Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D487/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00
  • C07D487/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D487/04—Ortho-condensed systems
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D491/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed ring system both one or more rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms and one or more rings having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D459/00, C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D489/00
  • C07D491/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed ring system both one or more rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms and one or more rings having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D459/00, C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D489/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D491/04—Ortho-condensed systems
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D495/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • C07D495/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D495/04—Ortho-condensed systems

Definitions

• the present invention relates to compounds that are useful as inhibitors of NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome pathway.
• the present invention also relates to processes for the preparation of said compounds, pharmaceutical compositions comprising said compounds, methods of using said compounds in the treatment of various diseases and disorders, and medicaments containing them, and their use in diseases and disorders mediated by NLRP3.
• NLRP3 NOD-like receptor protein 3
• inflammasome was coined by Martinon et al. to describe the molecular platform triggering activation of inflammatory caspases and processing of interleukin I (IL-1) family cytokines (Fabio Martinon et al., Mol Cell 10(2):417-26, 2002).
• Inflammasomes are part of the innate immune system. Inflammasome activation is initiated by assembling of a multiprotein complex, including nucleotide binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor (NLR), the adapter apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (ASC), and the effector protease caspase- 1.
• NOD nucleotide binding oligomerization domain
• NLR nucleotide binding oligomerization domain
• NLR nucleotide binding oligomerization domain
• NLR nucleotide binding oligomerization domain
• NLR nucleotide binding oligomer
• NLR family NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome has been studied extensively and was found to be activated by a wide spectrum of stimuli.
• the regulatory mechanisms of NLRP3 activation are summarized in a recent review paper (Seungwha Paik et al., Cell Mol Immunol 18(5): 1141-1160, 2021).
• NLRP3 activation is triggered by various infectious, non- infectious molecules, including molecular byproducts of aging, physical inactivity and overnutrition. Once activated, it boosts the downstream production of the inflammatory cytokines IL-ip and IL-18. Gain-of function mutations of NLRP3 are associated with several genetic disorders including cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes (CAPS). Additionally, NLRP3 is implicated in numerous common I) autoimmune, II) autoinflammatory, III) neurodegenerative, IV) cardiovascular and V) neuromuscular and muscular degenerative diseases e.g.
• RPE retinal pigment epithelium
• NLRP3 activation is associated with severe COVID-19 cases and cytokine release syndrome (CRS) caused by cell-based therapeutics and biologic treatments (Tracey L Freeman and Talia H Swartz Front Immunol 11:1518, 2020; Lin et al., PLoS Pathog 6; 15(6):el007795, 2019).
• CRS cytokine release syndrome
• an NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor could be used as a single or combination of agents clinically as novel therapies for these diseases.
• NLRP3 inflammasome pathway to provide new and/or alternative treatments for these inflammasome-related diseases, disorders , such as autoinflammatory fever syndrome cryopyrin- associated periodic syndrome (CAPS), sickle cell disease, chronic liver disease, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), gout, hyperoxaluria, pseudogout (chondrocalcinosis), Type I/Type II diabetes and related complications (e.g.
• CAPS autoinflammatory fever syndrome cryopyrin- associated periodic syndrome
• NASH nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
• gout hyperoxaluria
• pseudogout chondrocalcinosis
• Type I/Type II diabetes and related complications e.g.
• nephropathy, retinopathy fibrosis, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel diseases, asthma and allergic airway inflammation, neuroinflammation-related disorders (e.g multiple sclerosis, brain infection, acute injury, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease), neuromuscular and muscular degenerative diseases, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular risk (e.g. cardiovascular risk reduction (CvRR), hypertension), hidradenitis suppurativa, wound healing and scar formation, and cancer (e.g. colon cancer, lung cancer, myeloproliferative neoplasms, leukemias, myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), myelofibrosis).
• CvRR cardiovascular risk reduction
• cancer e.g. colon cancer, lung cancer, myeloproliferative neoplasms, leukemias, myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), myelofibrosis.
• X and Y are independently selected from CR’, C(R’)(R’), N, NR”, 0 and S;
• Z is selected from N, C and CH;
• R’ is independently selected from H, halogen, C1-.4alkyl, OH, C3-6cycloalkyl, C1-.4alkoxy, C3-6cycloalkoxy, halo-C1-4 alkoxy, C1-.4alkyl-t.hio, SH and halo-C1-4 alkyl;
• R is independently selected from H, C1-.4alkyl, C3-6cycloalkyl, and halo- C1-.4alkyl;
• Ring A is selected from the group consisting of: Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4, Q5, Qo, and Q?are independently selected from CR 8 , CRriR 8 , 0, N, NR 9 and S;
• Rw is selected from OH, C1-.4alkyl, halo-C1-4 alkyl, C3-6cycloalkyl, C1-alkoxy and halo- C1-.4alkoxy;
• R 1 is selected from H, C1-4 alkyl, Ci ⁇ alkyl-C3-6cycloalkyl, CMalkyl-C3-6heterocycle, Cs- scycloalkyl optionally substituted with halogen or R 3 , C3-6heterocycle optionally substituted with halogen or R 3 , C1-4 alkyl-amino, (Chalky l)2-amino, halo-C1-4 alkyl, C1- 4alkyl-thio, C1-.4alkoxy, Co-scycloalkoxy, and halo-C1-4 alkoxy;
• R 2 is independently selected from C3-7 cycloalkyl, C1-.4alkyl-aryl, C1-.4alkyl-C3-7cycloalkyl, C1-4 alkyl-C3-7heterocycie, C3-7 heterocycle, wherein said C3-7 heterocycle is a saturated or partially unsaturated membered monocyclic ring system having 1, 2, 3 heteroatom ring members independently selected from N, 0 and S, wherein said R 2 is optionally substituted with R 3 ;
• R 3 is selected from Craalkyl, deutero-C1-.4alkyl, halogen, OH, halo-C1-.4alkyl, CN, C3-6 cycloalkyl, C1-.4alkoxy, C3-6cycloalkoxy, halo- C1-.4alkoxy, oxo and hydroxy"C1-.4alkyl;
• R 4 , R 5 and R 6 are independently selected from H, Cnralkyl, deutero-C1-.4alkyl, OH, C1- 4alkoxy, halo-C1-4 alkyl, halo-C1-.4alkoxy, halogen, C1-4 alkyl-thio, C3-6cycloalkyl, C3-6 cycloalkoxy, C1-.4alkyl-amino, (C1-.4alkyl)2-amino, and CN, wherein R 4 is not H when R 1 is H;
• R 7 is independently selected from H, C1-.4alkyl, halo-C1-4 alkyl, C3-6cycloalkyl, Ciualkoxy, halo-C1-.4alkoxy, halogen and CN;
• R 8 is selected from H, CM alkyl, halogen and halo-C1-.4alkyl, C1-.4alkoxy and halo-C1- 4alkoxy;
• R 9 is selected from H, CM alkyl, halo-C1-.4alkyl, C3-6cycloalkyl; and m is 0, 1 or 2; wherein a form of the compound may be selected from the group consisting of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, racemate, enantiomer, diastereomer, stereoisomer, tautomer, and isotope enriched form thereof.
• An aspect of the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound according to the definition of the compound of Formula (I) as disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.
• the pharmaceutical composition is useful in the treatment of diseases and/or disorders related to the NLRP3 activity.
• the invention provides a compound of Formula (I) as disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for use in the treatment of a disease or disorder in which the NLRP3 signaling contributes to the pathology, and/or symptoms, and/or progression, of said disease or disorder.
• the invention provides a method of treating a disease or disorder in which the NLRP3 signaling contributes to the pathology, and/or symptoms, and/or progression, of said disease or disorder, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), or sub-formula thereof as disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• An aspect of the invention provides a method of inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasome activity in a subject in need thereof, the method comprises administering to the subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I) as disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• An aspect of the invention provides a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for use as a medicament.
• An aspect of the invention provides a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for use in the treatment of a disease or disorder selected from inflammasome-related disease/disorders, immune diseases, inflammatory diseases, auto-immune diseases, or auto-inflammatory' diseases.
• the invention provides a compound of Formula (I) wherein: X and Y are independently selected from CR’, C(R’)(R’), N, NR”, 0 and S;
• Z is selected from N, C and CH;
• — is a single or double bond
• R’ is independently selected from H, halogen, C1-4 alkyl, deutero-C1-.4alkyl, OH, Cb- ecycloalkyl, C1-ualkoxy, C3-6cycloalkoxy, halo-C1-4 alkoxy, C1-4 alkyl-thio, SH and halo-C1- 4alkyl;
• R is independently selected from H, C1-.4alkyl, deutero-C1-4 alkyl, C3-6cycloalkyl, and halo-C1-.4alkyl;
• Ring A is selected from the group consisting of:
• Qi, Qs, Qa, Q4, QS, Qe, and Q? are independently selected from CR 8 , C(R 8 ) (R 8 ), 0, N,
• Rw is selected from OH, C1 4aikyl, halo-C14aikyI, Cs-scycloalkyl, Ci 4alkoxy and halo-Ci-alkoxy;
• R 1 is selected from H, C1-.4alkyl, deutero-C1-4 alkyl, C1-.4alkyl-C3-6cycloalkyl, C1-4 alkyl-Cj- eheterocycle, C3.6cydoalkyl optionally substituted with halogen or R 3 , C3-6heterocycle optionally substituted with halogen or R 3 , C1-.4alkyl-amino, (C1-.4alkyl)2-amino, halo-C1- 4alkyl, C1-4 alkyl-thio, Croalkoxy, C3-6cycloalkoxy, and halo-C1-4 alkoxy;
• R 2 is independently selected from C3-7 cycloalkyl, C1-.4alkyl-aryl, C1-.4alkyl ⁇ C3-7Cycloalkyl, C1-.4alkyl-C3-7heterocycle, C3-7 heterocycle and aryl, wherein said C3-7 heterocycle is a saturated or partially unsaturated membered monocyclic ring system having 1, 2, 3 heteroatom ring members independently selected from N, 0 and S, wherein said R 2 is optionally substituted with R 3 :
• R 1 is selected from C1-4 alkyl, deutero-C1-4 alkyl, halogen, OH, halo-C1-4 alkyl, CN, C3-6 cycloalkyl, C1-4 alkoxy, C3-6cycloalkoxy, halo- C1-4 alkoxy, oxo and hydroxy-C1-4 alkyl;
• R 4 , R 3 and R 6 are independently selected from H, C1-4 alkyl, deutero-C1-4 alkyl, OH, C1- 4alkoxy, halo-Ci walkyl, haio-C1-4 alkoxy, halogen, C1-4 alkyl-thio, C3-6cycloalkyl, C3-6cycloalkoxy, C1-4 alkyl-amino, (C1-.4alkyl)2-amino, CN, C3-7 heteroaryl, wherein said C 3-7 heteroaryl ring system having 1, 2, 3 heteroatom ring members independently selected from N, 0, S and C1-4 alkoxy-carbonyl;
• R 7 is selected from H, Ciwalkyl, halo-C1-4 alkyl, Ca-ecycloalkyl, C1-4 alkoxy and halo-C1- 4alkoxy, halogen and CN;
• R 8 is selected from H, C1-4 alkyl, halogen and halo-C1-4 alkyl, C1-4 alkoxy and halo-C1- 4alkoxy;
• R 9 is selected from H, C1-.4 alkyl, halo-C1-4 alkyl, C3-6cycloalkyl; and m is 0, 1 or 2; wherein a form of the compound may be selected from the group consisting of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, racemate, enantiomer, diastereomer, stereoisomer, tautomer, and isotope enriched form thereof
• the invention provides a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as described above.
• the invention provides a compound of Formula (la), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to embodiment 1 wherein:
• X and Y are independently selected from CR’, C(R’)(R’);
• R’ is independently selected from H, halogen, Cnaalkyl, OH, C3-6cycloalkyl, C1-4 alkoxy, C1-.4alkyl-thio, SH and halo-C1-.4alkyl;
• R 1 is selected from H, CHy CH3CH2, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, isopropyl, tertbutyl, CFy
• the invention provides a compound of Formula (lb), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to embodiment 1, wherein:
• R 1 is selected from H, CH.y CH3CH2, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, isopropyl, tertbutyl, CFy
• the invention provides a compound of Formula (Ic), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to embodiment 1, wherein:
• Y is selected from CR’
• R’ is independently selected from H, C1-4 alkyl and halo-C roalkyl
• R 1 is selected from H, CH3, CH3CH2, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, isopropyl, tertbutyl, CF3,
• the invention provides a compound of Formula (Id), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to embodiment 1, wherein:
• R ! is selected from H, CH3, CH3CH2, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, isopropyl, tertbutyl, CF3,
• the invention provides a compound of Formula (le), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to embodiment 1, wherein:
• X is CR’; R’ is selected from H and CH3; and
• R 1 is selected from H, CH3, CH3CH2, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, isopropyl, tertbutyl, CF3,
• the invention provides a compound of Formula (If), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to embodiment 1, wherein:
• Y is selected from CH and CH2;
• — is a single or double bond
• R 1 is selected from H, CH3, CH3CH2, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, isopropyl, tertbutyl, CFs,
• the invention provides a compound of Formula (Ig), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to embodiment 1, wherein:
• R 1 is selected from H, CH3, CH3CH2, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, isopropyl, tertbutyl, CF3,
• the invention provides a compound of Formula (Ih), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to embodiment 1, wherein:
• R 5 is selected from H, CH?,, CH3CH2, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, isopropyl, tertbutyl, CF3,
• the invention provides a compound of Formula (I), or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein
• Ring A is selected from:
• Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4, Q5, Q6, and Q? are independently selected from CR S , C(R 8 ) (R 8 ), 0, N, NR 9 and S;
• Rw is selected from OH, Ci-4alkylJialo-Cb4alkyl i Xb-6cycloalkyl, C1-4alkoxy and halo-Cwalkoxy;
• R 4 , R 5 and R 6 are independently selected from H, CH3, CH2CH3, OH, OCH3, CF3, OCF3,
• CH2CF3, OCHF2, F, Cl, Br, cyclopropyl, isopropyl, SCH3, N(CH3)2, CN and o ⁇ R 7 is independently selected from H, C1-4 alkyl, halo- C1-4 alkyl, C ⁇ cycloalkyl, C1-4 alkoxy and halo-C1-.4alkoxy, halogen and CN;
• R 8 is selected from H, C1-4 alkyl, halogen and halo-C1-4 alkyl, C1-.4alkoxy, halo-C1-4 alkoxy;
• R 9 is selected from H, C1-4 alkyl, halo-C1-.4alkyl, C3-6cycloalkyl; and m is 0, 1 or 2;
• the invention provides a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to embodiment 1, wherein R 2 is selected from:
• a form of the compound may be selected from the group consisting of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, racemate, enantiomer, diastereomer, stereoisomer, tautomer, and isotope enriched form thereof.
• the invention provides a compound of Formula (I), or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to embodiment 1, wherein: wherein a form of the compound may be selected from the group consisting of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, racemate, enantiomer, diastereomer, stereoisomer, tautomer, and isotope enriched form thereof.
• the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound according to any one of embodiments 1 to 12 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.
• the invention provides a method for treating or ameliorating a disease modulated by NLRP3 in a subject in need thereof comprising, administering to the subject an effective amount of the compound according to of any one of embodiments 1 to 12
• the invention provides a method of treating or ameliorating a disease modulated by NLRP3 according to embodiment 14 selected from Alzheimer disease, Frontotemporal dementia (FTD), Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, Perioperative neurocognitive disorders, Post-cardiac arrest cognitive impairment, Poststroke cognitive impairment, Sepsis, Sepsis associated encephalopathy, Subarachnoid hemorrhage, Macular Degeneration, Retinal neovascularization. Uveitis, Colitis, Endothelial dysfunction.
• FTD Frontotemporal dementia
• Huntington's disease Huntington's disease
• Parkinson's disease Perioperative neurocognitive disorders
• Post-cardiac arrest cognitive impairment Poststroke cognitive impairment
• Sepsis Sepsis associated encephalopathy
• Subarachnoid hemorrhage Macular Degeneration
• Retinal neovascularization Uveitis, Colitis, Endothelial dysfunction.
• Gout Pseudogout, Graft-versus-host-disease (GvHD), Systemic lupus erythematosus-lupus nephritis, Cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes (CAPS), Cystic fibrosis, Sickle-cell disease, VCP- associated disease, Liver fibrosis, Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NASH), muscle atrophy, inherited and acquired myopathies, e.g. Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD), Hyperalgesia, Multiple sclerosis-associated neuropathic pain, Acute Kidney Injury, Chronic crystal nephropathy, Chronic Kidney Disease, asthma and allergic airway inflammation Diabetes- associated atherosclerosis, Diabetic encephalopathy.
• GvHD Graft-versus-host-disease
• CAPS Cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes
• Cystic fibrosis Sickle-cell disease
• VCP-associated disease VCP- associated disease
• Liver fibrosis Liver
• Diabetic kidney disease Islet transplantation rejection, Obesity-associated renal disease, Oxalate-induced nephropathy, Renal fibrosis, Renal hypertension, Type I diabetes, Type II diabetes, Psoriasis, Hidradenitis suppurativa, Atherosclerosis and Cytokine Release Syndrome (CRS).
• Ill embodiment 16 the invention provides a method of any one of embodiments 14 to 15, wherein the effective amount of the compound is in a range of from about 0.001 mg/kg/day to about 500 mg/kg/day.
• the invention provides a compound according to any one of embodiments 1 to 12 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for use in treating or ameliorating a disease modulated by NLRP3 selected from Alzheimer disease, Frontotemporal dementia (FTD), Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, Perioperative neurocogmtive disorders.
• a disease modulated by NLRP3 selected from Alzheimer disease, Frontotemporal dementia (FTD), Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, Perioperative neurocogmtive disorders.
• Poststroke cognitive impairment Sepsis, Sepsis associated encephalopathy, Subarachnoid hemorrhage.
• Macular Degeneration Retinal neovascularization. Uveitis, Colitis, Endothelial dysfunction.
• Gout Pseudogout, Graft-versus-host-disease (GvHD), Systemic lupus erythematosus-lupus nephritis.
• Cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes Cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes (CAPS), Cystic fibrosis, Sickle-cell disease, VCP-associated disease, Liver fibrosis, Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NASH), muscle atrophy, inherited and acquired myopathies.
• Hyperalgesia Multiple sclerosis -associated neuropathic pain.
• Acute Kidney Injury Chronic crystal nephropathy, Chronic Kidney Disease, asthma and allergic airway inflammation Diabetes- associated atherosclerosis, Diabetic encephalopathy, Diabetic kidney disease, Islet transplantation rejection, Obesity -associated renal disease, Oxalate-induced nephropathy, Renal fibrosis, Renal hypertension, Type I diabetes, Type II diabetes, Psoriasis, Hidradenitis suppurativa, Atherosclerosis and Cytokine Release Syndrome (CRS).
• CRS Cytokine Release Syndrome
• the invention provides the use of a compound according to embodiment 17, wherein the effective amount of the compound is in a range of from about 0.001 mg/kg/day to about 500 mg/kg/day.
• the invention provides the use of a compound according to any one of embodiments 1 to 12 in the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for treating or ameliorating a disease modulated by NLRP3 in a subject in need thereof comprising, administering to the subject an effective amount of the compound or a form thereof in admixture with one or more of the pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.
• NLRP3 -induced IL-1 and IL-18 have been found to be responsible for a set of rare autoinflammatory diseases known as CAPS (Ozaki et al, J Inflammation Research, 2015, 8, 15- 27; Schroder et al, Cell, 2010, 140:821-832; Menu et al. Clinical and Experimental Immunology, 201 1, 166, 1-15).
• CAPS are heritable diseases characterized by recurrent fever and inflammation and are comprised of three autoinflammatory disorders that form a clinical continuum. These diseases, in order of increasing severity', are familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome (FCAS), Muckle-Wells syndrome (MWS), and chronic infantile cutaneous neurological articular syndrome (CINCA; also called neonatal-onset multisystem inflammatory disease, NOMID), and all have been shown to result from gain-of-function mutations in the NLRP3 gene, which leads to increased secretion of IL-I beta.
• FCAS familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome
• MFS Muckle-Wells syndrome
• CINCA chronic infantile cutaneous neurological articular syndrome
• NOMID neonatal-onset multisystem inflammatory disease
• NLRP3 has also been implicated in a number of autoinflammatory diseases, including pyogenic arthritis, pyoderma gangrenosum and acne (PAPA), Sweet’s syndrome, chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis (CNO), and acne vulgaris (Cook et al, Eur J. Immunol., 2010, 40, 595-653).
• a number of autoimmune diseases have been shown to involve NLRP3 including, in particular, multiple sclerosis, type-1 diabetes (T1D), psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis (KA). Behcet’s disease, Schnitzler syndrome, macrophage activation syndrome (Braddock et al. Nat. Rev. Drug Disc.
• NLRP3 has also been shown to play a role in a number of lung diseases including chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD), asthma (including steroidresistant asthma), asbestosis, and silicosis (De Nardo et al, Am. J. Pathol, 2014, 184: 42-54; Kim et al. Am. J. Respir Crit Care Med, 2017, 196(3), 283-97).
• COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder
• asthma including steroidresistant asthma
• asbestosis asbestosis
• silicosis De Nardo et al, Am. J. Pathol, 2014, 184: 42-54; Kim et al. Am. J. Respir Crit Care Med, 2017, 196(3), 283-97.
• NLRP3 has also been suggested to have a role in a number of central nervous system conditions, including Multiple Sclerosis (MS), Parkinson’s disease (PD), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), dementia, Huntington’s disease, cerebral malaria, brain injury from pneumococcal meningitis (Walsh et al, Nature Reviews, 2014, 15, 84-97; and Dempsey et al. Brain. Behav. Immun. 2017, 61 , 306-16), intracranial aneurysms (Zhang et al. J. Stroke and Cerebrovascular Dis., 2015, 24, 5, 972-9), and traumatic brain injury (Ismael et al. J. Neurotrauma., 2018, 35(11), 1294-1303).
• MS Multiple Sclerosis
• PD Parkinson’s disease
• AD Alzheimer’s disease
• Huntington’s disease cerebral malaria
• brain injury from pneumococcal meningitis Walsh et al, Nature Reviews, 2014, 15, 84-97; and De
• NRLP3 activity has also been shown to be involved in various metabolic diseases including type 2 diabetes (T2D) and its oigan-specific complications, atherosclerosis, obesity, gout, pseudo-gout, metabolic syndrome (Wen et al, Nature Immunology, 2012, 13, 352-357; Duewell et al, Nature, 2010, 464, 1357-1361; Strowig et al, Nature, 2014, 481, 278-286), and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (Mridha et al. Hepatol. 2017, 66(5), 1037-46).
• T2D type 2 diabetes
• oigan-specific complications including atherosclerosis, obesity, gout, pseudo-gout, metabolic syndrome (Wen et al, Nature Immunology, 2012, 13, 352-357; Duewell et al, Nature, 2010, 464, 1357-1361; Strowig et al, Nature, 2014, 481, 278-286), and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (Mridha et
• cystic fibrosis (larmitti et al. Nat. Commun., 2016, 7, 10791); stroke (Walsh et al, Nature Reviews, 2014, 15, 84-97); chronic kidney disease (Granata et al. PLoS One 2015, 10(3), eoi22272); and inflammatory bowel diseases including ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease (Braddock et al, Nat. Rev. Drug Disc, 2004, 3, 1-10; Neudecker et al. J. Exp. Med 2017, 214(6), 1737-52, Lazaridis et al. Dig. Dis. Sci. 2017, 62(9), 2348-56).
• NLRP3 inflammasome has been found to be activated in response to oxidative stress. NLRP3 has also been shown to be involved in inflammatory hyperalgesia (Dolunay et al, Inflammation, 2017, 40, 3-66-86). US application US202003-61898 in incorporated herein by reference.
• each numerical parameter should be construed in light of the number of significant digits and ordinary' rounding techniques. While the numerical ranges and parameters setting forth the characterization of the compounds of Formula (I) or a form thereof described herein are approximations, the numerical values set forth in the working examples are reported as precisely as possible. Any numerical value, however, inherently contains certain errors necessarily resulting from the standard deviation found in their respective testing measurements.
• the compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof is isolated for use.
• isolated means the physical state of a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof after being isolated and/or separated and/or purified from a synthetic process (e,g., from a reaction mixture) or natural source or combination thereof according to an isolation, separation or purification process or processes described herein or which are well known to the skilled artisan (e.g, chromatography, recrystallization and the like) in sufficient purity to be characterizable by standard analytical techniques described herein or well known to the skilled artisan.
• the term “protected” means that a functional group on a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof is in a form modified to preclude undesired side reactions of the functional group when the compound is subjected to a reaction. Suitable protecting groups will be recognized by those with ordinary' skill in the art as well as by reference to standard textbooks such as, for example, T. W. Greene et al, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis (2007), Wiley, New York.
• prodrug means that a functional group on a compound of Formula (I) is in a form (e.g., acting as an active or inactive drug precursor) that is transformed in vivo to yield an active or more active compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof.
• the transformation may occur by various mechanisms (e.g., by metabolic and/or non-metabolic chemical processes), such as, for example, by hydrolysis and/or metabolism in blood, liver and/or other organs and tissues.
• a discussion of the use of prodrugs is provided by V.J. Stella, et. al., “Biotechnology: Pharmaceutical Aspects, Prodrugs: Challenges and Rewards,” American Association of Pharmaceutical Principles and Springer Press, 2007.
• a prodrug when a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof contains a carboxylic acid functional group, a prodrug can comprise an ester formed by the replacement of the hydrogen atom of the acid group with a functional group such as alkyl and the like.
• a prodrug when a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof contains an alcohol functional group, a prodrug can be formed by the replacement of the hydrogen atom of the alcohol group with a functional group such as alkyl or carbonyloxy and the like.
• a prodrug when a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof contains an amine functional group, a prodrug can be formed by the replacement of one or more amine hydrogen atoms with a functional group such as alkyl or substituted carbonyl.
• prodrugs of compounds of Formula (I) or a form thereof include those compounds substituted with one or more of the following groups: carboxylic acid esters, sulfonate esters, amino acid esters, phosphonate esters (e.g., a phosphoramidic acid used to derive a phosphoramidic acid) and mono-, di- or triphosphate esters further substituted with alkyl, where appropriate. As described herein, it is understood by a person of ordinary' skill in the art that one or more of such substituents may be used to provide a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof as a prodrug.
• the compounds of Formula (I) or a form thereof can form salts, which are intended to be included within the scope of this description.
• Reference to a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof herein is understood to include reference to salts thereof, unless otherwise indicated.
• the term "salt(s)", as employed herein, denotes acidic salts formed with inorganic and/or organic acids, as well as basic salts formed with inorganic and/or organic bases.
• a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof contains both a basic moiety, such as, but not limited to a pyridine or imidazole, and an acidic moiety, such as, but not limited to a carboxylic acid, zwitterions ("inner salts") may be formed and are included within the term “salt(s)" as used herein.
• salts of the compounds of the Formula (I) may be formed, for example, by reacting a compound of Formula (I) with an amount of acid or base, such as an equivalent amount, in a medium such as one in which the salt precipitates or in an aqueous medium followed by lyophilization.
• Pharmaceutically acceptable salts include one or more salts of acidic or basic groups present in compounds of Formula (I) or a form thereof described herein.
• Embodiments of acid addition salts include, and are not limited to, acetate, acid phosphate, ascorbate, benzoate, benzenesulfonate, bisulfate, bitartrate, borate, butyrate, chloride, citrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, ethanesulfonate, formate, fumarate, gentisinate, gluconate, glucaronate, glutamate, hydrobromide, hydrochloride, di hydrochloride, hydroiodide, isonicotinate, lactate, maleate, methanesulfonate, naphthalenesulfonate, nitrate, oxalate, pamoate, pantothenate, phosphate, propionate, saccharate, salicylate, succinate, sulfate,
• acid addition salts include chloride, hydrochloride, dihydrochloride, trihydrochloride, hydrobromide, acetate, diacetate, methanesulfonate, sulfate, trifluoroacetate, tri fluoroacetic acid salt and the like. More particular embodiments include a chloride, hydrochloride, dihydrochloride, hydrobromide, methanesulfonate, sulfate, trifluoroacetate, trifluoroacetic acid salt and the like.
• the compound is isolated as a salt form, wherein the compound is conjugated with the salt in a ratio represented as, in a non-limiting example, “compound: salt (A:B),” wherein “A” and “B” represent the equivalents of compound to salt in the isolated form.
• Suitable basic salts include, but are not limited to, aluminum, ammonium, calcium, lithium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, zinc, and diethanolamine salts.
• Certain compounds of Formula (I) or a form thereof described herein can also form pharmaceutically acceptable salts with organic bases (for example, organic amines) such as, but not limited to, dicyclohexylamines, tert-butyl amines and the like, and with various amino acids such as, but not limited to, arginine, lysine and the like.
• Basic nitrogen-containing groups may be quarternized with agents such as lower alkyl halides (e.g, methyl, ethyl, and butyl chlorides, bromides and iodides), dialkyl sulfates (e.g, dimethyl, diethyl, and dibutyl sulfates), long chain halides (e.g, decyl, lauryl, and stearyl chlorides, bromides and iodides), aralkyl halides (e.g., benzyl and phenethyl bromides), and others.
• lower alkyl halides e.g, methyl, ethyl, and butyl chlorides, bromides and iodides
• dialkyl sulfates e.g, dimethyl, diethyl, and dibutyl sulfates
• long chain halides e.g, decyl, lauryl, and stearyl chlorides,
• the compounds of Formula (I) or a form thereof may contain asymmetric or chiral centers, and, therefore, may exist in different stereoisomeric forms.
• the present description is intended to include all stereoisomeric forms of the compounds of Formula (I) as well as mixtures thereof including racemic mixtures.
• the compounds of Formula (I) or a form thereof described herein may include one or more chiral centers, and as such may exist as racemic mixtures (R S) or as substantially pure enantiomers and diastereomers. The compounds may also exist as substantially pure (A) or (>S) enantiomers (when one chiral center is present).
• the compounds of Formula (I) or a form thereof described herein are (5) isomers and may exist as enantiomerically pure compositions substantially comprising only the (S) isomer.
• the compounds of Formula (I) or a form thereof described herein are (R) isomers and may exist as enantiomerically pure compositions substantially comprising only the (R) isomer.
• the compounds of Formula (I) or a form thereof described herein may also exist as a (R,R), (RS), (S,R) or (5,5) isomer, as defined by IUPAC Nomenclature Recommendations.
• substantially pure refers to compounds of Formula (I) or a form thereof consisting substantially of a single isomer in an amount greater than or equal to 90%, in an amount greater than or equal to 92%, in an amount greater than or equal to 95%, in an amount greater than or equal to 98%, in an amount greater than or equal to 99%, or in an amount equal to 100% of the single isomer.
• a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof is a substantially pure (S) enantiomer present in an amount greater than or equal to 90%, in an amount greater than or equal to 92%, in an amount greater than or equal to 95%, in an amount greater than or equal to 98%, in an amount greater than or equal to 99%, or in an amount equal to 100%.
• a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof is a substantially pure (A) enantiomer present in an amount greater than or equal to 90%, in an amount greater than or equal to 92%, in an amount greater than or equal to 95%, in an amount greater than or equal to 98%, in an amount greater than or equal to 99%, or in an amount equal to 100%.
• the term “racemate” refers to any mixture of isometric forms that are not “enantiomerically pure”, including mixtures such as, without limitation, in a ratio of about 50/50, about 60/40, about 70/30, or about 80/20, about 85/15 or about 90/10.
• the compounds of Formula (I) or a form thereof described herein embrace all geometric and posi tional isomers.
• a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof incorporates a double bond or a fused ring, both the cis- and trans-forms, as well as mixtures thereof, are embraced within the scope of the compounds of Formula (I) or a form thereof described herein.
• Diastereomeric mixtures can be separated into their individual diastereomers on the basis of their physical chemical differences by methods well known to those skilled in the art, such as, for example, by chromatography and/or fractional crystallization. Enantiomers can be separated by use of a chiral HPLC column or other chromatographic methods known to those skilled in the art.
• Enantiomers can also be separated by converting the enantiomeric mixture into a diastereomeric mixture by reaction with an appropriate optically active compound (e.g, chiral auxiliary such as a chiral alcohol or Mosher’s acid chloride), separating the diastereomers and converting (e.g., hydrolyzing) the individual diastereomers to the corresponding pure enantiomers.
• an appropriate optically active compound e.g, chiral auxiliary such as a chiral alcohol or Mosher’s acid chloride
• All stereoisomers for example, geometric isomers, optical isomers and the like
• the present compounds of Formula (I) or a form thereof including salts, solvates, esters and prodrugs and transformed prodrugs thereof
• which may exist due to asymmetric carbons on various substituents including enantiomeric forms (which may exist even in the absence of asymmetric carbons), rotarneric forms, atropisomers, diastereomeric and regioisorneric forms, are contemplated within the scope of the description herein.
• Individual stereoisomers of the compounds of Formula (I) or a form thereof described herein may, for example, be substantially free of other isomers, or may be present in a racemic mixture, as described supra.
• salt is intended to apply equally to the salt, solvate, ester and prodrug of enantiomers, stereoisomers, rotamers, tautomers, positional isomers, racemates, isotopologues or prodrugs of the instant compounds.
• One or more compounds of Formula (I) or a form thereof described herein may exist in unsolvated as well as solvated forms with pharmaceutically acceptable solvents such as water, ethanol, and the like, and the description herein is intended to embrace both solvated and unsolvated forms.
• solvate means a physical association of a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof described herein with one or more solvent molecules. This physical association involves varying degrees of ionic and covalent bonding, including hydrogen bonding. In certain instances the solvate will be capable of isolation, for example when one or more solvent molecules are incorporated in the crystal lattice of the crystalline solid. As used herein, “solvate” encompasses both solution-phase and isolatable solvates. Non-limiting examples of suitable solvates include ethanolates, methanolates, and the like.
• One or more compounds of Formula (I) or a form thereof described herein may optionally be converted to a solvate.
• Preparation of solvates is generally known.
• a typical, nonlimiting process involves dissolving a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof in a desired amount of the desired solvent (organic or water or mixtures thereof) at a higher than ambient temperature and cooling the solution at a rate sufficient to form crystals which are then isolated by standard methods.
• Analytical techniques such as, for example infrared spectroscopy, show the presence of the solvent (or water) in the crystals as a solvate (or hydrate).
• hydrate means a solvate wherein the solvent molecule is water.
• Polymorphic crystalline and amorphous forms of the compounds of Formula (I) or a form thereof and of the salts, solvates, esters and prodrugs of the compounds of Formula (I) or a form thereof, are further intended to be included in the scope of the compounds of Formula (I) or a form thereof described herein.
• the tern “isotope enriched” means a compounds of Formula (I) or a form thereof which are identical to those recited herein, but for the fact that one or more atoms are replaced by an atom having an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number usually found in nature.
• isotopes that can be incorporated into compounds of Formula (I) or a form thereof described herein include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, fluorine and chlorine, such as H 2 , H 3 , C 13 , C 14 N 15 , O 18 , O 1 ', P 31 , P 32 , S”, F i8 , CT” and Cl 3b , respectively, each of which is also within the scope of this description.
• C1-.4alkyf refers to saturated hydrocarbon radicals having from one to eight carbon atoms in a straight or branched chain configuration, including, without limitation, methyl, ethyl, npropyl, isopropyl, nbutyl, isobutyl, secbutyl, tertbutyl and the like.
• Crsalkyl includes Ci-salkyl, C1-4 alkyl and the like.
• a Cnsalkyl radical may be optionally substituted where allowed by available valences.
• C1-ualkoxy refers to saturated hydrocarbon radicals of from one to eight carbon atoms having a straight or branched chain configuration of the formula: OCn 8alkyl, including, without limitation, methoxy, ethoxy, npropoxy, isopropoxy, nbutoxy, isobutoxy, secbutoxy, tertbutoxy, npentoxy, nhexoxy and the like.
• C1- salkoxy includes C1-4 alkoxy, Ciualkoxy and the like.
• a C1-4 alkoxy radical may be optionally substituted where allowed by available valences.
• C3-6cycloalkyl and C3-7cycloalkyl refers to a saturated monocyclic, bicyclic or polycyclic hydrocarbon radical, including, without limitation, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl and the like.
• a C3-6cycloalkyl and (Avcycloalkyl radical may be optionally substituted where allowed by available valences.
• heterocyclyl or “heterocycle” refers to a saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic, bicyclic or polycyclic carbon atom ring structure radical in which one or more carbon atom ring members have been replaced, where allowed by structural stability, with a heteroatom, such as an 0, S or N atom, including without limitation, piperidinyl, tetrahydro- 2/Apyran or pyrrolidinyl.
• a heterocyclyl or heterocycle radical may be optionally substituted on a carbon or nitrogen atom ring member where allowed by available valences.
• aryl refers to a monocyclic, bicyclic or polycyclic aromatic carbon atom ring structure radical, including, without limitation, phenyl, naphthyl (also referred to as naphthal enyl), anthracenyl, fluorenyl, azulenyl, phenanthrenyl and the like.
• An aryl radical may be optionally substituted where allowed by available valences.
• heteroaryl refers to a monocyclic, bicyclic or polycyclic aromatic carbon atom ring structure radical in which one or more carbon atom ring members have been replaced, where allowed by structural stability', with one or more heteroatoms, such as an 0, S or N atom.
• a heteroaryl radical may be optionally substituted on a carbon or nitrogen atom ring member where allowed by available valences.
• halo generally refers to a halogen atom radical, including fluoro, chloro, bromo and iodo.
• C1-.4alkoxy-C1-.4alkyl refers to a radical of the formula: C1- 4alkylOCb4alkyl.
• C1-.4alkyl-amino refers to a radical of the formula: NHC1- 4alkyl.
• (C1-.4alkyl)2-amino refers to a radical of the formula: N(C u 4al ky 1)2.
• C1-.4alkyl-thio refers to a radical of the formula: -S-C i-4alky 1.
• amino-C1-4 alkoxy refers to a radical of the formula: OC1- ⁇ alkylNFh.
• amino-C1-.4alkyl refers to a radical of the formula: C1- 4alkylNH2.
• aryl-C1-.4alkyl refers to a radical of the formula: -C1- 4alkyl-aryl.
• arylC1-.4alkylamino refers to a radical of the formula: NHCI- 4alkylaryl.
• C3-6cycfoalkyl-C1-.4alkyl refers to a radical of the formula: Cl- 4alkylC3i4cycloalkyl.
• Cs-Gcycloalkyl-amino refers to a radical of the formula: -NH-Cj-scycloalkyl.
• C1-.4alkoxy-carbonyl refers to a radical of the formula -C(O)- C1-.4alkoxy.
• deutero-C]-4alkyl refers to a radical of the formula: Cu 4alkyldeutero, wherein C1-.4alky1 is partially or completely substituted with one or more deuterium atoms where allowed by available valences.
• halo-C1-.4alkoxy refers to a radical of the formula: OCu ⁇ alkylhalo, wherein Ciualkyl is partially or completely substituted with one or more halogen atoms where allowed by available valences.
• halo-C1-4 alkyl refers to a radical of the formula: Curalkylhalo, wherein C1-4 alkyl is partially or completely substituted with one or more halogen atoms where allowed by available valences.
• hydroxy refers to a radical of the formula: -OH.
• hydroxy-C1-.4alkoxy-C1-.4alky1 refers to a radical of the formula: -C1-.4alkyd-O-C1-.4alkyl-OH.
• hydroxy-CMalkyl refers to a radical of the formula: C1- 4alkylOH, wherein C1-.4alkyl is partially or completely substituted with one or more hydroxy radicals where allowed by available valences.
• oxo refers to a carbonyl, i.e., -C(O) ⁇ .
• the term “and the like,” with reference to the definitions of chemical terms provided herein, means that variations in chemical structures that could be expected by one skilled in the art include, without limitation, isomers (including chain, branching or positional structural isomers), hydration of ring systems (including saturation or partial unsaturation of monocyclic, bicyclic or polycyclic ring structures) and all other variations where allowed by available valences which result in a stable compound.
• substituted means positional variables on the atoms of a core molecule that are attached at a designated atom position, replacing one or more hydrogen atoms oil the designated atom, provided that the atom of attachment does not exceed the available valence or shared valences, such that the substitution results in a stable compound. Accordingly, combinations of substituents and/or variables are permissible only if such combinations result in stable compounds. It should also be noted that any carbon as well as heteroatom with a valence level that appears to be unsatisfied as described or shown herein is assumed to have a sufficient number of hydrogen atom(s) to satisfy the valences described or shown.
• the terms “independently selected,” or “each selected” refer to functional variables in a substituent list that mav o' be attached more than once on the structure of a core molecule, where the pattern of substitution at each occurrence is independent of the pattern at any other occurrence.
• a generic substituent on a core structure for a compound provided herein is understood to include the replacement of the generic substituent with specie substituents that are included within the particular genus, e.g., aryl may be independently replaced with phenyl or naphthalenyl (also referred to as naphthyl) and the like, such that the resulting compound is intended to be included within the scope of the compounds described herein.
• the term “optionally substituted” means that the specified substituent - variables, groups, radicals or moieties represent the scope of the genus and may be independently chosen as needed to replace one or more hydrogen atoms on the designated atom of attachment of a core molecule.
• the terms “stable compound’ or “stable structure” means a compound that is sufficiently robust to be isolated to a useful degree of purity from a reaction mixture and formulations thereof into an efficacious therapeutic agent.
• the terms “subject” and “patient” are used interchangeably to refer to an animal or any living organism having sensation and the power of voluntary movement, and which requires for its existence oxygen and organic food.
• Nonlimiting examples include members of the human, equine, porcine, bovine, rattus, murine, canine and feline species.
• the subject is a mammal or a warm-blooded vertebrate animal.
• the subject is a non-human animal.
• the subject is a human,
• the compounds of the present invention may be formulated in a wide variety of oral administration dosage forms and carriers.
• Oral administration can be in the form of tablets, coated tablets, dragees, hard and soft gelatine capsules, solutions, emulsions, syrups, or suspensions.
• Compounds of the present invention are efficacious when administered by other routes of administration including continuous (intravenous drip) topical parenteral, intramuscular, intravenous, subcutaneous, transdermal (which may include a penetration enhancement agent), buccal, nasal, inhalation and suppository administration, among other routes of administration.
• the preferred manner of administration is generally oral using a convenient daily dosing regimen which can be adjusted according to the degree of affliction and the patient's response to the active ingredient.
• a compound or compounds of the present invention, as well as their pharmaceutically useable salts, together with one or more conventional excipients, carriers, or diluents, may be placed into the form of pharmaceutical compositions and unit dosages.
• the pharmaceutical compositions and unit dosage forms may be comprised of conventional ingredients in conventional proportions, with or without additional active compounds or principles, and the unit dosage forms may contain any suitable effective amount of the active ingredient commensurate with the intended daily dosage range to be employed.
• compositions may be employed as solids, such as tablets or filled capsules, semisolids, powders, sustained release formulations, or liquids such as solutions, suspensions, emulsions, elixirs, or filled capsules for oral use, or in the form of suppositories for rectal or vaginal administration; or in the form of sterile injectable solutions for parenteral use.
• a typical preparation will contain from about 5% to about 95% active compound or compounds (w/w).
• preparation or “dosage form” is intended to include both solid and liquid formulations of the active compound and one skilled in the art will appreciate that an active ingredient can exist in different preparations depending on the target organ or tissue and on the desired dose and pharmacokinetic parameters.
• excipient refers to a compound that is useful in preparing a pharmaceutical composition, generally safe, non-toxic and neither biologically nor otherwise undesirable, and includes excipients that are acceptable for veterinary use as well as human pharmaceutical use.
• the compounds of this invention can be administered alone but will generally be administered in admixture with one or more suitable pharmaceutical excipients, diluents or carriers selected with regard to the intended route of administration and standard pharmaceutical practice.
• “Pharmaceutically acceptable” means that which is useful in preparing a pharmaceutical composition that is generally safe, non-toxic, and neither biologically nor otherwise undesirable and includes that which is acceptable for veterinary as well as human pharmaceutical use.
• a "pharmaceutically acceptable salt” form of an active ingredient may also initially confer a desirable pharmacokinetic property on the active ingredient which were absent in the non-salt form, and may even positively affect the pharmacodynamics of the active ingredient with respect to its therapeutic activity in the body.
• pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a compound means a salt that is pharmaceutically acceptable and that possesses the desired pharmacological activity of the parent compound.
• Such salts include: (1) acid addition salts, formed with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like; or formed with organic acids such as acetic acid, propionic acid, hexanoic acid, cyclopentanepropionic acid, glycolic acid, pyruvic acid, lactic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, malic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, 3-(4-hydroxybenzoyl)benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, 1,2-ethane-disulfonic acid, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, 4-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid, 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid, 4- toluenesulfonic acid, cam
• Solid form preparations include powders, tablets, pills, capsules, cachets, suppositories, and dispersible granules.
• a solid carrier may be one or more substances which may also act as diluents, flavoring agents, solubilizers, lubricants, suspending agents, binders, preservatives, tablet disintegrating agents, or an encapsulating material.
• the carrier In powders, the carrier generally is a finely divided solid which is a mixture with the finely divided active component.
• the active component In tablets, the active component generally is mixed with the carrier having the necessary binding capacity in suitable proportions and compacted in the shape and size desired.
• Suitable carriers include but are not limited to magnesium carbonate, magnesium stearate, talc, sugar, lactose, pectin, dextrin, starch, gelatin, tragacanth, methylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, a low melting wax, cocoa butter, and the like.
• Solid form preparations may contain, in addition to the active component, colorants, flavors, stabilizers, buffers, artificial and natural sweeteners, dispersants, thickeners, solubilizing agents, and the like.
• Liquid formulations also are suitable for oral administration include liquid formulation including emulsions, syrups, elixirs, aqueous solutions, aqueous suspensions. These include solid form preparations which are intended to be converted to liquid form preparations shortly before use. Emulsions may be prepared in solutions, for example, in aqueous propylene glycol solutions or may contain emulsifying agents such as lecithin, sorbitan monooleate, or acacia. Aqueous solutions can be prepared by dissolving the active component in water and adding suitable colorants, flavors, stabilizing, and thickening agents. Aqueous suspensions can be prepared by dispersing the finely divided active component in water with viscous material, such as natural or synthetic gums, resins, methylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, and other well known suspending agents.
• viscous material such as natural or synthetic gums, resins, methylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, and other well known suspending agents.
• the compounds of the present invention may be formulated for parenteral administration (e.g., by injection, for example bolus injection or continuous infusion) and may be presented in unit dose form in ampoules, pre-filled syringes, small volume infusion or in multi-dose containers with an added preservative.
• the compositions may take such forms as suspensions, solutions, or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles, for example solutions in aqueous polyethylene glycol.
• oily or nonaqueous carriers, diluents, solvents or vehicles examples include propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, vegetable oils (e.g., olive oil), and injectable organic esters (e.g, ethyl oleate), and may contain formulatory agents such as preserving, wetting, emulsifying or suspending, stabilizing and/or dispersing agents.
• the active ingredient may be in powder form, obtained by aseptic isolation of sterile solid or by lyophilisation from solution for constitution before use with a suitable vehicle, e.g., sterile, pyrogen-free water.
• the compounds of the present invention may be formulated for topical administration to the epidermis as ointments, creams or lotions, or as a transdermal patch.
• Ointments and creams may, for example, be formulated with an aqueous or oily base with the addition of suitable thickening and/or gelling agents.
• Lotions may be formulated with an aqueous or oily base and will in general also containing one or more emulsifying agents, stabilizing agents, dispersing agents, suspending agents, thickening agents, or coloring agents.
• Formulations suitable for topical administration in the mouth include lozenges comprising active agents in a flavored base, usually sucrose and acacia or tragacanth; pastilles comprising the active ingredient in an inert base such as gelatin and glycerin or sucrose and acacia, and mouthwashes comprising the active ingredient in a suitable liquid carrier.
• the compounds of the present, invention may be formulated for administration as suppositories.
• a low 7 melting wax such as a mixture of fatty acid glycerides or cocoa butter is first melted and the active component is dispersed homogeneously, for example, by stirring. The molten homogeneous mixture is then poured into convenient sized molds, allowed to cool, and to solidify.
• the compounds of the present invention may be formulated for vaginal administration. Pessaries, tampons, creams, gels, pastes, foams or sprays containing in addition to the active ingredient such carriers as are known in the art to be appropriate.
• the compounds of the present invention may be formulated for nasal administration.
• the solutions or suspensions are applied directly to the nasal cavity by conventional means, for example, with a dropper, pipette or spray.
• the formulations may be provided in a single or multidose form. In the latter case of a dropper or pipette, this may be achieved by the patient administering an appropriate, predetermined volume of the solution or suspension. In the case of a spray, this may be achieved for example by means of a metering atomizing spray pump.
• the compounds of the present invention may be formulated for aerosol administration, particularly to the respiratory tract and including intranasal administration.
• the compound wi 11 generally have a small particle size for example of the order of five (5) microns or less. Such a particle size may be obtained by means known in the art, for example by micronization.
• the active ingredient is provided in a pressurized pack with a suitable propellant such as a chlorofluorocarbon (CFC), for example, dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, or di chlorotetrafluoroethane, or carbon dioxide or other suitable gas.
• CFC chlorofluorocarbon
• the aerosol may conveniently also contain a surfactant such as lecithin.
• the dose of drug may be controlled by a metered valve.
• the active ingredients may be provided in a form of a dry powder, for example a powder mix of the compound in a suitable powder base such as lactose, starch, starch derivatives such as hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose and polyvinylpyrrolidine (PVP).
• a suitable powder base such as lactose, starch, starch derivatives such as hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose and polyvinylpyrrolidine (PVP).
• the powder carrier will form a gel in the nasal cavity.
• the powder composition may be presented in unit dose form for example in capsules or cartridges of e.g, gelatin or blister packs from which the powder may be administered by means of an inhaler.
• formulations can be prepared with enteric coatings adapted for sustained or controlled release administration of the active ingredient.
• the compounds of the present invention can be formulated in transdermal or subcutaneous drug delivery devices. These delivery systems are advantageous when sustained release of the compound is necessary and when patient compliance with a treatment regimen is crucial.
• Compounds in transdermal delivery systems are frequently attached to an skin-adhesive solid support.
• the compound of interest can also be combined with a penetration enhancer, e.g., Azone (1 -dodecyl aza- cycloheptan-2-one).
• Sustained release delivery systems are inserted subcutaneously into to the subdermal layer by surgery or injection.
• the subdermal implants encapsulate the compound in a lipid soluble membrane, e.g., silicone rubber, or a biodegradable polymer, e.g., polyactic acid.
• Suitable formulations along with pharmaceutical carriers, diluents and expcipients are described in Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy 1995, edited by E. W. Martin, Mack Publishing Company, 19th edition, Easton, Pennsylvania.
• a skilled formulation scientist may modify the formulations within the teachings of the specification to provide numerous formulations for a particular route of administration without rendering the compositions of the present invention unstable or compromising their therapeutic activity.
• the modification of the present compounds to render them more soluble in water or other vehicle may be easily accomplished by minor modifications (salt formulation, esterification, etc.), which are well within the ordinary skill in the art. It is also well within the ordinary skill of the art to modify the route of administration and dosage regimen of a particular compound in order to manage the pharmacokinetics of the present compounds for maximum beneficial effect in patients.
• terapéuticaally effective amount means an amount required to reduce symptoms of the disease in an individual.
• the dose will be adjusted to the individual requirements in each particular case. That dosage can vary within wide limits depending upon numerous factors such as the severity of the disease to be treated, the age and general health condition of the patient, other medicaments rvith which the patient is being treated, the route and form of administration and the preferences and experience of the medical practitioner involved.
• a daily dosage of between about 0.01 and about 1000 mg/kg body weight per day should be appropriate in monotherapy and/or in combination therapy.
• a preferred daily dosage is between about 0.1 and about 500 mg/kg body weight, more preferred 0. 1 and about 100 mg/kg body weight and most preferred 1.0 and about 10 mg/kg body weight per day.
• the dosage range would be about 7 mg to 0.7 g per day.
• the daily dosage can be administered as a single dosage or in divided dosages, typically between 1 and 5 dosages per day. Generally, treatment is initiated with smaller dosages which are less than the optimum dose of the compound. Thereafter, the dosage is increased by small increments until the optimum effect for the individual patient is reached.
• One of ordinary skill in treating diseases described herein will be able, without undue experimentation and in reliance on personal knowledge, experience and the disclosures of this application, to ascertain a therapeutically effective amount of the compounds of the present invention for a given disease and patient.
• the pharmaceutical preparations are preferably in unit dosage forms.
• the preparation is subdivided into unit doses containing appropriate quantities of the active component.
• the unit dosage form can be a packaged preparation, the package containing discrete quantities of preparation, such as packeted tablets, capsules, and powders in vials or ampoules.
• the unit dosage form can be a capsule, tablet, cachet, or lozenge itself, or it can be the appropriate number of any of these in packaged form.
• reagents and solvents were used as purchased (from a variety of vendors), except where noted.
• the term “Celite” is used as shown in the following examples to represent the tradename CELITE® (brand of diatomaceous earth).
• chromatographic separations were performed using techniques and equipment commonly available such as, for example, by using an ISCO CombiFlash® Rf system.
• NMR spectra were obtained using techniques and equipment commonly available such as, for example, by using a Bruker A vance III 500 spectrometer with deuterated solvents such as, for example, DMSO-t/d or residual solvent as standard.
• melting points were determined using techniques and equipment commonly available such as, for example, by using a SRS OptiMelt® MPA100 (values as obtained without conection/calibration).
• TLC analysis was performed using techniques and equipment commonly available such as, for example, by using Aldrich 254 nm glass-backed plates (60 A, 250 pm), visualized using UV and h stains.
• ESI mass spectra were obtained using techniques and equipment commonly available such as, for example, by using an ACQUITY UPLC® System, with values shown as [M+H] ; or [M-H]', unless otherwise indicated.
• the structure of the product was obtained via a 2D NOESY (Nuclear Overhauser SpectroscopY) experiment.
• PC1 5 phosphorus perchloride or phosphorus pentachloride
• the final compounds or their precursors may be further elaborated using the standard, well-known synthetic methods such as SNAr displacement reaction, metal catalyzed coupling reactions like Suzuki coupling, Negishi coupling and Buchwald coupling, reductive amination, etc. to afford the compounds of the general Formula I.
• Compound Al is converted to compound A2 by Minisci reaction with an appropriate carboxylic acid in the presence of a silver salt and a suitable oxidizing agent (such as ammonium persulfate and the like) in a suitable solvent (such as acetonitrile and the like).
• a suitable oxidizing agent such as ammonium persulfate and the like
• Compound A2 is converted to compound A3 by reacting with vinylmagnesium bromide in a suitable solvent (such as THF and the like).
• compound A2’ can be synthesized by reacting compound Al’ with iodine in the presence of a suitable base (such as TMPZn(OPi v)2MgCl.LiCl and the like) in a suitable solvent (such as THF and the like).
• Suzuki coupling of compound A2’ with vinyl boronic acid (or pinacol boronic ester) in the presence of a catalyst (such as Pd(dppf)Ch and the like) and a base (such as aqueous K2CO3 and the like) in a suitable solvent (such as 1,4- dioxane and the like) affords compound A3.
• Compound A3 is cyclized to compound A4 by treatment with optionally protected amine in the presence of a base (such as DIPEA and the like) in a suitable solvent (such as acetonitrile and the like) at an elevated temperature (such as 1 10°C and the like).
• Suzuki coupling of compound A4 with an optionally protected and- or heteroaryl- boronic acid (or pinacol boronic ester) in the presence of a catalyst (such as Pd(dppf)Ch and the like) and a base (such as aqueous K2CO3 and the like) in a suitable solvent (such as 1,4-dioxane and the like) provides compound A5. Removal of protecting groups leads to compound A6.
• Compound A5 can be oxidized to compound A7 by an oxidant (such as MnCh and the like) in a suitable solvent (such as toluene and the like) at an elevated temperature (such as 110°C and the like). Deprotection of compound A7 provides compound A8.
• an oxidant such as MnCh and the like
• a suitable solvent such as toluene and the like
• compound B2 (such as K2CO3 and the like) in a suitable solvent (such as dioxane and the like) at an elevated temperature (such as 60°C and the like) to give compound B2, which is further converted to compound B3 by reacting with NaNs in a suitable solvent (such as DMSO and the like) at an elevated temperature (such as 80°C and the like).
• a suitable solvent such as DMSO and the like
• Compound B3 is reduced to compound B4 by an appropriate reducing agent (such as zinc and the like), which is cyclized to compound B5 upon treatment with an ortho ester at an elevated temperature (such as 100°C and the like).
• Suzuki coupling of compound B5 with an optionally protected aryl- or heteroaryl-boronic acid (or pinacol boronic ester) in the presence of a cataly st (such as Pd(dppf)Ch and the like) and a base (such as aqueous K2CO3 and the like) in a suitable solvent (such as 1,4-di oxane and the like) provides compound B6. Removal of protecting groups leads to compound B7.
• Compound Ci is converted to compound C2 by reacting with 2-hydroxy or 2-mercapto acetate in the presence of a base (such as EfeN, NaH and the like) in a suitable solvent (such as THF and the like).
• a base such as EfeN, NaH and the like
• a suitable solvent such as THF and the like.
• Suzuki coupling of compound C2 with an optionally protected aryl- or heteroaryl-boronic acid (or pinacol boronic ester) in the presence of a catalyst (such as Pd(dppf)Ch and the like) and a base (such as aqueous K2CO3 and the like) in a suitable solvent (such as 1,4-di oxane and the like) provides compound C3, which is further converted to compound C4 by reacting with a tritiating reagent (such as triflic anhydride and the like) in the presence of a base (such as DIPEA and the like) in a suitable solvent (such as DCM
• Compound C4 is converted to compound C5 by coupling with an appropriate coupling partner (such as a boronic acid, organozinc reagent, and the like) in the presence of a catalyst (such as Pd(dppf)Ch and the like).
• a catalyst such as Pd(dppf)Ch and the like.
• Hydrolysis of compound C5 by an appropriate base (such as LiOH and the like) in a suitable solvent (such as THF and the like) affords compound C6, which is decarboxylated to give compound C7 in the presence of a metal salt (such as A&2CO3 and the like) in a suitable solvent (such as DMSO and the like) at an elevated temperature. Removal of protecting groups leads to compound C8.
• Scheme D :
• Compound DI is hydrolyzed to compound D2 by reacting with a base (such as LiOH and the like) in a suitable solvent (such as dioxane and the like)
• a suitable solvent such as dioxane and the like
• a metal salt such as Ag 2 CO 3 and the like
• a suitable solvent such as DMSO and the like
• an elevated temperature such as 120°C and the like
• a tritiating reagent such as triflic anhydride and the like
• a base such as pyridine and the like
• a suitable solvent such as DCM and the like
• Compound D4 is converted to compound D5 by coupling with an appropriate coupling partner (such as a boronic acid, organozinc reagent, and the like) in the presence of a catalyst (such as Pd(dppf)Ch and the like).
• Compound D5 is further coupled with an optionally protected aryl- or heteroaryl -boronic acid (or pinacol boronic ester) in the presence of a catalyst (such as Pd(dppf)Cb. and the like) and a base (such as aqueous K2CO3 and the like) in a suitable solvent (such as 1.4-di oxane and the like) to provide compound D6.
• an appropriate coupling partner such as a boronic acid, organozinc reagent, and the like
• a catalyst such as Pd(dppf)Ch and the like
• Compound D5 is further coupled with an optionally protected aryl- or heteroaryl -boronic acid (or pinacol boronic ester
• Compound El is converted to compound E2 by Sonogashira reaction with TMS- acetylene in the presence of a catalyst (such as Pd(PPhs)4 and the like) and a base (such as NEt3 and the like) in a suitable solvent (such as THF and the like), which is cyclized to compound E3 in the presence of a base (such as K2CO3 and the like) in a suitable solvent (such as DMF and the like).
• a catalyst such as Pd(PPhs)4 and the like
• a base such as NEt3 and the like
• suitable solvent such as THF and the like
• Compound E3 is coupled with an optionally protected aryl- or heteroaryl-boronic acid (or pinacol boronic ester) in the presence of a catalyst (such as XPhos-Pd-G3 and the like) and a base (such as aqueous K2CO3 and the like) in a suitable solvent (such as 1,4-di oxane and the like) to provide compound E4 Reaction of compound E4 with a halogenation reagent (such as NBS and the like) in a suitable solvent (such as NBS and the like) affords compound E5.
• a catalyst such as XPhos-Pd-G3 and the like
• a base such as aqueous K2CO3 and the like
• a suitable solvent such as 1,4-di oxane and the like
• Compound E5 is converted to compound E6 by coupling with an appropriate coupling partner (such as a boronic acid, organozinc reagent, and the like) in the presence of a catalyst (such as Pd(dppf)Ch and the like). Removal of protecting groups leads to compound E7.
• an appropriate coupling partner such as a boronic acid, organozinc reagent, and the like
• a catalyst such as Pd(dppf)Ch and the like
• Compound Fl is converted to compound F2 by Mi nisei reaction with an appropriate carboxylic acid in the presence of a silver salt and a suitable oxidizing agent (such as ammonium persulfate and the like) in a suitable solvent (such as acetonitrile and the like).
• a suitable oxidizing agent such as ammonium persulfate and the like
• a suitable solvent such as acetonitrile and the like.
• Suzuki coupling of compound F2 with vinyl pinacol borate in the presence of a catalyst (such as Pd(dppf)C12 and the like) and a base (such as K2CO3 and the like) in a suitable solvent (such as THF and the like) affords compound F3, which is subjected to oxidation by an oxidant (such as sodium periodate and the like) to give compound F4.
• Compound F4 is condensed with a substituted hydrazine to give compound F5, which is subsequently cyclized to compound F6 at an elevated temperature (such as 150°C and the like).
• Suzuki coupling of compound F6 with an optionally protected aryl- or heteroaryl-boronic acid (or pinacol boron! c ester) in the presence of a catalyst (such as XPhos- Pd-G3 and the like) and a base (such as aqueous K2CO3 and the like) in a suitable solvent (such as 1 ,4-dioxane and the like) provides compound F7. Removal of protecting groups leads to compound F ⁇ .
• Compound G1 is reacted with an optionally protected amine in the presence of a base (such as K2CO3 and the like) in a suitable solvent (such as THF and the like) at an elevated temperature (such as 50°C and the like) to give compound G2, which is converted to compound G3 by reacting with Nahrt in a suitable solvent (such as DMSO and the like) at an elevated temperature (such as 80°C and the like).
• a suitable solvent such as DMSO and the like
• Compound G3 is reduced to compound G4 by an appropriate reducing agent (such as zinc and the like), which is cyclized to compound G5 upon treatment with sodium nitrite in the presence of an acid (such as HOAc and the like) in water.
• Compound G5 is converted to compound G6 by Minisci reaction with an appropriate carboxylic acid in the presence of a silver salt and a suitable oxidizing agent (such as ammonium persulfate and the like) in a suitable solvent (such as acetonitrile and the like).
• a suitable oxidizing agent such as ammonium persulfate and the like
• Suzuki coupling of compound G6 with an optionally protected aryl- or heteroaryl-boronic acid (or pinacol boronic ester) in the presence of a catalyst (such as Pd(dppf)Ch and the like) and a base (such as aqueous K2CO3 and the like) in a suitable solvent (such as 1,4-dioxane and the like) provides compound G7. Removal of protecting groups leads to compound G8.
• Step 1 A mixture of CuBn (58.7 g, 263 mmol) in anhydrous ethyl acetate (150 mL) was stirred at 80°C for 10 min, followed by addition of 6,7-dihydrobenzofuran ⁇ 4(5H)-one (10.0 g, 65.7 mmol) in CHCI 3 (25 mL). The mixture was stirred continuously at 80°C for 16 h. Upon completion, the reaction was cooled to room temperature and filtered to remove the solid.
• Step 2 To a solution of 5,5-dibromo-6,7-dihydrobenzofuran-4(5H)-one (9.4 g, 32 mmol) in DMF (150 mL) was added L12CO3 (14.2 g, 192 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred at 100°C for 2h. Upon completion, the mixture was cooled to room temperature and filtered to remove the solid. The filtrate was concentrated, and the residue was diluted with water (500 mL) and then extracted with ethyl acetate (300 mL). The organic layer was washed with water (500 mL. x 2) and brine (500 mL), dried over anhydrous Na2SOr, filtered and concentrated.
• L12CO3 14.2 g, 192 mmol
• Step 3 To a solution of 5-bromobenzofuran-4-ol (7.8 g, 36.6 mmol) in THF (150 mL) was added NaH (2.2 g, 54.9 mmol, 60%) at 0°C. The reaction mixture was stirred at 0°C for 0.5 h, followed by addition of bromomethyl methyl ether (6.86 g, 54.9 mmol) dropwise. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 0.5h. Upon completion, the reaction was quenched with water (150 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (100 mL).
• Step 4 To a solution of 5-bromo-4-(methoxymethoxy)benzofuran (8.0 g, 31.1 mmol) in 1,4- dioxane (150 mL) were added pinacolborane (15.9 g, 124 mmol), TEA (22.0 g, 218 mmol), Pd(OAc)i (777 rag, 4.67 mmol) and CyJohnphos (1 .73 g, 7.78 mmol) under Ar. The reaction mixture was stirred at 80°C under Ar for 16h, then filtered through a pad of Celite and washed with EtOAc.
• Step 1 To a solution of 1,3-dimethoxybenzene (55.0 g, 398 mmol, 1.0 eq.) in dry THF (500 mL), tetramethylethylenediamine (55.5 g, 1.2 eq.) was added and the mixture was stirred for 30 min at 0 ⁇ , n-butyllithium (25.50 g, 398 mmol, 1.0 eq, 2.5 M) was slowly added dropwise. The mixture was stirred for 3 h at 0 ⁇ . Ethylene oxide (35.1 g, 796 mmol, 2.0 eq.) was slowly added dropwise for 1 h at 0L . Naturally warmed to room temperature.
• Step 2 A solution of 2-(2,6-dimethoxyphenyl)ethan-l-ol (40.2 g, 220 mmol, 1.0 eq.) in 40% aqueous HBr solution (700 mL, HBr-HzO) was stirred at 105 > for 16 h.
• the reaction solution was diluted with water (1 L) and extracted with EtOAc (500 mL x 3). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over anhydrous NazSCU and concentrated under reduced pressure to give a residue.
• the residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel (EA.
• Step 3 To a solution of 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-4-ol (6.08 g, 44.63 mmol, 1.0 eq.) in acetonitrile (60 mL) was slowly added NIS (10.04 g, 44.63 mmol, 1.0 eq.) at 00. The reaction mixture was stirred at 0 > for 2 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with water (50 mL) and extracted with DCM (40 mL x 3). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure to give a residue.
• NIS 10.04 g, 44.63 mmol, 1.0 eq.
• Step 4 To a mixture of 5-iodo-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-4-ol (4.60 g, 17.6 mmol, 1.00 eq) in THF (50.0 mL) was added NaH (60%) (1.40 g, 35.11 mmol, 2.00 eq) at 0°C, the mixture was stirred at 0°C for 0.5 h. Then MOMBr (3.29 g, 26.33 mmol, 1.5 eq) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 2 h. The reaction mixture was quenched with sat.
• Step 5 To a mixture of 5-iodo-4-(methoxymethoxy)-2,3 -dihydrobenzofuran (2.90 g, 9.47 mmol, 1.00 eq) in THF (30 mL) was added dropwise n-BuLi (4.55 mL, 2.5 M, 11,37 mmol, 1.2 eq) at - 78°C under N2 atmosphere, the mixture was stirred at -78°C for 0.5 h.
• Step 1 To a solution of sodium bicarbonate (79.9 g, 951 .2 mmol, 1 .2 eq) and chloroacetaldehyde
• Step 2 CuBn (321.2 g, 1.44 mol, 4.0 eq) was added into EA (770 mL). The reaction was allowed to stir at 80°C for 10 min. To this was added a solution of 6-methyl-6,7- dihydrobenzofuran-4(5H)-one (54 g, 359.5 mmol, 1.0 eq) in CHCI 3 (128 mL) at 80°C in one portion. The reaction was allowed to stir at 80°C for 16 h. Upon completion, the reaction was cooled to rt, filtered to remove the solid.
• Step 3 5,5-dibromo-6-methyl-6,7-dihydrobenzofuran-4(5H)-one (33 g, 107.1 mmol, 1.0 eq) was dissolved in anhydrous DMF (535mL). To this solution was added LHCCh (47.5 g, 642.9 mmol, 6.0 eq). The reaction was allowed to stir at 100°C for 2 h. Upon completion, the reaction was cooled to rt, filtered to remove the solid and concentrated. The residue was diluted with water (500 mL), extracted with EA (200 mL).
• Step 4 To a solution of 5-bromo-6-methylbenzofuran-4-ol (19.5 g, 85.8 mmol, 1.0 eq) in THF (110 mL) was added NaH (6.8 g, 171.7 mmol, 2.0 eq) at 0 °C in portions. The reaction mixture was warmed to rt for 1 hour and then MOMBr (16.1 g, 128.8 mmol, 1.5 eq) was added. The reaction was stirred at rt for 1 h. The mixture was quenched with H2O (200 mL), extracted with EA (100 mL x 3).
• Step 5 To a solution of 5-bromo-4-(methoxymethoxy)-6-methylbenzofuran (21 g, 77.4 mmol, 1.0 eq) in dioxane (370 mL) were added HBPin (37.7 g, 295.0 mmol, 4.0 eq), TEA (52.2 g, 5'16.4 mmol, 7.0 eq), Pd(OAc)2 (2.4 g, 1 1.0 mmol, 0. 15 eq) and CyJohnphos (64 g, 18.4 mmol, 0.25 eq). The mixture was then purged with Ns. The reaction was allowed to be stirred at 80°C for 16 h.
• Step 1 To a solution of 1-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)ethan-l-one (50.0 g, 0.330 mol, 1.0 eq.) in HC1 (4% w/w) (3750 mL) was added Pd/C (12 g, 25% w/w). The mixture was stirred for 16 h at room temperature under H2 (4 MPa). The reaction mixture was filtered through a pad of Celite, rinsed with EA. The filtrate was then extracted with tert-Butyl methyl ether (1 L). The combined organic layer was washed with water (500 mL x 3) and brine (500 mL), dried over anhydrous NaiSCh and concentrated.
• Step 2 To a mixture of 5-ethylbenzene-l,3-diol (42.0 g, 0.300 mol, 1 .0 eq.) in HzO (420 mL) was added Raney Ni (3.60 g, 8.5% w/w) and NaOH (14.6 g, 0.360 mol, 1.2 eq.). The reaction was stirred at 50°C for 16 h under H2 (4 MPa). Upon completion, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature. The PH was adjusted to around 4-5 with 2M HC1 and the mixture was extracted with EtOAc (500 mL x 3). The organic phase was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous NazSCL and concentrated.
• H2SO4 50% w/w in H2O
• Step 4 A mixture of CuBri (57.1 g, 0.260 mol, 4 eq.) in ethyl acetate (180 mL) was heated and stirred at 80°C for 10 min. Then a solution of 6-ethyl ⁇ 6,7 ⁇ dihydrobenzofuran-4(5H)-one (10.5 g, 0.060 mol, 1 eq.) in CHCI 3 (100 mL) was added into the mixture at 80°C. The reaction was stirred at 80°C for 16 h. Upon completion, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, filtered through a pad of Celite and rinsed with EtOAc.
• Step 5 To a mixture of 5,5-dibromo-6-ethyl-6,7-dihydrobenzofuran-4(5H)-one (8.00 g, 24.9 mmol, 1 0 eq.) in DMF (80 mL) was added LisCCh (11.0 g, 149 mmol, 4.0 eq.). The reaction mixture was stirred for 2 h at 100°C. Upon completion, the reaction was cooled to room temperature, filtered through a pad of Celite and rinsed with EtOAc. The filtrate was diluted with water (800 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (200 mL x 3). The combined organic layer was dried over anhydrous NaiSOi, filtered and concentrated.
• Step 6 To a solution of 5-bromo-6-ethylbenzofuran-4-ol (5.00 g, 20.7 mmol, 1.0 eq.) in THF (50 mL) was added NaH (1.24 g, 31.0 mmol, 1.5 eq.) in portions at 0°C . The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 0.5 h. Then bromomethyl methyl ether (3.89 g, 31.0 mmol, 1.5 eq.) was added slowly at 0°C. The reaction was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 1 h. The reaction mixture was quenched by the addition of water, diluted with water (500 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (200 mL x 3).
• Step 7 To a solution of 5 ⁇ bromo"6-ethyl ⁇ 4-(methoxymethoxy)benzofuran (5.90 g, 20.7 mmol, 1.0 eq.) in 1,4-dioxane ( 60 mL) were added 4,4,5,5-tetramethyt-l,3,2-dioxaborolane (10.6 g, 83.0 mmol, 4.0 eq.), Pd(OAch (517 mg, 3.10 mmol, 0.15 eq.), EtsN (20.1 mL, 145 mmol, 7.0 eq.) and 2-(dicyclohexylphosphino)biphenyl (1 .80 g, 5.20 mmol, 0.25 eq.).
• the reaction was stirred at 80°C for 16 h under N: atmosphere. Upon completion, the reaction was cooled to room temperature, filtered through a pad of Celite and rinsed with EtOAc. The filtrate was diluted with water (500 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (100 mL x 3). The combined organic layer was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous NasSOu filtered and concentrated.
• Step 1 To a mixture of 4-bromo-2,6-dimethoxybenzaldehyde (25.0 g, 102 mmol, 1.0 eq.) and Nal (30.6 g, 204 mmol, 2.0 eq.) in MeCN (150 mL) and DCM (150 mL) was added AlCh (27.2 g, 204 mmol, 2.0 eq.) at 0°C. The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. Upon completion, the reaction was quenched with aq. NH4CI (100 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (500 mL x 2).
• Step 2 To a solution of 2-hydroxy-4-iodo(bromo)-6-methoxybenzaldehyde (23.0 g, 100 mmol, 1.0 eq.) in DMF (230 mL) were added ethyl 2-bromoacetate (25.1 g, 150 mmol, 1.5 eq.) and CS2CO3 (65.4 g, 200 mmol, 2.0 eq.). The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 0.5 h, then stirred at 120°C for 3 h under Ar atmosphere. Upon completion, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with H2O (1000 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (400 mL x 2).
• Step 3 To a solution of ethyl 6-iodo(bromo)-4-methoxybenzofuran-2”Carboxylate (18.0 g, 52.0 mmol, 1.0 eq.) in THF (150 mL) and H2O (50 mL) was added NaOH (3.12 g, 78.0 mmol, 1.5 eq.). The reaction was stirred at 25°C for 16 h. Upon completion, the reaction mixture was poured into 4 N HC1 to pH :::: 4 and extracted with EtOAc (200 mL x 3).
• Step 4 To a mixture of 6-iodo(bromo)-4-methoxybenzofuran-2-carboxylic acid (17.0 g, 53.5 mmol, 1 0 eq.) and AgCCh (2.9 g, 10.7 mmol, 0.2 eq.) in DMSO (170 mL) was added AcOH (16. 1 g, 267 mmol, 5.0 eq.). The reaction was stirred at 120°C for 2 h. Upon completion, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with H2O (1000 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (300 mL x 2).
• Step 5 To a suspension of NaH (5.7 g, 91.2 mmol, 5.0 eq.) in DMF (50 mL) was added ethanethiol (3.7 g, 91.2 mmol, 5.0 eq.) at 0°C. The mixture was stirred at 0°C for 30 min under N2 atmosphere. 6"iodo(bromo)benzofuran-4-ol (5.0 g, 18.2 mmol, 1.0 eq.) was added into the EtSNa solution at 0°C. The reaction was stirred at 60°C for 24 h under N2 atmosphere.
• Step 6 To a solution of 6-iodo(bromo)benzofuran-4-ol (7.3 g, 34.2 mmol, 1.0 eq.) in THF (80 mL) was added NaH (2.1 g, 51.4 mmol, 1.5 eq.) at 0°C. The reaction was allowed to stir at 0°C for 0.5 h. Then bromomethyl methyl ether (6.4 g, 51.4 mmol, 1.5 eq.) was added at 0°C. The reaction was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 0.5 h.
• Step 7 To a solution of 6-iodo(bromo)-4-(methoxymethoxy)benzofuran (5.0 g, 19.5 mmol, 1.0 eq.) and cyclopropylboronic acid (5 0 g, 58.4 mmol, 3.0 eq.) in Tol (80 mL) and H2O (20 ml.) were added K3PO4 (12.4 g, 58.4 mmol, 3 0 eq.), P(Cy)s (L I g, 3.9 mmol, 0.2 eq.) and PdtOAqh (437 mg, 1.9 mmol, 0.1 eq.).
• Step 8 A solution of 6-cyclopropyl-4-(methoxymethoxy)benzofuran (3,0 g, 13.7 mmol, 1.0 eq.) in 2.0 M HC1 in EA (30 ml .) was stirred at 25°C for 2 h. Upon completion, the reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by reversed phase flash chromatography (40 g flash column, eluting with 0-100% MeCN in H2O) to give 6- cyclopropylbenzofuran-4-ol as a white solid (777 mg, 32.5% yield). MS m/z 175.2 [M+H] + .
• Step 9 To a solution of 6-cyclopropylbenzofuran-4-ol (777 mg, 4.5 mmol, 1.0 eq.) in DCM (20 niL) were added 1 -bromopyrrolidine-2, 5-dione (715 mg, 4.0 mmol, 0.9 eq.) and diisopropylamine (drops) at 0°C. The resulting mixture was stirred at 0°C for 1 h. Upon completion, the reaction mixture was diluted with water and extracted with EtOAc. The organic phase was dried over NasSCU, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure.
• Step 10 To a solution of 5-bromo-6-cyclopropylbenzofuran-4-ol (708 mg, 2.8 mmol, 1.0 eq.) in DCM (10 mL) were added DIEA (1.1 g, 8.4 mmol, 3.0 eq.) and bromomethyl methyl ether (385 mg, 3.1 mmol, 1.1 eq.). The reaction was stirred at 25°C for 1 h. Upon completion, the reaction mixture was quenched with water and extracted with EtOAc (30 mL x 3).
• Step 11 To a solution of 5-bromo-6-cyclopropyl-4-(methoxymethoxy)benzofuran (980 mg, 3.3 mmol, 1 0 eq.) in 1,4-dioxane (10 mL) were added 4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-l,3,2-dioxaborolane (1.7 g, 13.2 mmol, 4.0 eq.), Pd(OAc)2 (ll l mg, 0.5 mmol, 0.15 eq.), TEA (2.3 g, 23.1 mmol, 7.0 eq.) and 2-(dicyclohexylphosphino)biphenyl (289 mg, 0.8 mmol, 0.25 eq.).
• Step 1 To a solution of 2-(thiophen-2-yl)acetic acid (10.0 g, 70.3 mmol, 1.0 eq ) in DMF (70 mL, 1 M) was added GDI (11.4 g, 70.3 mmol, 1.0 eq.). After being stirred at 40°C for 30 min,N,O-dimethylhydroxylamine hydrochloride (7.6 g, 77 4 mmol, 1.1 eq.) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 0.5 h. Upon completion, the mixture was diluted with saturated NH4CI (50 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2 x 100 ml,).
• Step 2 To a solution ofN-methoxy-N-methyl-2-(thiophen-2-yl)acetamide (7.0 g, 37.8 mmol, 1.0 eq.) in EtzO (70 mL) at 0°C under N2 atmosphere was added CHsMgBr (3 Al in EtzO, 25.2 mL, 75.6 mmol, 2,0 eq.). The reaction mixture was stirred at 0°C for 0.5 h. Upon completion, the reaction mixture was quenched with aq. NH4Q and extracted with ethyl acetate (50 mL x 3). The organic layer was dried over Na?SO4, filtered and concentrated.
• CHsMgBr 3 Al in EtzO, 25.2 mL, 75.6 mmol, 2,0 eq.
• Step 3 To a mixture of NaH (471 mg, 11.8 mmol, 1.1 eq.) in THF (15 mL) was added ethyl 2- (diethoxyphosphoryl)acetate (2.6 g, 11.8 mmol, 1.1 eq.) at 0°C. The reaction mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 0.5 h. l-(thiophen-2-yl)propan-2-one (1.5 g, 10.7 mmol, 1.0 eq.) was added to the mixture at 0°C. The reaction mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred for another 1 h. Upon completion, the mixture was quenched with water (20 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (50 mL x 3).
• Step 4 A mixture of ethyl (Z)-3-methyl-4 ⁇ (thiophen-2-yl)but-2-enoate (1.4 g, 6.7 mmol, 1.0 eq,), Raney -Ni (280 mg, 20% w/w) in MeOH (14 mL) was stirred at room temperature under H?. atmosphere for 16 h. Upon completion, the reaction mixture was filtered through a Cel i te pad and washed wdth MeOH. The filtrate was concentrated to afford ethyl 3 -methyl -4-(thiophen-2- yl)butanoate (0.9 g, 4.2 mmol, 62% yield) as a brown solid, which was used to the next step without purification.
• Step 5 To a solution of ethyl 3-methyl-4-(thiophen-2-yl)butanoate (0.9 g, 4.2 mmol, 1.0 eq.) in a mixture of tetrahydrofuran and methanol (16 mL, 1:1 ) was added NaOH (0.8 g, 21.2 mmol, 5.0 eq.) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4 hours and then the solvent evaporated. The residue was dissolved in water, acidified with hydrochloric acid (4N) and extracted with EA (20 mL x 3).
• Step 6 To a solution of 3-methyl-4-(thiophen-2-yl)butanoic acid (0.7 g, 3,8 mmol, 1 ,0 eq.) in DCM (7 mL) was added (COCI)?. (0.4 mL, 4.2 mmol, 1.1 eq.). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 0,5 h. The mixture was concentrated in vacuo to give crude 3-methyl-4- (thiophen-2-yl)butanoyl chloride (0.8 g) as yellow oil, which was used to the next step without further purification.
• Step 7 A mixture of 3-methyl-4-(thiophen-2-yl)butanoyl chloride (0.8 g, 4.0 mmol, 1 .0 eq.) in l,l,l,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-ol (8 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. Upon completion, the reaction mixture was concentrated to remove l,l,1 ,3,3,3 ⁇ hexafluoropropan-2-ol. The residue was quenched with water (50 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (50 mL x 3). The organic layer was dried over NaiSCfi, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure.
• Step 8 To a mixture of CuBrs (1.3 g, 6.0 mmol, 4.0 eq.) in EtOAc (5 mL) was added a solution of 6-methyl-6,7-dihydrobenzo[b]thiophen-4(5H)-one (250 mg, 1.5 mmol, 1.0 eq.) in CHCI 3 (1 mL) at 80°C. The reaction was stirred at 80°C for 16 h. Upon completion, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, filtered and collected organic phase. The organic layer was concentrated under reduced pressure.
• Step 9 To a mixture of 5, 5-dibromo-6-methyl-6, 7-dihydrobenzo[b]thiophen-4(5H)-on (260 mg, 0.8 mmol, 1.0 eq.) in DMF (3 mL) was added IJ2CO3 (356 mg, 4.8 mmol, 6.0 eq.). The reaction was stirred at 100°C for 2 h. Upon completion, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, quenched with water (10 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (10 mL x 3). The organic layer was dried over NaaSCL, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure.
• Step 10 To a solution of 5-bromo-6-methylbenzo[b]thiophen-4-ol (60 mg, 0.200 mmol, 1.0 eq.) in THF (1 mL) was added NaH (17.0 mg, 0.400 mmol, 2.0 eq.) at 0°C. The reaction mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 0.5 h. Bromo(methoxy)methane (39 mg, 0.300 mmol, 1 .5 eq.) was added to the mixture at 0°C. The reaction mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 2 h. Upon completion, the mixture was quenched with water (10 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (10 mL x 3).
• Step 11 To a mixture of ethyl (Z)-3-methyl-4-(thiophen-2-yl)but-2 -enoate (60 mg, 6.70 mmol, 1.0 eq.), CyJohnPhos (18 mg, 0.052 mmol, 0.25 eq.), Pd(OAc)s (7 mg, 0.031 mmol, 0.15 eq.) and EtiN (148 mg, 1.46 mmol, 7.0 eq.) in anhydrous 1,4-dioxane (2 mL) under Nz atmosphere was added 4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-l,3,2-dioxaborolane (107 mg, 0.835 mmol, 4.0 eq.) dropwise at room temperature.
• Step 1 A mixture of 3-bromobicyclo[4.2.0]octa-l(6),2,4-triene (57.8 g, 315 mmol, 1.0 eq.), NH2B0C (44.4 g, 379 mmol, 1.2 eq.), CS2CO3 (154 g, 474 mmol, 1.5 eq.), Xantphos (9.14 g, 15.8 mmol, 0.05 eq.), Pd2(dba)3 (4.34 g, 4.74 mmol, 0.01 eq.) and 1,4-dioxane (525 mL) was stirred at 105°C under N2 atmosphere for 16 h.
• reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with water (1000 ml.) and extracted with EtOAc (1000 mL x 3). The organic layer was dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography eluting with 0-10% EtOAc in hexanes to afford tert-butyl bicyclo[4.2.0]octa-l(6),2,4-trien-3-ylcarbamate (69.0 g, 315 mmol, 99.7% yield) as a pale yellow solid.
• Step 2 To a solution of tert-butyl bicyclo[4.2.0]octa-l(6),2,4-trien-3-ylcarbamate (73.2 g, 334 mmol, 1.0 eq.) in DCM (700 mL) was added TFA (140 mL). The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. Upon completion, the reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuum. The residue rvas diluted with water (1000 mL), neutralized with aq. NaHCCh to pH :::: 8 and extracted with DCM (1000 mL x 3).
• Step 3 To a solution of bicyclo[4.2.0]octa-l(6),2,4-trien-3-amine (36.6 g, 307 mmol, 1.0 eq.) in MeCN (1400 mL) was added a solution of NBS (53.6 g, 301 mmol, 0.98 eq.) in MeCN (1000 mL) at -30°C dropwise. The reaction was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for 2 h. Upon completion, the reaction mixture was diluted with water (1000 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (1000 mL x 3). The organic layer was dried over NazSCh, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure.
• Step 4 A mixture of 4-bromobicyclo[4.2 0]octa“l(6),2,4"trien-3-amine (12.0 g, 60.6 mmol, 1.0 eq.), K2CO3 (25.1 g, 182 mmol, 3.0 eq.), Pd(dppf)Ch (4.40 g, 6.06 mmol, 0.1 eq.), H2O (50 mL), 2,4,6-trimethyl-l,3,5,2,4,6-trioxatriborinane (3.5 M in THF, 86.6 mL, 303 mmol, 5 eq.) and 1,4- dioxane (250 mL) was stirred at 90°C under N2 atmosphere for 3 h.
• Step 5 To a solution of 4-methylbicyclo[4.2.0]octa-l(6),2,4-trien-3-amine (4.94 g, 37.1 mmol, 1.0 eq.) in MeCN (200 mL) was added a solution of NBS (6.60 g, 37.1 mmol, 1.0 eq.) in MeCN (100 mL) at -30°C dropwise. The reaction w'as allowed to tvarm to room temperature and stirred for 1 h. Upon completion, the reaction mixture was diluted with water (300 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (100 mL. x 3), The organic layer was dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure.
• Step 6 Solid Na (1.84 g, 80.2 mmol, 5.0 eq.) was added in portions into MeOH (20 mL) at 0°C and the mixture was warmed to room temperature until the solid w ? as consumed completely.
• a 50 mL autoclave was charged with the mixture of fresh MeONa solution, 2-bromo-4- methylbicyclo[4.2.0]octa-l(6),2,4-trien-3-amine (3.40 g, 16.0 mmol, 1.0 eq.) and Cui (3.36 g, 17.6 mmol, 1.1 eq.). The reaction was sealed and stirred at 120 ⁇ : 'C for 16 h.
• Step 7 To a suspension of 2-methoxy-4-methylbicyclo[4.2.0]octa-l(6),2,4-trien-3-amine (1.00 g, 6.13 mmol, 1.0 eq.) in cone. HC1 (37 % w/w, 10 mL) was added a solution ofNaNCh (845 mg, 12.3 mmol, 2.0 eq.) in water (10 mL) at 0°C. After being stirred at 0°C for 10 min, an orange suspension was obtained forming diazonium salts compound. A solution of KI (4.07 g, 24.5 mmol, 4.0 eq.) in water (20 mL) was added into the diazonium salt.
• Step 8 To a mixture of 3-iodo-2-methoxy-4-methylbicyclo[4.2.0]octa-l(6),2,4-triene (277 mg, 1.01 mmol, 1.0 eq.), CyJohnPhos (88.6 mg, 0.253 mmol, 0.25 eq.), Pd(OAc)2 (34.0 mg, 0.152 mmol, 0 15 eq.) and EteN (716 mg, 7.07 mmol, 7.0 eq.) in anhydrous 1,4-dioxane (4 mL) under N?
• Step 1 To a stirred solution of furan-2-carbaidehyde (63.2 mL, 763 mmol, 1.0 eq.) and diethyl butanedioate (190 mL, 1.14 mol, 1.5 eq.) in anhydrous ethanol (1280 mL) was added NaOEt (130 g, 1.91 mol, 2.5 eq.). The resulting mixture was refluxed at 90°C for 16 hours. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The crude residue was then dissolved in water and the pH of the solution was acidified to pH :::: 1 with concentrated HC1. The acidic solution was then extracted with EtOAc (3 x 1000 mL).
• Step 2 The resulting crude 3-ethoxycarbonyl-4-(2-furyl)but-3-enoic acid (178 g, 794 mmol, 1.0 eq.) was dissolved in acetic anhydride (750 mL) and treated with sodium acetate (78.2 g, 953 mmol, 1.2 eq.). The resulting mixture was refluxed at 160°C for 5 hours. Upon completion of the reaction, the reaction was cooled to room temperature and the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure.
• Step 4 To a mixture of ethyl 4-hydroxybenzofuran-6-carboxylate (50.0 g, 243 mmol, 1.0 eq.) and DIP A (3.4 mL, 24.3 mmol, 0.1 eq.) in DCM (500 mL) at 0°C was added NBS (43.2 g, 243 mmol, 1.0 eq.). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. The reaction mixture was diluted with water (500 mL) and extracted with DCM (400 mL x 3). The organic layer was dried over Nh ⁇ SCh, decanted, and concentrated.
• Step 5 To a solution of ethyl 5-bromo-4-hydroxybenzofuran-6-carboxylate (37.0 g, 130 mmol, 1.0 eq.) in anhydrous THF (370 mL) at 0°C was added NaH (10.4 g, 260 mmol, 2.0 eq.) in portions. The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. Bromomethyl methyl ether (24.3 g, 195 mmol, 1 .5 eq.) was added to the mixture at 0°C. The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. The mixture was diluted with H2O (350 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (300 mL x 3).
• Step 6 To a mixture of LiAlHr (5.19 g, 137 mmol, 3.0 eq.) in THF (840 mL) was added ethyl 5- bromo-4-(methoxymethoxy)benzo[b]thiophene-6-carboxylate (15.0 g, 45.6 mmol, 1.0 eq.) under N?. atmosphere at -20°C and the mixture was stirred for 20 min. Upon completion, the reaction mixture was warmed to room temperature, treated with NacSOMOFW and stirred for 5 min. The mixture was filtered through a Celite pad and rinsed with EtOAc. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure.
• Step 7 To a mixture of (5-bromo-4-(methoxymethoxy)benzo[b]thiophen-6-yl)methanol (12.0 g, 41.8 mmol, 1.0 eq.) in DCM (120 mL) was added MnCh (21.8 g, 251 mmol, 6.0 eq.). The reaction was stirred at 38°C for 4 hours. Upon completion, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, filtered through a Celite pad and rinsed with DCM. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford 5-bromo-4-(methoxymethoxy)benzofuran-6- carbaldehyde (10.1 g, 35.4 mmol, 85% yield) as a white solid.
• Step 8 To a solution of 5“bromo-4-(methoxymethoxy)benzofuran-6-carbaldehyde (10.1 g, 35.4 mmol, 1.0 eq.) in DCM (70 mL) was added DAST (23.4 mL, 177 mmol, 5.0 eq.) at -60°C. The reaction mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 4 hours. Upon completion, the mixture was added dropwise into saturated NaHCCh (50 mL) and the mixture was extracted with EtOAc (50 mL x 3). The organic layer was washed with brine, dried over NasSCL, filtered and concentrated.
• Step 9 To a mixture of 5-bromo-6-(difluoromethyl)-4-(methoxymethoxy)benzo[b]thiophene (9.5 g, 30.9 mmol, 1.0 eq.), CyJohnPhos (2.7 g, 7.7 mmol, 0.25 eq.), Pd(OAc)2 (1.0 g, 4.6 mmol, 0. 15 eq.) and EtaN (30. 1 mL, 216.5 mmol, 7.0 eq.) in anhydrous 1,4-dioxane (95 mL) under N?.
• reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and poured into a 250 mL round-bottom flask.
• a solution of TBAF 1.0 M, 52.6 mL, 52.6 mmol, 3.0 eq.
• the reaction was stirred at 60°C under N2 atmosphere for 1 h.
• the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with water (100 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (100 mL x 3). The organic layer was washed with water (100 mL x 2) and brine (100 mL x 1), dried over NacSCh, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure.
• Step 2 To a mixture of 5-bromo-4-(methoxymethoxy)-6-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)benzofuran (1.64 g, 4.84 mmol, 1.0 eq.), CyJohnPhos (424 mg, 1.21 mmol, 0.25 eq.), Pd(OAc)2 (163 mg, 0.725 mmol, 0.15 eq.) and Et?,N (4.71 mL, 33.9 mmol, 7.0 eq.) in anhydrous 1,4-dioxane (20 mL) under N2 atmosphere was added 4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-l,3,2-dioxaborolane (3.51 mL, 0.882 g/mL, 24.2 mmol, 5.0 eq.) dropwise at room temperature.
• Step 1 To a solution of l-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)ethan-l-one (50.0 g, 0.330 mol, 1.0 eq.) in HCI (4% w/w) (3750 ml.,) was added Pd/C (12 g, 25% w/w). The mixture was stirred for 16 h at room temperature under H2 (4 MPa). The reaction mixture was filtered through a pad of Celite, rinsed with EA. The filtrate was then extracted with tert-Butyl methyl ether (1 L). The combined organic layer was washed with w'ater (500 mL x 3) and brine (500 mL), dried over anhydrous NajSCh and concentrated.
• Step 2 To a mixture of 5-ethylbenzene-1,3-diol (42.0 g, 0.300 mol, 1.0 eq.) in H2O (420 mL) was added Raney Ni (3.60 g, 8.5% w/w) and NaOH (14.6 g, 0.360 mol, 1 .2 eq.). The reaction was stirred at 50°C for 16 h under H2 (4 MPa). Upon completion, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature. The PH was adjusted to around 4-5 with 2M HCI and the mixture was extracted with EtOAc (500 mL x 3). The organic phase was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous NasSCh and concentrated.
• Step 3 To a solution of NaHCCh (11 .5 g, 0.140 mol, 1 .2 eq.) and 2-chloroacetaldehyde (22.4 g.
• Step 4 A mixture of CuBn (57, 1 g, 0.260 mol, 4 eq.) in ethyl acetate (180 mL) was heated and stirred at 80°C for 10 min. Then a solution of 6-ethyl-6,7-dihydrobenzofuran-4(5H)-one (10.5 g, 0.060 mol, 1 eq.) in CHCI 3 (100 mL) was added into the mixture at 80°C. The reaction was stirred at 80°C for 16 h. Upon completion, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, filtered through a pad of Celite and rinsed with EtOAc. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo.
• Step 5 To a mixture of 5,5-dibromo-6-ethyl-6,7-dihydrobenzofuran-4(5H)-one (8.00 g, 24.9 mmol, 1.0 eq.) in DMF (80 mL) was added LizCOs (11.0 g, 149 mmol, 4.0 eq.). The reaction mixture was stirred for 2 h at 100°C. Upon completion, the reaction was cooled to room temperature, filtered through a pad of Celite and rinsed with EtOAc. The filtrate was diluted with water (800 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (200 mL x 3). The combined organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na?.SO4, filtered and concentrated.
• Step 7 To a solution of 5-bromo-6-ethyl ⁇ 4-(methoxymethoxy)benzofuran (5.90 g, 20.7 mmol, 1.0 eq.) in 1,4-dioxane ( 60 mL) were added 4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-l,3,2-dioxaborolane (10.6 g, 83.0 mmol, 4.0 eq.), Pd(OAc)2 (517 mg, 3.10 mmol, 0.15 eq.), EtsN (20.1 mL, 145 mmol, 7.0 eq.) and 2-(dicyclohexylphosphino)biphenyl (1 .80 g, 5.20 mmol, 0.25 eq.).
• the reaction was stirred at 80°C for 16 h under Ni atmosphere. Upon completion, the reaction was cooled to room temperature, filtered through a pad of Celite and rinsed with EtOAc. The filtrate was diluted with water (500 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (100 mL x 3). The combined organic layer was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous NasSCX filtered and concentrated.
• Step 2 5-bromo-2,2-difluorobenzo[d][l,3]dioxol-4-ol (1 g, 3.95 mmol, 1.0 eq) w 7 as dissolved in THF (anhydrous SDS) (10 mL) and cooled to 0°C. To this was added NaH (237 mg, 5.93 mmol, 1.5 eq) in portions at 0°C. The reaction was allowed to stir at 0°C for 0.5 h. To this was added MOMBr (749 mg, 5.93 mmol, 1.5 eq).
• Step 3 To a solution of 5-bromO”2,2-difluoro-4-(methoxymethoxy)benzo[d][l,3]dioxole (1.1 g, 3.70 mmol, 1 .0 eq) in 1,4-dioxane (15 mL) w'ere added 4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-l,3,2-dioxaborolane (1.9 g, 14.81 mmol, 4.0 eq), Pd(OAc)?.
• Step 1 To a solution of N.N, N' -trimethyl ethylenedi amine (27.60 g, 270.08 mmol, 1 .3 eq) in anhydrous THF under argon atmosphere was added n-BuLi (2.5 M, 108 mL, 270.08 mmol, 1.3 eq) dropwise at 0°C. The reaction mixture was stirred at 0 c C for 30 min. A solution of 3- methoxy-5-methylbenzaldehyde (31 .2 g, 207,75 mmol, 1 .0 eq) in anhydrous THF was added dropwise at 0°C. The reaction mixture was stirred at 0°C for 30 min.
• n-BuLi 2.5 M, 166 mL, 415.51 mmol, 2.0 eq
• the reaction mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred for one hour.
• a solution of CBn (137.79 g, 415.51 mmol, 2 eq) in anhydrous THF was added dropwise at -78°C.
• the reaction mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred for one hour.
• the reaction mixture ’ was quenched with NHaCl and extracted with EtOAc (1000 mL x 3). The organic phase was dried over NazSCh, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure.
• Step 2 DAST (29.20 g, 181.16 mmol, 5.0 eq) was added dropwise into a round-bottom flask under an inert atmosphere containing 2-bromo-3-methoxy-5-methylbenzaldehyde (8.3 g, 36.23 mmol, 1.0 eq) in DCM at -78°C. The reaction was stirred at rt for 16 h. The mixture was added dropwise into a sat. aq. NaHCCh at 0°C. The resulting mixture was extracted with DCM (200 mL x 3).
• Step 1 To a solution of 5-chloro-2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenza1dehyde (10.0 g, 53.6 mmol, 1.0 eq) in THE (100 mL) was added NaH (4.29 g, 107.2 mmol, 2.0 eq) at 0°C. The mixture was stirred at rt for 0.5 h. Then MOMBr (10. 1 g, 80.4 mmol, 1.5 eq) was added slowly at 0°C. The reaction was allowed to stir at room temperature for 1 h. The reaction mixture was quenched with water (50 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (100 mL x 3).
• Step 2 To a solution of 5-chloro-3-methoxy-2-(methoxymethoxy)benzaldehyde (10.0 g, 43.4 mmol, 1.0 eq.) in DCM (70 mL) was added DAST (28.6 mL, 216.8 mmol, 5.0 eq.) at -60°C. The reaction mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 4 h. Upon completion, the mixture was added to saturated NaHCCh (50 mL) and extracted with DCM (50 mL x 3).
• Step 3 A solution of 5-chloro-l-(difluoromethyl)-3-methoxy-2-(methoxymethoxy)benzene (6.0 g, 23.8 mmol, 1.0 eq.) in HC1 in EA (60 mL) was stirred at 25 °C for 2 h with LCMS monitoring. Upon completion, the reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford 4- chloro-2-(difluoromethyl)-6-methoxyphenol as a yellow oil (5.7 g), which was used for the next step without further purification.
• Step 4 To a solution of 4-chloro-2-(difluoromethyl)-6-methoxyphenol (5.7 g, 27.3 mmol, 1.0 eq.) in DCM (60 mL) was added pyridine (5.5 mL, 68.3 mmol, 2.5 eq.) and TlzO (5.1 mL, 30.1 mmol, 1.1 eq.) at 0°C. The reaction mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 4 h. Upon completion, the mixture was quenched with water (30 mL) and extracted with DCM (50 mL x 3). The organic layer was washed with brine, dried over Na2SO4and concentrated.
• Step 5 To a solution of 4-chloro-2-(difluoromethyl)-6-methoxyphenyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (3.0 g, 8.8 mmol, 1.0 eq.) in 1,4-dioxane was added 4,4,4',4',5,5,5',5'-octamethyl-2,2 ! -bi(l,3,2- dioxaborolane) (3.4 g, 13.2 mmol, 1.5 eq.), Pd(dppf)Ch (639.1 mg, 0.9 mmol, 0.1 eq.), KOAc (2.6 g, 26.4 mmol, 3.0 eq.).
• reaction was allowed to stir at 100°C for 16 h under N2. Upon completion, the reaction was cooled to room temperature, filtered through a pad of celite and rinsed with EtOAc. The filtrate was diluted with water (50 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (50 mL x 3). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and concentrated.
• Step 1 A mixture of l-bromo-3-methyl-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzene (51.0 g, 213.0 mmol, 1.0 eq.), LiOH.IUO (17.9 g, 426.7 mmol, 2 eq.) , BippyPhos (4.3 g , 8.5 mmol, 0.04 eq.) and Pd2(dba)3 (9.7 g , 10.7 mmol, 0.05 eq.) in dioxane (500 mL) was stirred at 100°C for 16 h under Nz. Upon completion, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature. The reaction mixture was filtered through a pad of celite and rinsed with EtO.Ac (1000 mL).
• Step 2 To a solution of 3-niethyl-5-(tritluoromethyl) phenol (32.0 g, 181.7 mmol, 1.0 eq.) in anhydrous Tol (500 mL) at 0°C was added NaH (8.72 g, 363.3 mmol, 2 eq.) and the mixture was stirred at 0°C for 1 h. L (34.6 g, 136.3 mmol, 0.75 eq.) was added to reaction at 0°C and the mixture was stirred for another 4 h. Upon completion, the reaction was poured into water, acidified with 1 M HC1 to pH 5-6, diluted with EtOAc (100 mL).
• Step 3 A mixture of 2-i odo-3 -methyl-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenol and 2-iodo-5-methyl-3- (trifluoromethyl)phenol obtained above (33 g, 109.3 mmol, 1.0 eq) was dissolved in anhydrous THF (300 mL) at 0°C, to which was added NaH (3.9 g, 163.9 mmol, 1.5 eq.) slowly at 0°C and the mixture was stirred for 1 h.
• MOMBr (20.5 g, 163.9 mmol, 1.5 eq.) was then added at 0°C and stirred for another 1 h.
• Step 4 2-Iodo-l-(methoxymethoxy)-3-methyl-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzene (17 g, 49.1 mmol, 1.0 eq.) was dissolved in anhydrous THF (200 mL) under Nb at -78°C, to which was added n-BuLi (46.0 mL,73.7 mmol, 1.5 eq.) dropwise at -78°C and the mixture was stirred for 1 h. 2- Isopropoxy-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-l,3,2-dioxaborolane (13.7 g,73.6 mmol, 1.5 eq.) was then added at -78°C and the reaction mixture was stirred for another 1 h.
• Step 5 24odo4 -(methoxymethoxy )-5-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzene (5.5 g, 15.9 mmol, 1.0 eq.) was dissolved in anhydrous THF (60 mL) under Ns at -78°C, to which was added n-BuLi (14.9 mL, 23.8 mmol, 1.5 eq.) dropwise at -78 C C and the mixture w-as stirred for 1 h. 2- Isopropoxy-4,4,5,5-tetramethyM,3,2-dioxaborolane (4.4 g, 23.8 mmol, 1.5 eq.) was then added at -78°C and stirred for 1 h.
• Step 1 A mixture of 2-(4-(methoxymethoxy)-6-methylbenzofuran-5-yl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl- 1, 3, 2-di oxaborolane (5 g, 15.7 mmol, 1 .0 eq.) and Pd/C (10%, 0.5 g) in MeOH (100 mL) was stirred at 40°C for 48h under hydrogen (balloon). The mixture was filtered.
• Step 1 To a solution of sodium bicarbonate (79.9 g, 951.2 mmol, 1.2 eq) and chloroacetaldehyde (155,5 g, 792,6 mmol, 1.0 eq) in water (1380 mL) at 0°C was added dropwise a solution of 4,4- dimethylcyclohexane- 1,3-dione in THF (1100 mL), The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 18 h and ethyl acetate (1000 mL) was added. The mixture was adjusted to pH I with 50% H2SO4 and vigorously stirred for 3 h.
• Step 2 CuBr2 (321.2 g, 1.44 mol, 4.0 eq) was added into EA (770 mL). The reaction was allowed to stir at 80°C for 10 min. To this was added a solution of 6-methyl-6,7- dihydrobenzofuran-4(5H)-one (54 g, 359.5 mmol, 1.0 eq) in CHCI 3 (128 mL) at 80°C in one portion. The reaction was allowed to stir at 80°C for 16 h. Upon completion, the reaction was cooled to rt, filtered to remove the solid.
• Step 3 5,5-dibromo-6-methyl-6,7-dihydrobenzofuran-4(5H)-one (33 g, 107.1 mmol, 1.0 eq) was dissolved in anhydrous DMF (535mL). To this solution was added LUCCh (47.5 g, 642.9 mmol, 6.0 eq). The reaction was allowed to stir at 100°C for 2 h. Upon completion, the reaction was cooled to rt, filtered to remove the solid and concentrated. The residue was diluted with water (500 mL), extracted with EA (200 mL).
• Step 4 To a solution of 5-bromo-6-methylbenzofuran-4-ol (19.5 g, 85.8 mmol, 1.0 eq) in THF (1 10 mL) was added NaH (6.8 g, 171.7 mmol, 2.0 eq) at 0 °C in portions. The reaction mixture was warmed to r.t. for 1 hour and then MOMBr (16.1 g, 128.8 mmol, 1.5 eq) was added. The reaction was stirred at r.t for 1 h. The mixture was quenched with HaO (200 mL), extracted with EA (100 mL x 3).
• Step 5 To a solution of 5-bromo-4-(methoxymethoxy)-6-methylbenzofuran (21 g, 77.4 mmol, 1.0 eq) in dioxane (370 mL) were added HBPin (37.7 g, 295.0 mmol, 4.0 eq), TEA (52.2 g, 516.4 mmol, 7.0 eq), Pd(OAc)2 (2,4 g, 11.0 mmol, 0.15 eq) and CyJohnphos (6.4 g, 18.4 mmol, 0.25 eq). The mixture was then purged with N2. The reaction was allowed to be stirred at 80°C for 16 h.
• Step 2 To a solution of 5-(benzyloxy)bicyclo[4.2.0]octa-l,3,5-trien-7-one (16.1 g, 71.79 mmol) in anhydrous MeOH (300 mL) was added NaBH4 (5.43 g, 143.58 mmol) at 0°C. The reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 4h. Upon completion, the reaction mixture was quenched with water (300 mL), extracted with EA (300 mL x 2).
• Step 3 To a solution of 5-(benzyloxy)bicyclo[4.2.0]octa-l,3,5-trien-7-ol (14.0 g, 61.8 mmol, 1.0 eq) in anhydrous DCM (300 mL) was added BF3 Et2O(43.9 g, 309.3 mmol, 5.0 eq) and EtsSiH(35.97 g, 309.3 mmol, 5.0 eq) at -78°C under Ar. The reaction was allowed to stir at - 78°C for 4 h. Upon completion, the reaction mixture was quenched with saturated aqueous NaHCCh (300 mL), extracted with DCM (500 mL x 2).
• Step 5 To a solution of bicyclo[4.2.0]octa-l ,3,5-trien-2-ol (1 .2 g, 9.9 mmol, 1.0 eq) in anhydrous DCM (20 mL) was added NBS(1.78 g, 9.9 mmol, 1.0 eq) at 0°C. The reaction was allowed to stir at 0°C for 1 h. Upon completion, the reaction mixture was quenched with water (30 mL), extracted with DCM (20 mL x 2).
• Step 6 To a solution of 3-bromobicyclo [4.2.0] octa-1, 3, 5-trien-2-ol (1.1 g, 5.5 mmol, 1.0 eq) in THF (20 mL) was added NaH (0.2 g, 8.3 mmol, 1.5 eq) at 0°C. The reaction mixture was stirred at 0°C for 0.5 h. Then MOMBr (1.04 g, 8.3 mmol, 1.5 eq) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 0.5h. The reaction was quenched with water (30 mL), extracted with EtOAc (30 mL). The organic layer was washed with water (20 mL x 1) and brine (20 mL x 1).
• Step 7 To a solution of 3-bromo-2-(methoxymethoxy)bicyclo[4.2.0]octa-l ,3,5-triene (1.3 g, 5.3 mmol, 1.0 eq) in 1,4- dioxane (20 mL) were added (Bpin)? (1.49 g, 5.8 mmol, 1.1 eq), Pd(dppf)Ch (0.39 g, 0.5 mmol, 0.1 eq) and AcOK (1.57 g, 16.0 mmol, 3.0 eq). The reaction mixture was stirred at 80°C under Ar for 16h. The reaction mixture was filtered through a pad of celite and rinsed with EA.
• Step 1 To a solution of 3-methoxy-5 ⁇ (trifiuoromethyl)aniline (5.0 g, 26. 16 mmol) in 20% HCI aqueous solution (200 mL) was added NaNOz (2. 17 g, 31.39 mmol) at 0°C. The reaction was allowed to stir at 0°C for 0.5 h. After that, the reaction mixture was added to water (200 mL) at 100°C. The reaction was allowed to stir at 110°C for 15 min. Upon completion, the reaction was cooled to rt. taken up in EtOAc (200 mL) and washed with water (200 mL x 2) and brine (200 mL x 1).
• Step 2 To a solution of 3-methoxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenol (3.0 g, 15.61 mmol) in anhydrous THF (60 mL) was added NaH (937 mg, 23.42 mmol) at 0°C. The reaction mixture was stirred at 0°C for 0.5 h. Then MOMBr (2.93 g, 23.42 mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred at rt for another 0.5h. Upon completion, the reaction mixture was quenched with water (50 mL), extracted with EA (50 mL).
• Step 3 To a solution of l-methoxy-3-(methoxymethoxy)-5“(trifluoromethyl)benzene (1.0 g, 4.23 mmol) in anhydrous THF (10 mL) was added n-BuLi (2.65 mL, 4.23 mmol, 1.6 M) at -78°C under Ar. The reaction mixture was stirred at -78°C for 1 h. Then 2-isopropoxy-4, 4,5,5- tetramethyl-l,3,2-dioxaborolane (1.58 g, 8.47 mmol) was added at -78°C. The reaction mixture was stirred at -78°C for another I h.
• Step 1 To a solution of thiophene-3-carbaldehyde (20 g, 178.3 mmol,l eq) in DCM (200 mL) were added (2-carboxyethyl) triphenylphosphonium bromide (88.8 g, 214.0 mmol, 1.2 eq) and t- BuOK (50.0 g, 445.8 mmol, 2.5 eq). The reaction was stirred at rt for 8 h. The reaction was quenched with water (300 mL), extracted with DCM (300 mL).
• Step 2 A mixture of (E)-4 ⁇ (thiophen ⁇ 3-yl) but-3-enoic acid (14 g, 83.2 mmol, 1.0 eq.) and Pd/C (10%, 1 .4 g) in MeOH (100 mL) was stirred at rt for 2 h under hydrogen (balloon). The mixture was filtered. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude yellow solid (11.3 g, 59.9 mmol, 101.9% yield) was used in the next step without further purification. MS m/z
• Step 3 A mixture of 4-(thiophen-3-yl) butanoic acid (10 g, 58.7 mmol, 1.0 eq.), (COC1)2 (7.4 g,
• Step 4 A solution of 4-(thiophen-3-yl) butanoyl chloride (11 .3 g, 59.9 mmoLl eq) in 1, 1, 1 ,3,3,3- hexafluoro-2-propanol (100 mL) was stirred at rt for 5 h under N2. The reaction was quenched with water (300 mL), extracted with DCM (300 mL). The organic layer was washed with water (200 mL x 2) and brine (300 mL x 1).
• Step 5 A mixture of CuBiv (44,6 g, 199.7 mmol, 4,0 eq) in anhydrous EA (200 mL) was allowed to stir at 80°C for 10 min. Then a solution of 5,6-dihydrobenzo[b]thiophen-7(4H)-one (7.6 g, 49.9 mmol, 1 .0 eq) in CHCL(40 mL) was added at 80°C. The reaction was stirred at 80°C for 16 h. Upon completion, the reaction was cooled to rt. The reaction mixture was filtered to remove the solid and the filtrate was concentrated.
• Step 6 To a solution of 6,6-dibromo-5,6-dihydrobenzo[b]thiophen-7(4H)-one (13.4 g, 43.23 mmol, 1.0 eq) in DMF (216 mL) was added LisCCh (19.2 g, 259.3 mmol, 6.0 eq). The reaction mixture was stirred at 100°C for 2 h. Upon completion, the reaction was cooled to rt, filtered to remove the solid. The filtrate was concentrated. The residue was diluted with water (500 mL), extracted with EA (300 mL).
• Step 7 To a solution of 6-bromobenzo[b]thiophen-7-ol (4.5 g, 19.6 mmol, 1.0 eq) in THF (50 mL) was added Nai l (0.7 g, 29.5 mmol, 1.5 eq) at 0°C. The reaction mixture was stirred at 0°C for 0.5 h. Then MOMBr (3.68 g, 29.5 mmol, 1.5 eq) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred at rt for another 0.5h. The reaction was quenched with water (150 mL), extracted with EtOAc (100 mL).
• Step 8 To a solution of 6-bromo-7-(methoxymethoxy)benzo[b]thiophene (4.7 g, 17.2 mmol, 1.0 eq) in 1,4- dioxane (50 mL) were added (Bpin)2 (6.55 g, 25.8 mmol, 1.5 eq), Pd(dppf)Ch (1.25 g, 1.72 mmol, 0,1 eq) and AcOK (5.07 g, 51.6 mmol, 3.0 eq). The reaction mixture was stirred at 100°C under Ar for 16 h. The reaction mixture was filtered through a pad of celite and rinsed with EA.
• Step 1 To a mixture of 3 -brom o-2-meth oxy phenol (5 g, 24.63mmol, 1 eq) ami 2-bromo-l,l- di ethoxy ethane (7.25 g, 36.94 mmol, 1.5 eq) in DMF w 7 as added K2CO3 (6.81 g, 49.25 mmol, 2.0 eq) at rt. After completion of the addition, the mixture was heated at 100°C for 16 h. Upon completion, the reaction was cooled to room temperature. The mixture was diluted with H?.O (50 mL) and extracted with EA (10 mL x 3).
• Step 2 To a mixture of l-bromo-3 -(2, 2-di ethoxy ethoxy)-2-methoxybenzene (8.5 g, 26.63 mmol, 1.0 eq) in Chlorobenzene (85 mL) was added PPA (7.83 g, 79.89 mmol, 3.0 eq). After completion of the addition, the mixture was heated at 120°C for 16 h. Upon completion, the reaction was cooled to room temperature, the mixture was diluted with H2O (500 mL) and extracted with EA (300 mL x 3). The organic layer was washed with brine (100 mL x 2), dried over NazSCh, filtered, and concentrated in vacuum.
• PPA 7.83 g, 79.89 mmol, 3.0 eq
• Step 3 A flask was charged with a mixture of 6-bromo-7-methoxybenzofuran (3.5 g ,15.41 mmol, 1 eq), IhPim (4.31 g, 16.96 mmol, 1 . 1 eq), KO Ac (4.54 g, 46.24 mmol, 3 eq) and Pd(dppf)Ch (1.12 g, 1.54 mmol, 0.1 eq) in anhydrous 1,4-dioxane (35 mL) at rt. The mixture was then degassed/purged with N2. The reaction was heated to 100°C and stirred for 2 h.
• Step 1 To a solution of 2-fluoro-5-methoxyphenol (9.0 g, 63.4 mmol, 1.0 eq) in hexafluoroisopropanol (100 ml.,) was added NBS (12.4 g, 69.7 mmol, 1.1 eq) slowly at 0°C. The mixture was stirred for 1 h at room temperature. The reaction mixture was quenched with NaHCOs aq (100 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (200 niL x 2).
• Step 2 A mixture of 4-bromo-2-fluoro-5-methoxyphenol (10.0 g, 45.2 mmol, 1.0 eq), 2 -bromo- 1,1 -di ethoxy ethane (9.3 g, 47.5 mmol, 1.05 eq) and K2CO3 (12.5 g, 90.4 mmol, 2.0 eq) in DMF (200 mL) was stirred at 100°C for 16 h.
• reaction w 7 Upon completion, the reaction w 7 as cooled to room temperature, diluted with EtOAc (200 ml.) and washed with water (500 mLx3), dried over anhydrous NazSCh and concentrated to afford 1 -bromo-4-(2,2-di ethoxy ethoxy)-5-fluoro-2- m ethoxybenzene (15.0 g, 44.49 mmol, 98.3% yield) as yellow oil, which was used for the next step without further purification.
• Step 3 To a solution of l-bromo-4-(2,2-diethoxyethoxy)-5-fluoro-2-methoxybenzene (15.0 g, 44.49 mmol, 1.0 eq) in chlorobenzene (200 mL) was added PPA (15.0 g, 182.94 mmol, 4.1 eq). The reaction mixture was stirred at 100°C for 16 h. Upon completion, the reaction was cooled to room temperature, diluted with HzO (500 mL), extracted with EtOAc (300 niLx2).
• Step 4 To a solution of 5-bromo-7-fluoro-4-methoxybenzofuran (5.0 g, 20.5 mmol, 1.0 eq) in DCM (50 mL) was added BBn (51.1 g, 2.0 M, 204.04 mmol, 10.0 eq) at 0°C. The mixture was stirred for 2 h at 0°C. The reaction mixture was quenched with MeOH (30 mL) at 0°C and the pH was adjusted to around 7-8 by progressively adding NaHCOs. The reaction was extracted with EtOAc (200 mLx2), washed with brine (300 mL).
• Step 5 To a solution of 5-bromo-7-fluorobenzofuran-4-ol (1 .4 g, 6.09 mmol, 1.0 eq) in THE (20 mL) was added NaH (0.365 g, 9.13 mmol, 1 .5 eq) at 0°C and stirred at 0°C for 0.5 h. MOMBr (1.14 g, 9.13 mmol, 1.5 eq) was added to the mixture at 0 °C and stirred at 0 °C for another 1 h.
• Step 6 A mixture of 5-bromo-7-fiuoro-4-(methoxymethoxy) benzofuran (1.2 g, 4.36 mmol, 1.0 eq), HBPin (2.2 g, 17.52 mmol, 4.0 eq), TEA (3.1 g, 30.66 mmol, 7.0 eq), Pd(OAc)2 (0.148 g, 0.66 mmol, 0.15 eq) and CyJohnphos (0.383 g, 1.10 mmol, 0.25 eq) in dioxane (10 mL) was stirred at 80°C for 16 h.
• Step 1 To a solution of 2-(7-fluoro-4-(methoxymethoxy)benzofuran-5-yl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyI- 1,3,2-dioxaborolane (0.2 g, 0.62 mmol, 1.0 eq) in MeOH (5 mL) was added dry' Pd/C (0.02 g). The mixture was stirred for 16 h at 50°C under H2.
• Step 1 A suspension of CuBrc (58.8 g, 263.16 mmol, 4.0 eq) in EtOAc (200 mL) was stirred at 80°C for 10 min. A solution of 6,7-dihydrobenzo[b]thiophen-4(5H)-one (10.0 g, 65.79 mmol, 1.0 eq) in CHCI 3 (40 mL) was added to the suspension. The mixture was stirred at 80°C for 16 h. Upon completion, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and filtered through a pad of celite. The filtrate was concentrated, washed with PE/EtOAc ⁇ lO/1 and filtered again.
• Step 2 To a solution of 5,5-dibromo-6,7-dihydrobenzo[b]thiophen-4(5H)-one (17,6 g, 56.77 mmol, 1.0 eq) in DMF (300 mL) was added LhCOs (25.2 g, 340.64 mmol, 6.0 eq). The reaction mixture was stirred for 6 h at 100°C. Upon completion, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with EtOAc (300 mL), washed with H2O (500 mLx3). The organic phase was dried over anhydrous Na?SO4 and concentrated.
• Step 3 To a solution of 5-bromobenzo[b]thiophen-4-ol (8.3 g, 36.23 mmol, 1.0 eq) in THF (150 mL) was added NaH (2.2 g, 54.37 mmol, 1 .5 eq) at 0°C and stirred at 0°C for 0.5 h. MOMBr (6.8 g, 54.37 mmol, 1.5 eq) was added to the mixture at 0 °C and stirred at 0 °C for another 1 h. The reaction mixture was quenched with bffiUCl aq (10 mL), extracted with EtOAc (300 mL).
• Step 4 To a solution of LDA (12.8 mL, 2.0 M, 25.6 mmol, 1.4 eq) in THF (100 mL) at -78°C was added a solution of 5-bromo-4-(methoxymethoxy)benzo[b]thiophene (5.0 g, 18.3 mmol, 1.0 eq) in THF (50 mL). The mixture was stirred at 0°C for 1 h under Ar atmosphere. NT SI (5.76 g, 18.3 mmol, 1.0 eq) in THF (50 mL) was added to the solution at 0°C. The mixture was stirred at 0°C for another 1 h under Ar atmosphere, then warmed to RT and stirred for 16 h.
• Step 1 To a solution of 3-oxocyclobutaneH -carboxylic acid (38.80 g, 340.05 mmol, 1.0 eq.) in dry THF (750 mL) under N2 was added MeMgCl (250 mL, 3.00 M, 2.2 eq.) dropwise at a rate such that the temperature did not rise above -40°C. Hie resulting mixture was stirred at rt for 16 h under N2. The mixture was cooled to internal temperature 5°C and Phosphoric acid (750 mL, 1 M) was added to the mixture slowly (maintaining temperature below 15°C) under N2. Once the phosphoric acid addition was completed, the mixture was stirred at rt for 1 hour.
• MeMgCl 250 mL, 3.00 M, 2.2 eq.
• Step 3 To a solution of methyl (ls,3s)-3-hydroxy-3-methylcyclobutane-l-carboxylate (15.00 g, 104.04 mmol, 1.0 eq.) in DMF (250 mL) was added NaH (60%, 12.48 g, 312.13 mmol, 3.0 eq.) at 0°C. The mixture was stirred at rt for 1 h. Then Mel (58.29 mL, 936.39 mmol, 9.0 eq.) was added to the mixture at 0°C. The mixture was stirred at rt for 3 days. The mixture was quenched with H2O (200 mL) and extracted with EA (200mL x 3).
• Step 4 To a solution of methyl (ls,3s)-3-methoxy-3-methylcyclobutane-l-carboxylate (6.20 g, 39.19 mmol, 1.0 eq.) in THF/EtOH/HsO (25 mL/25 mL/10 mL) was added NaOH (6.27 g, 156.77 mmol, 4.0 eq.) at rt. The mixture was stirred at rt for 2 h. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was diluted with water (100 mL) and washed with EtOAcf lOO mL x 2).
• Step 6 To a solution of tert-butyl ((ls,3s)-3-methoxy-3-methylcyclobutyl) carbamate (5.50 g, 38.15 mmol, 1.0 eq.) in EA (6 mL) was added HCl-EtOAc(20 mL, 4M). The mixture was stirred at rt for 2 h. The mixture was concentrated to afford (ls,3s)-3-methoxy-3-methylcyclobutan-l- amine (3.20 g, 14.86 mmol, 38.96% Yield) as white solid. ⁇ NMR.
• Step 1 To a flask containing 3,6-dichloro-4-(phenylsulfonyl)pyridazine (20.0 g, 69.1 mmol) was added acetonitrile (200 mL), then silver nitrate ( 14.1 g, 82.9 mmol) and cyclopropanecarboxylic acid (17.8 g, 207.3 mmol). The resulting mixture was heated to 80°C, then ammonium persulfate (78.8 g, 345.5 mmol) in water (150 mL) was added dropwise over a period of 5 min. The reaction mixture was stirred at 80°C for another 15 min.
• Step 2 To an oven-dried three-necked flask w'ere added 3,6-dichloro-4-cyclopropyl-5- (phenylsulfonyl)pyridazine (4.0 g, 12.1 mmol) and anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (8 mL). The resulting mixture was cooled to -10 °C, then vinylmagnesium bromide (IM in THF, 24 mL, 24.0 mmol) was added dropwise. The resulting mixture was stirred at -10°C for 1 hour. TLC (10% EtOAc in petroleum ether) showed starting material was consumed.
• Step 3 To a sealed tube were added 3,6-dichloro-4-cyclopropyL5-vinylpyridazine (700 mg, 3.22 mmol), tert-butyl (J?)-3-aminopiperidine-l-carboxylate (4.73 g, 1.84 mmol), acetonitrile (10 mL) and diisopropylethyl amine (1 .68 mL, 9.66 mmol). The resulting solution was heated at 1 10°C under % for 16 h. TLC (30% EtOAc in petroleum ether) showed the starting material was completely consumed. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature, then concentrated under reduced pressure.
• Step 4 To a screw top vial were added tert-butyl (R)-3-(3-chloro-4-cyclopropyl-5,6-dihydro-7H- pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridazin-7-yl)piperidine-l-carboxylate (165 mg, 0.44 mmol), 2-(2-
• Step 5 A solution of tert-butyl (R)-3-(4-cyclopropyl-3-(2-(methoxymethoxy)-4- (trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-5,6-dihydro-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridazin-7-yl)piperidine-l-carboxylate (155 mg, 0.3 mmol) in trifluoroacetic acid (0.5 mL) was stirred for 3 hours at room temperature. Upon completion, trifluoroacetic acid was evaporated by blowing air and the crude material was taken to the next step without further purification. MS m/z 405.3 [M+HJf
• Step 6 The crude residue from step 5 was dissolved in CH2CI2 (1.5 mL) and MeOH (0.5 mL), and triethylamine (276 uL, 1.98 mmol) was added then. The mixture was stirred for 5 minutes, then cooled to 0 > and sodium triacetoxyborohydride (254 mg, 1.2 mmol) and formaldehyde (37 % in water, 80 uL, 1.2 mmol) were added. The solution was stirred for 5 minutes at 0 > before being quenched with sodium bicarbonate (10 mL) and extracted with CH2CI2. The combined organic phases were washed with water, brine, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure.
• Steps 1 and 2 A solution of 3,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridazine (1.50 g, 6.91 mmol) in dry THF (10.0 mL) under Argon atmosphere was cooled down to -40°C. A 0.81 M solution of TMPZn(OPiv)2MgClLiCl (10 mL, 8.30 mmol) in THF was added then. The resulting mixture was stirred at -40°C for 1 hour after which, iodine (3.51 g, 13.8 mmol) was added into the mixture, and the solution was stirred at room temperature for 30 min. Upon completion, the reaction was quenched with saturated NH4CI solution, and extracted with EtOAc (3x20mL).
• Step 3 To a dry screw-cap vial were added: 3,6-dichloro-4-iodo-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridazine (0.100 g, 0.292 mmol), 4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-vinyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (0.045 g, 0.05 mL, 0.29 mmol), (2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2',4',6'-triisopropyl-l,r-biphenyl)[2-(2- aminoethyl)phenyl)]palladium(II) chloride (0.021 g, 0.029 mmol), and potassium carbonate (0.121 g, 0.875 mmol).
• the mixture veas degassed by purging with nitrogen for 15 min before 1,4 dioxane (2.1 mL) and water (0.7 mL) were added.
• the reaction vessel was evacuated and backflushed with nitrogen (3 x), and the mixture was heated at 60 °C for 2 hours. Upon completion, the mixture was partitioned between EtOAc and water. The combined organic parts were washed with brine, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under pressure.
• Step 4 To a solution of 3,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)“5-vinyl-pyridazine (75.0 mg, 0.31 mmol) in anhydrous acetonitrile (1.5 mL) were added (R)-l-methylpiperidin-3-amine dihydrochloride (64.0 mg, 0.339 mmol) and N, N-diisopropylethylamine (0.160 mL, 0.926 mmol). The resulting mixture was then heated at 60 °C for 15 minutes, upon which all starting material has been consumed.
• Step 5 To a dry screw-cap vial were added: (R)-3-chloro-7-(l”methylpiperidin-3-yl)-4- (trifluoromethyr)-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridazine (75.1 mg, 0,23 mmol), 2-(2- (methoxymethoxy)-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-l,3,2-dioxaborolane (156 mg, 0.47 mmol), (2-Dicyclohexylphosphino-2',4',6'-triisopropyl-l , 1 '-biphenyl)[2-(2’’-amino-l , 1 ; - biphenyl)]palladium(II) methanesulfonate (19.8 mg, 0.023 mmol), and potassium carbonate (97.1 mg, 0.70 mmol).
• the mixture was degassed by purging with nitrogen for 15 min before 1,4-dioxane (1.5 mL) and water (0.5 mL) were added.
• the reaction vessel w'as evacuated and backflushed with nitrogen (3 times), and the mixture was heated at 90 °C for 1 hour. Upon completion, the mixture was partitioned between EtOAc and water. The combined organic parts were washed with brine, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under pressure.
• Step 6 A solution of (R)-3-(2-(methoxymethoxy)-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-7-(l- methylpiperidin-3-yl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrtolo[2,3-c]pyridazine (87.7 mg, 0.179 mmol) in MeOH (1.0 mL) was treated with 12 N HC1 solution (1.0 mL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 hours. After all starting material has been consumed, the acidic solution was neutralized with solid NaHCOv The aqueous solution was then extracted with CH2CI2 (3x 20mL).
• Step 1 To a screw top vial were added: tert-butyl (3R)-3-(3-chloro-4-cyclopropyI-5,6- dihydropyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridazin-7 ⁇ yl)piperidine-l-carboxylate (prepared according to example 1, 150 mg, 0.4 mmol), 2-[4-chloro-2-(methoxymethoxy)phenyl]-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-l,3,2- dioxaborolane (142 mg, 0.48 mmol), Pd(dppf)C12 (29 mg, 0.04 mmol) and potassium carbonate (142 mg, 1.0 mmol).
• tert-butyl (3R)-3-(3-chloro-4-cyclopropyI-5,6- dihydropyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridazin-7 ⁇ yl)piperidine-l-carboxylate prepared according to example 1, 150 mg, 0.4 mmol
• Step 3 To a vial charged with tert-butyl (3R)-3-[3-[4-chloro-2 -(methoxymethoxy )phenyl]-4- cyclopropyl-pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridazin-7-yl]piperidine-l-carboxylate (crude from step 2) was added TFA (1.0 mL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for Ih.
• Step 4 A solution of 5-chloro-2-[4-cyclopropyl-7-[(3R)-3-piperidyl]pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridazin-3- yl]phenol (36 mg, 0.1 mmol) in CH2CI2 (1.0 mL) was cooled down to 0 °C and formaldehyde (37% in water) (0.011 mL, 0.15 mmol) was added. Then sodium triacetoxyborohydride (62 mg, 0.3 mmol) was added. The mixture was stirred for 20 min at 0 °C. Upon completion, the reaction was quenched with water, neutralized with saturated aq NaHCCh, and extracted with EtOAc.
• Example 2A Preparation of (R)-2-(7-( 1 -methylpiperi din-3 -yl)-4-(trifluoromethy 1)-7H- pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridazin-3-yl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenol (IIA-1) Step 1 and 2, A solution of 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinylmagnesium chloride lithium chloride complex (1 .0 molZL) in THF/toluene (10.0 mL, 1 : 1) was cooled down to 0 °C.
• Step 3 To a solution of 4-allyl-3,6-dichloro-5-(trifluoroniethyl)pyridazine (0.30 g, 1.17 mmol) in THF (6.0 mL) and water (2.0 mL) were added 2,4,6-trimethylpyridine (0.283 g, 0.31 mL, 2.33 mmol), osmium tetroxide (4%) in water (0.36 mL, 0.059 mmol), and sodium periodate (1.25 g, 5.84 mmol). After the addition, the reaction mixture changed color from transparent yellow to dark to milky white. The reaction mixture was stirred for 6 hours at room temperature. Upon completion, the reaction was quenched with water (10 mL).
• Step 4 A solution of 3-[3,6-dichloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridazin-4-yl]propane-l,2-diol (0.199 g, 0.683 mmol) in MeOH (3.0 mL) was cooled down to 0 °C and a solution of sodium periodate (0.161 g, 0.751 mmol) in water (3 0) mL was added dropwise. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours (precipitate formation was observed), then partitioned between water and EtOAc (3x lOmL). The combined organic parts were washed with water, brine, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and solvent evaporated under reduced pressure.
• Step 5 To a solution of 2-(3,6-dichloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridazin-4-yl)acetaldehyde (0,083 g, 0.321 mmol) in CH2CI2 (3,0 mL) was added acetic acid (0.0386 g, 0.0368 mL, 0.642 mmol), (7?)- 1-methylpiperi din-3 -amine (0.0440 g, 0.385 mmol), and sodium triacetoxyborohydride (0.102 g, 0.482 mmol). The mixture was stirred for 15 minutes at room temperature, upon which starting material has been consumed. The solution was then partitioned between CH2CI2 and water.
• Step 6 (R,E)-N-(2-(3,6-dichloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridazin-4-yl)vinyl)-l-methylpiperidin-3- amine from previous step was dissolved in CH2CI2 (1.0 mL) and MeOH (1 .0 mL). Silica gel (5.0 g) was then added to the solution. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 48 hours, upon which LCMS showed complete consumption of the starting material.
• Step 7 To a screw top vial were added: (7?)-3-chloro-7-(l-methylpiperidin-3-yl)-4- (trifluoromethyl)-7J7-pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridazine (19.2 mg, 0.06 mmol), 2-[2-(methoxymethoxy)-4- (trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-l,3,2-dioxaborolane (39.6 g, 0.119 mmol), 1,1'- bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene-palladium(II)dichloride dichloromethane complex (4.9 mg, 0.0060 mmol), and potassium carbonate (24.7 mg, 0.179 mmol).
• the mixture was degassed by purging with nitrogen for 15 min before 1,4 dioxane (2. 1 mL) and water (0.7 mL) were added.
• the reaction vessel was vacuumed and backflushed with nitrogen, and the mixture was stirred at 90 °C for 16 hours. Upon completion, the mixture was partitioned between EtOAc and water.
• Step 8 The caide product from the previous step was then dissolved in MeOH (1.0 mL) and 12.0 N HC1 (few drops) was added. After 2 hours of stirring, the reaction was quenched with sat. aq. NaHCCh solution. The aqueous solution was then extracted with EtOAc (3> ⁇ 20 mL). The combined organic parts were washed with water, brine, dried over NaaSCh, solvents were evaporated.
• Step 1 To a degassed solution of 4-bromo-3,6-dichloro-pyridazine (115 mg, 0.50 mmol) in 1,4- dioxane (3mL) was added [l,r-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropal1adium(ll) (Pd(dppf)Ch) (37 mg, 0.05 mmol) , 4,4,6-trimethyl-2-(3,3,3-trifluoroprop-l-en-2-yl)-l,3,2- dioxaborinane (168 mg, 0.76 mmol), and a 2 M aqueous solution of potassium carbonate (0.76 mL, 1.5 mmol) under nitrogen.
• Step 2 To a solution of 3,6-dichloro-4-[l-(trifluoromethyl)vinyl]pyridazine (350 mg, 1.44 mmol) and cis-3-amino-l-methylcyclobutanol hydrochloride (238 mg, 1.73 mmol) in acetonitrile (4.80 mL) was added N,N-diisopropylethylamine (0.75 mL, 4.32 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 90 °C for 4 hours. Upon completion the reaction was diluted with DCM (5 m.L) and washed with saturated ammonium chloride, water, and brine.
• Step 3 To a solution of CTS-3-[3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-5,6-dihydropyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridazm- 7-yl]-l-methyl-cyclobutanol (50 mg, 0.162 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (0.54 mL) was added manganese (IV) oxide (0.028 mL, 1.62 mmol). The reaction was stirred at 110 °C for 2 hours until TLC indicated disappearance of starting material. The reaction was then filtered over a pad of celite. The celite pad was washed with ethyl acetate and the filtrate evaporated under reduced pressure.
• Step 4 To a solution of cis"3 ⁇ [3-chloro’5"(trifluoroniethyl)pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridaziii ⁇ 7 ⁇ yl]-l" methyl-cyclobutanol (110 mg, 0.360 mmol) in dioxane was added XPhos Pd G3 (30 mg, 0.0360 mmol), 2-[4-(methoxymethoxy)-6-methyl-benzofuran-5-yl]-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-l,3,2- dioxaborolane (229 mg, 0.720 mmol), and aqueous 2 M potassium carbonate (0.54 mL, 1.08 mmol).
• Step 5 To a solution of cis-3-[3-[4-(methoxymethoxy)-6-methyl-benzofuran-5-yl]-5- (trifluoromethyl)pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridazin-7-yl]-l-methyl-cyclobutanol in 1,4-dioxane (1 .25 mL) was added a 4 M solution of HC1 in 1,4-dioxane (0.13 mL, 0.54 mmol). The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. Upon completion, the mixture was diluted with DCM and quenched with 10% aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution.
• Step 1 A'jV-diisopropvlethylamine (2.6 mL, 15.0 mmol) was added to a solution of 3,6-dichloro- 4-vinyl-pyridazine (875 mg, 5.00 mmol, prepared according to the procedure in example 2B) and cis-3 -amino- 1-methyl-cyclobutanol hydrochloride (826 mg, 6.00 mmol) in ACN ( 12.5 mL) and stirred at 100 °C for 3 h. Upon reaction completion, the mixture was concentrated. The crude residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography eluting with 0:100 to
• Step 2 cis-3-(3-chloro-5,6-dihydropyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridazin-7-yl)-l-methyl-cyclobutanol (1.007 g, 4.20 mmol), /erLbutyldimethylchlorosilane (0.950 g, 6.30 mmol), and imidazole (857.8 mg , 12.6 mmol) were dissolved in DMF (10.5 mL) and stirred at rt for 4 h. After completion, the reaction was diluted with EtOAc and NaHCOs (sat. aq.). The product was extracted several times with EtOAc and the combined organic extracts were dried over NazSCh and concentrated in vacuo.
• Step 3 Manganese (IV) oxide (5.216 g, 60.0 mmol) was added to a solution of 7-((cis)-3-((tert- butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-3-methylcyclobutyl)-3-chl oro-6, 7-dihydro-57/-pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridazine (1.062 g, 3.00 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (15 mL) and heated to 110 °C for 8 h After the reaction was cooled to ambient temperature, the crude reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate and then filtered through celite.
• Step 4 AAodosuccinimide (405 mg, 1.80 mmol) was added to a solution of 7-((cis)-3-((tert- butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)"3-Tnethylcyclobutyl)-3-chloro-7/7-pyn’olo[2,3 ⁇ c]pyridazine (528 mg, 1.50 mmol) in ACN (10 mL) at 0 °C. After 30 min, the mixture w 7 as returned to rt and stirred for 3 h. Upon reaction completion, the mixture was poured into ice cold NaHCOs (sat, aq) and extracted with EtOAc.
• Step 5 «-BuLi (1 .25 M in hexanes/EtzO, 0.88 mL, 1.1 mmol) was added dropwise to a solution of 7-((cis)-3-((tert-butyidimethylsilyi)oxyp-3-methylcyclobutyl)”3"ChlorO"5"iodO"7 J fi r "pyrrolo[2,3- c]pyridazine (477.8 mg, 1.00 mmol) in THF (5 mL) cooled to -78 °C. After 45 min, DMT (4M in EtzO, 0.325 mL, 1.3 mmol) was added dropwise to the reaction mixture at -78 °C.
• Step 6 DAST (483.6 nig, 3.00 mmol) was added to a solution of 7-((cis)-3-((/erA butyldiniethylsilyl)oxy)-3-methylcyclobutyl)-3-chloro-7/7-pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridazine-5- carbaldehyde (228 mg, 0.600 mmol) in DCM (4 mL) at 0 °C. After 20 min, the ice bath was removed, and the mixture was stirred at rt for 2 h. After 2 h, the temperature was increased to 40 °C and the reaction was stirred for 24 h.
• Step 7 A mixture of 7-((cis)-3-((/er/-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-3-methylcyclobutyl)-3-chloro-5- (difluoromethyl)-77f-pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridazine (60 mg, 0.150 mmol), 2-[4-(methoxymethoxy)-6- methyl-benzofuran-5-yl]-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-l,3,2-dioxaborolane (57 mg, 0.180 mmol), K2CO3 (2 M, 0.23 mL, 0.450 mmol), XPhos Pd G3 (7.6 mg, 0.009 mmol) in 1,4-Dioxane (0.75 mL) was sparged with argon and then heated to 95 °C for 2 h.
• Step 8 7-((cis)-3-((fert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-3-methylcyclobutyl)-3-chloro-5- (difluoromethyl)-7 ⁇ -pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridazine (72 mg, 0.129 mmol) was dissolved in 1:2 HC1 (12M, aq):MeOH and stirred at it for 3 h. The mixture was concentrated in vacuo and the crude residue was purified by C18 reverse phase Prep-HPLC eluting with ACN:Water with formic acid as the modifier.
• Step I 3-(3-Ch1oro-5-iodo-pyrrolo[2 ! 3-c]pyridazin-7-yl)-l-methy1-cyclobBtanol (0.150 g, 0.412 mmol), CuCN (0. 110 g, 1.24 mmol), Pdj(dba)2 (0.037 g, 0.041 mmol), and dppf (0.091 g, 0. 165 mmol) were dissolved in dioxane (4. 1 mL). The reaction mixture was heated at 90 °C for 16 h, then diluted with EtOAc and washed with water and brine. The organic phase was dried (MgSO 4 ), filtered and concentrated. Purification by chromatography on S1O2 (EtOAcihexanes, 0 to 100%) gave a yellow foam (0.095 g, 87%). MS m/z 263.0, 264.9 [M+H] .
• Steps 2 and 3 3-chloro-7-(3-hydroxy-3-roetby4-cyclobuty r l)pyiTOlo
• Step I S-fS-Chloro-S-Jodo-pyrrololZjS-clpyndazin-l-ylEl-methyl-cyclobutanol (0.60 g, 0.165 mmol), cyclopropylboronic acid (0.028 g, 0.330 mmol), Pd(OAc) 2 (0.009 g, 0.040 mmol), PCys (0.018 g, 0.066 mmol), and K 3 PO 4 (0.116 g, 0.545 mmol) were dissolved in PhMe/H 2 O (8:1, 0.9 mL). The reaction was heated at 90 °C for 16 h.
• Step 2 343-(:hloro-5-cyclopropyl-pynolo ⁇ ,3-c)pyndazm-7-yl)-l-methyl ⁇ yclobmaiml (0.020 g, 0.072 mmol), 2-[4-(methoxymethoxy)-6-methyl-benzofiiran-5-yl]-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-l,3,2-dioxaborolane (0.027 g, 0.086 mmol), XPhos Pd-G3 (0.006 g, 0.007 mmol), and K2CO3 (0.11 mL, 0.216 mmol, 2 M soln) were dissolved in dioxane (0.36 mL).
• Step 3 The material from step 2 was dissolved in MeOH (1 mL) and added HC1 (0.2 mL, 4.0M in dioxane) and stirred at rt. Upon completion, the reaction was concentrated, and the resulting residue was dissolved in DCM and washed with sat. NaHCOs and brine. The organic phase was dried (Na 2 SOr), filtered and concentrated. Purification by reverse-phase chromatography (1% formic acid in MeCN: 1% formic acid in water, 0 to 80%) gave a white solid (0.008 g, 29% 2 steps). MS m/z 390.
• Step 1 A 20 mL tube was charged with a mixture of tert-butyl (R)-3-(3-chloro-4-methyl-5,6- dihydro-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-c] pyridazin-7-yl)piperidine-1 -carboxylate (100 mg, 0.283 mmol, 1,0 eq., prepared according to example 1) and MnOz (493 mg, 5.67 mmol, 20.0 eq.) in 1,4-dioxane (6 mL). The reaction was stirred at 135°C for 16 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, filtered through a pad of Celite and rinsed with EtOAc (50 mL).
• Step 3 A mixture of tert-butyl (R)-3-(3-chloro-5-fluoro-4-methyl-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-c] pyridazin-7- yl) piperidine- 1 -carboxylate (45 mg, 0.122 mmol, 1.0 eq.) in HC1 (25% w/w in MeOH, 1 mL) was stirred at rt for 16 h.
• Step 4 To a solution of (R)-3-chloro-5-fluoro-4-methyl-7-(piperidin-3-yl)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3- c]pyridazine hydrochloride (37 mg, 0.121 mmol, 1.0 eq.) in MeOH (2 mL) were added EteN (12 mg, 0.121 mmol, 1 eq.), HCHO (37%w/w in HzO) (49 mg, 0.606 mmol, 5 eq.) and AcOH (7 mg, 0.121 mmol, 1.0 eq.) in turn.
• reaction was stirred at room temperature under N2 atmosphere for 1 h and NaBELCN (15 mg, 0.242 mmol, 2.0 eq.) was added into the mixture.
• the reaction was stirred at room temperature under N2 atmosphere for 2 h.
• the reaction mixture was diluted with water (10 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (10 mL x 3). The organic layer was dried over NazSOi, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure.
• Step 5 A 5 mL tube was charged with a mixture of (R)-3-chloro-5-fluoro-4-methyl-7-(l- methylpiperidin-3-yl)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridazme (25 mg, 0.088 mmol, 1.0 eq.), 2-(4- (methoxymethoxy)benzofuran-5-yl)-4,4,5,5 ⁇ tetramethyl-l,3,2 ⁇ dioxaborolane (54 mg, 0.177 mmol, 2.0 eq.), K2CO3 (37 mg, 0.265 mmol, 3.0 eq.) and XPhos Pd G4 (8 mg, 0.009 mmol, 0.1 eq.) in H?O (0.2 mL) and 1,4-dioxane (1 mL).
• reaction was sealed under N2 atmosphere and stirred at 100°C for 2 h. Upon completion, the reaction was cooled to room temperature, diluted with (10 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (10 mL x 3). The organic phase was dried over NazSCh, filtered and concentrated in vacuum.
• rY-iodosuccinimide (27 mg, 0.12 mmol) was added to a solution of 7-((15,35)-3-((tert- butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-3-methylcyclobutyl)-3”(4-(methoxymethoxy)-6-methyl-2,3- dihydrobenzoforan-5-yr)-6,7-dihydro-5fl-pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridazine (51.2 mg, 0.100 mmol) in ACN (10 mL) at 0°C. After 30 min, the mixture was returned to rt and stirred overnight.
• Step 2 7-((15,35')-3-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-3-methylcyclobutyl)-5-iodo-3-(4- (methoxymethoxy)-6-methyl-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-5-yl)-7/7-pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridazine (11.2 mg, 0,018 mmol) was dissolved in 1 :2 HC1 (12AI, aq.):AfeOH and stirred at rt for 2 h. The mixture was concentrated in vacuo and the crude residue was purified by Cl 8 reverse phase Prep-HPLC eluting with ACN:water with formic acid as the modifier.
• Step 1 To a solution of 3,6-dichloro-4-cyclopropyl-5-(phenylsulfonyl)pyridazine (410 mg, 1.5 mmol) in dioxane (6.0 mL) were added (R)-l-methylpiperidin-3-amine (209 nig, 1 .83 mmol) and potassium carbonate (274 mg, 2 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at 60 > for 2h. Upon completion the mixture was filtered, and the filtrate was diluted with water (20 mL.) and extracted with ethyl acetate.
• Step 2 To a solution of (R)-6-chloro-5-cyclopropyl-N-(l-methylpiperidin-3-yl)-4- (phenylsulfonyl)pyridazin-3-amine (415 mg, 1.2 mmol) in DMSO (0.5 mL) was added sodium azide (140 mg, 2.2 mmol). The reaction was stirred at 80 for 2 hours. Upon completion, the reaction was diluted with water (20 mL) and extracted with EtOAc.
• Step 3 To a solution of (R)-4-azido-6-chloro-5-cyclopropyl-N-(l-methylpiperidin-3- yl)pyridazin-3-amine (100 mg, 0.32 mmol) in CH2CI2 (0.8 mL) and AcOH (0 2 mL) was added Zinc (60 mg, 0.92 mmol) at 0D . The reaction stirred at this temperature for 2 h.
• Step 4 To a solution of (R)-4-azido-6-chloro-5-cyclopropyl-N-(l-methylpiperidin-3- yl)pyridazin-3 -amine (60 mg, 0.21 mmol) ) in triethyl orthoformate (700 pL, 4.2 mmol) was added hydrochloric acid (100 pL, 0.02 mmol). The mixture was heated at 100C for 24 h. Upon completion, the reaction was diluted with dichloromethane and washed with water, brine, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure.
• Step 5 To a screw top vial were added: 3-chloro-4-cyclopropyl-7-(l-methylpiperidin-3-yl)-7H- imidazo[4,5-c]pyridazine (30 mg, 0.1 mmol), XPhos Pd-G3 (9 mg, 0.01 mmol), 2-(2- (methoxymethoxy)-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-l,3,2-dioxaborolane (40 mg, 0.12 mmol). The mixture was degassed by purging with Ar for 15 min before 1,4 dioxane (0.5 mL) and a 2M solution of potassium carbonate (150 pL, 0.3 mmol) were added.
• Step 6 4-Cyclopropyl-3-(2-(methoxymethoxy)-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-7-(l-methylpiperidin- 3-yl)-7H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridazine (28 mg, 0.06 mmol, 1 eq) was dissolved in trifluoroacetic acid (0.5 mL) and stirred for 2 h at room temperature. Upon completion, the reaction was diluted with di chloromethane and sodium bicarbonate was added. The solution was stirred for 10 minutes before extracting with di chloromethane. The combined organic parts w'ere washed with water, brine, dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure.
• Step 1 To a solution of 6-chloro-N3-[(3R)-l-methyl-3-piperidyl]pyrjdazine-3,4-diamine (483 mg, 2.00 mmol) in acetonitrile (2.0 mL) was added sodium acetate (246 mg, 3.0 mmol) and bromine (0. 10 mL, 2.0 mmol) dropwise while stirring. The mixture was heated to 80 °C for I h until LCMS analysis indicated completion. The reaction was cooled down to room temperature, diluted with di chloromethane, washed with sodium bicarbonate and water.
• Step 2 A solution of 5-bromo-6-chloro-N3-[(3R)-l -methyl -3-pi peri dy I ]pyridazine-3,4-di amine (123 mg, 0.384 mmol) in triethyl orthoformate (1.3 mL, 7.67 mmol) was stirred at 120 °C for 24 h.
• Step 3 To a solution of 4-bromo-3-chlorO"7-[(3R)-l-methyl-3-piperidyl]imidazo[4,5- c]pyridazine (34 mg, 0.1 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane was added RuPhos-Pd-G3 (1 .6 mg, 0.002 mmol) , sodium-tert butoxide (14 mg, 0.14 mmol), methanol (8 pL, 0.20 mmol). The reaction was degassed by purging with Argon and heated to 60 °C for 4 hours until LCMS indicated completion.
• Step 4 To a screw cap vial were added: 3-chloro-4-methoxy-7-[(3R)-l-methyl-3- piperidyl]imidazo[4,5-c]pyridazine (17 mg, 0.06 mmol), XPhos-Pd -G3 (5.1 mg, 0.006 mmol), 2-[2-(methoxymethoxy)-6-methyl-4-(trif]uoromethyr)phenyl]-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-l,3,2- dioxaborolane (25 mg, 0.07 mmol). The vial was degassed by purging Ar for 15 min. 1,4 Dioxane (0.5 mL) and potassium carbonate (aq.
• Step 5 To a solution of 4-methoxy-3-[2-(methoxymethoxy)-6-methyl-4- (trifluoromethyl)phenyl]"7-[(3R)-l-methyl“3 ⁇ piperidyl]imidazo[4,5-c]pyridazine (15 mg, 0.032 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (0.5 mL) tvas added HC1 (0.081 mL, 0.32 mmol, 4.0 M in dioxane). The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. Upon completion, the reaction was diluted vrith CH2CI2, quenched with aq. sodium bicarbonate (10 mL) and extracted with CH2CI2 (3 x 10 mL).
• Step 3 A solution of tert-butyl (/?)-3-(3-chloro-4-formyl-7//-iniidazo[4,5-c]pyridazin-7- yl)piperidine-l-carboxylate (43.1 mg, 0.118 mmol) in dichloromethane (1 2 mL) was cooled down 0 °C, and diethylaminosulfur trifluoride (47.5 mg, 0.039 mL, 0.295 mmol) was added dropwise then. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes.
• the mixture was degassed by purging with nitrogen for 15 min before 1,4 dioxane (0.75 mL) and water (0.25 mL) were added.
• the reaction vessel was evacuated and backflushed with nitrogen (3 times), and the mixture was heated at 80°C for 16 hours. Upon completion, the mixture was partitioned between EtOAc and water. The combined organic parts were washed with brine, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under pressure.
• Step 5 and 6 To a vial containing tert-butyl (A)-3-(4-(diiluoromethyl)-3-(4- (methoxymethoxy)benzofuran-5-yl)-7rt-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridazin-7-yl)piperidine-l-carboxylate (27.0 mg, 0.0525 mmol) was added 4 N HC1 in dioxane (1.0 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred for 2h at room temperature. Upon completion, the mixture was partitioned between CH2CI2 and aq. NaHCOs.
• 1,4-dioxane (3.0 mL) and water (1 .0 ml.,) were added, and the reaction mixture was heated at 80 > for 1 h.
• the mixture was cooled to room temperature and partitioned between water and EtOAc.
• the combined organic parts were washed with brine, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure.
• Step 2 A solution of (/?)-3-(2-(methoxymethoxy)-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-4-methyl-7-(l- methylpiperidin-3-yl)-7/7-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridazine (229 mg, 0.53 mmol) in N,N- dimethylformamide (DMF) (0.50 mL) and A ; ,A-dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal (0.35 mL, 2.63 mmol) was heated at 135 °C for 48 hours. Upon completion solvents were evaporated.
• DMF N,N- dimethylformamide
• Step 3 The crude product from step 2 was dissolved in MeOH (2.0 mL) and water (1.0 mL). Sodium periodate (338 mg, 1.58 mmol) was added, and the solution was stirred at room temperature for 5 h, upon which precipitate formation was observed. The solution was diluted with water and the resulting aqueous solution was extracted with CH2CI2 (3x20 mL). The combined organic parts were dried overNa2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure.
• Step 1 To a solution of 2-(2-(methoxymethoxy)bicyclo[4.2.0]octa-l,3,5-trien-3-yl)-4,4,5,5- tetramethyl-l,3,2-dioxaborolane (166.0 mg, 0.572 mmol, 1.5 eq) in 1 , 4-di oxane and l-fiO at rt were added (R)-3-chloro-4-methyl-7-(1 -methylpiperidin-3-yl)-7H-imidazo[4,5-c] pyridazine (140.0 mg, 0.381 mmol, 1.0 eq), XPhos Pd G4 (32.83 mg, 0.038 mmol, 0.1 eq) and K2CO3 (158.2 nig, 1.14 mmol, 1.0 eq).
• Step 2 A solution of 7-(( 1 s,3s)-3-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-3-methylcyclobutyl)-3-(2- (methoxymethoxy)bicycio[4.2.0]octa-l(6),2,4-trien-3-yl)“4-methyl-7H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridazine (180 mg, 0.363 mmol, 1.0 eq) in 2 N HC1 in EtOAc was stirred at rt for 1 h. Upon completion, the resulting precipitate was filtered out and rinsed with EtOAc (5 mL).
• Step 1 To a solution of 3,6-dichloro-4-(methylsulfonyl)pyridazine (700 mg, 3.0 mmol) in THF (6 mL) were added tert-butyl (3R)-l-methylpiperidin-3-amine (451 mg, 3.95 mmol) and potassium carbonate (592 mg, 9.1 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at 50 > for 2 h. Upon completion, it was filtered and the filtrate was diluted with water (50 mL) and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and evaporated under reduced pressure.
• Step 2 To a solution of (R)-6-chloro-N-(l-methylpiperidin-3-yl)-4-(methylsuifonyl)pyridazin-3- amine (734 mg, 2.4 mmol) in dimethyl sulfoxide (5 mL) was added sodium azide (250 mg, 3.8 mmol), The reaction mixture was stirred at 80 > for 2 h. The mixture was filtered, and the filtrate w 7 as diluted with water (20 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate.
• Step 3 To a solution of (R)-4-azido-6-chloro-N-(l-methylpiperi din-3 -yl)pyridazin-3 -amine (250 mg, 0.93 mmol) in CH2CI2 (3 mL) and AcOH (1 mL) was added Zinc (195 mg, 3 mmol) at 0 ⁇ . The reaction stirred at this temperature for 2 h. Upon completion, the mixture was filtered over a pad of Celite and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford (R)-6 ⁇ chloro-N3- (l-methylpiperidin-3-yl)pyridazine-3,4-diamine (120 mg, 55% yield) as a yellow oil.
• Step 4 To a solution of (R)-6-chloro-N3-(l-methylpiperidin-3-yl)pyridazine-3,4“diamine (170 mg, 0.7 mmol) in acetic acid (0.5 mL) and water (1 mL) was added sodium nitrite (68 mg, 1 mmol, 1.5 eq) at 0 ⁇ . The reaction was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for 2 hours. Upon completion, the reaction was quenched with sodium bicarbonate and extracted with dichloromethane.
• Step 5 To a solution of (R)-6-chloro-3-(T-methylpiperidin.-3-yl)-3H-[l,2,3]iri.azolo[4,5- cjpyridazine (170 mg, 0.76 mmol) in acetonitrile (1.5 mL) is added silver nitrate (60 nig, 0.35 mmol), cyclopropane carboxylic acid (301 uL, 3.8 mmol), and sulfuric acid (176 pL, 2 mmol). The resulting mixture was heated to 70 > and then an aqueous solution of ammonium persulfate (638 mg, 2.8 mmol) in water (5 mL) was added dropwise over 5 minutes.
• silver nitrate 60 nig, 0.35 mmol
• cyclopropane carboxylic acid 301 uL, 3.8 mmol
• sulfuric acid 176 pL, 2 mmol
• Step 6 To a screw 7 cap vial were added: (R)-6-chloro-7-cyclopropyl-3-(l-methylpiperidin-3-yl)- 3H-[l,2,3]triazolo[4,5-c]pyridazine (80 mg, 0.26 mmol), XPhos Pd G3 (25 mg, 0.028 mmol), 2- (2”(methoxymethoxy)"4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)"4,4,5,5“tetramethyi-l,3,2“dioxaborolane (107 mg, 0.32 mmol). The vial was degassed by purging Ar for 15 min.
• Step 7 A solution (R)-6-(2-(methoxymethoxy)-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-3-(l-methylpiperidin- 3-yl)-3H-[l,2,3]triazolo[4,5-c]pyridazine (62 mg, 0.13 mmol) in trifluoroacetic acid (0.5 mL) was stirred for 1 hour at room temperature. Upon completion, the reaction was diluted with di chloromethane and sodium bicarbonate (10 mL) was added and the resulting mixture was allowed to stir for 10 minutes before extracting the aqueous layer with dichloromethane.
• Step 1 To a screw cap vial were added: tert-butyl (3,6-dichloropyridazin-4-yl)carbamate (5.0 g, 18.9 mmol), Cui (180 mg, 0.94 mmol) and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (1.8 g, 1.51 mmol). The reaction was degassed by purging .Ar for 15 min. EtaN (25 mL) and THF (75 mL) were added followed by addition of trimethyl silylacetylene (5.5 ml, 37.8 mmol). The reaction was stirred for 1.5 h at room temperature.
• Step 2 To a solution of tert-butyl N-[6"ChlorO"3-(2 ⁇ trimethylsilyiethynyl)pyridazin-4- yl]carbamate (3.95 g, 12.1 mmol) in DMF (30 ml) was added potassium carbonate (3.35 g, 24.2 mmol) and the mixture stirred at 60 °C for 45 min. Upon completion, the reaction was quenched by brine and extracted by EtOAc.
• Step 3 To a screw top vial were added tert-butyl 3-chloropyrro1o[3,2-c]pyridazine-5-carboxylate (0.99 g, 3.9 mmol,), (2-methoxy-4,6-dimethyl-phenyl)boronic acid (0.91 g, 5.1 mmol), K2CO3 (1.61 g, 11.7 mmol) and XPhos Pd G3 (0.33 g, 0.39 mmol). The reaction was degassed by purging Ar for 15 min and dioxane (10 mL) and water (2 mL) were added The reaction mixture was stirred for 6 h at 90 °C.
• Step 4 To a solution of tert-butyl 3-(2-methoxy-4,6-dimethyl-phenyl)pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridazine- 5-carboxylate (1.11 g, 3.14 mmol) in CH2CI2 (2 mL) rvas added 4.0 M HC1 in dioxane (31.4 mL) and the resulting mixture was stirred for 4 h at 50 °C. The crude material was dissolved in MeOH and NaHCCh was added to neutralize the mixture to pH-7. Solids were filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure.
• Step 5 To a screw cap vial were added: tert-butyl 7-bromo-3-(2-methoxy-4,6-dimethyl- phenyl)pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridazine-5-carboxylate (240 mg, 0.55 mmol), l-methyl-5-(4,4,5,5- tetramethyl-l,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyridine (0.16 g, 0.72 mmol), K2CO3 (0.23 g, 1.66 mmol) XPhos Pd G3 (47 mg, 0.055mmol). The reaction was degassed by purging Ar for
• Step 6 To a solution of tert-butyl 3-(2-methoxy-4,6-dimethyl-phenyl)-7-(l-methyl-3,6-dihydro- 2H-pyridin-5 ⁇ yl)pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridazine-5-carboxylate (240 mg, 0.53 mmol) in methanol (11 mL) and EtOAc (1.0 mL) were added Pd/C (0.056 g, 0.053 mmol) and Pd(OH)2/'C (0.038 g, 0.053 mmol). The resulting mixture was subjected to 1 atm of He (balloon) and stirred at 55°C for 5 h.
• Step 7 Tert-butyl 3-(2-methoxy-4,6-dimethyl-phenyl)-7-(l-methyl-3-piperidyl)pyrrolo[3,2- c]pyridazine-5-carboxylate (240 mg, 0.53 mmol,) was dissolved in TEA (5.0 mL) and the mixture was heated at 40°C for 20 min. Solvent was removed under reduced pressure to afford crude 3-(2-methoxy-4,6-dimethylphenyl)-7-(l-methylpiperidin-3-yl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2- c]pyridazine (180 mg, 97% yield). The crude material was taken to the next step without further purification. MIS m/z 351.4 [M+H] + .
• Step 8 A mixture of 3-(2-methoxy-4,6-dimethyl-phenyl)-7-(l-methyl-3-piperidyl)-5H- pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridazine (180 mg, 0.52 mmol), ethanethiol sodium salt (0.39 g, 4.19 mmol) and DMF (1.1 mL) was stirred for 4 h at 130 °C.
• Step 1 To a solution of methyl 4,6-dichloropyridazine-3-carboxylate (10 g, 48.3 mmol) in ACN (96 mL) was added a solution of methyl 2-sulfanylacetate (5.2 g, 49.2 mmol) in ACN (96 niL) dropwise at 0 °C, followed by slow addition of EtaN (6.73 mL, 48.3 mmol) at the same temperature. Reaction was stirred at 0 °C for 15 min. Additional amount of EfeN (6.73 mL, 48.3 mmol) was added and mixture was allowed to warm up to room temperature and stirred for 3 h at rt.
• EtaN 6.73 mL, 48.3 mmol
• Step 2 To a dry/ round bottom flask were added: methyl 3-chloro-7”hydroxy”thieno[3,2- c]pyridazine-6-carboxylate (2.0 g, 8.17 mmol), (2-methoxy-4,6-dimethyl-phenyl)boronic acid (1.76 g, 9.80 mmol), K2CO3 (3.38 g, 24.5 mmol) and Pd(dppf)Ch (0.63 g, 0.81 mmol). The reaction mixture was degassed by purging Ar for 15 min, then dioxane (60 mL) and water (15 mL) were added. The mixture was heated at 90 °C for 16h.
• Step 3 A solution of methyl 7-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxy-4,6-dimethyl-phenyl)thieno[3,2- c]pyridazine-6-carboxylate (500 mg, 1.45 mmol) and DIPEA (0.50 mL, 2.90 mmol) in CH2CI2 (14.5 mL) was cooled down to 0°C and TOO (11.74 mL, 1 .0 M in CH2CI2, 1.74 mmol) was added dropwise. The reaction mixture was stirred for 20 min at 0°C, then warmed up to room temperature and then partitioned between CH2CI2 and brine. The aqueous part was extracted with CH2CI2 (3 times).
• Step 4 To dry crew cap vial were added methyl 3-(2-methoxy-4,6-dimethyl-phenyl)-7- (trifluoromethylsulfonyloxy)thieno[3,2-c]pyridazine-6"Carboxylate (680 mg, 1 .42 mmol), 1- methyl-5-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-l,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyridine (0.35 g, 1.59 mmol), K2CO3 (0 60 g, 4.34 mmol) and Pd XPhos G3 (0.12 g, 0.14 mmol).
• reaction mixture was degassed by purging Ar for 15 min, then dioxane (10 mL) and water (2.5 mL) were added. The mixture was heated at 90 °C for 16h. Upon completion, the reaction was cooled down to room temperature, partitioned between EtOAc and brine. The aqueous part was extracted with EtOAc (3 times). Combined organic phases were dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure.
• Step 5 To a solution of methyl 3-(2-methoxy-4,6-dimethyl-phenyl)-7-(l-methyl-3,6-dihydro- 2H-pyridin-5-yl)thieno[3,2-c]pyridazine-6-carboxylate (311 mg, 0.73 mmol) in THE (12 mL) and water (1.5 mL) was added LiOH (0.35 g, 14.6 mmol) and the resulting mixture was stirred for 72 h a t it. THF was evaporated under reduced pressure, the aqueous part was extracted with CH2CI2 (3 times). Combined organic phases were dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure.
• Step 6 To a solution of 3-(2-methoxy-4,6-dimethyl-pheny1)-7-(l-methyl-3,6-dihydro-2H- pyridin-5-yl)thieno[3,2-c]pyridazine-6-carboxylic acid (130 mg, 0.31 mmol) in DMSO (1.5 mL) were added Ag2COs (0 0'18 g, 0.063 mmol) and 2 drops of AcOH.
• Step 7 To a solution of 3”(2-methoxy"4,6-dimethyl“phenyl)-7-(l-methyl-3,6“dihydro-2H- pyridin-5-yl)thieno[3,2-c]pyridazine (1 10 mg, 0,30 mmol) in methanol (8.0 mL) and EtOAc (1.0 mL) were added Pd/C (0.043 g, 0.041 mmol) and Pd(OH)2/C (0.028 g, 0.041 mmol). The resulting mixture was subjected to 55 psi of H2 (Parr shaker) and stirred for 72 h.
• Step 8 To a solution of 3-(2-methoxy-4,6-dimethyl-pheny1)-7-(l-methyl-3-piperidyl)thieno[3,2- c]pyridazine (100 mg, 0.27 mmol) in DMF (2.7 mL) was added ethanethiol sodium salt (0.38 g, 4.08 mmol) and the resulting mixture was stirred for 4 h at 130 °C.
• Step 1 To a solution of methyl 3-chloro-7-hydroxy-thieno[3,2-c]pyridazine-6-carboxylate (11.84 g, 48.39 mmol, prepared according to example 6) in dioxane/TEO (5: 1, 95 mL) was added LiOH- HzO (12.18 g, 290.37 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 60°C for 30 h, then concentrated and the resulting red mixture was acidified with 3 M HC1 to give a tan slurry. The mixture was filtered and the filtrate was extracted with EtOAc (3x). The combined organic extracts were dried (Mg2SO4), filtered and combined with the filter-cake. The mixture was concentrated to give a pale yellow solid. MS m/z 230.9, 232.8 [M+H]2
• Step 2 To a solution of 3-chloro-7-hydroxy-thieno[3,2-c]pyridazine-6-carboxylic acid (10.15 g, 44.01 mmol) in DMSO (88 mL) was added AgzCCh (2.43 g, 8.80 mmol) and acetic acid (12.6 mL, 220, 1 mmol). The reaction was heated to 120°C for 50 min, After cooling to rt, the reaction was poured onto EtOAc/water (4: 1), and the mixture was stirred for 10 min and filtered through Celite. The layers of the filtrate were separated, and the aqueous phase was extracted with EtOAc.
• Step 3 3"Chlorothieno[3,2-c]pyridazin-7-ol (2.0 g, 10.72 mmol) in DCM (48 mL) was cooled to 0 °C and added DIPEA (3.71 mL, 21.44 mmol) followed by dropwise addition of trifluoromethylsulfonyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (11.48 mL, 16.08 mmol, 1.4 M in DCM). The reaction was stirred at 0 °C for 1 h. The reaction was diluted with DCM and washed with cold water and brine. The organic phase was dried (NazSOy), filtered and concentrated.
• Step 4 3-Chlorothieno[3,2-c]pyridazin-7-yl) trifluoromethanesulfonate (0.15 g, 0.471 mmol), (2- hydroxyphenyl)boronic acid (78 mg, 0.565 mmol), Pd(dppf)Ch (34 mg, 0.0471 mmol), and K2CO3 (163 mg, 1 ,18 mmol) were dissolved in dioxaneZHzO (5:1, 2.4 mL). The reaction was heated at 90 °C for 1 h, then diluted with EtOAc and washed with water and brine. The organic phase was dried (MgSO/i), filtered and concentrated. Purification by chromatography on SiOz (EtOAc: hexanes, 0 to 55%) gave a yellow solid (0.048 g, 39%). MS m/z 262.9, 264.9 j M 1 H .
• Steps 5 and 6 2-(3-Chlorothieno[3,2-c]pyridazin-7-yl)phenol (0.045 g, 0.171 mmol), 2-[4- (methoxymethoxy)-6-methyl-benzofuran-5-yl]-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-l,3,2-dioxaborolane (0.082 g, 0.257 mmol), XPhos Pd-G3 (0.015 g, 0.017 mmol), and K2CO3 (0.21 mL, 0.428 mmol, 2 M soln) were dissolved in dioxane (0.85 mL). The reaction was heated at 90 °C for 1 h.
• Example 6B Preparation of 5-(7-(3,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)thieno[3,2-c]pyridazin-3-yl)-6- methylbenzofuran-4-ol (VIB- 1 ) and 6-methyl-5-(7-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)thieno[3,2- c]pyridazin-3-yl)benzofuran-4-ol (VIB-2) Step 1 : 3-Chlorothieno[3,2-c]pyridazin-7-yl) trifluoromethanesulfonate (0.35 g, 1 .09 mmol), 2-
• Steps 2 and 3 2-(3-Chlorothieno[3,2-c]pyridazin-7-yl)phenol (0.051 g, 0.201 mmol), 2-[4- (methoxymethoxy)-6-methyl-benzofuran-5-yl]-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-l,3,2-dioxaborolane (0 080 g, 0.252 mmol), XPhos Pd-G3 (0.017 g, 0.020 mmol), and K2CO3 (0.25 mL, 0.505 mmol, 2 M soln) were dissolved in dioxane (1.0 mL). The reaction was heated at 90 °C for 1 h.
• Steps 4 and 5 7-(3,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-3-[4-(methoxymethoxy)-6-methyl-benzofuran-5- yl]thieno[3,2-c]pyridazine (0.045 g, 0.110 mmol) and Pd/C (0.012 g, 0.01 10 mmol) was evacuated and backfilled with Ar. The mixture was dissolved in MeOH (1.0 mL) and formic acid (10 pL) was added, and the solution was sparged with He for 5 min before being stirred under an H2 atmosphere (balloon, 1 atm) at 40 °C. The reaction was stirred for 48 h and then filtered through a pad of Celite.
• Example 6B Using the procedure described for Example 6B, above, additional compounds described herein may be prepared by substituting the appropriate starting material, suitable reagents and reaction conditions, obtaining compounds such as those selected from.
• Step 1 A solution of 2-hydroxy acetate (4,8 g, 53.1 mmol in THF (150 mL) was cooled down to 0 °C and NaH (2.2g, 53.1 mmol, 60% w/w in oil) was added to the solution portion-wise (intense bubbling observed). After 30 min, the solution was added dropwise to another flask containing methyl 4,6-dichloropyridazine-3-carboxylate (10 g, 48.3 mmol) in 100 ml of THF at 0 °C. The reaction was stirred for 40 min before quenching the with ammonium chloride. The aqueous part was extracted with EtOAc (6 times).
• Step 2 To a solution of 6-chloro-4-(2-methoxy-2-oxo-ethoxy)pyridazine”3-carboxylate (8.9 g, 34 mmol) in ACN (35 mL) was added DBU (25.3 mL, 170 mmol) and the reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min a t rt. Upon completion, ACN was evaporated under the reduced pressure and the residue was partitioned between water and EtOAc. The aqueous layer was acidified with aq. HC1 to pH ⁇ 6 and extracted with EtOAc (6 times).
• Step 3 To a dry round bottom flask were added: methyl 3-chloro-7-hydroxy-furo[3,2- c]pyridazine-6-carboxylate (1.0 g, 4.37 mmol), 2-(2-(methoxymethoxy)-6-methyl-4- (trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-l,3,2-dioxaborolane (2.27 g, 6.56 mmol), K2CO3 (1.81 g, 13.12 mmol) and XphosPdG4 (376 mg, 0.44 mmol). The reaction was degassed by purging Ar for 15 min and dioxane (20 mL) and water (5 mL) were added.
• Step 4 To a solution of crude methyl 7-hydroxy-3-(2 -(methoxy meth oxy )-6-methyl-4- (trifluoromethyl)phenyl)furo[3,2"C]pyridazine-6-carboxylate (1.2 g, 2.91 mmol) in pyridine (20 mL) was added Tf?O (1.64 g, 5.82 mmol) at 0°C. The reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 4h. Upon completion, the reaction was diluted with water (100 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (3x100 mL).
• Step 5 To a dry round bottom flask were added: methyl 3-(2-(methoxymethoxy)-6-methyl-4- (trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-7-(((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)oxy)furo [3,2-c]pyridazine-6-carboxylate (700 mg, 1.29 mmol), tert-butyl 5-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-l,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-3,6- dihydropyridine-l(2H)-carboxylate (596 mg, 1.93 mmol), K2CO3 (533 mg, 3.86 mmol) and XphosPdG3 (109 mg, 0.13 mmol).
• Step 6 To a solution of methyl 7-(l-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-l,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridin-3-yl)-3-(2- (methoxymethoxy)-6-methy]-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)furo[3,2-c]pyridazine-6-carboxylate (602 mg, 1.04 mmol) in THF (10 mL) and water (2 mL) was added LiOH (875 mg, 20.85 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 2h. Upon completion, the pH of the reaction mixture was adjusted to 5-6 with 2N HC1. The resulting mixture was extracted with EtOAc (3x30 mL).
• Step 7 To a solution of 7-(l-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-l,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridin-3-yl)-3-(2- (methoxymethoxy)-6-methy]-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)furo[3,2-c]pyridazine-6-carboxylic acid (92 mg, 0.16 mmol) in DMSO (2 mL) were AgzCCh (9 mg, 0.033 mmol) and AcOH (49 mg, 0.82 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at 120°C for 2h. Upon completion, the reaction was cooled to rt. and partitioned between water (30 mL) and EtOAc (3x30mL).
• Step 8 To a solution of tert-butyl 5-(3-(2-(methoxymethoxy)-6-methyl-4- (trifluoromethyl)phenyl)furo[3,2-c]pyridazin-7-yl)-3,6-dihydropyridine-l(2H)-carboxylate (130 mg, 0.25 mmol) in THF (5 mL) was added PtOz (13 mg, 10% wt). The reaction was stirred at rt under 1 atm Hz for 8 h. The reaction mixture was filtered through a celite pad, washed with EtOAc.
• Step 9 To a solution of tert-butyl 3-(3-(2-(methoxymethoxy)-6-methyl-4- (trifluoromethyl)phenyl)furo[3 ,2-c]pyridazin-7-yl)piperidine- 1 -carboxylate in CH2CI2 (2 mL) was added 4N HC1 in 1,4-di oxane (2 mL, 0.5 mmol). The reaction was stirred at rt for 2 h.
• Step 10 To a solution of 3-methyl-2-(7-(piperidin-3-yl)furo[3,2-c]pyridazin-3-yl)-5- (trifluoromethyl)phenol (54 mg, 0.14 mmol) in CH2CI2 (1 mL) and MeOH (0.25 mL) were added EbN (43 mg, 0.43 mmol) and formaldehyde (35uL, 0.43 mmol) at 0°C. The reaction mixture was stirred at 0°C for Ih. Then, NaBH(OAc)3 (91 mg, 0.43 mmol) was added at 0°C. The reaction mixture was stirred at 0°C for 3h.
• Step 2 To a solution of 4-bromo-3,6-dichloropyridazine (30.0 g, 131.6 mmol, 1.0 eq.) in ACN (600 mL) was added cyclopropanecarboxylic acid (34.0 g, 395.0 mmol, 3.0 eq.) and AgNOs (44.7 g, 263.3 mmol, 2 0 eq.). (NITyh&Os (150.2 g, 658.3 mmol, 5.0 eq.) was added to the mixture at 80 °C and the reaction mixture was stirred at this temperature for 1 h.
• Step 3 To a solution of 4-bromo-3,6-dichloro-5-cyclopropylpyridazine (10.0 g, 37.3 mmol, 1,0 eq.) in water(10 mL) and dioxane (50mL) was added 4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-vinyl-l,3,2- dioxaborolane (6.3 g, 41.1 mmol, 1.1 eq.), K2CO3 (15.5g, 112,0 mmol, 3.0eq.) and Pd(dppf)Ch (2.7 g, 3 7 mmol, 0. 1 eq.). The reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h at 70°C under N2 by microwave.
• Step 4 To a solution of 3,6-dichloro-4-cyclopropyl-5-vinylpyridazine (4.7 g, 21.6 mmol, 1.0 eq.) in THF (40 mL) and H2O (4 ml,) was added NaKh (14.0 g, 65.6 mmol, 3.0 eq.) and K 2 OSO4‘H 2 O (976 mg, 2.2 mmol, 0.1 eq.) at 0°C. The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. Upon completion, the reaction mixture was diluted with water (30 ml,) and extracted with EtOAc (30 ml, x 3) The organic layer was dried over NasSOr, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure.
• Step 5 To a solution of tert-butyl 3-oxopiperidine-l-carboxylate (10.0 g, 50.2 mmol, 1.0 eq.) in THF (80 mL) and MeOH (80 mL) was added benzyl hydrazinecarboxylate (8.3 g, 50.2 mmol, 1.0 eq.). The resulting mixture was stirred at rt for 30 rain, then NaBHi (3.8 g, 100.4 mmol, 2.0 eq.) was added. The resulting mixture was stirred at rt for 2 h. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The resulting residue was added with water (150 mL), then extracted with di chloromethane (3 x 100 mL).
• Step 6 To a solution of tert-butyl 3-(2-((benzyloxy)carbonyl)hydrazineyl)piperidine-l- carboxylate (4.0 g, 11.5 mmol, 1.0 eq.) in EtOH (50 mL) was added AcOH (687.4 mg, 11.5 mmol, 1 0 eq.) and Pd/C (0.4 g, 50% w.t.). The above mixture was stirred for 2 h at rt under H2 (15 psi). The reaction mixture was filtered through a pad of Celite.
• Step 7 To a solution of tert-butyl 3 -hydrazinylpiperidine-1 -carboxylate acetate (2.3 g, 8.4 mmol, 1.0 eq.) in MeOH (30 mL) was added EtsN (845.3 mg, 8.4 mmol, 1.0 eq.). The resulting mixture was stirred at rt for 10 min, then 3,6-dichloro-5-cyclopropylpyridazine-4-carbaldehyde (1.8 g, 8.4 mmol, 1 .0 eq.) was added. The resulting mixture was stirred at rt for another 1 h. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure.
• Step 8 To a solution of tert-butyl (£)-3-(2-((3,6-dichloro-5-cyclopropylpyridazin-4- yl)methylene)hydrazinyl) piperidine-l-carboxylate (1 g, 2.4 mmol, 1.0 eq.) in DMT (15 mL) was added KOH (270.8 mg, 4.8 mmol, 2.0 eq.). The above mixture was stirred at 1200 for 0.5 h under microwave. The reaction mixture was added water (20 mL), then extracted with di chloromethane (3 x 20 mL). The organic phase was washed with brine (20 mL), dried with sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure.
• Step 9 To a solution of tert-butyl 3-(5-chloro-4-cyclopropyl-//7-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridazin-l- y I ipiperi dine- 1 -carboxylate (500 mg, 1.3 mmol, 1.0 eq.) in DCM (5 mL) was added IT' A (0.5 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred for 2 h at rt. The pH was adjusted to 7 ⁇ 8 by addition of EhN.
• Step 10 To a solution of 5-chloro-4-cyclopropyl-l-(piperidin-3-yl)-/Zf-pyrazolo[3,4- c]pyridazine (300 mg, 1.1 mmol, 1.0 eq.) in MeOH (8 mL) was added HCHO (97.3 mg, 3.3mmol, 3.0 eq.) and AcOH (64.9 mg, 1.1 mmol, 1.0 eq.). The resulting solution was stirred at rt for 30 min, then NaBH(OAc)3 (297.6 mg, 1 .4 mmol, 1 .3 eq.) was added. The resulting mixture was stirred for another 1 h at rt. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure.
• Step 11 To a mixture of 5-chloro-4-cyclopropyl-l-(l-methylpiperidin-3-yl)-7//-pyrazolo[3,4- c’]pyridazine (150 mg, 0.51 mmol, 1.0 eq.) in dioxane (5 mL) and H?O (1 mL) was added 2-(2- (methoxymethoxy)-4-methylphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-l,3,2"dioxaborolane (171.6 mg, 0.62 mmol, 1.2 eq.), XPhos Pd CL (43.5 mg, 0.05 mmol, 0.1 eq.) and CssCCb (502.5 mg, 1.54 mmol, 3.0 eq.).
• Step 12 4-cvcloDropvl-5-(2-(methoxvmethoxy)-4-methylphenyl)- 1 -( 1 -methylpi peri din-3 -yl )- ZH-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridazine (170.0 mg, 0.42 mmol, 1.0 eq.) was dissolved in 4M HCi MeOH solution (5 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred for 16 h at rt. The resulting solution was neutralized with NH3 in MeOH. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by prep.
• Monocytic THP-1 cells (ATCC: TIB-202) were maintained in growth media consisting ofRPMI 1640 medium (ThermoFisher, Cat# 11875-085), 10% FBS (ThermoFisher) and 0.05mM P-mercaptoethanol (ThermoFisher, Cat# 21985-023), according to the provider’s instructions.
• the cell concentration was adjusted to 7.5x10 5 cells/mL and plated in complete growth media with a final concentration of 1 OOng/mL phorbol 12-myristate 13 -acetate (PMA, Sigma #P8139).
• Cells were seeded at lOOpL/well into a 96-well cell culture plate (ThermoFisher Cat#165305) and allowed to differentiate for 24 h in a cell culture incubator at 37°C with 5% CO2. Cells were washed lx with 100ul PBS and replaced with fresh RPMI + 5% FBS. Compounds were serial diluted in DMSO with 3 -fol d dilution for a total of 7 concentrations.
• Diluted compounds were added to the cells at a ratio of 1 :200 and incubated for 20 h.
• the NLRP3 inflammasome was activated with the addition of 2.5 pM Nigericin (Sigma: Cat# SML1779-lml), for 3 h.
• 15uL of conditioned media was removed and assayed for levels of IL-1 p using the HTRF IL-1 p assay kit (Ci sbio: Cat# 62HIL1BPEH) as per the manufacturer’s instructions.

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