Classifications

• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
  • G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
  • G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
  • G01R31/367—Software therefor, e.g. for battery testing using modelling or look-up tables
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
  • G06N—COMPUTING ARRANGEMENTS BASED ON SPECIFIC COMPUTATIONAL MODELS
  • G06N20/00—Machine learning
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
  • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
  • B60L58/00—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles
  • B60L58/10—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries
  • B60L58/12—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries responding to state of charge [SoC]
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
  • G01R19/00—Arrangements for measuring currents or voltages or for indicating presence or sign thereof
  • G01R19/0046—Arrangements for measuring currents or voltages or for indicating presence or sign thereof characterised by a specific application or detail not covered by any other subgroup of G01R19/00
  • G01R19/0053—Noise discrimination; Analog sampling; Measuring transients
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
  • G01R19/00—Arrangements for measuring currents or voltages or for indicating presence or sign thereof
  • G01R19/10—Measuring sum, difference or ratio
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
  • G01R19/00—Arrangements for measuring currents or voltages or for indicating presence or sign thereof
  • G01R19/165—Indicating that current or voltage is either above or below a predetermined value or within or outside a predetermined range of values
  • G01R19/16533—Indicating that current or voltage is either above or below a predetermined value or within or outside a predetermined range of values characterised by the application
  • G01R19/16538—Indicating that current or voltage is either above or below a predetermined value or within or outside a predetermined range of values characterised by the application in AC or DC supplies
  • G01R19/16542—Indicating that current or voltage is either above or below a predetermined value or within or outside a predetermined range of values characterised by the application in AC or DC supplies for batteries
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
  • G01R19/00—Arrangements for measuring currents or voltages or for indicating presence or sign thereof
  • G01R19/165—Indicating that current or voltage is either above or below a predetermined value or within or outside a predetermined range of values
  • G01R19/16566—Circuits and arrangements for comparing voltage or current with one or several thresholds and for indicating the result not covered by subgroups G01R19/16504, G01R19/16528, G01R19/16533
  • G01R19/16576—Circuits and arrangements for comparing voltage or current with one or several thresholds and for indicating the result not covered by subgroups G01R19/16504, G01R19/16528, G01R19/16533 comparing DC or AC voltage with one threshold
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
  • G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
  • G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
  • G01R31/374—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC] with means for correcting the measurement for temperature or ageing
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
  • G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
  • G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
  • G01R31/382—Arrangements for monitoring battery or accumulator variables, e.g. SoC
  • G01R31/3842—Arrangements for monitoring battery or accumulator variables, e.g. SoC combining voltage and current measurements
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
  • G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
  • G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
  • G01R31/392—Determining battery ageing or deterioration, e.g. state of health
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
  • G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
  • G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
  • G01R31/396—Acquisition or processing of data for testing or for monitoring individual cells or groups of cells within a battery
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
  • H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
  • H02J—ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
  • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
  • H02J7/80—Circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or for supplying loads from batteries including monitoring or indicating arrangements
  • H02J7/82—Control of state of charge [SOC]
  • H02J7/825—Detection of fully charged condition
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
  • H02J—ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
  • H02J2105/00—Networks for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by their spatial reach or by the load
  • H02J2105/40—Networks for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by their spatial reach or by the load characterised by the loads connecting to the networks or being supplied by the networks
  • H02J2105/44—Portable electronic devices
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
  • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries

Definitions

• the present disclosure relates to a battery diagnosis apparatus and method for non-destructively diagnosing the charge/discharge performance of a battery.
• the actual charge/discharge performance of a battery may fall short of the normal charge/discharge performance due to reasons such as manufacturing defects or deterioration due to use, and it is necessary to accurately diagnose the charge/discharge performance of the battery in order to improve the life and safety of the battery.
• high electric stimulation is naturally more advantageous than low electric stimulation.
• high electric stimulation e.g., high-rate charge or discharge
• the proportion of overpotential in the battery voltage is excessively high. More specifically, as the current flowing through the battery is greater, the polarization phenomenon is generated more, and overpotential is caused by the polarization phenomenon.
• OCV Open Circuit Voltage
• the charge/discharge performance of the battery may be diagnosed more accurately, so overpotential acts as a kind of noise that reduces the diagnostic accuracy. Therefore, the diagnosis result of charge/discharge performance based on the full-cell profile obtained using high electric stimulation may have a significant gap with the actual charge/discharge performance of the battery.
• the present disclosure is designed to solve the problems of the related art, and therefore the present disclosure is directed to providing a battery diagnosis apparatus and battery diagnosis method that may simultaneously shorten the diagnosis time and secure diagnosis accuracy simultaneously by applying a high electric stimulation to a battery to obtaining charge/discharge information ('first target full-cell profile' of the claims) and removing noise caused by overpotential included in the obtained charge/discharge information using a machine learning-based factor correction model.
• a battery diagnosis apparatus comprising: a data obtaining unit configured to obtain a first target full-cell profile representing a correspondence between a capacity factor and a voltage of a target cell while a first electric stimulation is being applied to the target cell, which is a battery cell to be diagnosed; and a control circuit configured to generate an estimated full-cell profile based on the first target full-cell profile and an overpotential profile.
• the control circuit is configured to determine a first performance factor group as a primary estimation result for charge/discharge performance of the target cell by applying a cell diagnosis logic to the estimated full-cell profile, and determine a second performance factor group as a secondary estimation result for the charge/discharge performance of the target cell by applying a factor correction model to the first performance factor group.
• the second performance factor group includes an estimation result of a negative electrode loading amount of the target cell, which is determinable by applying the cell diagnosis logic to a second target full-cell profile representing a correspondence between the capacity factor and the voltage of the target cell while a second electric stimulation, which is different from the first electric stimulation, is being applied.
• the first electric stimulation may be an electric stimulation that induces an overpotential exceeding an allowable level in the target cell
• the second electric stimulation may be an electric stimulation that induces an overpotential less than the allowable level in the target cell
• the first electric stimulation may be charging using a first current rate
• the second electric stimulation may be charging using a second current rate, which is less than the first current rate
• the first electric stimulation may be discharge using a first current rate
• the second electric stimulation may be discharge using a second current rate, which is less than the first current rate
• the overpotential profile may represents a difference between a first reference full-cell profile and a second reference full-cell profile.
• the first reference full-cell profile may represent a correspondence between a capacity factor and a voltage of a reference cell while the first electric stimulation is being applied to the reference cell, which is a battery cell that is verified as normal.
• the second reference full-cell profile may represent a correspondence between the capacity factor and the voltage of the reference cell while the second electric stimulation is being applied to the reference cell.
• the control circuit may be configured to generate the estimated full-cell profile by subtracting the overpotential profile from the first target full-cell profile.
• the first performance factor group may include at least one of followings as a performance factor: a positive electrode participation start point representing a positive electrode voltage and a positive electrode capacity when the voltage of the target cell matches a first set voltage; a positive electrode participation end point representing a positive electrode voltage and a positive electrode capacity when the voltage of the target cell matches a second set voltage; a positive electrode scaling factor representing a ratio of capacity differences of the positive electrode participation start point and the positive electrode participation end point with respect to a reference positive electrode capacity; a negative electrode participation start point representing a negative electrode voltage and a negative electrode capacity when the voltage of the target cell matches the first set voltage; a negative electrode participation end point representing a negative electrode voltage and a negative electrode capacity when the voltage of the target cell matches the second set voltage; and a negative electrode scaling factor representing a ratio of capacity differences of the negative electrode participation start point and the negative electrode participation end point with respect to a reference negative electrode capacity.
• the factor correction model may be a machine learning model trained by a training data set that includes a pair of first performance factor group and second performance factor group of each of a plurality of test cells with different charge/discharge performances.
• the first performance factor group of each of the plurality of test cells may be obtained by applying the cell diagnosis logic to each of a plurality of estimated test full-cell profiles.
• the plurality of estimated test full-cell profiles may be obtained by subtracting the overpotential profile from each of a plurality of primary test full-cell profiles representing a correspondence between the capacity factor and the voltage of each of the plurality of test cells while the first electric stimulation is being applied to each of the plurality of test cells.
• the second performance factor group of each of the plurality of test cells may be obtained by applying the cell diagnosis logic to a plurality of secondary test full-cell profiles.
• the plurality of secondary test full-cell profiles may represent a correspondence between the capacity factor and the voltage of each of the plurality of test cells while the second electric stimulation is being applied to each to the plurality of test cells.
• a battery pack comprising the battery diagnosis apparatus.
• an electric vehicle comprising the battery pack.
• a battery diagnosis method comprising: obtaining a first target full-cell profile representing a correspondence between a capacity factor and a voltage of a target cell while a first electric stimulation is being applied to the target cell, which is a battery cell to be diagnosed; generating an estimated full-cell profile based on the first target full-cell profile and an overpotential profile; determining a first performance factor group as a primary estimation result for charge/discharge performance of the target cell by applying a cell diagnosis logic to the estimated full-cell profile; and determining a second performance factor group as a secondary estimation result for the charge/discharge performance of the target cell by applying a factor correction model to the first performance factor group.
• the second performance factor group may include an estimation result of a negative electrode loading amount of the target cell, which is determinable by applying the cell diagnosis logic to a second target full-cell profile instead of the estimated full-cell profile, wherein the second target full-cell profile represents a correspondence between the capacity factor and the voltage of the target cell while a second electric stimulation, which is different from the first electric stimulation, is being applied.
• the step of generating an estimated full-cell profile may be generating the estimated full-cell profile by subtracting the overpotential profile from the first target full-cell profile.
• the factor correction model may be a machine learning model trained by a training data set that includes a pair of first performance factor group and second performance factor group of each of a plurality of test cells with different charge/discharge performances.
• the first performance factor group of each of the plurality of test cells may be obtained by applying the cell diagnosis logic to each of a plurality of estimated test full-cell profiles.
• the plurality of estimated test full-cell profiles may be obtained by subtracting the overpotential profile from each of a plurality of primary test full-cell profiles representing a correspondence between the capacity factor and the voltage of each of the plurality of test cells while the first electric stimulation is being applied to each of the plurality of test cells.
• the second performance factor group of each of the plurality of test cells may be obtained by applying the cell diagnosis logic to a plurality of secondary test full-cell profiles.
• the plurality of secondary test full-cell profiles may represent a correspondence between the capacity factor and the voltage of each of the plurality of test cells while the second electric stimulation is being applied to each to the plurality of test cells.
• the charge/discharge performance of the battery may be diagnosed from charge/discharge information ('first target full-cell profile' of the claims) obtained by applying a high electric stimulation to the battery. Therefore, the time required for diagnosing the charge/discharge performance of the battery may be shortened compared to a diagnosis method using a low electric stimulation (e.g., low rate charge or discharge).
• a low electric stimulation e.g., low rate charge or discharge
• the accuracy of the diagnosis of the charge/discharge performance may be improved.
• a diagnosis result having a high degree of consistency with the actual charge/discharge performance of the battery may be secured.
• ... unit refers to a processing unit of at least one function or operation, and may be implemented by hardware and software either alone or in combination.
• FIG. 1 is a drawing exemplarily showing the configuration of an electric vehicle according to the present disclosure.
• the electric vehicle 1 includes a vehicle controller 2, a battery pack 10, a relay 20, an inverter 30, and an electric motor 40.
• Charging and discharging terminals P+ and P- of the battery pack 10 may be electrically connected to an inverter 30 and/or a charger 3 through a charging cable or the like.
• the charger 3 may be included in an electric vehicle 1 or may be provided at a charging station.
• the vehicle controller 2 (e.g., ECU: Electronic Control Unit) is configured to transmit a key-on signal to the battery diagnosis apparatus 100 in response to that a start button (not shown) provided in the electric vehicle 1 is switched to an ON position by a user.
• the vehicle controller 2 is configured to transmit a key-off signal to the battery diagnosis apparatus 100 in response to that the start button is switched to an OFF position by the user.
• the charger 3 may communicate with the vehicle controller 2 and supply a charging power in a constant current charging mode, a constant voltage charging mode and/or a constant power charging mode to the battery 11 through the charging and discharging terminals P+ and P- of the battery pack 10.
• the battery pack 10 includes battery 11.
• the battery pack 10 may further include the battery diagnosis apparatus 100.
• the battery 11 includes at least one battery cell BC.
• the battery 11 includes a plurality of battery cells (BC 1 to BC N , N is a natural number greater than or equal to 2)
• the plurality of battery cells may be connected in series, in parallel, or in a mixture of series and parallel.
• the type of the battery cell BC is not particularly limited, as long as it is capable of repeated charging and discharging, such as a lithium ion cell.
• the battery cell BC may include at least one unit cell.
• the unit cell is an electrochemical device that may be recharged independently.
• the battery cell BC includes a plurality of unit cells, the plurality of unit cells may be connected in series, in parallel, or in a mixture of series and parallel.
• the battery cell BC may be a new battery cell that requires verification as to whether it is a good product, or a battery cell that has deteriorated after being verified as a good product and is no longer a new product.
• the battery cell BC may be referred to as a 'target battery cell' or a 'target cell.'
• the relay 20 is electrically connected in series to the battery 11 through a power path that connecting the battery 11 and the inverter 30.
• the relay 20 is illustrated as connected between the positive electrode terminal of the battery 11 and the charging and discharging terminal P+.
• the relay 20 is controlled to turn on and off in response to a switching signal from the battery diagnosis apparatus 100.
• the relay 20 may be a mechanical contactor turned on and off by the magnetic force of a coil, or a semiconductor switch such as a MOSFET (Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect transistor).
• the inverter 30 is provided to convert DC current from the battery 11 into AC current in response to a command from the battery diagnosis apparatus 100 or the vehicle controller 2.
• the electric motor 40 is driven using AC current power from the inverter 30.
• the electric motor 40 for example, a three-phase AC current motor 40 may be used.
• the battery diagnosis apparatus 100 includes a control circuit 130 and a memory 131.
• the battery diagnosis apparatus 100 may further include at least one of a sensing unit 110 and a communication circuit 150.
• the data obtaining unit recited in the claims of this application includes at least one of the sensing unit 110 and the communication circuit 150.
• the sensing unit 110 includes a voltage sensor 111 and a current sensor 112.
• the voltage sensor 111 is connected in parallel to the battery 11, measures the battery voltage, which is the voltage across both terminals of the battery 11, and is configured to generate a voltage signal representing the measured battery voltage.
• the voltage sensor 111 may be connected to the positive electrode terminal and the negative electrode terminal of each battery cell BC included in the battery 11, measure the cell voltage (which may be referred to as the 'full-cell voltage') which is the voltage across both terminals of each battery cell BC, and output an additional voltage signal representing the measured cell voltage (i.e., a measurement value of the full-cell voltage) to the control circuit 130.
• the current sensor 112 is connected in series to the battery 11 through a current path between the battery 11 and the inverter 30.
• the current sensor 112 is configured to detect the battery current, which is a current flowing through the battery 11, and generate a current signal representing the detected battery current.
• the current sensor 112 may be implemented as one or a combination of two or more of known current detection elements such as a shunt resistor, a Hall effect element, etc.
• the communication circuit 150 is configured to support wired or wireless communication between the control circuit 130 and the vehicle controller 2.
• the wired communication may be, for example, CAN (Controller Area Network) communication
• the wireless communication may be, for example, ZigBee or Bluetooth communication.
• the type of communication protocol is not particularly limited as long as it supports wired and wireless communication between the control circuit 130 and the vehicle controller 2.
• the communication circuit 150 may include an output device (e.g., a display, a speaker) that provides information received from the control circuit 130 and/or the vehicle controller 2 in a form recognizable to the user.
• the control circuit 130 is operably coupled to the relay 20, the voltage sensor 111, the current sensor 112 and the communication circuit 150.
• the operable coupling of two components means that the two components are connected directly or indirectly to enable transmission and reception of signals in one direction or two directions.
• the control circuit 130 may collect the voltage signal from the voltage sensor 111 and/or the current signal from the current sensor 112.
• the control circuit 130 may convert each analog signal collected from the sensors 111 and 112 into a digital value using an ADC (Analog to Digital Converter) provided therein and record the digital value.
• ADC Analog to Digital Converter
• the control circuit 130 may be called a 'control unit' or a 'battery controller', and may be implemented in hardware using at least one of application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), digital signal processors (DSPs), digital signal processing devices (DSPDs), programmable logic devices (PLDs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), microprocessors or electrical units for performing the other functions.
• ASICs application specific integrated circuits
• DSPs digital signal processors
• DSPDs digital signal processing devices
• PLDs programmable logic devices
• FPGAs field programmable gate arrays
• the memory 131 may include, for example, at least one type of storage medium of flash memory type, hard disk type, Solid State Disk (SSD) type, Silicon Disk Drive (SDD) type, multimedia card micro type, random access memory (RAM), static random access memory (SRAM), read-only memory (ROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) or programmable read-only memory (PROM).
• the memory 131 may store data and programs required for calculation operations by the control circuit 130.
• the memory 131 may store data representing the result of a calculation operation performed by the control circuit 130.
• the memory 131 is depicted in FIG. 1 as being physically independent from the control circuit 130, the memory 131 may be embedded within the control circuit 130.
• the control circuit 130 may turn on the relay 20 in response to a key-on signal.
• the control circuit 130 may turn off the relay 20 in response to a key-off signal.
• the key-on signal is a signal that requests switching from the rest mode to the charging or discharging mode.
• the key-off signal is a signal that induces switching from the cycle state to the resting state.
• the vehicle controller 2 may be responsible for turning on/off the relay 20 instead of the control circuit 130.
• the battery 11 If the relay 20 is turned on while the inverter 30 or the charger 3 is operating, the battery 11 enters the cycle state. Conversely, if the relay 20 is turned off or the inverter 30 and the charger 3 stops operating, the battery 11 enters the resting state.
• the cycle state refers to a state in which the battery 11 is being charged/discharged
• the resting state refers to a state in which charging/discharging of the battery 11 is stopped.
• the fact that the battery 11 is in a cycle state or a resting state means that each battery cell BC included in the battery 11 is also in a cycle state or a resting state.
• the control circuit 130 may determine a voltage detection value and a current detection value based on a voltage signal and a current signal while the battery cell BC is in a cycle state and/or a resting state, and then determine (estimate) a SOC (State Of Charge) of the battery cell BC based on the voltage detection value and/or the current detection value.
• a SOC State Of Charge
• the current rate (also referred to as 'C-rate') of the charging current supplied to the battery cell BC is a known constant value.
• the current value of the constant current output from the charger 3 may be used instead of the current detection value obtained using the current sensor 112.
• SOC is the ratio of the remaining capacity to the fully charged capacity (maximum capacity) of the battery cell BC, and is usually processed in the range of 0 to 1 or 0 to 100%.
• Known methods such as ampere counting, OCV (Open Circuit Voltage)-SOC curve, and/or Kalman filter may be utilized to determine SOC.
• the communication circuit 150 may obtain the first target full-cell profile from a separate computing device provided externally (e.g., an electric vehicle 1) via wired communication and/or wireless communication.
• the sensing unit 110 may directly generate the first target full-cell profile of the target cell BC based on a measurement signal including a current signal and a voltage signal of the target cell BC, which is a battery cell to be diagnosed.
• the control circuit 130 may collect a measurement signal including a current signal and a voltage signal of the target cell BC from the sensing unit 110, and then generate the first target full-cell profile of the target cell BC based on the collected measurement signals.
• the first target full-cell profile may represent the correspondence between the capacity factor and the voltage of the target cell BC while the first electric stimulation is being applied to the target cell BC.
• the capacity factor may be the residual capacity or SOC (State Of Charge) of the target cell BC.
• the first electric stimulation is an electric stimulation that induces an overpotential exceeding the allowable level in the target cell BC, and corresponds to a 'high electric stimulation'.
• the second electric stimulation is an electric stimulation that induces an overpotential less than the allowable level in the target cell BC, and corresponds to a 'low electric stimulation'.
• the first electric stimulation may be a charge using the first current rate (e.g., 1.0 C)
• the second electric stimulation may be a charge using the second current rate (e.g., 0.05 C) which is less than the first current rate.
• the first electric stimulation may be a discharge using the first current rate
• the second electric stimulation may be a discharge using the second current rate.
• the first target full-cell profile may be a profile representing the correspondence between the full-cell voltage and the capacity of the target cell BC while being charged or discharged at a constant current over a given voltage range (e.g., 3.0 to 4.0 V) or a given SOC range (e.g., 0 to 100% SOC).
• a given voltage range e.g., 3.0 to 4.0 V
• a given SOC range e.g., 0 to 100% SOC
• FIG. 2 is a drawing referenced for explaining the relationship between an electric stimulation and a full-cell profile.
• the first reference full-cell profile R1 and the second reference full-cell profile R2 illustrated in FIG. 2 may be obtained in advance through a pre-experimental procedure of individually applying the first electric stimulation and the second electric stimulation to a reference battery cell.
• the reference battery cell is a battery cell that has been verified as normal and may have the same level of positive electrode performance and negative electrode performance as a new battery cell that has been verified as a good product.
• the reference battery cell may be simply referred to as a 'reference cell'.
• the reference cell may be a coin-type cell that includes a positive electrode half-cell and a negative electrode half-cell, or a 3-electrode cell.
• the new battery cell refers to a battery cell in a new state.
• the new state is the same concept as BOL (Beginning of Life). For example, it may be called BOL before the time when the cumulative charge/discharge capacity from the time of manufacturing completion reaches the set capacity, and it may be called MOL (Middle of Life) from the time when the cumulative charge/discharge capacity reaches the set capacity.
• BOL Beginning of Life
• MOL Middle of Life
• the horizontal axis (X-axis) represents capacity (Ah) and the vertical axis (Y-axis) represents voltage (V).
• the first reference full-cell profile R1 illustrates the relationship between the capacity and voltage of the reference cell while the first electric stimulation is being applied (e.g., during charging using the first current rate).
• the second reference full-cell profile R2 illustrates the relationship between the capacity and voltage of the reference cell while the second electric stimulation is being applied (e.g., during charging using the second current rate).
• the first reference full-cell profile R1 may be obtained by performing charging using the first current rate in a state where the OCV of the reference cell is set equal to the lower limit (e.g., 3.0 V) of a given voltage range.
• the second reference full-cell profile R2 may be obtained by performing charging using the second current rate in a state where the OCV of the reference cell is set equal to the lower limit of a given voltage range. Therefore, in FIG. 2 , the start points of the first reference full-cell profile R1 and the second reference full-cell profile R2 roughly coincide, whereas the end points are distinctly different.
• the first reference full-cell profile R1 and the second reference full-cell profile R2 may represent the correspondence between the full-cell voltage and the capacity of the reference cell over at least the voltage range of interest (e.g., 3.0 to 4.0V).
• the lower and upper limits of the voltage range of interest may represent the first set voltage (3.0V in FIG. 2 ) and the second set voltage (4.0V in FIG. 2 ).
• the SOC when the full-cell voltage of any battery cell is equal to the first set voltage may be set to 0%, and the SOC when the full-cell voltage is equal to the second set voltage may be set to 100%. That is, the first set voltage and the second set voltage may be lower and upper limits of the battery cell voltage corresponding to the SOC (State Of Charge) of 0% to 100% of any battery cell including the reference cell.
• SOC State Of Charge
• the start capacity (Qi) may refer to the residual capacity when the full-cell voltage of any battery cell is equal to the first set voltage.
• the end capacity (Qf) may refer to the residual capacity when the full-cell voltage of any battery cell is equal to the second set voltage.
• the first reference full-cell profile R1 may be based on the voltage time series and current time series (or capacity time series) acquired by periodically measuring the full-cell voltage and current of the reference cell while the first electric stimulation is being applied.
• the second reference full-cell profile R2 may be based on the voltage time series and current time series acquired by periodically measuring the full-cell voltage and current of the reference cell while the second electric stimulation is being applied.
• the first reference full-cell profile R1 may include overpotential in the voltage value corresponding to the same capacity value when compared with the second reference full-cell profile R2. Therefore, the voltage difference between the first reference full-cell profile R1 and the second reference full-cell profile R2 for the same capacity value may be calculated as overpotential.
• an overpotential profile indicating overpotential by capacity may be generated.
• FIG. 3 is a drawing schematically showing an overpotential profile OP that may be obtained from a first reference full-cell profile R1 and a second reference full-cell profile R2 of FIG. 2 .
• the overpotential profile OP may be a profile representing the correspondence between capacity and overpotential.
• the overpotential profile OP may be a profile representing the voltage difference by capacity between the first reference full-cell profile R1 and the second reference full-cell profile R2.
• the capacity range (Qi to Qf) of the overpotential profile OP may be a common capacity range between the first reference full-cell profile R1 and the second reference full-cell profile R2.
• the capacity range of the first reference full-cell profile R1 is 5 to 47 Ah
• the capacity range of the second reference full-cell profile R2 is 5 to 50 Ah
• Qi may be 5 Ah
• Qf may be 47 Ah.
• FIG. 4 is a graph referenced for explaining the relationship between a first target full-cell profile M, an estimated full-cell profile E, and a second target full-cell profile N.
• Ah is used as the unit of the horizontal axis, but this unit may be expressed in other forms.
• a percentage % indicating SOC State Of Charge
• SOC State Of Charge
• the control circuit 130 may generate a first target full-cell profile M representing a correspondence between the capacity and the full-cell voltage of the target cell BC while the first electric stimulation is being applied to the target cell BC.
• the first target full-cell profile M may represent a correspondence between the full-cell voltage and the capacity of the target cell BC at least over a voltage range of interest.
• the capacity range of the first reference full-cell profile R1 shown in FIG. 2 is 5 to 47 Ah, whereas the capacity range of the first target full-cell profile M is 5 to 45 Ah.
• the control circuit 130 may generate an estimated full-cell profile E based on the overpotential profile OP of FIG. 3 and the first target full-cell profile M of FIG. 4 . Specifically, the control circuit 130 may generate the estimated full-cell profile E by subtracting the overpotential profile OP from the first target full-cell profile M. As a result, at the same capacity value, the voltage value of the estimated full-cell profile E may be less than the voltage value of the first target full-cell profile M.
• the control circuit 130 may obtain the estimated full-cell profile E by subtracting the capacity-specific overpotential of the overpotential profile OP from the capacity-specific voltage of the first target full-cell profile M in the common capacity range of the first target full-cell profile M and the overpotential profile OP. In this case, the capacity range of 45 to 47 Ah among the entire capacity range of the overpotential profile OP may not be utilized. That is, the estimated full-cell profile E may be obtained by removing the capacity-specific overpotential of the overpotential profile OP corresponding to the capacity-specific voltage of the first target full-cell profile M.
• control circuit 130 may generate an adjusted overpotential profile (not shown in the drawing) by scaling the overpotential profile OP along the horizontal axis so that the capacity range of the overpotential profile OP matches the capacity range of the first target full-cell profile M. Subsequently, the control circuit 130 may generate an estimated full-cell profile E by subtracting the overpotential value of the adjusted overpotential profile from the voltage value of the first target full-cell profile M over the capacity range of the overpotential profile OP. That is, the estimated full-cell profile E may be obtained by removing the capacity-specific overpotential of the adjusted overpotential profile corresponding to the capacity-specific voltage of the first target full-cell profile M.
• the second target full-cell profile N is an example of a profile representing the correspondence between the capacity factor and voltage of the target cell BC that would be expected to be obtained if the second electric stimulation was applied to the target cell BC instead of the first electric stimulation.
• the estimated full-cell profile E is the estimation result of the second target full-cell profile N based on the first target full-cell profile M and the overpotential profile OP.
• the estimated full-cell profile E is a profile obtained by subtracting the overpotential profile OP from the first target full-cell profile M, and the estimated full-cell profile E is more similar to the second target full-cell profile N than the first target full-cell profile M. Therefore, in diagnosing the charge/discharge performance of the target cell BC, it is advantageous in terms of diagnostic accuracy to utilize the estimated full-cell profile E instead of the first target full-cell profile M.
• the control circuit 130 may determine a first performance factor group representing the charge/discharge performance of the target cell BC by applying a cell diagnosis logic to the estimated full-cell profile E.
• the first performance factor group may be regarded as a primary estimation result for the charge/discharge performance of the target cell BC.
• the first performance factor group may include a performance factor for at least one of a positive electrode participation start point, a positive electrode participation end point, a positive electrode scaling factor, a negative electrode participation start point, a negative electrode participation end point, and a negative electrode scaling factor.
• the positive electrode participation start point on the positive electrode profile of any battery cell represents the positive electrode voltage and the positive electrode capacity (or positive electrode SOC) when the full-cell voltage of the corresponding battery cell matches the first set voltage.
• the positive electrode voltage at the positive electrode participation start point may be called the 'positive electrode start potential'.
• the negative electrode participation start point on the negative electrode profile of the corresponding battery cell indicates the negative electrode voltage and the negative electrode capacity (or negative electrode SOC) when the full-cell voltage of the corresponding battery cell matches the first set voltage.
• the negative electrode voltage at the negative electrode participation start point may be called the 'negative electrode start potential'. Therefore, the voltage difference between the positive electrode participation start point and the negative electrode participation start point may be equal to the first set voltage.
• the positive electrode participation end point on the positive electrode profile of any battery cell indicates the positive electrode voltage and the positive electrode capacity when the full-cell voltage of the corresponding battery cell matches the second set voltage.
• the positive electrode voltage at the positive electrode participation end point may be called the 'positive electrode end potential'.
• the negative electrode participation end point on the negative electrode profile of the corresponding battery cell indicates the negative electrode voltage and the negative electrode capacity when the full-cell voltage of the corresponding battery cell matches the second set voltage.
• the negative electrode voltage at the negative electrode participation end point may be called the 'negative electrode end potential'. Therefore, the voltage difference between the positive electrode participation end point and the negative electrode participation end point may be equal to the second set voltage.
• the positive electrode capacity (capacity value) at a specific point on the positive electrode profile of any battery cell may mean the capacity difference between any one of both end points of the positive electrode profile and the specific point.
• the positive electrode SOC at a specific point on the positive electrode profile of any battery cell may mean the ratio of the capacity difference between any one of both end points (e.g., low capacity point) of the positive electrode profile and the specific point to the capacity difference between two end points of the positive electrode profile.
• the negative electrode capacity (capacity value) at a specific point on the negative electrode profile of any battery cell may mean the capacity difference between any one of both end points of the negative electrode profile (or positive electrode profile) and the specific point.
• the negative electrode SOC at a specific point on the negative electrode profile of any battery cell may mean the ratio of the capacity difference between any one of both end points (e.g., low capacity point) of the negative electrode profile (or positive electrode profile) and the specific point to the capacity difference between both end points of the negative electrode profile.
• the positive electrode scaling factor of any battery cell may represent the ratio of the capacity difference between the positive electrode participation start point and the positive electrode participation end point of the corresponding battery cell with respect to the reference positive electrode capacity of the reference cell.
• the negative electrode scaling factor of any battery cell may represent the ratio of the capacity difference between the negative electrode participation start point and the negative electrode participation end point of the corresponding battery cell with respect to the reference negative electrode capacity of the reference cell.
• information indicating the voltage and capacity of each of the reference positive electrode participation start point, the reference positive electrode participation end point, the reference negative electrode participation start point, and the reference negative electrode participation end point, which represent the charge/discharge performance of the reference cell, may be recorded in advance.
• FIG. 5 is a graph referenced for explaining an example of each of the estimated full-cell profile E, the second reference full-cell profile R2, the reference positive electrode profile Rp, and the reference negative electrode profile Rn.
• the horizontal axis (X-axis) represents capacity and the vertical axis (Y-axis) represents voltage.
• the estimated full-cell profile E and the second reference full-cell profile R2 are the same as in FIG. 2 .
• the reference positive electrode profile Rp may be a profile representing the correspondence between the positive electrode voltage and the capacity while the second electric stimulation is being applied to the reference cell.
• the positive electrode voltage of the reference cell refers to a potential difference between the potential of a reference electrode (not shown) and the potential of the positive electrode of the reference cell.
• the reference negative electrode profile Rn may be a profile representing the correspondence between the negative electrode voltage and the capacity while the second electric stimulation is being applied to the reference cell.
• the negative electrode voltage of the reference cell refers to a potential difference between the potential of the reference electrode and the potential of the negative electrode of the reference cell.
• the potential of the reference electrode may be, for example, the redox potential of lithium.
• the positive electrode voltage may be simply referred to as a positive electrode potential
• the negative electrode voltage can be simply referred to as a negative electrode potential.
• the reference positive electrode profile Rp and the reference negative electrode profile Rn may be stored in advance in the memory 131.
• At least one of the reference positive electrode profile Rp and the reference negative electrode profile Rn may be aligned along the horizontal axis so that the synthesis result of a part of the common capacity range (5 to 50 Ah in FIG. 5 ) of the reference positive electrode profile Rp and the reference negative electrode profile Rn matches the second reference full-cell profile R2.
• FIG. 5 shows an example in which the reference negative electrode profile Rn is aligned to be shifted to the right based on the start point (point corresponding to capacity 0) of the reference positive electrode profile Rp.
• both ends of the reference positive electrode profile Rp and the reference negative electrode profile Rn are offset from each other.
• the capacity range of the reference positive electrode profile Rp and the capacity range of the reference negative electrode profile Rn do not match and may only partially overlap. Therefore, the second reference full-cell profile R2 may indicate the full-cell voltage of a reference cell in a part of the capacity range common to the reference positive electrode profile Rp and the reference negative electrode profile Rn.
• the control circuit 130 may be configured to compare the estimated full-cell profile E with at least one comparison full-cell profile.
• the comparison full-cell profile may be a result of generating an adjusted positive electrode profile and an adjusted negative electrode profile by adjusting each of the reference positive electrode profile Rp and the reference negative electrode profile Rn stored in the memory 131, and then synthesizing (combining) the adjusted positive electrode profile and the adjusted negative electrode profile.
• the comparison full-cell profile may be regarded as the result of subtracting a part of the adjusted negative electrode profile from a part of the adjusted positive electrode profile.
• the control circuit 130 may generate at least one comparison full-cell profile by directly adjusting the reference positive electrode profile Rp and the reference negative electrode profile Rn.
• the at least one comparison full-cell profile may be secured in advance based on the reference positive electrode profile Rp and the reference negative electrode profile Rn and stored in the memory 131.
• the control circuit 130 may obtain the comparison full-cell profile by accessing the memory 131 and reading the comparison full-cell profile.
• the control circuit 130 may generate a plurality of comparison full-cell profiles from the reference positive electrode profile Rp and the reference negative electrode profile Rn by repeating an adjustment procedure of adjusting each of the reference positive electrode profile Rp and the reference negative electrode profile Rn to several levels and then synthesizing them.
• the comparison full-cell profile may also be referred to as an 'adjusted reference full-cell profile'.
• the control circuit 130 may specify any one comparison full-cell profile among the plurality of comparison full-cell profiles, which has a minimum error with respect to the estimated full-cell profile E. Then, the control circuit 130 may determine that the adjusted positive electrode profile and the adjusted negative electrode profile mapped to the specified comparison full-cell profile are the positive electrode profile and the negative electrode profile of the target cell BC.
• various methods known at the time of filing of this application may be employed to determine the error between two profiles as a group of data points, each of which may be expressed in a two-dimensional coordinate system.
• the integral or the RMSE (Root Mean Square Error) of the absolute value of the area between the two profiles may be used as the error between the two profiles.
• various state information about the target cell BC may be obtained based on the finally determined adjusted positive electrode profile and adjusted negative electrode profile.
• the finally determined adjusted positive electrode profile and adjusted negative electrode profile may be mapped to any one comparison full-cell profile with the minimum error to the estimated full-cell profile E among the plurality of comparison full-cell profiles.
• the comparison full-cell profile by the finally determined adjusted positive electrode profile and adjusted negative electrode profile may be almost identical to the estimated full-cell profile E in shape, etc.
• FIGS. 6 to 8 are diagrams referenced for explaining an example of a procedure for generating a comparison full-cell profile.
• the procedure for generating a comparison full-cell profile may proceed in the order of a first routine for setting four points (positive electrode participation start point, positive electrode participation end point, negative electrode participation start point, negative electrode participation end point) to correspond to the voltage range of interest (see FIG. 6 ), a second routine for performing the profile shift (see FIG. 7 ), and a third routine for performing the capacity scaling (see FIG. 8 ). That is, the procedure for generating a comparison full-cell profile according to an embodiment of the present disclosure may include the first to third routines.
• the reference positive electrode profile Rp and the reference negative electrode profile Rn shown in FIG. 6 are the same as those shown in FIG. 5 .
• the control circuit 130 may determine the positive electrode participation start point (pi), the positive electrode participation end point (pf), the negative electrode participation start point (ni) and the negative electrode participation end point (nf) on the reference positive electrode profile Rp and the reference negative electrode profile Rn.
• Either the positive electrode participation start point (pi) or the negative electrode participation start point (ni) depends on the other.
• control circuit 130 may divide the positive electrode voltage range from the start point to the end point (or, second set voltage) of the reference positive electrode profile Rp into a plurality of small voltage sections, and then set a boundary point of two adjacent small voltage sections among the plurality of small voltage sections as a positive electrode participation start point (pi). Each small voltage section may have a predetermined size (e.g., 0.01V).
• the control circuit 130 may set a point on the reference negative electrode profile Rn that is smaller than the positive electrode participation start point (pi) by the first set voltage (e.g., 3V) as a negative electrode participation start point (ni).
• control circuit 130 may divide the negative electrode voltage range from the start point to the end point of the reference negative electrode profile Rn into a plurality of small voltage sections of a predetermined size, and then set a boundary point of two adjacent small voltage sections among the plurality of small voltage sections as a negative electrode participation start point (ni).
• the control circuit 130 may search for a point greater than the negative electrode participation start point (ni) by the first set voltage (e.g., 3V) from the reference positive electrode profile Rp and set the searched point as a positive electrode participation start point (pi).
• first set voltage e.g., 3V
• Either the positive electrode participation end point (pf) or the negative electrode participation end point (nf) depends on the other.
• control circuit 130 may divide the voltage range from the second set voltage to the end point of the reference positive electrode profile Rp into a plurality of small voltage sections of a predetermined size, and then set a boundary point of two adjacent small voltage section among the plurality of small voltage sections as a positive electrode participation end point (pf). Next, the control circuit 130 may set a point on the reference negative electrode profile Rn that is smaller than the positive electrode participation end point (pf) by the second set voltage (e.g., 4V) as a negative electrode participation end point (nf).
• the second set voltage e.g., 4V
• control circuit 130 may divide the negative electrode voltage range from the start point to the end point of the reference negative electrode profile Rn into plurality of small voltage sections of a predetermined size, and then set a boundary point of two adjacent small voltage sections among the plurality of small voltage sections as a negative electrode participation end point (nf).
• the control circuit 130 may search for a point that is greater than the negative electrode participation end point (nf) by the second set voltage (e.g., 4V) from the reference positive electrode profile Rp and set the searched point as a positive electrode participation end point (pf).
• the second set voltage e.g., 4V
• the control circuit 130 shifts at least one of the reference positive electrode profile Rp and the reference negative electrode profile Rn to the left or right along the horizontal axis.
• control circuit 130 may shift the reference positive electrode profile Rp to the left (toward low capacity) or shift the reference negative electrode profile Rn to the right (toward high capacity), or shift both of them, so that the capacity values of the positive electrode participation start point (pi) and the negative electrode participation start point (ni) match.
• control circuit 130 shifts the reference positive electrode profile Rp to the left or shift the reference negative electrode profile Rn to the right, or shift both of them, so that the capacity values of the positive electrode participation end point (pf) and the negative electrode participation end point (nf) match.
• FIG. 7 illustrates a situation where only the reference positive electrode profile Rp is shifted to the left to generate an adjusted reference positive electrode profile (Rp'), and as a result, the capacity value of the positive electrode participation start point (pi') matches the capacity value of the negative electrode participation start point (ni).
• the adjusted reference positive electrode profile (Rp') may be the result of applying an adjustment procedure that shifts to the left by the capacity difference between the positive electrode participation start point (pi) and the negative electrode participation start point (ni) to the reference positive electrode profile Rp. Therefore, the two points (pi, pi') may be different only in capacity value and have the same voltage. Also, the two points (pf, pf') may be different only in the capacity value and have the same voltage.
• the control circuit 130 may scale the capacity range of at least one of the adjustment result profiles (Rp', Rn).
• control circuit 130 may perform an additional adjustment procedure to shrink or expand at least one of the adjusted reference positive electrode profile (Rp') and the reference negative electrode profile Rn along the horizontal axis.
• the control circuit 130 may generate an adjusted reference positive electrode profile (Rp") by shrinking or expanding the adjusted reference positive electrode profile (Rp') so that the size of the capacity range between two points (pi', pf') of the adjusted reference positive electrode profile (Rp') matches the size of the capacity range of the estimated full-cell profile E.
• any one point (pi') of the two points (pi', pf') may be fixed. Accordingly, the capacity difference between the two points (pi', pf") of the adjusted reference positive electrode profile (Rp") may match the capacity range of the estimated full-cell profile E.
• control circuit 130 may generate an adjusted reference negative electrode profile (Rn') by shrinking or expanding the reference negative electrode profile Rn so that the size of the capacity range between two points (ni, nf) of the reference negative electrode profile Rn matches the size of the capacity range of the estimated full-cell profile E.
• any one point (ni) of the two points (ni, nf) may be fixed. Accordingly, the capacity difference between the two points (ni, nf') of the adjusted reference negative electrode profile (Rn') may match the capacity range of the estimated full-cell profile E.
• the adjusted reference positive electrode profile (Rp") is the result of shrinking the adjusted reference positive electrode profile (Rp') shown in FIG. 7
• the adjusted reference negative electrode profile (Rn') is the result of expanding the reference negative electrode profile Rn shown in FIG. 7 .
• the positive electrode participation end point (pf") on the adjusted reference positive electrode profile (Rp") corresponds to the positive electrode participation end point (pf) on the adjusted reference positive electrode profile (Rp').
• the negative electrode participation end point (nf') on the adjusted reference negative electrode profile (Rn') corresponds to the negative electrode participation end point (nf) on the reference negative electrode profile Rn.
• the capacity difference between the positive electrode participation start point (pi') and the positive electrode participation end point (pf") of the adjusted reference positive electrode profile (Rp") corresponds to the size of the capacity range of the estimated full-cell profile E.
• the capacity difference between the negative electrode participation start point (ni) and the negative electrode participation end point (nf') of the adjusted reference negative electrode profile (Rn') corresponds to the size of the capacity range of the estimated full-cell profile E.
• the capacity range by the two points (pi', pf") of the adjusted reference positive electrode profile (Rp") matches the capacity range by the two points (ni, nf') of the adjusted reference negative electrode profile (Rn').
• the control circuit 130 may generate a comparison full-cell profile S by subtracting the portion between two points (pi, pf') of the adjusted reference positive electrode profile (Rp") from the portion between two points (ni, nf') of the adjusted reference negative electrode profile (Rn').
• the control circuit 130 may calculate an error (profile error) between the comparison value between the comparison full-cell profile S and the estimated full-cell profile E.
• the control circuit 130 may map at least two of the adjusted reference positive electrode profile (Rp"), the adjusted reference negative electrode profile (Rn'), the positive electrode participation start point (pi'), the positive electrode participation end point (pf"), the negative electrode participation start point (ni), the negative electrode participation end point (nf'), the positive electrode scaling factor, the negative electrode scaling factor, the comparison full-cell profile S, and the profile error with each other and record the same in the memory 131.
• the positive electrode scaling factor of the adjusted reference positive electrode profile (Rp") may represent a ratio of the capacity difference between the two points (pi', pf") to the capacity difference between the two points (pi0, pf0).
• the positive electrode scaling factor of the adjusted reference positive electrode profile (Rp") may represent a ratio of the positive electrode capacity difference between the two points (pi', pf') to the positive electrode capacity difference between the two points (pi0, pf0).
• the positive electrode scaling factor of the adjusted reference positive electrode profile (Rp") may represent a ratio of the positive electrode SOC difference between the two points (pi', pf") to the positive electrode SOC difference between the two points (pi0, pf0).
• the negative electrode scaling factor of the adjusted reference negative electrode profile (Rn') may represent a ratio of the capacity difference between the two points (ni, nf') to the capacity difference between the two points (ni0, nf0).
• the negative electrode scaling factor of the adjusted reference negative electrode profile (Rn') may represent a ratio of the negative electrode capacity difference between the two points (ni, nf') to the negative electrode capacity difference between the two points (ni0, nf0).
• the negative electrode scaling factor of the adjusted reference negative electrode profile (Rn') may represent a ratio of the negative electrode SOC difference between the two points (ni, nf') to the negative electrode SOC difference between the two points (ni0, nf0).
• ps may be used as a symbol indicating a positive electrode scaling factor
• ns may be used as a symbol indicating a negative electrode scaling factor
• the boundary point of two adjacent small voltage sections among the plurality of small voltage sections may be set as a positive electrode participation start point (pi).
• the positive electrode voltage range of the reference positive electrode profile Rp is divided into 100 small voltage ranges, there may be 100 boundary points that can be set as the positive electrode participation start point (pi). Also, if the voltage range greater than or equal to the second set voltage in the reference positive electrode profile Rp is divided into 40 small voltage ranges, there may be 40 boundary points that can be set as the positive electrode participation end point (pf). In this case, at least 4,000 different comparison full-cell profiles may be generated.
• the control circuit 130 may identify a minimum value among profile errors of the plurality of comparison full-cell profiles generated as described above, and then obtain the first performance factor group, which is information mapped to the minimum profile error (e.g., at least one of a positive electrode participation start point, a positive electrode participation end point, a negative electrode participation start point, a negative electrode participation end point, a positive electrode scaling factor, and a negative electrode scaling factor), from the memory 131.
• the minimum profile error e.g., at least one of a positive electrode participation start point, a positive electrode participation end point, a negative electrode participation start point, a negative electrode participation end point, a positive electrode scaling factor, and a negative electrode scaling factor
• FIGS. 9 to 11 are diagrams referenced to describe another example of a procedure of generating a comparison full-cell profile according to the cell diagnosis logic.
• the embodiment shown in FIGS. 9 to 11 is independent from the embodiment shown in FIGS. 6 to 8 . Accordingly, terms or reference signs commonly used to describe the embodiment shown in FIGS. 6 to 8 and the embodiment shown in FIGS. 9 to 11 should be understood as being limited to each embodiment.
• the procedure of generating a comparison full-cell profile U to be explained with reference to FIGS. 9 to 11 may proceed in the order of a fourth routine (see FIG. 9 ) that performs the capacity scaling, a fifth routine (see FIG. 10 ) that sets four points (positive electrode participation start point, positive electrode participation end point, negative electrode participation start point, and negative electrode participation end point), and a sixth routine (see FIG. 11 ) that performs the profile shift. That is, the procedure of generating a comparison full-cell profile according to another embodiment of the present disclosure may include the fourth to sixth routines.
• control circuit 130 may generate an adjusted reference positive electrode profile (Rp') and an adjusted reference negative electrode profile (Rn') by applying the positive electrode scaling factor and the negative electrode scaling factor selected from the scaling value range to the reference positive electrode profile Rp and the reference negative electrode profile Rn, respectively.
• the scaling value range may be predetermined or may vary depending on the ratio of the size of the capacity range of the estimated full-cell profile E to the size of the capacity range of the second reference full-cell profile R2.
• the positive electrode scaling factor and the negative electrode scaling factor can be selected among the values (i.e., 90%, 90.1%, 90.2%, ... 98.9%, 99%) spaced by 0.1% in the scaling value range (e.g., 90 to 99%)
• 91 values may be selected as the positive electrode scaling factor and the negative electrode scaling factor, respectively.
• a maximum of 8,281 adjusted profile pairs (Rp', Rn') may be generated.
• the adjusted profile pair refers to a combination of an adjusted positive electrode profile (Rp') and an adjusted negative electrode profile (Rn').
• the adjusted reference positive electrode profile (Rp') and the adjusted reference negative electrode profile (Rn') illustrate the result of applying the positive electrode scaling factor and the negative electrode scaling factor, respectively, to the reference positive electrode profile Rp and the reference negative electrode profile Rn.
• the adjusted reference positive electrode profile (Rp') is obtained by shrinking the reference positive electrode profile Rp along the horizontal axis
• the adjusted reference negative electrode profile (Rn') is also obtained by shrinking the reference negative electrode profile Rn along the horizontal axis.
• the reference positive electrode profile Rp and the reference negative electrode profile Rn are shown in a form in which the start points of them are respectively fixed and the remaining parts are shrunken to the left along the horizontal axis.
• control circuit 130 may determine a positive electrode participation start point (pi'), a positive electrode participation end point (pf'), a negative electrode participation start point (ni'), and a negative electrode participation end point (nf') on the adjusted reference positive electrode profile (Rp') and the adjusted reference negative electrode profile (Rp').
• Either the positive electrode participation start point (pi') or the negative electrode participation start point (ni') may depend on the other. Also, either the positive electrode participation end point (pf') or the negative electrode participation end point (nf') may depend on the other. Also, either the positive electrode participation start point (pi') or the positive electrode participation end point (pf') may be set based on the other.
• control circuit 130 may divide the positive electrode voltage range from the start point to the end point (or, second set voltage) of the adjusted reference positive electrode profile (Rp') into a plurality of small voltage sections, and then set a boundary point of two adjacent small voltage sections among the plurality of small voltage sections as the positive electrode participation start point (pi'). Next, the control circuit 130 may set a point on the adjusted reference negative electrode profile (Rn') that is smaller than the positive electrode participation start point (pi') by the first set voltage as the negative electrode participation start point (ni').
• control circuit 130 may divide the negative electrode voltage range from the start point to the end point of the adjusted reference negative electrode profile (Rn') into a plurality of small voltage sections of a predetermined size, and then set a boundary point of two adjacent small voltage sections among the plurality of small voltage sections as the negative electrode participation start point (ni'). Next, the control circuit 130 may search for a point greater than the negative electrode participation start point (ni') by the first set voltage from the adjusted reference positive electrode profile (Rp'), and set the searched point as the positive electrode participation start point (pi').
• control circuit 130 may divide the voltage range from the second set voltage to the end point of the adjusted reference positive electrode profile (Rp') into a plurality of small voltage sections of a predetermined size, and then set a boundary point of two adjacent small voltage sections among the plurality of small voltage sections as the positive electrode participation end point (pf').
• the control circuit 130 may search for a point smaller than the positive electrode participation end point (pf') by the second set voltage (e.g., 4V) from the adjusted reference negative electrode profile (Rn'), and set the searched point as the negative electrode participation end point (nf').
• the second set voltage e.g., 4V
• control circuit 130 may divide the negative electrode voltage range from the start point to the end point of the adjusted second reference negative electrode profile (Rn') into a plurality of small voltage section of a predetermined size, and then set a boundary point of two adjacent small voltage sections among the plurality of small voltage sections as the negative electrode participation end point (nf'). Next, the control circuit 130 may search for a point greater than the negative electrode participation end point (nf') by the second set voltage from the adjusted reference positive electrode profile (Rp'), and set the searched point as the positive electrode participation end point (pf').
• control circuit 130 may additionally determine the remaining three points based on the determined point.
• the control circuit 130 may set a point on the adjusted reference positive electrode profile (Rp') having a capacity value that is larger than the capacity value of the positive electrode participation start point (pi') by the size of the capacity range of the estimated full-cell profile E as the positive electrode participation end point (pf').
• the control circuit 130 may search for a point lower than the positive electrode participation start point (pi') by the first set voltage from the adjusted reference negative electrode profile (Rn'), and set the searched point as the negative electrode participation start point (ni').
• control circuit 130 may set a point on the adjusted reference negative electrode profile (Rn') having a capacity value greater than the capacity value of the negative electrode participation start point (ni') by the size of the capacity range of the estimated full-cell profile E as the negative electrode participation end point (nf').
• the control circuit 130 may set a point on the adjusted reference positive electrode profile (Rp') having a capacity value smaller than the capacity value of the positive electrode participation end point (pf') by the size of the capacity range of the estimated full-cell profile E as the positive electrode participation start point (pi').
• the control circuit 130 may search for a point lower than the positive electrode participation end point (pf') by the second set voltage from the adjusted reference negative electrode profile (Rn'), and set the searched point as the negative electrode participation end point (nf').
• control circuit 130 may set a point on the adjusted reference negative electrode profile (Rn') having a capacity value smaller than the capacity value of the negative electrode participation end point (nf') by the size of the capacity range of the estimated full-cell profile E as the negative electrode participation start point (ni').
• the control circuit 130 may set a point on the adjusted reference negative electrode profile (Rn') having a capacity value larger than the capacity value of the negative electrode participation start point (ni') by the size of the capacity range of the estimated full-cell profile E as the negative electrode participation end point (nf').
• the control circuit 130 may search for a point higher than the negative electrode participation start point (ni') by the first set voltage from the adjusted reference positive electrode profile (Rp'), and set the searched point as the positive electrode participation start point (pi').
• control circuit 130 may set a point on the adjusted reference positive electrode profile (Rp') having a capacity value greater than the capacity value of the positive electrode participation start point (pi') by the size of the capacity range of the estimated full-cell profile E as the positive electrode participation end point (pf').
• the control circuit 130 may set a point on the adjusted reference negative electrode profile (Rn') having a capacity value smaller than the capacity value of the negative electrode participation end point (nf') by the size of the capacity range of the estimated full-cell profile E as the negative electrode participation start point (ni').
• the control circuit 130 may search for a point higher than the negative electrode participation end point (nf') by the second set voltage from the adjusted reference positive electrode profile (Rp'), and set the searched point as the positive electrode participation end point (pf').
• control circuit 130 may set a point on the adjusted reference positive electrode profile (Rp') having a capacity value smaller than the capacity value of the positive electrode participation end point (pf') by the size of the capacity range of the estimated full-cell profile E as the positive electrode participation start point (pi').
• the control circuit 130 may shift at least one of the adjusted reference positive electrode profile (Rp') and the adjusted reference negative electrode profile (Rn') to the left or right along the horizontal axis so that the capacity values of the positive electrode participation start point (pi') and the negative electrode participation start point (ni') match or the capacity values of the positive electrode participation end point (pf') and the negative electrode participation end point (nf') match.
• the adjusted reference negative electrode profile (Rn") shown in FIG. 11 is obtained by shifting only the adjusted reference negative electrode profile (Rn') shown in FIG. 10 to the right. Accordingly, the capacity values of the positive electrode participation start point (pi') and the negative electrode participation start point (ni") match each other in the horizontal axis. Accordingly, the capacity difference between the positive electrode participation start point (pi') and the positive electrode participation end point (pf') is equal to the capacity difference between the negative electrode participation start point (ni') and the negative electrode participation end point (nf').
• the capacity values of the positive electrode participation start point (pi') and the negative electrode participation start point (ni") match each other in the horizontal axis
• the capacity values of the positive electrode participation end point (pf') and the negative electrode participation end point (nf') also match each other in the horizontal axis.
• control circuit 130 may generate a comparison full-cell profile U by subtracting the partial profile between two points (pi', pf') of the adjusted reference positive electrode profile (Rp') from the partial profile between two points (ni", nf") of the adjusted reference negative electrode profile (Rn").
• the control circuit 130 may calculate an error (profile error) between the comparison full-cell profile U and the estimated full-cell profile E.
• the control circuit 130 may map at least two of the adjusted reference positive electrode profile (Rp'), the adjusted reference negative electrode profile (Rn"), the positive electrode participation start point (pi'), the positive electrode participation end point (pf'), the negative electrode participation start point (ni"), the negative electrode participation end point (nf"), the positive electrode scaling factor, the negative electrode scaling factor, the comparison full-cell profile U and the profile error with each other and record the same in the memory 140.
• control circuit 130 may generate a comparison full-cell profile U corresponding to each pair of the positive electrode scaling factor and the negative electrode scaling factor selected from the scaling value range. Since the pairs of positive electrode scale scaling and negative electrode scaling factor are plural, it is obvious that the comparison profile U will also be generated in plural numbers.
• the control circuit 130 may identify a minimum value among profile errors of the plurality of comparison full-cell profiles, and then obtain information mapped to the minimum profile error from the memory 131.
• control circuit 130 may execute the cell diagnosis logic to generate a comparison full-cell profile with a minimum error from the estimated full-cell profile E based on the reference positive electrode profile Rp and the reference negative electrode profile Rn.
• the control circuit 130 may determine a first performance factor group including a performance factor for at least one of a positive electrode participation start point, a positive electrode participation end point, a positive electrode scaling factor, a negative electrode participation start point, a negative electrode participation end point, and a negative electrode scaling factor, which are respectively mapped to a minimum profile error.
• the first performance factor group is the result of applying the cell diagnosis logic to the estimated full-cell profile E, it may represents the actual charge/discharge performance of the target cell BC more accurately than the result of applying cell diagnosis logic to the first target full-cell profile M.
• the overpotential profile OP is related to the reference cell, not the target cell BC, there may still be a considerable difference between the charge/discharge performance indicated by the first performance factor group and the actual charge/discharge performance of the target cell BC.
• the correction procedure for the first performance factor group is performed to determine the second performance factor group as a secondary estimation result for the charge/discharge performance of the target cell BC.
• FIG. 12 is a drawing referenced for explaining the function of a factor correction model
• FIG. 13 is a drawing referenced for explaining a training data set provided for training the factor correction model
• FIG. 14 is a diagram showing an example of a neural network structure of the factor correction model of FIG. 12
• FIG. 15 is a diagram showing an example of a correlation coefficient between performance factors obtained through training the factor correction model.
• a plurality of test cells are prepared in advance for the purpose of training the factor correction model 200. At least one of the plurality of test cells may be a new battery cell verified as a good product. Each of the remaining test cells may have a test cell in which at least one of the positive electrode and the negative electrode is forcibly degraded from a new state by charge/discharge cycling different from that of the other test cells.
• the second performance factor group of a specific test cell may be obtained in advance by applying the cell diagnosis logic to the secondary test full-cell profile of the specific test cell.
• the secondary test full-cell profile of a specific test cell may represent the correspondence between the capacity factor and voltage of the corresponding test cell while the second electric stimulation is being applied to the corresponding test cell.
• a plurality of data points included in the training data set are marked on the two-dimensional coordinate.
• the number of data points marked on the graph of FIG. 13 may be equal to the number of test cells.
• the factor correction model 200 may be trained based on the correlation between two estimated values for a specific performance factor, and the correlation information between the two estimated values obtained through learning may be expressed as the correlation coefficient in FIG. 15 . This will be explained in detail later.
• the neural network of factor correction model 200 may include an input layer 1000, an intermediate layer 2000, and an output layer 3000.
• the input layer 1000 may include first to sixth input nodes I1 to I6.
• i is a natural number less than or equal to 6, the i th input node Ii may be associated with one performance factor of the first performance factor group 1210.
• the first to sixth input nodes I1 to I6 are associated with a positive electrode participation start point, a positive electrode participation end point, a positive electrode scaling factor, a negative electrode participation start point, a negative electrode participation end point, and a negative electrode scaling factor, which may be included in the first performance factor group, respectively.
• the i th input node Ii may be provided with the i th input data set Xi, which is performance factor data associated therewith.
• the first input node I1 may be provided with the first input data set X1.
• the first input data set X1 may include values (e.g., positive electrode start potential and capacity values) related to the positive electrode participation start points of the plurality of test cells.
• the output layer 3000 may include at least one of the first to sixth output nodes O1 to O6.
• the j th output node Oj may be associated with any one of a positive electrode participation start point, a positive electrode participation end point, a positive electrode scaling factor, a negative electrode participation start point, a negative electrode participation end point, and a negative electrode scaling factor.
• the first to sixth output nodes O1 to O6 are associated with a positive electrode participation start point, a positive electrode participation end point, a positive electrode scaling factor, a negative electrode participation start point, a negative electrode participation end point, and a negative electrode scaling factor, respectively.
• the positive electrode participation start point, the positive electrode participation end point, the positive electrode scaling factor, the negative electrode participation start point, the negative electrode participation end point, and the negative electrode scaling factor may be referred to as the first to sixth performance factors, in that order.
• FIG. 14 illustrates that the input layer 1000 includes the first to sixth input nodes I1 to I6 and the output input layer 2000 includes the first to sixth output nodes O1 to O6, but this is only an example. That is, it is sufficient for the input layer 1000 to include at least one of the first to sixth input nodes I1 to I6, and it is also sufficient for the output layer 3000 to include at least one of the first to sixth output nodes O1 to O6. For example, when all of the first to sixth input data sets X1 to X6 are provided to the input layer 1000, the output layer 3000 may output only one of the first to sixth output data sets Z1 to Z6.
• the intermediate layer 2000 may include first to m th intermediate nodes F1 to Fm (m is a natural number greater than or equal to 2).
• m is a natural number greater than or equal to 2.
• the k th intermediate node Fk may be connected to at least one of the first to sixth input nodes I1 to I6 and at least one of the first to sixth output nodes O1 to O6.
• the k th intermediate node Fk may have a form of a function determined through a learning process, and may transmit an estimated value calculated based on the input value from each input node connected thereto to each output node connected thereto.
• the j th output node Oj may output an estimated value equal to the sum of the estimated values received from each intermediate node connected thereto as a correction result of the first performance factor group.
• the function for each intermediate node of the intermediate layer 2000 may be a weighted average function.
• a correlation coefficient indicating the degree of correlation between the estimated values of the first to sixth performance factors included in the first performance factor group and the estimated values of at least one of the first to sixth performance factors included in the second performance factor group may be used as a weight of the function for each intermediate node of the intermediate layer 2000.
• the factor correction model 200 includes at least one of the first to sixth machine learning models.
• the first to sixth machine learning models may be models that provide secondary estimation results for the first to sixth performance factors, in that order.
• the control circuit 130 may determine at least one degradation parameter based on the second performance factor group.
• Table 1 summarizes the degradation parameters and formulas that may be used to determine each degradation parameter.
• the second performance factor group when the target cell BC was in a new state may already be recorded in the memory 131.
• Each of the variables listed in Table 1 is a diagnostic factor that may be included in the second performance factor group described above.
• the definitions of the degradation parameters and variables in Table 1 may be as follows.
• the total positive electrode capacity, the total negative electrode capacity, the available lithium content, and the total full-cell capacity of the battery cell may gradually decrease from the value at the BOL (Beginning Of Life) state.
• the total full-cell capacity may represent the capacity difference between both end points of the full-cell profile.
• the total full-cell capacity may mean a full charge capacity (FCC).
• the available lithium content may represent the total amount of lithium that may contribute to charging and discharging of the battery cell.
• P SOH may represent the maintenance rate of the total positive electrode capacity.
• N SOH may represent the maintenance rate of the total negative electrode capacity.
• L SOH may represent the maintenance rate of the available lithium content.
• F SOH may represent the maintenance rate of the total full-cell capacity.
• the sum of P SOH and P LOSS , the sum of N SOH and N LOSS , the sum of L SOH and L LOSS , and the sum of F SOH and F LOSS may each be equal to 1.
• F LOSS may be equal to the sum of P LOSS and L LOSS .
• the positive electrode loading amount of any battery cell represents the amount of positive electrode active material (or available capacity) per unit area of the positive electrode of the battery cell.
• the negative electrode loading amount of any battery cell represents the amount of negative electrode active material (or available capacity) per unit area of the negative electrode of the battery cell.
• the unit of the loading amount may be mAh/cm 2 or mg/cm 2 .
• P loading_ref represents the reference positive electrode loading amount
• N loading_ref represents the reference negative electrode loading amount.
• the reference positive electrode loading amount is a predetermined value representing the amount of positive electrode active material (or available capacity) per unit area of the positive electrode of the reference cell.
• the reference positive electrode loading amount may be a value obtained by dividing the reference positive electrode capacity (Q P_ref ) by the reference positive electrode area.
• the reference positive electrode capacity may be a value preset as the total positive electrode capacity of the reference cell.
• the reference positive electrode area may be a value preset as the area of the positive electrode of the reference cell.
• the reference negative electrode loading amount is a predetermined value representing the amount of negative electrode active material (or available capacity) per unit area of the negative electrode of the reference cell.
• the reference negative electrode loading amount may be a value obtained by dividing the reference negative electrode capacity (Q N_ref ) by the reference negative electrode area.
• the reference negative electrode capacity may be a value preset as the total negative electrode capacity of the reference cell.
• the reference negative electrode area may be a value preset as the area of the negative electrode of the reference cell.
• At least one of the degradation parameters in Table 1 may be included in the second performance factor group as an estimation result for an additional performance factor of the target cell BC.
• the process of determining the second performance factor group may be repeated periodically or aperiodically throughout the life of the target cell BC.
• FIG. 15 shows an example of correlation information between the first performance factor group and the second performance factor group obtained through learning for the factor correction model 200 in a matrix form.
• the matrix illustrated in FIG. 15 is a 6 ⁇ 6 matrix.
• the six rows represent the first to sixth performance factors of the first performance factor group provided as a training data set, in that order.
• the six columns represent the first to sixth performance factors of the second performance factor group provided as a training data set, in that order.
• pi_A[1], pf_A[2], ps_A[3], ni_A[4], nf_A[5], and ns_A[6] represent the positive electrode participation start point, the positive electrode participation end point, the positive electrode scaling factor, the negative electrode participation start point, the negative electrode participation end point, and the negative electrode scaling factor, which are included in the first performance factor group of the training data set, in that order.
• pi_B[1], pf_B[2], ps_B[3], ni_B[4], nf_B[5] and ns_B[6] represent the positive electrode participation start point, the positive electrode participation end point, the positive electrode scaling factor, the negative electrode participation start point, the negative electrode participation end point and the negative electrode scaling factor, which are included in the second performance factor group of the training data set, respectively.
• the values of the p th row (pi_A[p]) and the q th column (pi_B[q]) represent the correlation coefficient between the p th performance factor included in the first performance factor group and the q th performance factor included in the second performance factor group.
• the correlation coefficient between the first performance factor (pi_A[1]) in the first row and the second performance factor (pf_B[2]) in the second column is -0.52.
• the correlation coefficient between the fifth performance factor (nf_A[5]) in the fifth row and the fourth performance factor (ni_B[4]) in the fourth column is 0.46.
• FIG. 16 is a flowchart for schematically illustrating a battery diagnosis method according to another embodiment of the present disclosure. The method of FIG. 16 may be executed by the battery diagnosis apparatus 100.
• Step S1610 the control circuit 130 collects a measurement signal representing the measurement values of the voltage and current of the target cell BC, which is a battery cell to be diagnosed, from the sensing unit 110.
• Step S1620 the control circuit 130 generates a first target full-cell profile M representing a correspondence between the capacity factor and the voltage of the target cell BC while the first electric stimulation is being applied to the target cell BC, based on the measurement signal collected in Step S1610.
• Steps S1610 and S1620 may be replaced with a procedure in which the data obtaining unit obtains the first target full-cell profile M directly or from an external source.
• Step S1630 the control circuit 130 generates an estimated full-cell profile E based on the first target full-cell profile M and the overpotential profile OP.
• Step S1640 the control circuit 130 applies a cell diagnosis logic to the estimated full-cell profile E to determine a first performance factor group 1210 as a primary estimation result for the charge/discharge performance of the target cell BC.
• Step S1650 the control circuit 130 determines a second performance factor group 1220 as a secondary estimation result for the charge/discharge performance of the target cell BC by applying the factor correction model 200 to the first performance factor group 1210.
• the second performance factor group includes an estimation result of the negative electrode loading amount of the target cell BC, which may be determined if the cell diagnosis logic is applied to the second target full-cell profile N instead of the estimated full-cell profile E.
• the second target full-cell profile N represents the correspondence between the capacity factor and voltage of the target cell BC while the second electric stimulation, which is different from the first electric stimulation, is being applied to the target cell BC.
• the second target full-cell profile N is not obtained by actually applying the second electric stimulation to the target cell BC. That is, the second target full-cell profile N represents the correspondence between the capacity factor and voltage of the target cell BC, which is expected to be obtained if the second electric stimulation was applied to the target cell BC instead of the first electric stimulation.
• the control circuit 130 may limit at least one of an allowable voltage range, an allowable SOC range, and an allowable charge/discharge current for the target cell BC based on at least one degradation parameter.
• the memory 131 may pre-store relationship data indicating the correspondence between the at least one limitation item (i.e., the allowable voltage range, the allowable SOC range, and/or the allowable charge/discharge current) and the at least one degradation parameter.
• the limitation amount for the allowable voltage range, the allowable SOC range, and/or the allowable charge/discharge current may be greater.

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