Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
  • C09D5/00—Coating compositions, e.g. paints, varnishes or lacquers, characterised by their physical nature or the effects produced; Filling pastes
  • C09D5/03—Powdery paints
  • C09D5/032—Powdery paints characterised by a special effect of the produced film, e.g. wrinkle, pearlescence, matt finish
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
  • C08G18/003—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with epoxy compounds having no active hydrogen
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
  • C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
  • C08G18/08—Processes
  • C08G18/16—Catalysts
  • C08G18/22—Catalysts containing metal compounds
  • C08G18/24—Catalysts containing metal compounds of tin
  • C08G18/244—Catalysts containing metal compounds of tin tin salts of carboxylic acids
  • C08G18/246—Catalysts containing metal compounds of tin tin salts of carboxylic acids containing also tin-carbon bonds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
  • C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
  • C08G18/28—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen characterised by the compounds used containing active hydrogen
  • C08G18/30—Low-molecular-weight compounds
  • C08G18/34—Carboxylic acids; Esters thereof with monohydroxyl compounds
  • C08G18/341—Dicarboxylic acids, esters of polycarboxylic acids containing two carboxylic acid groups
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
  • C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
  • C08G18/28—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen characterised by the compounds used containing active hydrogen
  • C08G18/40—High-molecular-weight compounds
  • C08G18/42—Polycondensates having carboxylic or carbonic ester groups in the main chain
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
  • C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
  • C08G18/28—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen characterised by the compounds used containing active hydrogen
  • C08G18/65—Low-molecular-weight compounds having active hydrogen with high-molecular-weight compounds having active hydrogen
  • C08G18/66—Compounds of groups C08G18/42, C08G18/48, or C08G18/52
  • C08G18/6625—Compounds of groups C08G18/42, C08G18/48, or C08G18/52 with compounds of group C08G18/34
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
  • C09D167/00—Coating compositions based on polyesters obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic ester link in the main chain; Coating compositions based on derivatives of such polymers
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
  • C09D175/00—Coating compositions based on polyureas or polyurethanes; Coating compositions based on derivatives of such polymers
  • C09D175/04—Polyurethanes
  • C09D175/06—Polyurethanes from polyesters
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
  • C09D5/00—Coating compositions, e.g. paints, varnishes or lacquers, characterised by their physical nature or the effects produced; Filling pastes
  • C09D5/03—Powdery paints
  • C09D5/033—Powdery paints characterised by the additives
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
  • C09D7/00—Features of coating compositions, not provided for in group C09D5/00; Processes for incorporating ingredients in coating compositions
  • C09D7/40—Additives
  • C09D7/60—Additives non-macromolecular
  • C09D7/63—Additives non-macromolecular organic
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
  • C09D7/00—Features of coating compositions, not provided for in group C09D5/00; Processes for incorporating ingredients in coating compositions
  • C09D7/40—Additives
  • C09D7/65—Additives macromolecular
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
  • C09D7/00—Features of coating compositions, not provided for in group C09D5/00; Processes for incorporating ingredients in coating compositions
  • C09D7/40—Additives
  • C09D7/70—Additives characterised by shape, e.g. fibres, flakes or microspheres
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K3/02—Elements
  • C08K3/08—Metals
  • C08K2003/0812—Aluminium
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K3/18—Oxygen-containing compounds, e.g. metal carbonyls
  • C08K3/20—Oxides; Hydroxides
  • C08K3/22—Oxides; Hydroxides of metals
  • C08K2003/2237—Oxides; Hydroxides of metals of titanium
  • C08K2003/2241—Titanium dioxide

Definitions

• the present disclosure relates to additives that induce leafing flake alignment in powder coating compositions, and methods for making and applying the same.
• Figs. 1A-1E provide images of a powder coating composition undergoing a curing process where each of the figures depict effect pigment particles rising to the surface of the curing composition over time.
• Figs. 2A and 2B provide a cross section of a powder coating undergoing a curing process where Fig. 2A depicts a control coating and Fig. 2B depicts a coating with an additive.
• any numerical range recited herein is intended to include all sub-ranges subsumed therein.
• a range of “1 to 10” is intended to include all sub-ranges between (and including) the recited minimum value of 1 and the recited maximum value of 10, that is, having a minimum value equal to or greater than 1 and a maximum value of equal to or less than 10.
• the use of the singular includes the plural and plural encompasses singular, unless specifically stated otherwise.
• the use of “or” means “and/or” unless specifically stated otherwise, even though “and/or” may be explicitly used in certain instances.
• a or “an” means “at least one” unless specifically stated otherwise.
• a polymer, “a” pigment, “a” composition, “a” powder coating composition, “an” amphipathic material, “an” effect pigment, “a” polymeric resin particle, and the like refer to one or more of any of these items.
• Amphipathic material refers to molecule(s) and/or polymer(s) which has both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts.
• polyester-based resins examples include Uralac P5504: an alcohol functional polyester resin commercially available through DSM.
• suitable acrylic resins include Almatex PD6300: a glycidyl methacrylate based poxy functional acrylic resin commercially available through Anderson Development Company.
• suitable epoxy resins include NPES-903 : a medium molecular weight solid epoxy resin based on bisphenol A, commercially available from Nan Ya Plastics Corp.
• the coating compositions may comprise any number of film forming resins, such as one film forming resin, or two or more film forming resins. Any particular film forming resin or any combination of film forming resins may be present in the coating composition in an amount of as little as 20 wt.
• any particular film forming resin or combination of film forming resins may be present in the coating composition from 40 wt. % to 90 wt.
• the coating compositions of the present disclosure may comprise a crosslinker in one or multiple components that may be selected from any of the crosslinkers known in the art to react with the functionality of one or more film-forming resins used in the coating composition.
• crosslinker refers to a molecule comprising two or more functional groups that are reactive with other functional groups and that is capable of linking two or more monomers or polymers through chemical bonds.
• the filmforming resins that form the binder of the coating composition may have functional groups that are reactive with themselves; in this manner, such resins are self-crosslinking.
• Suitable crosslinkers include phenolic resins, amino resins, epoxy resins, triglycidyl isocyanurate, beta-hydroxy (alkyl) amides, alkylated carbamates, (meth) acrylates, isocyanates, polyisocyanates, blocked isocyanates, polyacids, anhydrides, organometallic acid-functional materials, polyamines, polyamides, aminoplasts, carbodiimides, oxazolines, tetrakis(methoxymethyl)glycoluril, and combinations thereof.
• suitable crosslinkers include Vestagon BF1540: a uretdione functional polyisocyanate adduct commercially available through Evonik.
• any particular crosslinker or any combination of crosslinkers may be present in the coating composition in an amount of as little as 0.1 wt. %, 0.5 wt. %, 1 wt. %, 2 wt. %, 3 wt. %, 4 wt. %, 5 wt. %, 6 wt. %, 7 wt. %, 8 wt. %, 9 wt. %, 10 wt. %, 15 wt. %, 20 wt. %, 25 wt. % or in an amount as great as 50 wt. %, 45 wt. %, 40 wt. %, 35 wt.
• any crosslinker or combination of crosslinkers may be present in an amount from 0.5 wt. % to 10 wt. %, from 0.5 wt. % to 8 wt. %, from 0.5 wt. % to 6 wt. %, from 0.5 wt. % to 5 wt. %, from 1 wt. % to 5 wt. %, from 1 wt. % to 4 wt. %, or from 1 wt. % to 2 wt. % based on the total weight of the coating composition or based on the weight of one component of the coating composition.
• the coating compositions of the present disclosure may include an amphipathic material to help facilitate the leafing of effect pigments.
• amphipathic refers to a molecule or polymer which has both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts. It has been surprisingly found that these materials promote a leafing effect in powder coatings without the need to pre-treat effect pigments.
• hydrophilic portion of the amphipathic material attaches to the effect pigment, and the hydrophobic portion of the amphipathic material migrates to the surface. This migration results in many desirable surface effects.
• Figs. 1A-1E provide chronological images 100, 106, 112 ,118, and 124 of a powder coating with effect pigment being cured. Paying special attention to areas 102, 104, 108, 110, 114, 116, 120, 122, 126, and 128, the flakes in the coating begin to leaf and become more visible as they rise to the surface.
• each of areas 102, 108, 114, 120, and 126 represent a first same area of the powder coating
• each of areas 104, 110, 116, 122, and 128 represent a second same area of the powder coating
• the effect pigments become more clearly visible over time, indicating that the effect pigments have risen towards the surface of the coating (e.g., leafed).
• Articles coated with coating compositions including amphipathic materials have a lower surface energy as compared to the same coating compositions without amphipathic materials.
• the surface energy of coated articles including the amphipathic material may be as little as 10 mJ/m 2 , 15 mJ/m 2 , 16 mJ/m 2 , 17 mJ/m 2 , 18 mJ/m 2 , 20 mJ/m 2 , or 25 mJ/m2, or as high as 35 mJ/m 2 , 40 mJ/m 2 , 45 mJ/m 2 , 46 mJ/m 2 , 47 mJ/m 2 , 48 mJ/m 2 , 50 mJ/m 2 , or 55 mJ/m 2 , or any value between any of the forgoing values as endpoints, as measured by ASTM D7490-13.
• the surface energy may drop by as little as 15 mJ/m 2 , 20 mJ/m 2 , or 25 mJ/m 2 , or as much as 30 mJ/m 2 , 31 mJ/m 2 32 mJ/m 2 , 33 mJ/m 2 , 35 mJ/m 2 , or 40 mJ/m 2 , or by amount between any of the foregoing values as endpoints, as compared to the surface energy of the same powder coating composition without the addition of the amphipathic material.
• Articles coated with a coating composition including the amphipathic material may also exhibit higher brightness (e.g., L*) values, as compared to coating compositions without amphipathic materials, as a result of more of the effect pigment flakes rising to the surface of the cured coating.
• the brightness (L*) value may be as low as 1.0, 10.0, 20.0, 30.0, 50.0, 60.0, or 70.0, or as high as 75.0, 79.0, 80.0, 81.0, or 85.0, 90.0, 100.0, 125.0, 150, 200, 250, 300, 400, or 500, or any value between the forgoing values, as measured by DIN EN ISO 11664.
• the L* values for coating compositions include the amphipathic material may increase anywhere from 5 to 300 L* units, such as 5-100 L* units, as based upon an article coated with a powder coating composition without the amphipathic material.
• the higher brightness value may indicate that as little as 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, or 20 % or as high as 25%, 28%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 36%, or 40%, or any value between the forgoing values as endpoints, of the effect pigment flakes rose to the surface of the coated article based upon the inclusion of the amphipathic material.
• Articles coated with a coating composition including the amphipathic material also exhibit a low gloss value, which may result from the amount of effect pigment added to the powder coating composition.
• the powder coating composition including the amphipathic material may have a gloss value (GU), as measured at 60 degrees and per to ISO 2813 and ASTM D523.4, as low as 15, 20, or 25, or as high as 75, 80, 85, or 90, or any value between the forgoing values, which may result in a gloss value decrease of anywhere between 15 and 150 GU. Particularly, gloss values may decrease between 60 and 70 GU.
• any molecule or polymer with a hydrophobic and hydrophilic portion could be used.
• amphipathic materials that include amine functional groups, amine and methoxy functional groups, carboxylic acid and hydroxyl functional groups, and amine-alkoxy functional groups have been found to be particularly suitable to promote vibrate leafing effects when added to the powder coating composition.
• Suitable examples of amphipathic materials include siloxanes, functional siloxane such as amine-functional siloxanes, or methoxy functional siloxanes, fluorinated organic polymers, steric acid-based compounds, oleic acid-based compounds, and combinations thereof.
• formulations of the General Formula I, and each of the specific Formulas II-V have been found to exhibit at least some suitable leafing effects.
• x and y may be integers from 1 to 500.
• x may be an integer from 1 to 500.
• x may be an integer from 1 to 500.
• the coated substrate of the present disclosure may further comprise one or more additional coating layers, such as a second overcoat deposited onto at least a portion of the first coating composition, to form a multi-layer coating such as by applying a topcoat.
• additional coating layers such as a second overcoat deposited onto at least a portion of the first coating composition
• the first coating composition can be cured prior to application of additional overcoats, or one or more of the additional overcoats and the first coating composition can be cured simultaneously.
• the second overcoat and additional overcoat can be in solid or liquid form.
• the coating compositions may be layered underneath a topcoat or series of topcoats to form a stackup.
• L 1 is CIELAB L* measured at the aspecular angle of 15°
• L 2 is CIELAB L* measured at the aspecular angle of 45°
• L 3 is CIELAB L* measured at the aspecular angle of 110°.
• the present coating composition when applied to a substrate may demonstrate less than 5 mm average scribe creepage after at least 100 hours, at least 200 hours, at least 300 hours, at least 400 hours, at least 500 hours, at least 600 hours, at least 700 hours, at least 800 hours, at least 1000 hours, at least 1500 hours, at least 2000 hours, at least 2500 hours, at least 3000 hours, at least 3500 hours, at least 4000 hours, at least 4500 hours, at least 5000 hours.
• the coating composition may have a surface resistivity of from 100 ohms/square to 1,000,000 ohms/square, from 200 ohms/square to 500,000 ohms/square, from 300 ohms/square to 100,000 ohms/square, from 400 ohms/square to 50,000 ohms/square, or from 500 ohms/square to 10,000 ohms/square.
• the chips were milled in a Mikro ACM- 1 Air Classifying Mill to obtain an average particle size of 30 microns and a range of 10 microns to 100 microns.
• the particle size was determined by using the LS 13 320 Particle Size Analyzer from Beckman Coulter.
• the resulting coating compositions for each of Compositions 1-3 were solid particulate powder coating compositions that were free flowing.
• Examples 3-8 were electrostatically applied onto C700C59 zinc phosphate steel panels at an average filmbuild of 2.2 mils. The coatings were baked at 191 °C for 20 minutes.
• the coated panels’ color was evaluated using a BYK-mac Metallic Color Multiangle Spectrophotometer from BYK.
• the L* values were measured according to DIN EN ISO 1166, and are presented in the table 3 below.
• the coated panel’s 60 degree gloss values were evaluated using a Rhopoint IQ glossmeter from Rhopoint.
• the gloss values (GU) were measured according to ISO 2813 and ASTM D523. 4, and are also presented in the table 3 below.
• a high L value when using mica flake is well known to indicate leafing and flake alignment.
• the coated panels’ color was evaluated using a BYK-mac Metallic Color Multiangle Spectrophotometer from BYK.
• the L values are in Table 3 below. A high L value when using mica flake is well known to indicate leafing and flake alignment. TABLE 3
• Examples 7-10 were prepared using the above-described methods, but the mica was bag shaken in rather than bonded.
• Table 7 shows that increasingly amphipathic materials may cause flake leafing. Materials with non-polar groups along the nonpolar siloxane display limited leafing, while materials with polar functional groups on a nonpolar siloxane display leafing. The material leeches out of the coating and onto the outside of the flake whose outer surface then has a lower surface energy. This causes the flake to migrate to the surface.
• Example E Powder Coating Compositions with Different Flakes
• Examples 19-30 were electrostatically applied onto C700C59 zinc phosphate steel panels at an average filmbuild of 2.2 mils. The coatings were baked at 191°C for 20 minutes.
• the coated panels’ color was evaluated using a BYK-mac Metallic Color Multiangle Spectrophotometer from BYK.
• the L* values were measured according to DIN EN ISO 1166, and are presented in Table 9 below. A high L value when using mica flake is well known to indicate leafing and flake alignment.
• the coated panels’ color was evaluated using a BYK-mac Metallic Color Multiangle Spectrophotometer from BYK.
• the L values are in Table 9 below. A high L value when using mica flake is well known to indicate leafing and flake alignment.
• Example G Powder Coating Compositions with Different Flakes
• Examples 31-36 were electrostatically applied onto C700C59 zinc phosphate steel panels at an average filmbuild of 2.2 mils. The coatings were baked at 191 °C for 20 minutes.
• the coated panels’ color was evaluated using a BYK-mac Metallic Color Multiangle Spectrophotometer from BYK.
• the L* values were measured according to DIN EN ISO 1166, and are presented in Table 11 below. T A high L value when using mica flake is well known to indicate leafing and flake alignment.
• Example K the polyester chips from Composition 2 in Example A were combined with an amphipathic material additive and flakes and tested for surface energy according to ASTM D7490-13.
• Fig. 2A shows the cross section of the control and Fig. 2B shows the cross section of the inventive composition comprising the siloxane additive.
• 130 illustrates flakes which demonstrate less leafing than the flakes shown by 132.
• the number of flakes in each cross section at the surface of the coating and in the bulk was tabulated.
• Statistically significant increase of flake at the surface was observed in the coating comprising the siloxane additive compared to the control.
• Example M the polyester chips from Composition 2 in Example A were combined with an amphipathic material additive and flakes and tested for surface energy according to ASTM D7490-13.

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