, and an upper limit of approximately ninety five (95) per cent.
• Embodiment P5 The DAC device of Embodiment P1, wherein the vacuum pump reduces the pressure in the resonant cavity to between a lower limit of approximately 0.1 bar, and an upper limit of approximately 1 bar, where approximately means plus or minus twenty (2) percent.
• Embodiment P6 The DAC device of Embodiment P1, wherein the polyamine sorbent is selected from the group consisting of linear polyethylenimine (PEI), branched PEI, aziridine, diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine, diethyleanetriamino organosilane, aminopropyl organosilane, linear PEI functionalized cellulose acetate silica dioxide sorbent, branched PEI functionalized cellulose acetate silica dioxide sorbent material, linear PEI incorporated into a metal organic framework, branched PEI incorporated into a metal organic framework, amine incorporated into a metal organic framework, polyethylene MCM-41, and 3-trimethoxysilylpropyl diethylenetriamine SBA-15.
• PEI linear polyethylenimine
• PEI linear PEI functionalized cellulose acetate silica dioxide sorbent
• branched PEI functionalized cellulose acetate silica dioxide sorbent material linear PEI incorporated
• Embodiment P7 A method of capturing carbon dioxide molecules from air with contained release of carbon dioxide molecules including (A) exposing a contactor in which a polyamine sorbent is associated with the contactor to a flow of air, where a plurality of carbon dioxide molecules form a bond with the polyamine sorbent, (B) introducing the contactor into a resonant cavity including (a) a gas sealable entrance adapted to seal the resonant cavity with the contactor inside the resonant cavity, (b) a vacuum port in gaseous connection with a vacuum pump, and (c) a microwave generator adapted to be electromagnetically connected to the resonant cavity, where the microwave generator is adapted to select a microwave frequency to optimize breaking the bond with the polyamine sorbent, (C) sealing the resonant cavity, (D) evacuating the sealed resonant cavity, (E) irradiating the polyamine sorbent with the selected microwave frequency to release the plurality of carbon dioxide molecules into the resonant cavity, and
• Embodiment P8 The method of Embodiment P7, wherein the moisture content of the evacuated resonant cavity in step (D) is between a lower limit of approximately 10 ⁇ g Limit of Detection (LOD), and an upper limit of approximately 10 mg LOD.
• LOD Limit of Detection
• Embodiment P9 The method of Embodiment P7, wherein the flow of air is between a lower limit of approximately 0.5 m 2 /s, and an upper limit of approximately 5 m 2 /s.
• a continuous DAC device including a moving stage, a plurality of contactors located on the moving stage, a polyamine sorbent associated with each of the plurality of contactors, an outlet, where the outlet is adapted to allow a laminar flow of air to pass over the polyamine sorbent associated with each of the plurality of contactors, where a plurality of carbon dioxide molecules in the air form a bond with the polyamine sorbent, a vacuum pump, and a resonant cavity including one or both a sealable entrance and a sealable exit adapted to allow one or more of the plurality of contactors to enter the resonant cavity and seal the resonant cavity containing the one or more of the plurality of contactors, a vacuum port in gaseous connection with the vacuum pump adapted to evacuate the sealed resonant cavity, and a microwave generator adapted to be electromagnetically connected to the resonant cavity, where the microwave generator is adapted to select a microwave frequency to optimize breaking the bond between the polyamine
• Embodiment P11 The DAC device of Embodiment P10, wherein the microwave generator is adapted to vary the microwave frequency to optimize the desorption of the plurality of carbon dioxide molecules.
• Embodiment P12 The DAC device of Embodiment P10, wherein the microwave generator is adapted to allow pulse width modulation to optimize the desorption of the plurality of carbon dioxide molecules.
• Embodiment P13 The DAC device of Embodiment P10, wherein the microwave frequency is between a lower limit of approximately 0.9 GHz, and an upper limit of approximately 2.5 GHz.
• Embodiment P14 The DAC device of Embodiment P10, wherein the microwave generator is adapted to optimize irradiation at frequencies between a lower limit of approximately 0.9 GHz, and an upper limit of approximately 300 GHz.
• Embodiment P16 The DAC device of Embodiment P10, wherein the vacuum pump reduces the pressure in the resonant cavity to between a lower limit of approximately 1 mbar, and an upper limit of approximately 50 mbar.
• Embodiment P17 The DAC device of Embodiment P10, wherein the polyamine sorbent is selected from the group consisting of polyamine sorbent is selected from the group consisting of linear polyethylenimine (PEI), branched PEI, aziridine, diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine, diethyleanetriamino organosilane, aminopropyl organosilane, linear PEI functionalized cellulose acetate silica dioxide sorbent, branched PEI functionalized cellulose acetate silica dioxide sorbent material, linear PEI incorporated into a metal organic framework, branched PEI incorporated into a metal organic framework, amine incorporated into a metal organic framework, polyethylene MCM-41, and 3-trimethoxysilylpropyl diethylenetriamine SBA-15.
• PEI polyethylenimine
• PEI linear polyethylenimine
• PEI linear PEI functionalized cellulose acetate silica dioxide sorbent
• Embodiment P18 A method of continuous capture of carbon dioxide molecules from air with contained release of carbon dioxide molecules including (A) exposing a plurality of contactors in which a polyamine sorbent is associated with each of the plurality of contactors to a laminar flow of air, where a plurality of carbon dioxide molecules form a bond with the polyamine sorbent, (B) introducing one or more of the plurality of contactors into a resonant cavity including (a) one or both a gas sealable entrance and a gas sealable exit adapted to allow one or more of the plurality of contactors to (i) enter the resonant cavity, (ii) seal the resonant cavity with the one or more of the plurality of contactors inside the resonant cavity, and (iii) exit the resonant cavity, (b) a vacuum port in gaseous connection with a vacuum pump, and (c) a microwave generator adapted to be electromagnetically connected to the resonant cavity, where the microwave generator is
• Embodiment P19 The method of Embodiment P18, further comprising introducing humidity in one or both step (A) and step (E).
• Embodiment P20 A DAC device including a contactor, a polyamine sorbent associated with the contactor, where a plurality of carbon dioxide molecules in the air contacting the polyamine sorbent form a bond with the polyamine sorbent, a vacuum pump, and a resonant cavity including a gas sealable entrance adapted to allow the contactor to enter the resonant cavity and seal the resonant cavity, a vacuum port, where the vacuum pump is in gaseous connection with the vacuum port to evacuate the resonant cavity, and a radio frequency generator adapted to be electromagnetically connected to the resonant cavity, where the microwave generator is adapted to select a radio frequency to optimize breaking the bond between the polyamine sorbent and the plurality of carbon dioxide molecules releasing the plurality of carbon dioxide molecules into the vacuum port, where the plurality of gaseous carbon dioxide molecules released by the radio frequency generator are removed from the resonant cavity through the vacuum port.
• Embodiment P21 The DAC device of Embodiment P20, wherein the radio frequency is between a lower limit of approximately 12 MHz, and an upper limit of approximately 14 MHz.
• Embodiment P22 The DAC device of Embodiment P20, wherein the radio frequency is between a lower limit of approximately 27 MHz, and an upper limit of approximately 42 MHz.
• Embodiment P23 The DAC device of Embodiment P20, wherein the radio frequency is between a lower limit of approximately 0.9 GHz, and an upper limit of approximately 1 GHz.
• Embodiment P24 The DAC device of Embodiment P20, wherein the radio frequency generator is adapted to optimize irradiation at frequencies between a lower limit of approximately 100 kHz, and an upper limit of approximately 1 GHz.
• Embodiment P26 The DAC device of Embodiment P20, wherein the vacuum pump reduces the pressure in the resonant cavity to between a lower limit of approximately 1 mbar, and an upper limit of approximately 50 mbar.
• Embodiment P27 The DAC device of Embodiment P20, wherein the polyamine sorbent is selected from the group consisting of polyamine sorbent is selected from the group consisting of linear polyethylenimine (PEI), branched PEI, aziridine, diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine, diethyleanetriamino organosilane, aminopropyl organosilane, linear PEI functionalized cellulose acetate silica dioxide sorbent, branched PEI functionalized cellulose acetate silica dioxide sorbent material, linear PEI incorporated into a metal organic framework, branched PEI incorporated into a metal organic framework, amine incorporated into a metal organic framework, polyethylene MCM-41, and 3-trimethoxysilylpropyl diethylenetriamine SBA-15.
• PEI linear polyethylenimine
• PEI linear PEI functionalized cellulose acetate silica dioxide sorbent
• Embodiment P28 The DAC device of Embodiment P20, further comprising a mechanical stirrer located within the resonant cavity to stir the electromagnetic field.
• Embodiment P29 The DAC device of Embodiment P20, further comprising mounting the contactors on a holder affixed to a moving stage to facilitate movement of the contactors and static components located within the resonant cavity that do not move in relation to the motion of the contactors, where the motion of the contactors relative to the static components stir the electromagnetic field.
• Embodiment P30 The DAC device of Embodiment P20, further comprising mounting the contactors on a holder affixed to a moving stage to facilitate movement of the contactors and static components located within the resonant cavity that do not move in relation to the motion of the contactors, where the motion of the contactors relative to the static components dissipate heat evenly within the resonant cavity.
• Embodiment P31 The DAC device of Embodiment P20, wherein where the contactors are tuned to heat between, where the motion of the contactors relative to the static components stir the electromagnetic field.
• Embodiment P32 A method of capturing carbon dioxide molecules from air with contained release of carbon dioxide molecules including (A) exposing a contactor in which a polyamine sorbent is associated with the contactor to a laminar flow of air, where a plurality of carbon dioxide molecules form a bond with the polyamine sorbent, (B) introducing the contactor into a resonant cavity including (a) a gas sealable entrance adapted to allow the resonant cavity to seal with the contactor inside the resonant cavity, (b) a vacuum port in gaseous connection with a vacuum pump, and (c) a radio frequency generator adapted to be electromagnetically connected to the resonant cavity, where the microwave generator is adapted to select a radio frequency to optimize breaking the bond with the polyamine sorbent, (C) sealing the resonant cavity, (D) evacuating the sealed resonant cavity, (E) irradiating the polyamine sorbent with the selected radio frequency to release the plurality of carbon dioxide molecules into the
• Embodiment P33 The method of Embodiment P32, wherein the moisture content of the sealed resonant cavity after evacuation in step (D) is between a lower limit of approximately 10 ⁇ g LOD, and an upper limit of approximately 10 mg LOD.
• a DAC device including a moving stage, a plurality of contactors located on the moving stage, a polyamine sorbent associated with each of the plurality of contactors, an outlet, where the outlet is adapted to allow a laminar flow of air to pass over the polyamine sorbent associated with each of the plurality of contactors, where a plurality of carbon dioxide molecules in the air form a bond with the polyamine sorbent, a vacuum pump, and a resonant cavity including one or both a sealable entrance and a sealable exit, where one or both the sealable entrance and the sealable exit are adapted to allow one or more of the plurality of contactors to enter the resonant cavity and seal the resonant cavity containing the one or more of the plurality of contactors, a vacuum port in gaseous connection with the vacuum pump adapted to evacuate the sealed resonant cavity, and one or more radio frequency generators adapted to be electromagnetically connected to the resonant cavity, where one or more
• Embodiment P35 The DAC device of Embodiment P34, wherein the shape of the resonant cavity is designed based on a specific radio frequency or set of frequencies used by at least one of the one or more radio frequency generator to affect desorption of the plurality of carbon dioxide molecules.
• Embodiment P36 The DAC device of Embodiment P34, wherein at least one of the one or more radio frequency generators is adapted to vary the radio frequency to optimize the desorption of the plurality of carbon dioxide molecules.
• Embodiment P37 The DAC device of Embodiment P34, wherein a mechanical element inside the Electro Magnetic (EM) field is moved in relationship to a waveguide to affect the distribution of the EM field.
• EM Electro Magnetic
• Embodiment P38 The DAC device of Embodiment P34, wherein at least one of the one or more radio frequency generators generates a radio frequency between a lower limit of approximately 12 MHz, and an upper limit of approximately 14 MHz Torr.
• Embodiment P39 The DAC device of Embodiment P34, wherein at least one of the one or more radio frequency generators generates a radio frequency between a lower limit of approximately 27 MHz, and an upper limit of approximately 42 MHz Torr.
• Embodiment P40 The DAC device of Embodiment P34, wherein at least one of the one or more radio frequency generators generates a radio frequency between a lower limit of approximately 0.9 GHz, and an upper limit of approximately 1 GHz Torr.
• Embodiment P41 The DAC device of Embodiment P34, wherein the radio frequency generator is adapted to optimize irradiation at frequencies between a lower limit of approximately 100 kHz, and an upper limit of approximately 1 GHz.
• Embodiment P42 The DAC device of Embodiment P34, wherein the vacuum pump reduces the pressure in the resonant cavity to between a lower limit of approximately 0.2 bar, and an upper limit of approximately 0.8 bar.
• Embodiment P43 The DAC device of Embodiment P34, wherein the polyamine sorbent is selected from the group consisting of polyamine sorbent is selected from the group consisting of linear polyethylenimine (PEI), branched PEI, aziridine, diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine, diethyleanetriamino organosilane, aminopropyl organosilane, linear PEI functionalized cellulose acetate silica dioxide sorbent, branched PEI functionalized cellulose acetate silica dioxide sorbent material, linear PEI incorporated into a metal organic framework, branched PEI incorporated into a metal organic framework, amine incorporated into a metal organic framework, polyethylene MCM-41, and 3-trimethoxysilylpropyl diethylenetriamine SBA-15.
• PEI polyethylenimine
• PEI linear polyethylenimine
• PEI linear PEI functionalized cellulose acetate silica dioxide sorbent
• Embodiment P44 The DAC device of Embodiment P34, further comprising a Maximum Power Point Tracking system to optimize the microwave frequency.
• Embodiment P45 A method of continuous capture of carbon dioxide molecules from air with contained release of carbon dioxide molecules including (A) exposing a plurality of contactors in which a polyamine sorbent is associated with each of the plurality of contactors to a laminar flow of air, where a plurality of carbon dioxide molecules form a bond with the polyamine sorbent, (B) introducing one or more of the plurality of contactors into a resonant cavity including (a) one or both a gas sealable entrance and a gas sealable exit adapted to allow one or more of the plurality of contactors to (i) enter the resonant cavity, (ii) seal the resonant cavity with the one or more of the plurality of contactors inside the resonant cavity, and (iii) exit the resonant cavity, (b) a vacuum port in gaseous connection with a vacuum pump, and (c) a radio frequency generator adapted to be electromagnetically connected to the resonant cavity, where the microwave generator is
• Embodiment P46 The method of Embodiment P45, wherein the radio frequency includes pulsed width modulation.
• Embodiment P47 The method of Embodiment P45, wherein the radio frequency generator is turned off to modulate the frequency.
• Embodiment P48 The method of Embodiment P45, further comprising passing the carbon dioxide captured is passed over one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of molecular sieves, zeolites and activated carbon.
• Embodiment P49 The method of Embodiment P45, further comprising using a Maximum Power Point Tracking system to optimize the microwave frequency.
• Embodiment P50 The method of Embodiment P45, further comprising tuning the contactor to heat within the 2.4-2.5 GHz band which conducts thermal energy to the polyamine sorbent.
• Embodiment P51 An amplifier of a DAC device including a contactor, a polyamine sorbent associated with the contactor, where a plurality of carbon dioxide molecules in the air contacting the polyamine sorbent form a bond with the polyamine sorbent, a vacuum pump, and a resonant cavity including a gas sealable entrance adapted to allow the contactor to enter the resonant cavity and seal the resonant cavity, a vacuum port, where the vacuum pump is in gaseous connection with the vacuum port to evacuate the resonant cavity, and a microwave generator adapted to be electromagnetically connected to the resonant cavity, where the resonant cavity for carbon dioxide desorption with a Class A/B amplifier is designed such that the resonant cavity will operate as an oscillator when receiving feedback from the resonant cavity to excite molecular oscillations in the sorbent.
• Embodiment P52 The amplifier of a DAC device of Embodiment P51, further comprising the microwave generator adapted to scan and vary the frequency.
• Embodiment P53 The amplifier of a DAC device of Embodiment P51, further comprising the microwave generator adapted to vary pulse width modulation.
• Embodiment P54 The amplifier of a DAC device of Embodiment P51, further comprising modulating the frequency.
• Embodiment P55 The amplifier of a DAC device of Embodiment P51, wherein the microwave generator is powered solely by a photovoltaic cell.
• Embodiment P56 The amplifier of a DAC device of Embodiment P51, wherein the microwave generator is powered solely by a source of wind energy.
• Embodiment P57 A method of manufacture of carbon dioxide molecules from a continuous DAC device introducing a laminar flow of air into a resonant cavity comprising an entrance, an exit, a moving stage, a contactor and a polyamine sorbent associated with the contactor, where a plurality of carbon dioxide molecules present in the air covalently bond with the polyamine sorbent, and irradiating the polyamine sorbent with microwave frequency generated by a microwave generator, where the microwave generator is adapted to select a microwave frequency to optimize breaking the bond between the polyamine sorbent and the plurality of carbon dioxide molecules releasing the carbon dioxide molecules.
• Embodiment P58 The method of Embodiment P7, wherein the flow of air is laminar.
• Embodiment P59 A continuous DAC device including a contactor, a polyamine sorbent associated with the contactor, an outlet, where the outlet is adapted to allow a flow of air to pass over the polyamine sorbent associated with the contactor, where a plurality of carbon dioxide molecules in the air form a bond with the polyamine sorbent, and a resonant cavity including one or both a sealable entrance and a sealable exit adapted to move to allow the contactor to be in contact with a microwave generator adapted to electromagnetically contact the resonant cavity, where the microwave generator is adapted to select a microwave frequency to optimize breaking the bond between the polyamine sorbent and the plurality of carbon dioxide molecules releasing the plurality of carbon dioxide molecules, where the plurality of gaseous carbon dioxide molecules released by the microwave generator are removed from the resonant cavity.
• Embodiment P60 The DAC device of Embodiment P59, wherein the microwave generator is adapted to vary the microwave frequency to optimize the desorption of the plurality of carbon dioxide molecules.
• Embodiment P61 The DAC device of Embodiment P59, wherein the microwave generator is adapted to allow pulse width modulation to optimize the desorption of the plurality of carbon dioxide molecules.
• Embodiment P62 The DAC device of Embodiment P59, wherein the microwave frequency is between a lower limit of approximately 0.9 GHz, and an upper limit of approximately 2.5 GHz.
• Embodiment P63 The DAC device of Embodiment P59, wherein the microwave generator is adapted to optimize irradiation at frequencies between a lower limit of approximately 0.9 GHz, and an upper limit of approximately 3 GHz.
• Embodiment P64 The DAC device of Embodiment P59, wherein the microwave generator further comprises a variable scanning microwave frequency with a lock in amplifier to ensure desorption of the carbon dioxide molecules between a lower limit of approximately forty (40) per cent, and an upper limit of approximately ninety five (95) per cent.
• Embodiment P65 The DAC device of Embodiment P59, wherein the vacuum pump reduces the pressure in the resonant cavity to between a lower limit of approximately 1 mbar, and an upper limit of approximately 50 mbar.
• Embodiment P66 The DAC device of Embodiment P59, wherein the polyamine sorbent is selected from the group consisting of polyamine sorbent is selected from the group consisting of linear polyethylenimine (PEI), branched PEI, aziridine, diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine, diethyleanetriamino organosilane, aminopropyl organosilane, linear PEI functionalized cellulose acetate silica dioxide sorbent, branched PEI functionalized cellulose acetate silica dioxide sorbent material, linear PEI incorporated into a metal organic framework, branched PEI incorporated into a metal organic framework, amine incorporated into a metal organic framework, polyethylene MCM-41, and 3-trimethoxysilylpropyl diethylenetriamine SBA-15.
• PEI linear polyethylenimine
• PEI linear PEI functionalized cellulose acetate silica dioxide sorbent
• Embodiment P67 The DAC device of Embodiment P58, further comprising a vacuum pump adapted to one or both evacuate the resonant cavity and remove the carbon dioxide released from the polyamine sorbent.
• Embodiment P68 The DAC device of Embodiment P67, where the vacuum pump reduces the pressure in the resonant cavity to between a lower limit of approximately 0.2 bar and an upper limit of approximately 1 bar.
• Embodiment P69 The method of Embodiment P7, where a moisture content of the resonant cavity is reduced between a lower limit of approximately 10 per cent and an upper limit of approximately 80 per cent. In this range approximately means plus or minus thirty (30) per cent.

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