Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23K—FODDER
  • A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
  • A23K20/10—Organic substances
  • A23K20/105—Aliphatic or alicyclic compounds
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23K—FODDER
  • A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
  • A23K20/10—Organic substances
  • A23K20/111—Aromatic compounds
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23K—FODDER
  • A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
  • A23K50/70—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for birds
  • A23K50/75—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for birds for poultry

Definitions

• the invention is directed towards a method of improving the performance and/or health (e.g., growth performance, such as, for example, by providing an improved feed conversion ratio (“FCR”)) of poultry and other livestock by use of an animal feed including liquid smoke or animal feed additive including liquid smoke.
• the animal feed/feed additive may be non-antibiotic, plant-based, and suitable for use in organic feeds.
• the animal feed/ feed additive represents a solution with low environmental impact and follow principals of circular economy.
• Enteric diseases are caused by micro-organisms such as viruses, bacteria and parasites that cause intestinal illness and cost the poultry and livestock industry billions of dollars annually.
• An unhealthy or dysfunctional intestinal environment can allow pathogens and/or biotoxins to reach the systemic circulation and may have a negative impact on multiple physiological systems of poultry and livestock.
• necrotic enteritis (“NE”), which is a multifactorial enteric disease.
• Enteric diseases are typically managed using antibiotics. Indeed, NE and related diseases are an important reason for the use of antibiotic growth promoters (“AGP”) for example., bacitracin methylene disalicylate (BMD) in the production of poultry and other livestock.
• AGP antibiotic growth promoters
• BMD bacitracin methylene disalicylate
• Antimicrobials i.e., antibiotics
• AGP Antimicrobials
• AGP Antimicrobials
• models of NE are often used for the evaluation interventions intended to serve as alternatives to antibiotics.
• Alternatives to AGP are widely used in feed to improve animal growth performance and through multiple potential modes of action.
• Alternatives may be based on microbial agents that can be susceptible to storage and/or feed processing conditions, as well as conditions along the gastrointestinal tract of animals, that may influence their viability and/or efficacy in application.
• Other alternatives can be based on chemical-synthesis of compounds, some of which may be hazardous for the handler and/or hardware.
• the above-mentioned technologies may result from highly intensive technological processes, with inputs for raw materials of first origin (vs by-product).
• improvements in animal feeds to enable animals (e.g., poultry and livestock) to digest feed more efficiently are constantly being sought.
• one of the main concerns is to improve the feed conversion ratio (“FCR”) of a feed without increasing its cost per unit weight.
• FCR feed conversion ratio
• EP0704167A1 which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, relates to an enzyme feed additive and an animal feed containing an additive, and in particular to such an additive which can decrease the feed conversion ratio of a cereal-based animal feed.
• the EP ’167 application explains that there are various constraints on the digestibility of the nutritional components of a feed such as its starch, fat, protein and amino acid contents, which include (i) the viscosity of materials present in the animal’s gut; (ii) entrapment of nutrients within the cell walls of the feed, particularly those of the aleurone layer in cereals; and (iii) a deficiency in endogenous enzyme activity, both of the animal and of the gut microbial population particularly in a young animal, and which the EP ’167 application indicates are problems that interfere with digestibility are particularly noticeable in the case of cereal-based diets, such as those having a high wheat content.
• Natural smoke flavor has been utilized in food as a “flavor” and/or “aroma” enhancer, such as, for example, in meat, fish, sauces, soups, spices, pet food, and pet treats. Natural smoke extract(s) are known to have antimicrobial properties. In an in vitro study reported by Cosby, D.
• the carbonyl fraction has a protentional to serve as a natural anti-microbial to reduce salmonellae in foodborne/feed application where the smoke flavor is desired.
• the use of natural smoke is not common practice in monogastric animal nutrition, particularly with respect to poultry and livestock. Further, the use of liquid smoke as a total or partial replacement to antibiotic-based growth promoters has not been considered by this industry.
• natural smoke flavor was not used, and was not envisioned for use, as an additive for an animal feed for improving the performance and/or health of poultry and other livestock.
• the present invention provides an animal feed or feed additive that contains liquid smoke for addressing one or more of the needs summarized above.
• the present invention provides an animal feed or feed additive that contains liquid smoke for promoting gastrointestinal / digestive health when administered in-feed to production food animals such as poultry and livestock.
• the present invention provides an animal feed or feed additive that contains liquid smoke for improving productivity when administered in-feed to production food animals such as poultry and livestock.
• the present invention provides an animal feed or feed additive that contains liquid smoke for promoting growth performance when administered in-feed to production food animals such as poultry and livestock.
• the present invention provides an animal feed or feed additive that contains liquid smoke for promoting overall health when administered in-feed to production food animals such as poultry and livestock.
• the present invention provides an animal feed or feed additive that contains liquid smoke for mitigating disease when administered in-feed to production food animals such as poultry and livestock.
• promoting growth performance includes, for example, improving body weight gain and/or improving feed efficiency (e.g., Feed Conversion Ratio).
• the use of the feed or feed additive including liquid smoke may, for example, facilitate the control and/or modulation of pathogens of relevance to the animal feed industry.
• the use of the feed or feed additive including liquid smoke may, for example, result in improved body weight gain and/or feed conversion ratio in monogastric animals.
• the use of the feed or feed additive including liquid smoke may, for example, reduce the use of AGP in feed applications.
• the use of the feed or feed additive including liquid smoke may, for example, offer a sustainable technology based on circular economy principles to the animal feed and animal food production industries.
• the use of the feed or feed additive including liquid smoke may, for example, increase the sustainability of animal production by optimizing one or more of gut homeostasis, nutrient retention, and feed usage.
• the liquid smoke may be unfractionated or include various fractions obtained from the pyrolysis of biomass by known methods.
• the liquid smoke is plant-based. In one aspect, the liquid smoke is suitable for use in organic feeds. In one aspect, the liquid smoke may have, for example, a titratable acidity of about 1% to about 15%. In one aspect, the liquid smoke may have, for example, carbonyls in an amount of from about 1 wt% to about 40 wt%. In one aspect, the liquid smoke may have, for example, phenolics in an amount of from about 0 mg/ml to 500 mg/ml. In one aspect, the feed or feed additive that contains liquid smoke may be non-antibiotic (e.g., in some aspects the feed or feed additive contains no conventional antibiotic growth promoter, such as BMD).
• BMD conventional antibiotic growth promoter
• the feed or feed additive that contains liquid smoke may be non-microbial based. In one aspect, the feed or feed additive that contains liquid smoke may be non-chemical (vs formaldehyde). In one aspect, the feed or feed additive that contains liquid smoke may be substantially or entirely plant based. In one aspect, the feed or feed additive that contains liquid smoke may be suitable for use in organic feeds. In one aspect, the feed or feed additive that contains liquid smoke may have shelf-life stability. In one aspect, the feed or feed additive that contains liquid smoke may have high temperature stability. In one aspect, the feed or feed additive that contains liquid smoke may align with circular economy and sustainability principals.
• the present invention provides a method of administering to an animal (e.g., poultry or livestock) an effective amount of a feed or feed additive that contains liquid smoke for addressing one or more of the needs summarized above.
• the present invention provides a method of administering to an animal (e.g., poultry or livestock) an effective amount of a feed or feed additive that contains liquid smoke for promoting gastrointestinal / digestive health.
• the present invention provides a method of administering to an animal (e.g., poultry or livestock) an effective amount of a feed or feed additive that contains liquid smoke for improving productivity.
• the present invention provides a method of administering to an animal (e.g., poultry or livestock) an effective amount of a feed or feed additive that contains liquid smoke for promoting growth performance. In one aspect, the present invention provides a method of administering to an animal (e.g., poultry or livestock) an effective amount of a feed or feed additive that contains liquid smoke for promoting overall health. In one aspect, the present invention provides a method of administering to an animal (e.g., poultry or livestock) an effective amount of a feed or feed additive that contains liquid smoke for mitigating disease.
• the present invention provides a method of administering to an animal (e.g., poultry or livestock) an effective amount of a feed or feed additive that contains liquid smoke for improving body weight gain and/or improving feed efficiency (e.g., FCR).
• a feed or feed additive that contains liquid smoke for improving body weight gain and/or improving feed efficiency (e.g., FCR).
• the present invention provides a method of administering to an animal (e.g., poultry or livestock) an effective amount of a feed or feed additive that contains liquid smoke for controlling/modulating the growth of pathogens of relevance to the animal feed industry.
• the present invention provides a method of administering to an animal (e.g., poultry or livestock) an effective amount of a feed or feed additive that contains liquid smoke for improving body weight gain and/or FCR.
• the present invention provides a method of administering to an animal (e.g., poultry or livestock) an effective amount of a feed or feed additive that contains liquid smoke for influencing the microbial quality of food products derived from animal production industries.
• the present invention provides a method of administering to an animal (e.g., poultry or livestock) an effective amount of a feed or feed additive that contains liquid smoke for reducing the dependency on AGP.
• the present invention provides a method of administering to an animal (e.g., poultry or livestock) an effective amount of a feed or feed additive that contains liquid smoke for minimizing the risk of microbial resistance.
• the present invention provides a method of administering to an animal (e.g., poultry or livestock) an effective amount of a feed or feed additive that contains liquid smoke for totally or partially replacing antibiotic-based growth promoters.
• the present invention provides a method of administering to an animal (e.g., poultry or livestock) under a situation of stress an effective amount of a feed or feed additive that contains liquid smoke for treating the situation of stress.
• the present invention provides a method of administering to an animal (e.g., poultry or livestock) suffering from an enteric disease (e.g., necrotic enteritis (NE)) an effective amount of a feed or feed additive that contains liquid smoke for treating the enteric disease.
• an enteric disease e.g., necrotic enteritis (NE)
• the present invention provides a method of administering to an animal (e.g., poultry or livestock) in need of treatment for an enteric disease an effective amount of a feed or feed additive that contains liquid smoke.
• the method of the present invention may include, for example, an additional step of identifying an animal suffering from an enteric disease.
• the animal may be a monogastric.
• the animal may be poultry, such as, for example, broilers, layers, or turkeys.
• the animal may be swine/pig, such as, for example, sow, nursery, grower, finisher, or fattener.
• the feed may contain, for example, from about 50 ppm to about 25,000 ppm of the liquid smoke.
• the feed may contain, for example, from about 100 ppm to 10,000 ppm of the liquid smoke. In some aspects, the feed may contain, for example, from about 0.001 wt% to about 5 wt% of the liquid smoke when a total weight of the feed and liquid smoke is considered to be 100 wt%. In other aspects, the feed may contain, for example, from about 0.01 wt% to about 1 wt% of the liquid smoke (e.g., about 0.02% wt/wt). Some embodiments of the present invention comprise a method for improving productivity in poultry or livestock, comprising: administering a feed or feed additive comprising (or containing) an effective amount of a liquid smoke to poultry or livestock in need thereof.
• the liquid smoke refers to a liquid smoke composition.
• Some embodiments of the present invention comprise a method for improving productivity in poultry or livestock, comprising: administering a feed additive comprising (or containing) an effective amount of a liquid smoke to poultry or livestock in need thereof.
• the method comprises administering a feed comprising the feed additive.
• the method is for promoting growth performance in the poultry or livestock.
• the productivity is growth performance in the poultry or livestock.
• the method is for improving feed conversion ratio in the poultry or livestock.
• the productivity is feed conversion ratio in the poultry or livestock.
• the feed additive does not comprise an antibiotic-based growth promoter.
• the antibiotic-based growth promoter is bacitracin methylene disalicylate (BMD).
• the feed additive does not comprise bacitracin methylene disalicylate (BMD).
• the liquid smoke is obtained from the pyrolysis of biomass, optionally wherein the biomass is hardwood sawdust.
• the liquid smoke has a titratable acidity of about 0 to about 15 weight % as acetic acid.
• the liquid smoke has a titratable acidity of about 1 to about 15 weight % as acetic acid.
• the liquid smoke has a titratable acidity of about 9 to about 13 weight % as acetic acid; or the liquid smoke has a titratable acidity of about 1.0 to about 1.5 weight % as acetic acid.
• the liquid smoke comprises carbonyls at a concentration of about 0 g/100ml to about 40 g/100ml. Further optionally, the liquid smoke comprises carbonyls at a concentration of about 1 g/100ml to about 40 g/100ml.
• the liquid smoke comprises carbonyls at a concentration of about 17 g/100ml to about 23 g/100ml; or the liquid smoke comprises carbonyls at a concentration of about 30 g/100ml to about 40 g/100ml.
• the liquid smoke comprises phenolics at a concentration of about 1 mg/ml to about 50 mg/ml.
• the liquid smoke comprises phenolics at a concentration of about 14 mg/ml to about 20 mg/ml; or the liquid smoke comprises phenolics at a concentration of about 32 mg/ml to about 42 mg/ml.
• the liquid smoke has a titratable acidity of about 0 weight % as acetic acid, and the liquid smoke comprises carbonyls at a concentration of about 0 g/100ml, and the liquid smoke comprises phenolics at a concentration of about 32 mg/ml to about 42 mg/ml.
• the liquid smoke has a titratable acidity of about 1.0 to 1.5 weight % as acetic acid, and the liquid smoke comprises carbonyls at a concentration of about 30 g/100ml to about 40 g/100ml, and the liquid smoke comprises phenolics at a concentration of greater than about 1 mg/ml.
• the liquid smoke has a titratable acidity of about 9 to 13 weight % as acetic acid, and the liquid smoke comprises carbonyls at a concentration of about 17 g/100ml to about 23 g/100ml, and the liquid smoke comprises phenolics at a concentration of about 14 mg/ml to about 20 mg/ml.
• the productivity is body weight gain in the poultry or livestock.
• administering the feed additive comprises administering a feed comprising the feed additive; optionally wherein the feed comprises liquid smoke at a concentration of about 50 ppm to about 25,000 ppm, further optionally wherein the feed comprises liquid smoke at a concentration of about 0.001 wt% to about 5 wt%.
• the feed does not comprise an antibiotic-based growth promoter.
• the antibiotic-based growth promoter is bacitracin methylene disalicylate (BMD).
• the feed does not comprise bacitracin methylene disalicylate (BMD).
• the method is a non-therapeutic method for promoting gastrointestinal health in the poultry or livestock, optionally by maintaining the level of Lactobacillus spp. and/or maintaining the level of total Eubacteria in the gastrointestinal tract of the poultry or livestock. Further optionally, the method is for maintaining the level of Lactobacillus spp. in the gastrointestinal tract of the poultry or livestock.
• the Lactobacillus spp. comprise (or consist of) L. salivarius, L.
• the method is for controlling/modulating the growth of pathogens in the poultry or livestock, for example in the gastrointestinal tract of the poultry or livestock.
• the pathogens comprise (or consist of) E. coli and/or Clostridium perfringens.
• the gastrointestinal tract refers to the ileum and/or the cecum.
• the method is a non-therapeutic method.
• the method can be conducted on healthy animals (e.g. poultry or livestock), wherein there is no return to a normal, healthy state from a pathological state or prevention of a pathological state.
• the method is not concerned with bringing the body from a pathological state back into its normal, healthy state or preventing a pathological state.
• the method can be conducted on animals (e.g. poultry or livestock) having a disease or otherwise in a pathological state, wherein there is a return to a normal, healthy state from a pathological state or prevention of a pathological state.
• the method is concerned with bringing the body from a pathological state back into its normal, healthy state or preventing a pathological state.
• the method can be conducted on animals (e.g. poultry or livestock) at risk of disease, wherein the method has a prophylactic effect.
• Some embodiments of the present invention comprise a method for promoting overall health in poultry or livestock, comprising: administering a feed or feed additive containing an effective amount of a liquid smoke composition to poultry or livestock in need thereof. Some embodiments of the present invention comprise a method for promoting overall health in poultry or livestock, comprising: administering a feed or feed additive comprising the liquid smoke composition to poultry or livestock in need thereof. Some embodiments of the present invention comprise a method for promoting overall health in poultry or livestock, comprising: administering a feed additive comprising the liquid smoke composition to poultry or livestock in need thereof. Optionally, the method is for mitigating disease in poultry or livestock.
• the method is for the treatment of an enteric disease in the poultry or livestock, optionally wherein the enteric disease is necrotic enteritis.
• the liquid smoke composition is obtained from the pyrolysis of biomass, optionally wherein the biomass is hardwood sawdust.
• the liquid smoke composition has a titratable acidity of about 0 to about 15 weight % as acetic acid.
• the liquid smoke composition has a titratable acidity of about 1 to about 15 weight % as acetic acid.
• the liquid smoke composition has a titratable acidity of about 9 to about 13 weight % as acetic acid; or the liquid smoke composition has a titratable acidity of about 1.0 to about 1.5 weight % as acetic acid.
• the liquid smoke composition comprises carbonyls at a concentration of about 0 g/100ml to about 40 g/100ml. Further optionally, the liquid smoke composition comprises carbonyls at a concentration of about 1 g/100ml to about 40 g/100ml.
• the liquid smoke composition comprises carbonyls at a concentration of about 17 g/100ml to about 23 g/100ml; or the liquid smoke composition comprises carbonyls at a concentration of about 30 g/100ml to about 40 g/100ml.
• the liquid smoke composition comprises phenolics at a concentration of about 1 mg/ml to about 50 mg/ml.
• the liquid smoke composition comprises phenolics at a concentration of about 14 mg/ml to about 20 mg/ml; or the liquid smoke composition comprises phenolics at a concentration of about 32 mg/ml to about 42 mg/ml.
• the liquid smoke composition has a titratable acidity of about 0 weight % as acetic acid, and the liquid smoke composition comprises carbonyls at a concentration of about 0 g/100ml, and the liquid smoke composition comprises phenolics at a concentration of about 32 mg/ml to about 42 mg/ml.
• the liquid smoke composition has a titratable acidity of about 1.0 to 1.5 weight % as acetic acid, and the liquid smoke composition comprises carbonyls at a concentration of about 30 g/100ml to about 40 g/100ml, and the liquid smoke composition comprises phenolics at a concentration of greater than about 1 mg/ml.
• the liquid smoke composition has a titratable acidity of about 9 to 13 weight % as acetic acid, and the liquid smoke composition comprises carbonyls at a concentration of about 17 g/100ml to about 23 g/100ml, and the liquid smoke composition comprises phenolics at a concentration of about 14 mg/ml to about 20 mg/ml.
• administering the feed additive comprises administering a feed comprising the feed additive, optionally wherein the feed comprises liquid smoke at a concentration of about 50 ppm to about 25,000 ppm, further optionally wherein the feed comprises liquid smoke at a concentration of about 0.001 wt% to about 5 wt%.
• administering the feed additive comprises administering a feed comprising the feed additive, optionally wherein the feed comprises the liquid smoke composition at a concentration of about 50 ppm to about 25,000 ppm, further optionally wherein the feed comprises the liquid smoke composition at a concentration of about 0.001 wt% to about 5 wt%.
• the feed additive and/or the feed does not comprise an antibiotic-based growth promoter.
• the antibiotic- based growth promoter is bacitracin methylene disalicylate (BMD).
• BMD bacitracin methylene disalicylate
• the feed additive and/or the feed does not comprise bacitracin methylene disalicylate (BMD).
• the method is for promoting gastrointestinal health in the poultry or livestock, optionally by maintaining the level of Lactobacillus spp. in the gastrointestinal tract of the poultry or livestock.
• the method is for promoting gastrointestinal health in the poultry or livestock, optionally by maintaining the level of Lactobacillus spp. and/or maintaining the level of total Eubacteria in the gastrointestinal tract of the poultry or livestock.
• the method is for maintaining the level of Lactobacillus spp. in the gastrointestinal tract of the poultry or livestock.
• the Lactobacillus spp. comprise (or consist of) L. salivarius, L. reuteri, and/or L. crispatus.
• the method is for controlling/modulating the growth of pathogens in the poultry or livestock, for example in the gastrointestinal tract of the poultry or livestock.
• the pathogens comprise (or consist of) E. coli and/or Clostridium perfringens.
• the gastrointestinal tract refers to the ileum and/or the cecum.
• Some embodiments of the present invention comprise use of liquid smoke in the manufacture of a medicament for mitigating disease in poultry or livestock.
• the medicament is for the treatment of an enteric disease in the poultry or livestock, optionally wherein the enteric disease is necrotic enteritis.
• the liquid smoke composition is obtained from the pyrolysis of biomass, optionally wherein the biomass is hardwood sawdust.
• the liquid smoke composition has a titratable acidity of about 0 to about 15 weight % as acetic acid.
• the liquid smoke composition has a titratable acidity of about 1 to about 15 weight % as acetic acid.
• the liquid smoke composition has a titratable acidity of about 9 to about 13 weight % as acetic acid; or the liquid smoke composition has a titratable acidity of about 1.0 to about 1.5 weight % as acetic acid.
• the liquid smoke composition comprises carbonyls at a concentration of about 0 g/100ml to about 40 g/100ml. Further optionally, the liquid smoke composition comprises carbonyls at a concentration of about 1 g/100ml to about 40 g/100ml.
• the liquid smoke composition comprises carbonyls at a concentration of about 17 g/100ml to about 23 g/100ml; or the liquid smoke composition comprises carbonyls at a concentration of about 30 g/100ml to about 40 g/100ml.
• the liquid smoke composition comprises phenolics at a concentration of about 1 mg/ml to about 50 mg/ml.
• the liquid smoke composition comprises phenolics at a concentration of about 14 mg/ml to about 20 mg/ml; or the liquid smoke composition comprises phenolics at a concentration of about 32 mg/ml to about 42 mg/ml.
• the liquid smoke composition has a titratable acidity of about 0 weight % as acetic acid, and the liquid smoke composition comprises carbonyls at a concentration of about 0 g/100ml, and the liquid smoke composition comprises phenolics at a concentration of about 32 mg/ml to about 42 mg/ml.
• the liquid smoke composition has a titratable acidity of about 1.0 to 1.5 weight % as acetic acid, and the liquid smoke composition comprises carbonyls at a concentration of about 30 g/100ml to about 40 g/100ml, and the liquid smoke composition comprises phenolics at a concentration of greater than about 1 mg/ml.
• the liquid smoke composition has a titratable acidity of about 9 to 13 weight % as acetic acid, and the liquid smoke composition comprises carbonyls at a concentration of about 17 g/100ml to about 23 g/100ml, and the liquid smoke composition comprises phenolics at a concentration of about 14 mg/ml to about 20 mg/ml.
• the medicament, the feed additive and/or the feed does not comprise an antibiotic-based growth promoter.
• the antibiotic-based growth promoter is bacitracin methylene disalicylate (BMD).
• BMD bacitracin methylene disalicylate
• the medicament, the feed additive and/or the feed does not comprise bacitracin methylene disalicylate (BMD).
• the medicament is for promoting gastrointestinal health in the poultry or livestock, optionally by maintaining the level of Lactobacillus spp. in the gastrointestinal tract of the poultry or livestock.
• the medicament is for promoting gastrointestinal health in the poultry or livestock, optionally by maintaining the level of Lactobacillus spp. and/or maintaining the level of total Eubacteria in the gastrointestinal tract of the poultry or livestock.
• the medicament is for maintaining the level of Lactobacillus spp. in the gastrointestinal tract of the poultry or livestock.
• the Lactobacillus spp. comprise (or consist of) L. salivarius, L. reuteri, and/or L. crispatus.
• the medicament is for controlling/modulating the growth of pathogens in the poultry or livestock, for example in the gastrointestinal tract of the poultry or livestock.
• the pathogens comprise (or consist of) E. coli and/or Clostridium perfringens.
• the gastrointestinal tract refers to the ileum and/or the cecum.
• the liquid smoke composition has a titratable acidity of about 0 to about 15 weight % as acetic acid. Further optionally, the liquid smoke composition has a titratable acidity of about 1 to about 15 weight % as acetic acid. Optionally, the liquid smoke composition has a titratable acidity of about 9 to about 13 weight % as acetic acid; or the liquid smoke composition has a titratable acidity of about 1.0 to about 1.5 weight % as acetic acid.
• the liquid smoke composition comprises carbonyls at a concentration of about 0 g/100ml to about 40 g/100ml.
• the liquid smoke composition comprises carbonyls at a concentration of about 1 g/100ml to about 40 g/100ml. Further optionally, the liquid smoke composition comprises carbonyls at a concentration of about 17 g/100ml to about 23 g/100ml; or the liquid smoke composition comprises carbonyls at a concentration of about 30 g/100ml to about 40 g/100ml. Optionally, the liquid smoke composition comprises phenolics at a concentration of about 1 mg/ml to about 50 mg/ml.
• the liquid smoke composition has a titratable acidity of about 1.0 to 1.5 weight % as acetic acid, and the liquid smoke composition comprises carbonyls at a concentration of about 30 g/100ml to about 40 g/100ml, and the liquid smoke composition comprises phenolics at a concentration of greater than about 1 mg/ml.
• the liquid smoke composition has a titratable acidity of about 9 to 13 weight % as acetic acid, and the liquid smoke composition comprises carbonyls at a concentration of about 17 g/100ml to about 23 g/100ml, and the liquid smoke composition comprises phenolics at a concentration of about 14 mg/ml to about 20 mg/ml.
• administering the feed additive comprises administering a feed comprising the feed additive, optionally wherein the feed comprises liquid smoke at a concentration of about 50 ppm to about 25,000 ppm, further optionally wherein the feed comprises liquid smoke at a concentration of about 0.001 wt% to about 5 wt%.
• administering the feed additive comprises administering a feed comprising the feed additive, optionally wherein the feed comprises the liquid smoke composition at a concentration of about 50 ppm to about 25,000 ppm, further optionally wherein the feed comprises the liquid smoke composition at a concentration of about 0.001 wt% to about 5 wt%.
• the feed additive and/or the feed does not comprise an antibiotic-based growth promoter.
• the antibiotic- based growth promoter is bacitracin methylene disalicylate (BMD).
• the feed additive and/or the feed does not comprise bacitracin methylene disalicylate (BMD).
• the method is for promoting gastrointestinal health in the poultry or livestock, optionally by maintaining the level of Lactobacillus spp. in the gastrointestinal tract of the poultry or livestock.
• the method is for promoting gastrointestinal health in the poultry or livestock, optionally by maintaining the level of Lactobacillus spp. and/or maintaining the level of total Eubacteria in the gastrointestinal tract of the poultry or livestock. Further optionally, the method is for maintaining the level of Lactobacillus spp.
• the Lactobacillus spp. comprise (or consist of) L. salivarius, L. reuteri, and/or L. crispatus.
• the method is for controlling/modulating the growth of pathogens in the poultry or livestock, for example in the gastrointestinal tract of the poultry or livestock.
• the pathogens comprise (or consist of) E. coli and/or Clostridium perfringens.
• the gastrointestinal tract refers to the ileum and/or the cecum.
• a method for promoting gastrointestinal health in poultry or livestock comprising: administering a feed or feed additive containing an effective amount of a liquid smoke to poultry or livestock in need thereof.
• Statement 2. A method for improving productivity in poultry or livestock, comprising: administering a feed or feed additive containing an effective amount of a liquid smoke to poultry or livestock in need thereof.
• Statement 3. A method for promoting growth performance in poultry or livestock, comprising: administering a feed or feed additive containing an effective amount of a liquid smoke to poultry or livestock in need thereof.
• Statement 4. A method for promoting overall health in poultry or livestock, comprising: administering a feed or feed additive containing an effective amount of a liquid smoke to poultry or livestock in need thereof.
• a method for mitigating disease in poultry or livestock comprising: administering a feed or feed additive containing an effective amount of a liquid smoke to poultry or livestock in need thereof.
• Statement 6. A method for improving body weight gain and/or feed efficiency in poultry or livestock, comprising: administering a feed or feed additive containing an effective amount of a liquid smoke to poultry or livestock in need thereof.
• Statement 7. A method for controlling/modulating the growth of pathogens in poultry or livestock, comprising: administering a feed or feed additive containing an effective amount of a liquid smoke to poultry or livestock in need thereof.
• Statement 8. A method for improving FCR in poultry or livestock, comprising: administering a feed or feed additive containing an effective amount of a liquid smoke to poultry or livestock in need thereof.
• the liquid smoke has a titratable acidity of about 1% to about 15%.
• Statement 16 The method according to any preceding statement, wherein the liquid smoke has carbonyls in an amount of from about 1 wt% to about 40 wt%.
• Statement 17. The method according to any preceding statement, wherein the liquid smoke has phenolics in an amount of from about 0 mg/ml to about 50 mg/ml.
• Statement 18. The method according to any preceding statement, wherein the poultry or livestock are administered from about 50 ppm to about 25,000 ppm of the liquid smoke.
• Statement 19 The method according to any preceding statement, wherein the poultry or livestock are administered from about 0.001 wt% to about 5 wt% .
• any numerical range may also be replaced with the upper or lower value of another numerical range, respectively.
• the upper and/or the lower value of a numerical range may also be replaced with any value described in the Examples below.
• “about,” “approximately,” “substantially,” and “significantly” will be understood by a person of ordinary skill in the art and will vary in some extent depending on the context in which they are used.
• liquid smoke refers to “liquid smoke composition”.
• phenolics refers to phenolic compounds or phenol.
• titratable acidity is described in % units, which can be referenced as weight % as acetic acid.
• Liquid smoke is also referred to, for example, as natural smoke flavor and/or natural liquid smoke fraction(s) and/or natural smoke extract(s) and/or liquid smoke flavor.
• Liquid smoke compositions are known in the art. For example, U.S.
• Patent Application Publication No.2020/0085087 to Joseph Toraason and Richard Landay which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, provides examples of certain types of liquid smoke compositions, including aqueous liquid smokes, oil-soluble smokes, and dry smoke powders.
• US ’087 discloses that preferred liquid smoke compositions are aqueous smokes, which may include, for example, primary smokes, concentrated smokes, and buffered/neutral smokes.
• Natural smoke flavor may be a composition obtained from the pyrolysis of biomass (for example, the pyrolysis of wood or plant material, including, for example, hardwood sawdust, other plant-based material of products, or material refined from plant material, such as sugar) by a known method for producing liquid smoke.
• the fractions of natural smoke flavor may be separated from the other components of the natural smoke flavor to provide a composition rich in certain compounds.
• Liquid smoke compositions obtained, for example, from pyrolysis of hardwood sawdust contain constituents primarily from the thermal degradation of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin.
• U.S. Patent No.3,106,473 to Hollenbeck incorporated by reference herein in its entirety, describes a typical commercial preparation of liquid smoke compositions for surface applications to foodstuffs. As described in US ’473, the commercial production of liquid smoke compositions may begin with smoke made by pyrolysis and limited combustion of wood. Pyrolysis produces condensable liquids, non-condensable gases, and solids in varying proportions, depending on reaction conditions.
• the condensable liquids from pyrolyzed wood can be further sub-divided into water soluble organics and water insoluble tars. After pyrolysis or combustion, the smoke is subsequently collected and fed through a column countercurrent to the flow of recirculating water. The resulting dilution of the condensable smoke components in water results in the removal of undesired tars and water insoluble components. Further refinement of the liquid solution is needed to isolate the water soluble organics, which contain the liquid smoke compositions used for flavoring and coloring applications.
• Liquid smoke compositions in the art have been produced through different methodologies, including, for example, calciner and Rapid Thermal Processing (referred to as “RTP”) methods.
• RTP Rapid Thermal Processing
• Patent No.3,873,741 to Irving Melcer and Louis Sair which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, describes the calciner methodology.
• US Patent No. 4,876,108 to Underwood and Graham provides a description of this methodology and is also incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
• Liquid smoke compositions used for flavoring and coloring applications are complex and variable mixtures of chemicals and include over 400 chemical compounds.
• An exemplary summary of constituents found in liquid smoke is provided by Maga in “Smoke in Food Processing” CRC Press, pp.61-68 (1968), which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
• the color and flavor chemistry of liquid smoke compositions is highly complex as evidenced by the over 400 compounds identified as constituents of these compositions.
• liquid smoke compositions are characterized by their content of certain classes of compounds, namely, acids, carbonyls, and phenols.
• the conventional understanding is that the phenols are primarily flavoring and aroma compounds, the carbonyls are mainly responsible for surface coloration, and acids are principally preservatives and pH controlling agents. Acids and carbonyls also make secondary contributions to flavor and may enhance surface characteristics of smoked meat products.
• the organic acid compounds may, for example, consist essentially of acetic acid but may also include propionic and other organic acid compounds.
• the carbonyls may consist essentially of glycolaldehyde, acetol, and a wide variety of other carbonyl compounds.
• the phenolic fraction may contain many phenolic compounds (also referred to herein as phenolics), such as, but not limited to, 2- methoxyphenol (guaiacol), 2,6-dimethoxyphenol, 3,4-dimethoxy-4- hydroxytoluene/Vanillic acid, Creosol, Ethanone, 1-(2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl), Furfural, 4- ethyl-2-methoxyphenol, 2,6- dimethoxy-4-(2-propenyl)-phenol, 9-Actadecenoic acid (Z)-, 2,3- bis(acetyloxy)propyl ester, 3- methylphenol (m-cresol).
• phenolic compounds also referred to herein as phenolics
• the functional groups of the liquid smoke of the present invention that have shown to be most beneficial, as for improving the productivity of poultry and other livestock, are the carbonyls and the organic acids.
• the liquid smoke of the present invention may have, for example, a titratable acidity of about 1% to about 15%.
• the liquid smoke of the present invention may have, for example, carbonyls in an amount of from about 1 wt% to about 40 wt%.
• the liquid smoke of the present invention may have, for example, phenolics in an amount of from about 0 mg/ml to about 500 mg/ml. In some aspects, the amount of the phenolics is from about 1 mg/ml to about 50 mg/ml.
• the upper value of the phenolics is not particularly limited and may be varied for providing other benefits to the animal feed than improved productivity.
• the separation of the natural smoke flavor to obtain a composition rich in the organic acid and carbonyl fraction may be done via liquid/liquid extraction with a suitable extractant or a variety of other known processes for performing this function.
• the pH of the liquid smoke is not particularly limited.
• the pH may be acidic or basic.
• the pH may be, for example, from about 2 to about 13.5.
• the pH may be, for example, from about 2 to 6.
• the animal feed additive of the present invention includes the liquid smoke of the present invention.
• the animal feed additive may consist essentially of the liquid smoke.
• the animal feed additive may consist of the liquid smoke (i.e., the animal feed additive is the liquid smoke).
• the animal feed additive may include one or more of additional components in mixture with the liquid smoke and are not particularly limited. Any such additives may include, of course, conventional feed additives and/or additive(s) having one or more of the same functions described herein for the use of the liquid smoke (e.g., improving FCR, improving the digestive health, etc.).
• Known additives include, for example, a preservative, an antioxidant, mixed tocopherols, rosemary extract, green tea, acerola extract, acetylated monoglycerides (as an example carrier or incidental additive), vegetable oil, silicon dioxide, enzymes, and citric acid.
• the animal feed additive includes any known feed for an animal (e.g., poultry or livestock) in combination with the animal feed additive of the present invention, or may simply be any feed for poultry or livestock in which the liquid smoke of the present invention has been added.
• the feed may consist essentially of, or may consist, of the liquid smoke.
• Feeds include, for example, (i) cereal grains and their by-products (e.g., barley, corn, oats, rye, sorghums, etc.), which may be whole or ground, and why may be mixed with high-protein oil meals or other by-products, minerals, and vitamins; (ii) high-protein meals (e.g., processed vegetable seeds, such as, for example, soybeans, peanuts (groundnuts), flaxseed (linseed), canola, cottonseed, coconuts, oil palm, sunflower, etc.); (iii) by-products of sugar beets and sugarcane; and (iv) other by-product feeds (e.g., residues from commercial processing of cereal grains, such as, for example, from the milling of wheat; bakery wastes; rice bran and rice hulls; corn gluten feed, corn gluten meal, and hominy feed; brewer’s grains, corn distillers’ grains and
• the feed for an animal may comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of an energy source and a protein source.
• a protein source is not particularly limited and may, for example, be selected from soybean, wild soybean, beans, lupin, tepary bean, scarlet runner bean, slimjim bean, lima bean, French bean, Broad bean (fava bean), chickpea, lentil, peanut, Spanish peanut, canola, sunflower seed, cotton seed, rapeseed (oilseed rape) or pea or in a processed form such as soybean meal, full fat soy bean meal, soy protein concentrate (SPC), fermented soybean meal (FSBM), sunflower meal, cotton seed meal, rapeseed meal, fish meal, bone meal, feather meal, whey, or any combination thereof.
• the energy source is not particularly limited and may, for example, be selected from maize, corn, sorghum, barley, wheat, oats, rice, triticale, rye, beet, sugar beet, spinach, potato, cassava, quinoa, cabbage, switchgrass, millet, pearl millet, foxtail millet or in a processed form such as milled corn, milled maize, potato starch, cassava starch, milled sorghum, milled switchgrass, milled millet, milled foxtail millet, milled pearl millet, or any combination thereof.
• the feed may, of course, vary based on, for example, type of animal, change of season, and/or changes in the environment of the animal.
• the feed may contain, for example, from about 50 ppm to about 25,000 ppm of the liquid smoke.
• the feed may contain, for example, from about 100 ppm to 10,000 ppm of the liquid smoke.
• the feed may contain, for example, from about 0.001 wt% to about 5 wt% of the liquid smoke when a total weight of the feed and liquid smoke is considered to be 100 wt%.
• the feed may contain, for example, from about 0.01 wt% to about 2 wt% of the liquid smoke (e.g., about 0.02% wt/wt).
• the animal feed additive contains components other than the liquid smoke
• the feed may contain, for example, about 0.001 wt% to about 2 wt% of the animal feed additive when a total weight of the feed and the animal feed additive is considered to be 100 wt%.
• the mixing of the liquid smoke (or animal feed additive containing the liquid smoke) is not particularly limited and any known methods of mixing may be employed.
• the intended animal may be, for example, poultry or other livestock.
• the animal is a mono-gastric animal, e.g., pigs or swine (including, but not limited to, piglets, growing pigs, and sows); poultry (including but not limited to poultry, turkey, duck, quail, guinea fowl, goose, pigeon, squab, chicken, broiler, layer, pullet and chick); pets (including but not limited to cats and dogs); fish (including but not limited to amberjack, arapaima, barb, bass, bluefish, bocachico, bream, bullhead, cachama, carp, catfish, catla, chanos, char, cichlid, cobia, cod, crappie, dorada, drum, eel, goby, goldfish, gourami, grouper, guapote, halibut, java, labeo, lai, loach, mackerel, milkfish, mojarra, mudfish, mullet, paco
• Salmonella is the most common bacterial cause of human foodborne illness in developed countries and is responsible for approximately 1.35 million foodborne infections in the United States annually. This foodborne pathogen is a common inhabitant of the digestive tract of poultry, with poultry being the most common animal source of human foodborne infections by this organism.
• the minimum inhibitory concentration (“MIC”) of 9 smoke fractions against 10 different serovars of Salmonella was evaluated in vitro (Table 1). Three of the liquid smoke fractions inhibited Salmonella growth in vitro at concentrations lower than or equal to ⁇ 1% w/v. Table A1.
• MIC Minimum inhibitory concentration
• Phenol content is described in mg/ml units, and carbonyl content is described in g/100ml units, which can each be referenced as % weight per volume (w/v).
• Example 1 ⁇ Effects of liquid smoke fractions on chickens under acute experimental necrotic enteritis challenge> An acute necrotic enteritis (NE) challenge study was conducted in order to screen several fractions of liquid smoke for potential efficacy as non-antibiotic alternatives to AGP. Broilers were raised in battery cages, administered one of three smoke fractions (K1, K3, and K8) at 3 different concentrations, and subjected to acute NE challenge. Non-challenged, antibiotic-treated, and untreated broilers served as control groups.
• feed conversation ratio (FCR) was significantly improved compared to an untreated control when broilers were treated using liquid smoke fractions, overall. Additionally, FCR was improved to a level similar to treatment with the antibiotic, BMD. Administration of liquid smoke fractions also reduced mortality.
• Feed conversion ratio defined as ratio weight of feed consumed to body weight gain (feed:gain) corrected for mortality. Because feed is the largest cost in the production of poultry and other livestock animals, feed conversion is also used as an indicator of the economic productivity. Lower values for FCR are preferable and indicates the animals are more efficient at converting feed to body weight gain. Generally, healthier animals are more efficient at converting feed to body weight.
• Example 2 ⁇ Effects of liquid smoke fractions on chickens under subacute experimental necrotic enteritis challenge> The effect of liquid smoke extract on indicators of growth performance and health was evaluated in broilers under subacute necrotic enteritis (NE) challenge.
• Crypt Depth (CD): Depth of the intestinal crypts measured from base of the crypt to base of villus. Deeper crypts indicate a greater degree of cell growth to replace villus cells that have been lost. Indicative of the amount of energy/nutrition required to maintain or repair the capacity of the animal to absorb nutrients from the digestive tract. Thus, shallower crypts are preferred.
• VH:CD Villus Height to Crypt Depth ratio
• Short Chain Fatty Acids Short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) are formed in the microbial fermentation of carbohydrates and proteins in anoxic biological systems such as intestinal tract. Total acid concentration indicates the overall fermentation activity. Relative abundance of individual acids indicates the activity of fermentation pathways of each end product.
• Lactic acid The major fermentation product of Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) including Lactobacillus spp. Lactic acid is sometimes fed directly to livestock animals in order to promote GI health and reduce/inhibit human foodborne pathogens in the GI tract.
• Lactobacillus spp. The dominant bacterial genus in the small intestine of warm-blooded animals. Specific strains of Lactobacillus are often administered as probiotics. Populations of Lactobacillus are generally considered to be both beneficial to and a marker of GI health.
• the present invention provides a method for improving productivity in poultry or livestock, and a liquid smoke composition for use in a method for mitigating disease in poultry or livestock, wherein the method comprises: administering a feed additive comprising the liquid smoke composition to poultry or livestock in need thereof.
• the effect of the liquid smoke fractions is a result of the antimicrobial activity in controlling the pathogens involved in the infection model used and/or influencing microbial groups associated with gut homeostasis; together with the antioxidant activity of the product mitigating the oxidative effects of infection-related and general inflammation.
• Our evaluation studies have shown that liquid smoke increases the presence of Lactobacillus spp.
• Lactobacillus may be associated by the improved gut histopathology, since this microbial group is associated with increases in the expression of tight junction protein genes, as well as mucin secretion, all of which contributes positively to better gut structure and barrier function.

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