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  • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
  • C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
  • C21D9/46—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for sheet metals
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  • C21D6/00—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys
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  • C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties of ferrous metals or ferrous alloys by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
  • C21D8/02—Modifying the physical properties of ferrous metals or ferrous alloys by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips
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  • C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties of ferrous metals or ferrous alloys by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
  • C21D8/02—Modifying the physical properties of ferrous metals or ferrous alloys by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips
  • C21D8/0221—Modifying the physical properties of ferrous metals or ferrous alloys by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips characterised by the working steps
  • C21D8/0226—Hot rolling
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  • C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties of ferrous metals or ferrous alloys by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
  • C21D8/02—Modifying the physical properties of ferrous metals or ferrous alloys by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips
  • C21D8/0247—Modifying the physical properties of ferrous metals or ferrous alloys by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips characterised by the heat treatment
  • C21D8/0263—Modifying the physical properties of ferrous metals or ferrous alloys by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips characterised by the heat treatment following hot rolling
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  • C22C—ALLOYS
  • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
  • C22C38/002—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing In, Mg, or other elements not provided for in one single group C22C38/001 - C22C38/60
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  • C22C—ALLOYS
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  • C22C38/02—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing silicon
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  • C22C38/04—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing manganese
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  • C22C38/12—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing tungsten, tantalum, molybdenum, vanadium, or niobium
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  • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
  • C22C38/24—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with vanadium
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  • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
  • C22C38/38—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with more than 1.5% by weight of manganese
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  • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
  • C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
  • C22C38/42—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with copper
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  • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
  • C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
  • C22C38/44—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with molybdenum or tungsten
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  • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
  • C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
  • C22C38/46—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with vanadium
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  • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
  • C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
  • C22C38/48—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with niobium or tantalum
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  • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
  • C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
  • C22C38/50—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with titanium or zirconium
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  • C22C—ALLOYS
  • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
  • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
  • C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
  • C22C38/52—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with cobalt
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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  • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
  • C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
  • C22C38/54—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with boron
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  • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
  • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
  • C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
  • C22C38/58—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with more than 1.5% by weight of manganese
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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  • C22C—ALLOYS
  • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
  • C22C38/60—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing lead, selenium, tellurium, or antimony, or more than 0.04% by weight of sulfur
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  • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
  • C21D2211/00—Microstructure comprising significant phases
  • C21D2211/002—Bainite
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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  • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
  • C21D2211/00—Microstructure comprising significant phases
  • C21D2211/004—Dispersions; Precipitations
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  • C21D2211/00—Microstructure comprising significant phases
  • C21D2211/005—Ferrite
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  • C21D2211/00—Microstructure comprising significant phases
  • C21D2211/008—Martensite

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a hot rolled steel sheet.
• PTL 1 describes a high strength hot rolled steel sheet having a predetermined chemical composition, having a Tief expressed by [Ti]-48/14x[N]-48/32x[S] of 0.01 to 0.30%, containing crystal grains with an orientation difference of grain boundaries of adjoining crystal grains of 15° or more, which crystal grains have an average of orientation differences in the crystal grains of 0 to 0.5°, in an area ratio of 50% or more, further having a total of martensite, tempered martensite, and retained austenite of an area percentage of 2% or more and 10% or less, 40% or more mass% of Ti of the Tief being present as Ti carbides, the mass of the Ti carbides with a circle equivalent diameter of 7 nm or more and 20 nm or less being 50% or more of the mass of all Ti carbides.
• PTL 1 teaches that crystal grains with an average of orientation differences in the crystal grains of 0 to 0.5° are high in ductility and further that Ti carbides cause precipitation strengthening, and therefore by securing such crystal grains in an area ratio of 50% or more, it is possible to maintain the tensile strength (TS) at 540 MPa or more while improving the ductility.
• TS tensile strength
• PTL 2 describes a high strength hot rolled steel sheet having a predetermined composition of constituents and having a microstructure having a volume ratio of a total of the ferrite phase and bainite phase in the structure as a whole of 95% or more, having a volume ratio of the ferrite phase in the structure as a whole of 50 to 90%, having precipitates of a size of less than 20 nm including 650 to 1100 ppm of Ti form in the ferrite phase, and a ⁇ Hv of the bainite phase (difference of maximum value and minimum value of the Vickers hardness of the bainite phase at 30 locations measured at a position of a sheet thickness 1/4 of the sheet thickness cross-section along the rolling direction) of 150 or less.
• PTL 2 teaches that if making the microstructure one comprised mainly of a ferrite phase and bainite phase, having precipitates of a size of less than 20 nm including 650 to 1100 ppm of Ti form in the ferrite phase, and having an ⁇ Hv of the bainite phase of 150 or less, it is possible to secure TS of 780 MPa or more and achieve both excellent stretch flangeability (hole expandability) and impact resistance.
• the present invention has as its object to provide a hot rolled steel sheet which is high in strength and has a high hole expandability and yield ratio.
• the inventors engaged in studies to achieve the above object while focusing in particular on the microstructure of a hot rolled steel sheet.
• the inventors discovered that by making the microstructure of a hot rolled steel sheet having a predetermined chemical composition include mainly ferrite, bainite, and martensite and controlling the bainite percentage to a relatively high range and utilizing dislocation strengthening, it is possible to remarkably raise the strength of a hot rolled steel sheet and that, further, by establishing the presence in the ferrite of TiC precipitates having a suitable diameter in a predetermined number density, it is possible to strengthen the ferrite by precipitates to make the hot rolled steel sheet further higher in strength and to reduce the hardness difference of ferrite and bainite to raise the hole expandability and yield ratio, and thereby completed the present invention.
• the present invention able to achieve this object is as follows:
• the hot rolled steel sheet according to an embodiment of the present invention has a chemical composition comprising, by mass%,
• the inventors engaged in studies for focusing in particular on the microstructure of a hot rolled steel sheet in addition to making the chemical composition of a hot rolled steel sheet more suitable.
• the inventors discovered that by making the microstructure of a hot rolled steel sheet having a predetermined chemical composition include mainly ferrite, bainite, and martensite, it is possible to maintain the strength of a hot rolled steel sheet at a certain high level while raising the hole expandability and yield ratio.
• the inventors discovered that by controlling the percentage of the hard phase bainite in the microstructure to a relatively high range and utilizing dislocation strengthening to make the strength further higher, it is possible to remarkably raise the strength of a hot rolled steel sheet. More specifically, the inventors discovered that by controlling the area ratio of bainite in the microstructure within a range of 30 to 60% and additionally, as explained later in detail in relation to the method of production of the hot rolled steel sheet, introducing dislocations resulting in an average aspect ratio of 3.0 or more of the prior austenite grains in the region including bainite and martensite into the steel sheet in the hot rolling, it is possible to remarkably raise the strength of a hot rolled steel sheet.
• the inventors discovered that by strengthening the softest ferrite by precipitates in the triplex structure, more specifically by establishing the presence in the ferrite of TiC precipitates having a diameter of 2.0 to 8.0 nm in a number density of 1.0 ⁇ 10 16 /cm 3 or more to strengthen the ferrite by precipitates, it is possible to contribute to improvement of the strength of the hot rolled steel sheet as a whole only naturally while sufficiently reducing the hardness difference between the hard phase bainite present relatively greatly in the microstructure and the softest ferrite in the triplex structure.
• the hot rolled steel sheet in order to establish the presence in the ferrite of TiC precipitates having a diameter of 2.0 to 8.0 nm by a number density of 1.0x10 1 6 /cm 3 or more, in addition to the method of production explained in detail later, it is necessary to make the chemical composition of the hot rolled steel sheet more suitable.
• the Si and Al contained in the steel have the actions of suppressing precipitation of cementite.
• the hot rolled steel sheet according to an embodiment of the present invention can be effectively used even in members where achievement of both of the contradictory properties of high strength and excellent workability is sought and further impact resistance is sought, and therefore is particularly useful for use in the automotive field.
• C is an element effective for raising the strength of steel sheet. Further, C forms carbides and/or carbonitrides with Ti and Nb in the steel and also contributes to the precipitation strengthening based on the precipitates formed and the refinement of the structure by the pinning effect of the precipitates. To sufficiently obtain these effects, the C content is 0.03% or more. The C content may also be 0.04% or more, 0.05% or more, or 0.06% or more. On the other hand, if excessively containing C, sometimes the hole expandability and yield ratio fall due to the formation of cementite. Therefore, the C content is 0.10% or less. The C content may also be 0.09% or less, 0.08% or less, or 0.07% or less.
• Si is an element effective for raising strength as a solution strengthening element. Further, Si has the action of suppressing precipitation of cementite. For this reason, by inclusion of Si, the C in the steel can be kept from being consumed for formation of cementite. Due to this, it becomes possible to promote the formation of the TiC precipitates at the time of cooling after hot rolling. To sufficiently obtain such an effect, the Si content is 0.010% or more. The Si content may also be 0.020% or more, 0.030% or more, or 0.040% or more. On the other hand, if excessively containing Si, sometimes defects in surface quality called "Si scale" are caused. Therefore, the Si content is 0.100% or less. The Si content may also be 0.090% or less, 0.080% or less, 0.070% or less, 0.060% or less, or 0.050% or less.
• Mn is an element effective for hardenability and for raising strength as a solution strengthening element. To sufficiently obtain these effects, the Mn content is 0.50% or more. The Mn content may also be 0.70% or more, 1.00% or more, 1.20% or more, or 1.50% or more. On the other hand, if excessively containing Mn, sometimes MnS is greatly formed and the toughness is lowered. Therefore, the Mn content is 3.00% or less. The Mn content may also be 2.80% or less, 2.50% or less, 2.20% or less, or 2.00% or less.
• Ti is an element finely precipitating in steel as a carbide (TiC) and improving the strength of the steel by precipitation strengthening and raising the hardness of ferrite. Further, Ti is an element forming carbides to fix C and suppress the formation of the cementite harmful to the hole expandability. To sufficiently obtain these effects, the Ti content is 0.05% or more. The Ti content may also be 0.08% or more, 0.10% or more, 0.12% or more, or 0.14% or more. On the other hand, if excessively containing Ti, the carbides become coarser and sometimes it is not possible to obtain the desired precipitation strengthening in ferrite.
• the Ti content is 0.20% or less.
• the Ti content may also be 0.18% or less, 0.17% or less, 0.16% or less, or 0.15% or less.
• Al is an element acting as a deoxidizer of molten steel. Further, Al has the action of suppressing precipitation of cementite. For this reason, inclusion of Al enables the C in the steel to be kept from being consumed for formation of cementite and thereby enables promotion of formation of the TiC precipitates at the time of cooling after hot rolling. To sufficiently obtain these effects, the Al content is 0.20% or more. The Al content may also be 0.22% or more, 0.25% or more, or 0.28% or more. On the other hand, if excessively containing Al, coarse oxides are formed and sometimes the toughness and ductility fall. Therefore, Al content is 0.40% or less. The Al content may also be 0.38% or less, 0.35% or less, or 0.32% or less.
• the P content is 0.100% or less.
• the P content may also be 0.080% or less, 0.050% or less, 0.030% or less, or 0.020% or less.
• the lower limit of the P content is not particularly prescribed and may also be 0%, but excessive reduction invites a rise in costs. Therefore, the P content may also be 0.0001% or more, 0.001% or more, or 0.005% or more.
• the S content is 0.0100% or less.
• the S content may also be 0.0050% or less, 0.0030% or less, or 0.0020% or less.
• the lower limit of the S content is not particularly prescribed and may also be 0%, but excessive reduction invites a rise in costs. Therefore, the S content may also be 0.0001% or more, 0.0005% or more, or 0.0010% or more.
• the N content is 0.010% or less.
• the N content may also be 0.008% or less, 0.005% or less, or 0.003% or less.
• the lower limit of the N content is not particularly prescribed and may also be 0%, but excessive reduction invites a rise in costs. Therefore, the N content may also be 0.0001% or more, 0.0005% or more, or 0.001% or more.
• O is an element entering in the production process. If excessively containing O, coarse inclusions are formed and sometimes the toughness of the steel sheet falls. Therefore, the O content is 0.010% or less.
• the O content may also be 0.008% or less, 0.006% or less, or 0.004% or less.
• the lower limit of the O content is not particularly prescribed and may also be 0%, but for reduction to less than 0.0001 %, time is required for refining and a drop in productivity is invited. Therefore, the O content may also be 0.0001% or more or 0.0005% or more.
• the basic chemical composition of the hot rolled steel sheet according to an embodiment of the present invention is as explained above. Further, the hot rolled steel sheet may, in accordance with need, contain at least one of the following optional elements in place of part of the balance of Fe.
• Nb is an element forming carbides, nitrides, and/or carbonitrides in steel to contribute to refinement of the structure due to the pinning effect and in turn higher strength of the steel sheet.
• the Nb content may also be 0%, but to obtain these effects, the Nb content is preferably 0.001% or more.
• the Nb content may also be 0.005% or more, 0.010% or more, 0.012% or more, 0.015% or more, or 0.020% or more.
• Nb content is preferably 0.050% or less.
• the Nb content may also be 0.040% or less, 0.030% or less, or 0.025% or less.
• V is an element contributing to improvement of strength due to precipitation strengthening, etc.
• the V content may also be 0%, but to obtain such an effect, the V content is preferably 0.001% or more.
• the V content may also be 0.010% or more, 0.030% or more, or 0.050% or more.
• the V content is preferably 1.000% or less.
• the V content may also be 0.500% or less, 0.200% or less, 0.100% or less, or 0.080% or less.
• Cr is an element raising the hardenability of steel and contributing to improvement of strength.
• the Cr content may also be 0%, but to obtain such an effect, the Cr content is preferably 0.001% or more.
• the Cr content may also be 0.01% or more, 0.03% or more, or 0.05% or more.
• the Cr content is preferably 2.00% or less.
• the Cr content may also be 1.50% or less, 1.00% or less, 0.50% or less, 0.30% or less, 0.15% or less, or 0.10% or less.
• Ni and Cu are elements contributing to improvement of strength by precipitation strengthening and solution strengthening.
• the Ni and Cu contents may also be 0%, but to obtain such effects, the contents of these elements are preferably respectively 0.001% or more and may also be 0.01% or more, 0.03% or more, or 0.05% or more.
• the Ni and Cu content are preferably respectively 2.00% or less and may also be 1.50% or less, 1.00% or less, 0.50% or less, 0.30% or less, 0.15% or less, or 0.10% or less.
• Mo is an element raising the hardenability of steel and contributing to improvement of the strength.
• the Mo content may also be 0%, but to obtain such an effect, the Mo content is preferably 0.001% or more.
• the Mo content may also be 0.010% or more, 0.020% or more, or 0.050% or more.
• the Mo content is preferably 1.000% or less.
• the Mo content may also be 0.800% or less, 0.500% or less, 0.200% or less, 0.100% or less, or 0.080% or less.
• the B content segregates at the grain boundaries to raise the intergranular strength and thereby improve the low temperature toughness.
• the B content may also be 0%, but to obtain such an effect, the B content is preferably 0.0001% or more.
• the B content may also be 0.0002% or more, 0.0003% or more, or 0.0005% or more.
• the B content is preferably 0.0100% or less.
• the B content may also be 0.0050% or less, 0.0030% or less, 0.0015% or less, or 0.0010% or less.
• Sn and Sb are elements effective for improvement of the corrosion resistance.
• the Sn and Sb contents may be 0%, but to obtain such an effect, the contents of these elements are respectively preferably 0.001% or more and may also be 0.010% or more, 0.020% or more, or 0.050% or more.
• the Sn and Sb contents are preferably 1.000% or less and may also be 0.800% or less, 0.500% or less, 0.300% or less, 0.100% or less, or 0.080% or less.
• Ca, Mg, and Hf are elements enabling control of the form of the nonmetallic inclusions.
• the Ca, Mg, and Hf contents may also be 0%, but to obtain such an effect, the contents of these elements are preferably respectively 0.0001% or more and may also be 0.0005% or more or 0.0010% or more. On the other hand, even if excessively containing these elements, the effect becomes saturated. Inclusion in the steel sheet more than necessary invites a rise in production costs. Therefore, the Ca, Mg, and Hf contents are preferably respectively 0.0100% or less and may also be 0.0050% or less, 0.0030% or less, or 0.0020% or less.
• Bi is an element effective for improvement of the corrosion resistance.
• the Bi content may be 0%, but to obtain such an effect, the Bi content is preferably 0.001% or more.
• the Bi content may also be 0.001 % or more or 0.002% or more.
• the Bi content is preferably respectively 0.010% or less.
• the Bi content may also be 0.005% or less, or 0.003% or less.
• An REM is an element enabling control of the form of nonmetallic inclusion.
• the REM content may be 0%, but to obtain such an effect, the REM content is preferably 0.0001% or more.
• the REM content may also be 0.0005% or more or 0.0010% or more.
• the REM content is preferably 0.0100% or less.
• the REM content may also be 0.0050% or less, 0.0030% or less, or 0.0020% or less.
• the "REM” in this Description is the general name of the 17 elements of atomic number 21 scandium (Sc), atomic number 39 yttrium (Y), and the lanthanoid atomic number 57 lanthanum (La) to atomic number 71 lutetium (Lu).
• the REM content is the total content of these elements.
• the As content may be 0%, but to obtain such an effect, the As content is preferably 0.001% or more.
• the As content may also be 0.002% or more or 0.003% or more.
• the As content is preferably respectively 0.010% or less.
• the As content may also be 0.008% or less or 0.005% or less.
• Zr is an element enabling control of the form of nonmetallic inclusions.
• the Zr content may also be 0%, but to obtain such an effect, the Zr content is preferably 0.001 % or more.
• the Zr content may also be 0.002% or more or 0.003% or more.
• the Zr content is preferably 0.010% or less.
• the Zr content may also be 0.008% or less or 0.005% or less.
• Co is an element contributing to improvement of the hardenability and/or heat resistance.
• the Co content may also be 0%, but to obtain these effects, the Co content is preferably 0.001 % or more.
• the Co content may also be 0.010% or more, 0.050% or more, or 0.100% or more.
• the Co content is preferably 2.000% or less.
• the Co content may also be 1.000% or less, 0.500% or less, 0.300% or less, or 0.200% or less.
• Zn is an element able to be included in steel sheet when using scrap, etc., as a steel raw material. Therefore, the Zn content is preferably 0.010% or less and may also be 0.008% or less or 0.005% or less. The Zn content may also be 0%, but for reduction to less than 0.001%, time is required for refining and the productivity falls. Therefore, Zn content may also be 0.001% or more, 0.002% or more, or 0.003% or more.
• W is an element raising the hardenability of steel and contributes to improvement of strength.
• the W content may also be 0%, but to obtain such an effect, the W content is preferably 0.001% or more.
• the W content may also be 0.010% or more, 0.050% or more, or 0.100% or more.
• the W content is preferably 1.000% or less.
• the W content may also be 0.800% or less, 0.500% or less, 0.300% or less, or 0.200% or less.
• the balance aside from the above elements is comprised of Fe and impurities.
• the "impurities" are constituents entering the slab due to the ore, scrap, or other raw materials and other various factors in the production process when industrially producing the slab.
• the chemical composition of the hot rolled steel sheet according to an embodiment of the present invention may be measured by a general analysis method.
• the chemical composition of the hot rolled steel sheet may be measured using inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES).
• C and S can be measured using the combustion-infrared absorption method, N using the inert gas melting-thermal conductivity method, and O using the inert gas melting-nondispersive type infrared absorption method.
• the microstructure of the hot rolled steel sheet according to an embodiment of the present invention includes, by area%, ferrite: 30 to 60%, bainite: 30 to 60%, and martensite: 5 to 20%.
• ferrite 30 to 60%
• bainite 30 to 60%
• martensite 5 to 20%.
• the area ratio of ferrite has to be 30% or more and, for example, may also be 35% or more, 40% or more, or 45% or more.
• the area ratio of ferrite is 60% or less and for example may also be less than 60%, 59% or less, 58% or less, 55% or less, 52% or less, or 50% or less.
• the area ratios of the hard phases bainite and martensite are preferably higher.
• the area ratio of bainite may also be more than 30%, 31% or more, 32% or more, 35% or more, 40% or more, or 45% or more.
• the area ratio of martensite may also be 8% or more, 10% or more, or 12% or more.
• the area ratios of bainite and martensite are preferably lower.
• the area ratio of bainite may also be 58% or less, 55% or less, 52% or less, or 50% or less.
• the area ratio of martensite may also be 18% or less, 16% or less, or 14% or less.
• the microstructure of the hot rolled steel sheet according to an embodiment of the present invention includes ferrite, bainite, and martensite and may also contain other balance structures besides these, but the area ratio of the balance structures is preferably small and may also be 0%.
• the area ratio of the balance structures is not particularly limited, but, for example, may be 0 to 5%, 0 to 4%, or 0 to 3%. In other words, the total area ratio of ferrite, bainite, and martensite may also be, for example, 95 to 100%, 96 to 100%, or 97 to 100%.
• the lower of the balance structures may be 1% or 2%. If there are balance structures present, the balance structures include at least one of pearlite and retained austenite or can be at least one of these.
• the structures are observed by a scan type electron microscope. Before observation, the sample for observation of the structures is wet polished by emery paper and polished by a diamond abrasive having an average grain size of 1 ⁇ m so as to finish the observed surface to a mirror finish, then the structures are etched by a 3% nitric acid alcohol solution. The power of the observation is made 2000X. Ten 30 ⁇ m ⁇ 40 ⁇ m fields at a 1/4 position of sheet thickness from the surface are randomly photographed. The ratios of the structures are found by the point count method.
• Ferrite is a clumpy crystal grain not including inside it long axis 100 nm or more iron-based carbides.
• Bainite is a collection of lath shaped crystal grains not including inside it long axis 20 nm or more iron-based carbides or containing inside it long axis 20 nm or more iron-based carbides but the carbides belonging to a single variant, i.e., a group of iron-based carbides stretching in the same direction.
• group of iron-based carbides stretching in the same direction means a difference in stretching direction of the group of iron-based carbides of within 5°.
• In bainite bainite surrounded by grain boundaries with an orientation difference of 15° or more is counted as a single bainite grain.
• martensite which contains a large amount of dissolved carbon, is higher in brightness compared with other structures and appears white, and therefore can be differentiated from other structures. If there are structures other than ferrite, bainite, and martensite, the area ratio of balance structures is determined by subtracting from 100% the total area ratio of ferrite, bainite, and martensite.
• the balance structures include pearlite and retained austenite, etc.
• pearlite has a unique structure of cementite precipitated in a lamellar manner, it can be discriminated by a scan type electron microscope.
• the volume ratio can be calculated by measurement by X-ray diffraction. The volume ratio of retained austenite is equal to the area ratio, and therefore this can be made the area ratio of the retained austenite.
• TiC precipitates having a diameter of 2.0 to 8.0 nm are present in the ferrite in a number density of 1.0x10 1 6 /cm 3 or more.
• the "TiC precipitates” include not only TiC, but also encompass complex carbides including Ti and elements besides Ti, for example, V and Nb.
• the diameter of the TiC precipitates is smaller than 2.0 nm, the TiC precipitates cannot sufficiently act as obstacles to dislocation motion and therefore the effect of improvement of hardness of the ferrite by precipitation strengthening cannot be sufficiently obtained. In addition, sometimes the effect of improvement of strength of the hot rolled steel sheet also cannot be sufficiently obtained. On the other hand, even if the TiC precipitates become too large in diameter, sometimes it is not possible to obtain the desired precipitation strengthening in the ferrite.
• it may be 1.2 ⁇ 10 16 /cm 3 or more, 1.5 ⁇ 10 16 /cm 3 or more, 2.0 ⁇ 10 16 /cm 3 or more, 5.0 ⁇ 10 16 /cm 3 or more, or 10.0 ⁇ 10 16 /cm 3 or more.
• the number density is not particularly limited so long as the diameter of 2.0 to 8.0 nm is satisfied, but for example may be 75.0 ⁇ 10 16 /cm 3 or less, 50.0 ⁇ 10 6 /cm 3 or less, 30.0 ⁇ 10 1 6 /cm 3 or less, or 20.0 ⁇ 10 16 /cm 3 or less.
• the hot rolled steel sheet according to an embodiment of the present invention if performing measurement by the 3D atom probe measurement method explained in detail later, it is sufficient that TiC precipitates having a diameter of 2.0 to 8.0 nm be present in the ferrite in a number density of 1.0 ⁇ 10 1 6 /cm 3 or more. Therefore, so long as satisfying the above diameter and number density requirements, for example, coarse TiC precipitates may also be present in the ferrite.
• fine TiC precipitates The diameter of the fine TiC precipitates is made the circle equivalent diameter calculated from the number of atoms of Ti forming the observed fine Ti precipitates and the lattice constant of the fine Ti precipitates assuming the fine Ti precipitates to be spherical.
• the method of using the number of Ti atoms of the fine TiC precipitates obtained by the 3D atom probe measurement method so as to find the diameter (circle equivalent diameter) R of the fine TiC precipitates is shown below:
• the number N of all of the atoms of the sample covered is measured by the 3D atom probe measurement method, but in actuality, it is not possible to detect the number N of all of the atoms of the sample covered by the 3D atom probe measurement method.
• the number density of the TiC precipitates is calculated using the measurement field as the denominator and the number of fine TiC precipitates as the numerator.
• the ratio of an average nanohardness of bainite/average nanohardness of ferrite i.e., the (average nanohardness of ferrite)/(average nanohardness of bainite) is controlled to within a range of 0.75 to 1.20.
• the ratio of an average nanohardness of bainite/average nanohardness of ferrite is controlled to within such a range.
• it becomes possible to further raise the hole expandability and yield ratio of the hot rolled steel sheet for example, it becomes possible to achieve a 65.0% or more hole expansion rate ( ⁇ ) and 0.75 or more yield ratio (YR).
• the ratio of an average nanohardness of bainite/average nanohardness of ferrite may also be 0.80 or more, 0.85 or more, or 0.90 or more and similarly may also be 1.15 or less, 1.10 or less, 1.05 or less, or 1.00 or less.
• the average nanohardness of bainite is not particularly limited, but, for example, may also be 3.0 to 5.0GPa, 3.2 to 4.8GPa, or 3.5 to 4.5GPa.
• the average nanohardness of ferrite is not particularly limited, but, for example, may also be 2.5 to 5.0GPa, 2.8 to 4.8GPa, or 3.0 to 4.5GPa.
• the ratio of the average nanohardness of ferrite to the average nanohardness of bainite is determined in the following way.
• a sample is cut out from the hot rolled steel sheet so that a sheet thickness cross-section vertical to the surface can be observed.
• the cross-section of the sample is wet polished by emery paper and polished by a diamond abrasive having an average grain size of 1 ⁇ m to finish it to a mirror surface.
• the mirror finished cross-section is dented by a test load of 3 gf at a 1/4 depth position of sheet thickness from the surface to measure the nanohardness and obtain measurement values of a total of 100 points or more.
• a scan type electron microscope is used to measure the same sample.
• the arithmetic average of the nanohardnesses of 10 or more ferrite crystal grains extracted is determined as the average nanohardness of the ferrite
• the arithmetic average of the nanohardnesses of 10 or more bainite similarly extracted is determined as the average nanohardness of the bainite
• the ratio (average nanohardness of ferrite)/(average nanohardness of bainite) of these is determined as a ratio of the average nanohardness of ferrite with respect to the average nanohardness of bainite.
• the average aspect ratio of prior austenite grains of a region including bainite and martensite has to be 3.0 or more.
• the microstructure to include hard phase bainite in a relatively large amount of 30 to 60 area%, it is possible to raise the strength of the hot rolled steel sheet.
• a microstructure in which dislocations are suitably introduced in this way is suppressed in recrystallization, and therefore becomes a structure with a relatively large aspect ratio.
• the average aspect ratio of prior austenite grains of a region including bainite and martensite it becomes possible to further enhance the effect of improvement of strength obtained by inclusion of a relatively large amount of bainite due to the dislocation strengthening.
• the microstructure in the hot rolled steel sheet according to an embodiment of the present invention, by making the microstructure contain 30 to 60 area% of bainite and controlling the average aspect ratio of prior austenite grains of a region including bainite and martensite to 3.0 or more, it becomes possible to remarkably raise the strength of the hot rolled steel sheet due to the combination of the effect of improvement of strength by bainite and dislocation strengthening.
• the larger the average aspect ratio the more preferable.
• it may also be 3.2 or more, 3.5 or more, 3.8 or more, or 4.0 or more.
• the upper limit of the average aspect ratio is not particularly prescribed, but, for example, the average aspect ratio may also be 6.0 or less, 5.5 or less, or 5.0 or less.
• the average aspect ratio of prior austenite grains of a region including bainite and martensite is measured is by a scan type electron microscope.
• the sample for observation of the structures is wet polished by emery paper and polished by a diamond abrasive having an average grain size of 1 ⁇ m.
• the sample is finished to a mirror surface using the L direction cross-section (cross-section parallel to rolling direction and sheet thickness direction) as the observed surface, then the structure is etched by a picric acid solution.
• the power of the observation is made 1000X. Ten 60 ⁇ m ⁇ 80 ⁇ m fields at a 1/4 position of sheet thickness from the surface are randomly photographed.
• the slice method was used to find the crystal grain sizes in the sheet thickness direction and the rolling direction.
• the slice method five lines are drawn at equal intervals in the sheet thickness direction and rolling direction of the photographed image and the points intersecting the crystal grain boundaries are counted. The value of the total length of the five lines divided by the number of intersecting points is made the crystal grain size.
• the value of the crystal grain size in the rolling direction divided by the crystal grain size in the sheet thickness direction is determined as the average aspect ratio of the prior austenite grains of a region including bainite and martensite.
• the hot rolled steel sheet according to an embodiment of the present invention is not particularly limited, but in general has a 1.0 to 6.0 mm sheet thickness.
• the sheet thickness may also be 1.2 mm or more, 1.6 mm or more, or 2.0 mm or more and/or may also be 5.0 mm or less or 4.0 mm or less.
• the hot rolled steel sheet having the above chemical composition and microstructure it is possible to achieve a high tensile strength, specifically a 780 MPa or more tensile strength.
• the tensile strength is preferably 800 MPa or more, 820 MPa or more, or 840 MPa or more.
• the hot rolled steel sheet according to an embodiment of the present invention despite having such an extremely high tensile strength, by the specific combination of the chemical composition and microstructure explained above, it is possible to achieve both improvement of the hole expandability and realization of a high yield ratio.
• the upper limit of the tensile strength is not particularly prescribed, but for example the tensile strength of the hot rolled steel sheet may be 1180 MPa or less, 980 MPa or less, 940 MPa or less, 900 MPa or less, or 860 MPa or less.
• the tensile strength is measured by taking a JIS No. 5 test piece from an orientation (C direction) where the longitudinal direction of the test piece becomes parallel to the rolling perpendicular direction of the hot rolled steel sheet and conducting a tensile test based on JIS Z 2241: 2011.
• the hot rolled steel sheet having the above chemical composition and microstructure in addition to a high tensile strength, it is possible to raise the yield ratio, more specifically to achieve a 0.70 or more yield ratio.
• the yield ratio is preferably 0.75 or more, more preferably 0.80 or more.
• the upper limit is not particularly prescribed, but for example the yield ratio may also be 0.90 or less or 0.85 or less.
• the hot rolled steel sheet having the above chemical composition and microstructure it is possible to achieve a high hole expandability, specifically a 60.0% or more hole expansion rate.
• the hole expansion rate is preferably 65.0% or more, more preferably 70.0% or more or 80% or more.
• the upper limit of the hole expansion rate is not particularly prescribed, but, for example, the hole expansion rate may also be 120% or less, 110% or less, or 100% or less.
• the hole expansion rate is determined in the following way. First a width 100 mm ⁇ length 100 mm test piece is taken from the hot rolled steel sheet.
• the initial hole is pushed open by a conical punch of a vertex angle of 60° until a crack is formed passing through the sheet thickness.
• the hole size d1 mm at the time of cracking is measured to find the hole expansion rate ⁇ (%) of each test piece by the following formula. This hole expansion test is conducted three times and the average value of these is determined as the hole expansion rate ⁇ .
• ⁇ 100 ⁇ d 1 ⁇ d 0 / d 0
• a slab having the chemical composition explained above in relation to the hot rolled steel sheet is heated.
• the slab used is preferably cast by a continuous casting method from the viewpoint of productivity, but may also be produced by an ingot making method or a thin slab casting method.
• the slab used contains relatively large amounts of alloy elements for obtaining high strength steel sheet. For this reason, before being supplied for hot rolling, the slab has to be heated to make the alloy elements dissolve in the slab. If the heating temperature is low, sometimes the alloy elements will not sufficiently dissolve in the slab but coarse alloy carbides will remain and brittle fracture will occur during the hot rolling. For this reason, the heating temperature is preferably 1200°C or more.
• the upper limit of the heating temperature is not particularly prescribed, but 1300°C or less is preferable from the viewpoint of the capacity of the heating facilities and productivity. Further, by making the holding time in the temperature region of 1200 to 1300°C 1000 seconds or more, it is possible to reliably make the alloy elements dissolve in the slab.
• the upper limit of the holding time is not particularly prescribed, but is preferably 4000 seconds or less from the viewpoint of the productivity, etc. If performing rough rolling, it is also possible to hold the steel sheet at the temperature region of 1200 to 1300°C after the rough rolling.
• the heated slab may be rough rolled before the finish rolling so as to adjust the sheet thickness, etc.
• the rough rolling need only secure the desired sheet bar dimensions.
• the conditions are not particularly limited.
• the heated slab or the slab additionally rough rolled according to need is next finish rolled.
• the finish rolling is performed by a tandem rolling machine comprised of five or more rolling stands, more specifically five to eight rolling stands.
• the total rolling reduction at the prior stages of rolling passes besides the final three stages (last three stages) is controlled to 60 to 90%.
• the recrystallization rates in the prior stages of individual rolling passes do not have to be 100%.
• the total rolling reduction of the prior stages of rolling passes is less than 60%, the desired microstructure including ferrite, bainite, and martensite in specific ratios cannot be obtained and sometimes the hole expandability and other properties fall. Therefore, the total rolling reduction of the prior stages of rolling passes is 60% or more, preferably 70% or more. On the other hand, if the total rolling reduction of the prior stages of rolling passes is too high, the rolling load becomes excessive and the load of the rolling machine becomes high. For this reason, the total rolling reduction of the prior stages of rolling passes is 90% or less.
• the individual rolling reductions at the final three stages of rolling passes are controlled to 10% or more and the total rolling reduction of the final three stages of rolling passes is controlled within a range of 30 to 50%.
• the later stages of rolling passes of finish rolling unlike the case of the prior stages of rolling passes, it is necessary to suppress recrystallization.
• the rolling reductions in the individual final three stages of rolling passes are less than 10%, recrystallization is suppressed in the individual rolling passes, but in the rolling passes, it is not possible to sufficiently introduce dislocations and it becomes no longer possible to achieve the desired aspect ratio in the finally obtained microstructure.
• the total rolling reduction in the final three stages of rolling passes is less than 30%, it is not possible to sufficiently introduce dislocations in at least one rolling pass of the final three stages and it becomes no longer possible to achieve the average aspect ratio of the prior austenite grains in a region including bainite and martensite of 3.0 or more in the finally obtained microstructure.
• the rolling reductions in the final three stages of individual rolling passes are more than 30% or the total rolling reduction in the final three stages of rolling passes is more than 50%, recrystallization is promoted and dislocations cannot be sufficiently introduced and similarly it becomes no longer possible to achieve the average aspect ratio of the prior austenite grains in the region including bainite and martensite of 3.0 or more in the finally obtained microstructure.
• the total rolling reduction at the final three stages of rolling passes of the finish rolling is preferably controlled within a range of 35 to 50%.
• the end temperature of the finish rolling is also important in controlling the microstructure of steel sheet. If the end temperature of the finish rolling is low, sometimes the microstructure becomes uneven and the strength and/or hole expandability, etc., fall. For this reason, the end temperature of the finish rolling is 900°C or more. On the other hand, if the end temperature of the finish rolling is high, in the final three stages of individual rolling passes of the finish rolling, recrystallization is promoted and it becomes no longer possible to sufficiently introduce dislocations. As a result, in the finally obtained microstructure, it becomes no longer possible to achieve the average aspect ratio of the prior austenite grains in the region including bainite and martensite of 3.0 or more. Therefore, the end temperature of the finish rolling is 1000°C or less.
• the finish rolled steel sheet is primary cooled on a runout table (ROT) at an average cooling speed of 50 to 200°C/s down to an intermediate air-cooling temperature of 670 to 750°C, then intermediate air-cooled over 3 to 10 seconds.
• ROT runout table
• the intermediate air-cooling temperature has to be set to a relatively high temperature region, i.e., a temperature region of 670 to 750°C.
• a relatively high temperature region i.e., a temperature region of 670 to 750°C.
• ferrite is excessively produced and in the final microstructure, the area ratio of ferrite exceeds 60% and the desired properties can no longer be obtained. Therefore, in the present method of production, by making the average cooling speed at the primary cooling from after the finish rolling down to the intermediate air-cooling temperature 50°C/s or more, excessive formation of ferrite is suppressed and TiC precipitates are sufficiently formed by the next high temperature intermediate air-cooling.
• the average cooling speed of the primary cooling is 200°C/s or less, preferably is 160°C/s or less.
• the intermediate air-cooling temperature is more than 750°C or the duration of the intermediate air-cooling is more than 10 seconds, ferrite is excessively formed or the TiC precipitates coarsen. If ferrite is excessively formed, in the finally obtained hot rolled steel sheet, it becomes no longer possible to form the desired microstructure including ferrite, bainite, and martensite in specific ratios. Further, if the TiC precipitates coarsen, the number density of the TiC precipitates also greatly falls, and therefore the effect of improvement of hardness of the ferrite by precipitation strengthening can no longer be sufficiently obtained.
• the intermediate air-cooling temperature is less than 670°C or the duration of the intermediate air-cooling is less than 3 seconds, the formation and grain growth of the TiC precipitates are suppressed and the desired diameter and/or number density cannot be obtained. In this case as well, in the same way, the effect of improvement of hardness of the ferrite by precipitation strengthening cannot be sufficiently obtained. In addition, formation of ferrite is also excessively suppressed. In such a case, in the finally obtained hot rolled steel sheet, it becomes no longer possible to form the desired microstructure including ferrite, bainite, and martensite in specific ratios.
• the intermediate air-cooled steel sheet is secondary cooled by an average cooling speed of 50 to 200°C/s, then is coiled at a coiling temperature of 20 to 200°C.
• an average cooling speed of 50 to 200°C/s By secondary cooling the intermediate air-cooled steel sheet by such a relatively fast average cooling speed, it is possible to suitably make the bainite and martensite precipitate, and therefore in the finally obtained hot rolled steel sheet, it becomes possible to form a microstructure containing ferrite, bainite, and martensite in specific ratios.
• the average cooling speed of the secondary cooling is less than 50°C/s, it is not possible to make the bainite and/or martensite suitably precipitate.
• the average cooling speed of the secondary cooling is 200°C/s or less, preferably is 180°C/s or less.
• the coiling temperature is more than 200°C, sometimes cementite precipitates in a relatively large amount. In such a case, the C in the steel is consumed for formation of cementite. As a result, formation of the TiC precipitates is suppressed and the effect of improvement of hardness of the ferrite by precipitation strengthening utilizing the TiC precipitates can no longer be sufficiently obtained. In addition, sometimes the effect of improvement of strength of the hot rolled steel sheet also cannot be sufficiently exhibited. On the other hand, if the coiling temperature is too low, excessive water-cooling, etc., becomes necessary and the productivity falls. Further, embrittlement of the hot rolled steel sheet is also sometimes triggered. Therefore, the coiling temperature is 20°C or more.
• the hot rolled steel sheet produced by the above-mentioned method of production by the area ratio of the hard phase bainite in the microstructure being controlled to within the 30 to 60% relatively high range and additionally the average aspect ratio of the prior austenite grains in a region including bainite and martensite becoming 3.0 or more, it is possible to utilize the dislocation strengthening relating to this and as a result possible to remarkably raise the strength of the hot rolled steel sheet.
• hot rolled steel sheets according to an embodiment of the present invention were produced under various conditions.
• the obtained hot rolled steel sheets were investigated for tensile strength (TS), hole expansion rate ( ⁇ ), and yield ratio (YR).
• slabs having various chemical compositions shown in Table 1 were produced in a vacuum melting furnace. Next, these were reheated to the heating temperatures shown in Table 2, then were rough rolled to produce 30 mm thick coarse bars.
• the coarse bars were held at the temperature region of 1200 to 1300°C for 3600 seconds, then were finish rolled using a rolling machine comprised of a plurality of rolling stands by two or more prior stages of rolling passes and three later stages of rolling passes under the conditions shown in Table 2.
• the end temperatures of the finish rolling were as shown in Table 2.
• the finish rolled steel sheets were primary cooled under the conditions shown in Table 2 down to the intermediate air-cooling temperature, then were intermediate air-cooled.
• the intermediate cooled steel sheets were secondary cooled under the conditions shown in Table 2 down to the coiling temperature, then were cooled at the coiling temperatures to obtain hot rolled steel sheets having 2.5 mm sheet thicknesses.
• the diameter and number density of TiC precipitates were calculated by the 3D atom probe measurement method explained in detail in this Description while deeming the detection rate ⁇ of atoms unique to the apparatus as 0.35.
• Comparative Example 18 the average cooling speed down to the intermediate air-cooling temperature at the primary cooling was fast, and therefore formation of ferrite was excessively suppressed and at the final microstructure, the area ratio of ferrite became less than 30%. As a result, the ⁇ fell.
• Comparative Example 19 the total rolling reduction of the prior stages of rolling passes of the finish rolling was low, and therefore it is believed that recrystallization was suppressed at the prior stages of rolling passes and the microstructure could not be refined. As a result, the desired microstructure could not be obtained and the A fell.
• Comparative Example 20 the total rolling reduction at the final three stages of rolling passes of the finish rolling was high, and therefore it is believed that at the later stages of rolling passes, recrystallization was promoted and dislocations could not be sufficiently introduced. As a result, the average aspect ratio of the prior austenite grains in a region including bainite and martensite became less than 3.0, and the TS fell. In Comparative Example 21, the coiling temperature was high, and therefore it is believed cementite precipitated relatively largely and the C in the steel was consumed for formation of cementite.
• Comparative Example 25 the average cooling speed in the secondary cooling after the intermediate cooling was slow, and therefore the area ratio of martensite became less than 5% and the TS fell.
• Comparative Example 26 the intermediate air-cooling temperature was low, and therefore formation and grain growth of the TiC precipitates were suppressed and the desired diameter of the TiC precipitates could not be obtained. As a result, the effect of improvement of hardness of the ferrite by precipitation strengthening could not be sufficiently obtained and the ⁇ and YR fell.
• Comparative Example 27 the duration of the intermediate air-cooling was long, and therefore ferrite was excessively formed, the TiC precipitates coarsened, and, relating to this, the number density of the TiC precipitates also fell.
• the TS, ⁇ , and YR fell.
• the C content was high, and therefore the ⁇ and YR fell due to the formation of cementite.
• the Ti content was low, and therefore the TiC precipitates could not be made to precipitate at a sufficient number density.
• the TS, ⁇ , and YR fell.
• the Si content was low, and therefore it is believed precipitation of cementite could not be sufficiently suppressed and the C in the steel was consumed for formation of cementite.
• the formation of the TiC precipitates was suppressed, the number density of the TiC precipitates became less than 1.0 ⁇ 10 16 /cm 3 , the effect of improvement of hardness of the ferrite by precipitation strengthening and further the effect of improvement of strength of the hot rolled steel sheet could not be sufficiently obtained, and the TS and YR fell.
• hot rolled steel sheets of all of the invention examples by having a predetermined chemical composition and further suitably controlling the conditions at the method of production, it was possible to obtain hot rolled steel sheets having a microstructure containing, by area ratio, ferrite: 30 to 60%, bainite: 30 to 60%, and martensite: 5 to 20%, wherein TiC precipitates having a diameter of 2.0 to 8.0 nm are present in the ferrite in a number density of 1.0 ⁇ 10 16 /cm 3 or more, and an average aspect ratio of the prior austenite grains in a region including the bainite and martensite is 3.0 or more.

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