Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L63/00—Compositions of epoxy resins; Compositions of derivatives of epoxy resins
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G59/00—Polycondensates containing more than one epoxy group per molecule; Macromolecules obtained by polymerising compounds containing more than one epoxy group per molecule using curing agents or catalysts which react with the epoxy groups
  • C08G59/18—Macromolecules obtained by polymerising compounds containing more than one epoxy group per molecule using curing agents or catalysts which react with the epoxy groups ; e.g. general methods of curing
  • C08G59/40—Macromolecules obtained by polymerising compounds containing more than one epoxy group per molecule using curing agents or catalysts which react with the epoxy groups ; e.g. general methods of curing characterised by the curing agents used
  • C08G59/50—Amines
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G59/00—Polycondensates containing more than one epoxy group per molecule; Macromolecules obtained by polymerising compounds containing more than one epoxy group per molecule using curing agents or catalysts which react with the epoxy groups
  • C08G59/18—Macromolecules obtained by polymerising compounds containing more than one epoxy group per molecule using curing agents or catalysts which react with the epoxy groups ; e.g. general methods of curing
  • C08G59/40—Macromolecules obtained by polymerising compounds containing more than one epoxy group per molecule using curing agents or catalysts which react with the epoxy groups ; e.g. general methods of curing characterised by the curing agents used
  • C08G59/50—Amines
  • C08G59/5006—Amines aliphatic
  • C08G59/502—Polyalkylene polyamines
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G59/00—Polycondensates containing more than one epoxy group per molecule; Macromolecules obtained by polymerising compounds containing more than one epoxy group per molecule using curing agents or catalysts which react with the epoxy groups
  • C08G59/18—Macromolecules obtained by polymerising compounds containing more than one epoxy group per molecule using curing agents or catalysts which react with the epoxy groups ; e.g. general methods of curing
  • C08G59/40—Macromolecules obtained by polymerising compounds containing more than one epoxy group per molecule using curing agents or catalysts which react with the epoxy groups ; e.g. general methods of curing characterised by the curing agents used
  • C08G59/50—Amines
  • C08G59/56—Amines together with other curing agents
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G59/00—Polycondensates containing more than one epoxy group per molecule; Macromolecules obtained by polymerising compounds containing more than one epoxy group per molecule using curing agents or catalysts which react with the epoxy groups
  • C08G59/18—Macromolecules obtained by polymerising compounds containing more than one epoxy group per molecule using curing agents or catalysts which react with the epoxy groups ; e.g. general methods of curing
  • C08G59/40—Macromolecules obtained by polymerising compounds containing more than one epoxy group per molecule using curing agents or catalysts which react with the epoxy groups ; e.g. general methods of curing characterised by the curing agents used
  • C08G59/62—Alcohols or phenols
  • C08G59/621—Phenols
  • C08G59/623—Aminophenols
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K3/34—Silicon-containing compounds
  • C08K3/36—Silica
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K7/00—Use of ingredients characterised by shape
  • C08K7/22—Expanded, porous or hollow particles
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L51/00—Compositions of graft polymers in which the grafted component is obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
  • C08L51/04—Compositions of graft polymers in which the grafted component is obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers grafted on to rubbers
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
  • C09D163/00—Coating compositions based on epoxy resins; Coating compositions based on derivatives of epoxy resins
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09J—ADHESIVES; NON-MECHANICAL ASPECTS OF ADHESIVE PROCESSES IN GENERAL; ADHESIVE PROCESSES NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE; USE OF MATERIALS AS ADHESIVES
  • C09J163/00—Adhesives based on epoxy resins; Adhesives based on derivatives of epoxy resins

Definitions

• the present disclosure relates to compositions and coatings formed therefrom.
• Coatings useful in aerospace and other applications must satisfy demanding mechanical, chemical, and environmental requirements.
• the coatings can be applied to a variety of surfaces including metal surfaces, intermediate coatings, and finished coatings.
• compositions comprising: a first component comprising: an epoxy-functional compound; elastomeric particles; and a (meth)acrylic-functional compound; and a second component comprising: an amine-functional curing agent.
• Also disclosed herein are methods of coating a substrate comprising contacting at least a portion of a surface of the substrate with one of the multi-component compositions disclosed herein.
• substrates comprising a coating formed on a surface thereof, wherein the coating is formed from one of the multi-component compositions disclosed herein.
• any numerical range recited herein is intended to include all sub-ranges subsumed therein.
• a range of “1 to 10” is intended to include all sub-ranges between (and including) the recited minimum value of 1 and the recited maximum value of 10, that is, having a minimum value equal to or greater than 1 and a maximum value of equal to or less than 10.
• the use of “or” means “and/or” unless specifically stated otherwise, even though “and/or” may be explicitly used in certain instances.
• the terms “on,” “onto,” “applied on,” “applied onto,” “formed on,” “deposited on,” “deposited onto,” and the like mean formed, overlaid, deposited, or provided on, but not necessarily in contact with, a substrate surface.
• a composition “applied onto” a substrate surface does not preclude the presence of one or more other intervening coating layers or films of the same or different composition located between the composition and the substrate surface.
• a “coating composition” refers to a composition, e.g., a solution, mixture, or a dispersion, that, in an at least partially dried or cured state, is capable of producing a film, layer, or the like on at least a portion of a substrate surface.
• a “sealant composition” refers to a coating composition, e.g., a solution, mixture, or a dispersion that, in an at least partially dried or cured state, has the ability to resist atmospheric conditions such as temperature and moisture gradients and particulate matter, such as moisture and temperature and at least partially block the transmission of materials, such as particulates, water, fuel, and other liquids and gasses.
• an “adhesive composition” refers to a coating composition, e.g., a solution, mixture, or a dispersion, that, in an at least partially dried or cured state, produces a load-bearing joint, such as a load-bearing joint having a lap shear strength of at least 72.5 psi measured according to ASTM D1002 using an Instron 5567 machine in tensile mode with a pull rate of 1.3 mm per minute.
• a “structural adhesive composition” refers to a coating composition, e.g., a solution, mixture, or a dispersion, that, in an at least partially dried or cured state, produces a structural adhesive, i.e., a load-bearing joint, such as a load-bearing joint having a lap shear strength of at least 725 psi measured according to ASTM D1002 using an Instron 5567 machine in tensile mode with a pull rate of 1.3 mm per minute.
• ambient conditions generally refer to room temperature (e.g., 23°C) and humidity conditions or temperature and humidity conditions that are typically found in the area in which the composition is applied to a substrate, e.g., at 10°C to 40°C and 5% to 80% relative humidity, while slightly thermal conditions are temperatures that are slightly above ambient temperature, such as 40°C to 60°C.
• multi-component refers to a composition in which at least a portion of the reactive components readily associate to form an interaction or react to form a bond (physically or chemically), and at least partially cure without activation from an external energy source, such as at ambient or slightly thermal conditions, when mixed.
• an external energy source such as at ambient or slightly thermal conditions
• Multicomponent compositions include compositions comprising at least two components (a “two component” or “2K” composition), such as at least three components, and so forth. Optionally may be heated or baked, as described below.
• curable means that the reactive functional groups of the components that form the composition react to form a film, layer, or bond.
• curing of the curable composition refers to subjecting said composition to curing conditions leading to reaction of the reactive functional groups of the components of the composition and resulting in the crosslinking of the components of the composition and formation of an at least partially cured film, layer, or bond.
• a “curable” composition refers to a composition that may be cured. In the case of a 2K composition, the composition is at least partially cured or cured when the components of the composition are mixed resulting in the reaction of the reactive functional groups of the components of the composition.
• the curable composition may also be subjected to curing conditions such that a substantially complete cure is attained and wherein further curing results in no significant further improvement in the coating properties such as, for example, increased lap shear performance.
• polymer refers to oligomers, homopolymers and copolymers.
• backbone means the longest series of covalently bound atoms which forms the continuous chain of the polymer.
• (meth)acrylate and like terms refers to both the acrylate and the corresponding methacrylate terminated monomer, oligomer, polymer.
• “functional group” means specific groups of atoms within a molecule that have the potential to undergo chemical reactions under certain conditions, regardless of the other atoms in the molecule.
• (meth)acrylic-functional compound refers to a compound that includes at least two unreacted (meth)acrylic functional groups per molecule.
• unreacted acrylic functional group refers to a group comprising the following g structure: and "unreacted methacrylic functional group” refers to a group comprising the following structure:
• glass transition temperature means the temperature at which the polymer or polymer-containing composition changes from a rigid glassy material to a soft material.
• Tg glass transition temperature
• an accelerator means a substance that increases the rate or decreases the activation energy of a chemical reaction in comparison to the same reaction in the absence of the accelerator.
• An accelerator may be either a “catalyst,” that is, without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change, or may be reactive, that is, capable of chemical reactions and includes any level of reaction from partial to complete reaction of a reactant.
• the term “substantially free” means that a particular material is not purposefully added to a mixture or composition, respectively, and is present only as an impurity in a trace amount of less than 5 percent by weight based on a total weight of the mixture or composition, respectively.
• the term “essentially free” means that a particular material is present only in an amount of less than 2 percent by weight based on a total weight of the mixture or composition, respectively.
• the term “completely free” means that a mixture or composition, respectively, does not comprise a particular material, i.e., the mixture or composition comprises 0 percent by weight of such material.
• the present disclosure is directed to a multi-component composition
• a multi-component composition comprising, or consisting essentially of, or consisting of, a first component and a second component.
• the composition optionally may comprise additional components.
• the first component may comprise, or consist essentially of, or consist of, an epoxy-functional compound, elastomeric particles, and a (meth)acrylate-functional compound.
• the second component may comprise, or consist essentially of, or consist of, an amine-functional curing agent.
• the first component, second component, and/or third or higher components also may comprise any of the additional optional components disclosed herein.
• compositions disclosed herein can comprise a polyepoxide compound or a combination of poly epoxide compounds.
• a polyepoxide refers to a compound having two or more reactive epoxy groups.
• a polyepoxide can be difunctional or can include a combination of poly epoxides having different epoxy functionalities.
• a poly epoxide may include a combination of polyepoxides.
• a polyepoxide resin can be liquid at room temperature.
• polyepoxide compounds include hydantoin diepoxide, a diglycidyl ether of bisphenol -A, a diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-F, a novolac-type polyepoxide, epoxidized unsaturated phenolic resins, dimer acid-based epoxy resins, and combinations of any of the foregoing.
• Suitable polyepoxides include a bisphenol A type polyepoxide, a brominated bisphenol A type polyepoxide, a bisphenol F type polyepoxide, a biphenyl type polyepoxide, a novolac type polyepoxide, an alicyclic polyepoxide, a naphthalene type polyepoxide, an ether or polyether polyepoxide, an oxirane ring-containing polybutadiene, and a silicone polyepoxy copolymer.
• suitable polyepoxides include a bisphenol A type polyepoxide having an average molecular weight, for example of 400 Daltons or less 600 Daltons or less, 1,000 Daltons or less, 1,200 Daltons or less, or 1 ,400 Daltons or less; a branched polyfunctional bisphenol A type polyepoxide such as p-glycidyloxyphenyl dimethyltolvlbisphenol A diglycidyl ether; a bisphenol F type epoxy resin; a phenol novolac type polyepoxide having an average molecular weight, for example, of 500 Daltons or less, 700 Daltons or less, 1,000 Daltons or less, or 1 ,500 Daltons or less; an alicyclic polyepoxide such as amyl(3,4-cyclohexene)dioxide, methyl 3,4-epoxycyclohexylcarboxylate (3,4- epoxy cyclohexyl), bis(3,4-epoxy-6-methylcyclo
• polyepoxides suitable for use in the compositions disclosed herein include polyglycidyil derivatives of phenolic compounds, such as those available under the trade names EPONTM 824, EPONTM 825, EPONTM 826, EPONTM 82.7, EPO TM 828, EPONTM 829, EPONTM 830, EPONTM 834, EPONTM 862, EPONTM 863, EPONTM 8280, EPONTM 8281, EPONTM 872 , an EPONTM resin blend, EPONTM 1001-A-80, EPONTM 1001-B-80, EPONTM 1OO1-CX-75, EPONTM 1001-DNT-75, EPONTM 1001-FT-75, EPONTM 1001-G-70, EPONTM 1001-H-75, EPONTM 1001-K-65, EPONTM 1001-0-75, EPONTM 1001-T- 75, EPONTM 1001-UV-70, EPONTM 1001-X-
• Suitable polyepoxides include polyepoxides prepared from polyols and poly glycidyl derivatives of phenol-formaldehyde novolacs, the latter of which are commercially available under the trade names DENTM 431, DENTM 438, and DENTM 439 from Dow Chemical Company. Cresol analogs are also available commercially ECNTM 1235, ECNTM 1273, and ECNTM 1299 from Ciba Specialty Chemicals, inc. SU-8 is a bisphenol A -type epoxy Novolac available from Resolution.
• Performance Products LLC Polyglycidyl adducts of amines, amino alcohols and polycarboxylic acids are also useful in the compositions disclosed herein, commercially available resins of which include GLY AMIN ETM 135, GLY AMINETM 125, and GLY AMINETM 115;
• a polyepoxide can include a combination of polyepoxides.
• a polyepoxide can comprise a hydroxyl-functional polyepoxide or combination of hydroxyl - functional poly epoxides.
• a poly epoxide can comprise a hydroxyl - functional diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A.
• a diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A can comprise pendent hydroxyl groups such as, for example, from 1 to 10 pendent hydroxyl groups, from 1 to 8 hydroxyl groups, from 1 to 6 hydroxyl groups, from 1 to 4 pendent hydroxyl groups, or from 1 to 2 pendent hydroxyl groups, such as 1 , 2, 3, 45, or 6 pendent hydroxyl groups.
• pendent hydroxyl groups such as, for example, from 1 to 10 pendent hydroxyl groups, from 1 to 8 hydroxyl groups, from 1 to 6 hydroxyl groups, from 1 to 4 pendent hydroxyl groups, or from 1 to 2 pendent hydroxyl groups, such as 1 , 2, 3, 45, or 6 pendent hydroxyl groups.
• a diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A having pendent hydroxyl groups can be referred to as hydroxyl-functional diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A.
• Hydroxyl-functional diglycidyl ethers of bisphenol A can have an epoxy equivalent weight from 400 Daltons to 1,500 Daltons, from 400 Daltons to 1,000 Daltons or from 400 Daltons to 600 Daltons.
• a diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A can comprise a diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A without a hydroxyl-functional component, a diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A which can be partly hydroxyl-functional, or all of the diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A can be hydroxyl-functional.
• a diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A having hydroxyl pendent groups can have the structure: where n is an integer 1 to 6.
• Examples of suitable diglycidyl ethers of bisphenol A include bisphenol A polyepoxides in which n is an integer 1 to 6, or a combination of bisphenol A polyepoxides in which n can be a non- integer value, for example, 0.1 to 2.9, 0.1 to 2.5, 0.1 to 2.1, 0.1 to 1.7, 0.1 to 1.5, 0.1 to 1.3, 0.1 to 1.1, 0.1 to 0.9, 0.3 to 0.8, or 0.5 to 0.8.
• a diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A comprising hydroxyl pendent groups can comprise, for example, a 2,2-bis(p-glycidyloxyphenyl)propane condensation product with 2,2- bis(p- hydroxyphcnyl)propanc and similar’ isomers.
• Suitable diglycidyl ethers of bisphenol A comprising hydroxyl pendent groups are available, for example, from Momentive and include EPONTM solid epoxy resins such as EPONTM 100 IF, EPONTM 1002F, EPONTM 1004F, EPONTM 1007F, EPONTM 1009F, and combinations of any of the foregoing.
• Such diglycidyl ethers of bisphenol A may be provided, for example, as a 70 wt% to 95 wt% solids solution in a suitable solvent such as methyl ethyl ketone.
• Such high solids content resins include, for example, EPONTM 1001-A-80, EPONTM 1001-B-80, EPONTM 1OO1-CX-75, EPONTM 1001-DNT-75, EPONTM 1001-FT-75, EPONTM 1001-G-70, EPONTM 1001-H-75, EPONTM 1001-K-65, EPONTM 1001-0-75, EPONTM 1001-T-75, EPONTM 1001 -UY-70, EPONTM 1001 - X-75, EPONTM 1004-0- 65, EPONTM 1007-CT-55, EPONTM 1007-FMU-50, EPONTM 1007-HT-55, EPONTM 1001-DU- 40, EPONTM 1009-MX-840, or
• Suitable epoxy novolac resins include novolac polyepoxides in which n is an integer 1 to 6, 1 to 4, or 1 to 2; or in which n can be a non-integer value, for example, 0.1 to 2.9, 0.1 to 2.5, 0.1 to 2.1, 0.1 to 1.7, 0.1 to 1.5, 0.1 to 1.3, 0.1 to 1.1, 0.1 to 0.9, 0.3 to 0.8, or from 0.5 to 0.8.
• a polyepoxide can comprise, for example, a difunctional polyepoxide, a polyepoxide having an epoxy functionality greater than 2 such as 3 to 6, or a combination thereof.
• a polyepoxide can have an average epoxy functionality, for example, 2.1 to 3.5, 2.2 to 3.4, 2.6 to 3.2, or 2.7 to 3.1.
• a polyepoxide can comprise, for example, a combination of a difunctional polyepoxide or combination of difunctional polyepoxides, a trifunctional polyepoxide or combination of trifunctional polyepoxides, or a combination of any of the foregoing.
• a difunctional polyepoxide can have an epoxy equivalent weight, for example, from 400 Daltons to 1,500 Daltons, from 400 Daltons to 1,000 Daltons, or from 400 Daltons to 600 Daltons.
• a trifunctional polyepoxide can have an epoxy equivalent weight, for example, from 140 Daltons to 500 Daltons, from 150 Daltons to 300 Daltons, or from 160 Daltons to 200 Daltons.
• a difunctional polyepoxide can comprise, for example, a hydroxyl-functional polyepoxide and a trifunctional polyepoxide can comprise a hydroxyl-functional polyepoxide.
• a composition can comprise, for example, a hydroxyl-functional polyepoxide and a trifunctional polyepoxide that does not contain pendent hydroxyl groups; or a composition can comprise a difunctional polyepoxide that does not contain pendent hydroxyl groups, and a hydroxyl-functional trifunctional polyepoxide.
• a difunctional polyepoxide can comprise a hydroxyl-functional polyepoxide.
• compositions provided by the present disclosure can comprise a combination of polyepoxides.
• a combination of polyepoxides can comprise polyepoxides having different poly epoxides having different functionalities or different average functionalities.
• a combination of polyepoxides can comprise polyepoxides having an average epoxy functionality of at least 2.
• a combination of polyepoxides can comprise polyepoxides having an average epoxy functionality of no more than 3, such as no more than 2.9, such as no more than 2.8, such as no more than 2.7, such as no more than 2.5, such as no more than 2.3.
• a combination of poly epoxides can comprise polyepoxides having an average epoxy functionality of 2 to 3, such as 2 to 2.3, such as 2 to 2.5, such as 2 to 2.7, such as 2 to 2.8, such as 2 to 2.9.
• the multi-component compositions disclosed herein may comprise an epoxyfunctional compound in an amount of at least 0.5 percent by weight based on total weight of the multi-component composition, such as at least 5 percent by weight.
• the multi-component compositions disclosed herein may comprise an epoxy-functional compound in an amount of no more than 60 percent by weight based on total weight of the multi-component composition, such as no more than 40 percent by weight.
• the multi-component compositions disclosed herein may comprise an epoxy-functional compound in an amount of 0.5 percent by weight to 60 percent by weight based on total weight of the multi-component composition, such as 5 percent by weight to 40 percent by weight.
• the epoxy-containing compound of the composition may further include elastomeric particles.
• elastomeric particles refers to particles having a glass transition temperature (Tg) of -70°C to 0°C as measured by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) or Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA).
• the elastomeric particles may be included in an epoxy carrier resin for introduction into the coating composition.
• the elastomeric particles may be phase- separated from the epoxy in the epoxy-containing compound.
• phase- separated means forming a discrete domain within a matrix of the epoxy-containing compound.
• the elastomeric particles may have a core/shell structure.
• the core of the coreshell particles may comprise a Tg of less than 0°C, such as -20°C or less, such as -40°C or less, such as -60°C or less as measured by DMA or DSC.
• Suitable elastomeric particles may be comprised of a silicone material.
• Suitable elastomeric particles may be comprised of a (meth)acrylic shell and an elastomeric core.
• the core may comprise natural or synthetic rubbers, polybutadiene, styrene-butadiene, polyisoprene, styrene isoprene, chloroprene, acrylonitrile butadiene, butyl rubber, polysiloxane, polysulfide, ethylene-vinyl acetate, fluoroelastomer, polyolefin, hydronated styrene-butadiene, or combinations thereof.
• the type of elastomeric particles and the concentration thereof is not limited as long as the particle size falls within the specified range as illustrated below.
• the average particle size of the elastomeric particles may be, for example, 0.02 microns to 5 microns (20 nm to 5,000 nm), such as 20 nm to 500 nm, such as 50 nm to 250 nm, the reported particle sizes for rubber particles provided by Kaneka Texas Corporation, as measured by standard techniques known in the industry.
• Suitable methods of measuring particles sizes disclosed herein include, for example, as measured by transmission electron microscopy (TEM).
• TEM transmission electron microscopy
• Suitable methods of measuring particle sizes by TEM include suspending elastomeric particles in a solvent selected such that the particles do not swell, and then dropcasting the suspension onto a TEM grid which is allowed to dry under ambient conditions.
• epoxy resin containing core-shell elastomeric particles may be diluted in butyl acetate for drop casting and measurements may be obtained from images acquired from a Tecnai T20 TEM operating at 200kV and analyzed using ImageJ software, or an equivalent solvent, instrument and software.
• suitable finely dispersed core- shell elastomeric particles having an average particle size ranging from 50 nm to 250 nm may be pre-mixed or pre-dispersed in the a resin, such as in epoxy resin such as aromatic epoxides, phenolic novolac epoxy resin, bisphenol A and/or bisphenol F diepoxide, and/or aliphatic epoxides, which include cyclo-aliphatic epoxides, at concentrations ranging from 5% to 40% rubber particles by weight based on the total weight of the rubber dispersion, such as from 20% to 35%.
• Suitable epoxy resins may also include a mixture of epoxy resins.
• the epoxy carrier resin may be an epoxycontaining component such that the weight of the epoxy-containing component present in the composition includes the weight of the epoxy carrier resin.
• Exemplary non-limiting commercial core-shell elastomeric particle products using poly(butadiene) rubber particles that may be utilized in the composition include core-shell poly(butadiene) rubber powder (commercially available as PARALOIDTM EXL 2650A from Dow Chemical), a core-shell poly(butadiene) rubber dispersion (25% core-shell rubber by weight) in bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (commercially available as Kane Ace MX 136), a coreshell poly(butadiene) rubber dispersion (33% core-shell rubber by weight) in Epon® 828 (commercially available as Kane Ace MX 153), a core-shell poly(butadiene) rubber dispersion (33% core-shell rubber by weight) in Epicion® EXA-835LV (commercially available as Kane Ace MX 139), a core-shell poly(butadiene) rubber dispersion (37% core-shell rubber by weight) in bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (commercially available as Kane Ace MX 146
• Exemplary non-limiting commercial core- shell elastomeric particle products using styrene-butadiene rubber particles that may be utilized in the composition include a coreshell styrene-butadiene rubber powder (commercially available as CLEARSTRENGTH® XT100 from Arkema), core-shell styrene-butadiene rubber powder (commercially available as PARALOIDTM EXL 2650J), a core-shell styrene-butadiene rubber dispersion (33% core-shell rubber by weight) in bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (commercially available as FortegraTM 352 from OlinTM), core-shell styrene-butadiene rubber dispersion (33% rubber by weight) in low viscosity bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (commercially available as Kane Ace MX 113), a coreshell styrene-butadiene rubber dispersion (25% core-shell rubber by weight) in bisphenol A diglycidy
• core-shell rubber particle dispersions include Fortegra 352 (33% core-shell rubber particles by weight in bisphenol A liquid epoxy resin), available from Olin Corporation.
• Other commercially available core-shell rubber particle dispersions include ParaloidTM EXL 2650A (core-shell poly(butadiene) commercially available from Dow.
• Exemplary non-limiting commercial core-shell elastomeric particle products using polysiloxane rubber particles that may be utilized in the composition include a core-shell polysiloxane rubber powder (commercially available as GENIOPERL® P52 from Wacker), a core-shell polysiloxane rubber dispersion (40% core-shell rubber by weight) in bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (commercially available as ALBIDUR® EP2240A from Evonick), a core-shell polysiloxane rubber dispersion (25% core-shell rubber by weight) in jERTM828 (commercially available as Kane Ace MX 960), a core-shell polysiloxane rubber dispersion (25% core-shell rubber by weight) in Epon® 863 (commercially available as Kane Ace MX 965) each available from Kaneka Texas Corporation.
• a core-shell polysiloxane rubber powder commercially available as GENIOPERL® P52 from Wacker
• the composition may comprise the elastomeric particles in an amount of at least 2 percent by weight based on the total weight of the multi-component composition, such as at least 3 percent by weight, such as at least 5 percent by weight.
• the composition may comprise the elastomeric particles in an amount of no more than 40 percent by weight based on total weight of the multi-component composition, such as no more than 35 percent by weight, such as no more than 25 percent by weight.
• the composition may comprise the elastomeric particles in an amount of 2 percent by weight to 40 percent by weight based on total weight of the multicomponent composition, such as 3 percent by weight to 35 percent by weight, such as 5 percent by weight to 25 percent by weight.
• the multi-component composition may comprise a (meth)acrylic-functional compound.
• the (meth)acrylic-functional compound comprises a monomer, oligomer or polymer that includes at least two unreacted (meth)acrylic functional groups per molecule.
• the (meth)acrylic-functional compound may comprise a monomer, oligomer or polymer that includes at least three (meth)acrylic-functional groups per molecule.
• Suitable (meth)acrylic-functional compounds include ethylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, hexanediol di(meth)acrylate, tetraethylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, and/or tripropylene glycol di(meth)acrylate.
• Suitable monomers having three or more ethylenically unsaturated groups per molecule include ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate having 0 to 20 ethoxy units, [ethoxylated] trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate having 0 to 20 ethoxy units, di- pcntacrythritoltriacrylatc, pcntacrythritol tctraacrylatc, and/or di-pcntacrythritolpcntaacrylatc.
• Suitable (meth)acrylic-functional compounds include di-, tri-, or other polyacrylates and methacrylates such as glycerol diacrylate, ethoxylated bisphenol A dimethacrylate (D-zethacrylate), tetraethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA), polyethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (PEGDMA), glycerol triacrylate, ethyleneglycol diacrylate, diethyleneglycol diacrylate, triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate, 1,3-propanediol diacrylate, 1,3 -propanediol dimethacrylate, trimethylolpropane triacrylate, 1,2,4-butanetriol trimethacrylate, 1,4- cyclohexanediol diacrylate, pentaerythritol triacrylate, pentaerythritol tetraacrylate, pentaerythritol tetramethacrylate
• the (meth)acrylic compound may comprise one or more poly(meth)acrylates, for example, di-, tri-, tetra- or pentafunctional monomeric or oligomeric aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, or aromatic acrylates or methacrylates.
• Suitable aliphatic poly(meth)acrylates having more than two (meth)acrylate groups in their molecules are the triacry kites and trimethacrylates of hexane- 2,4,6-triol; glycerol or 1,1,1 -trimethylolpropane; ethoxylated or propoxylated glycerol or 1,1,1- trimethylolpropane; and the hydroxyl-containing tri(meth)acrylates which are obtained by reacting triepoxide compounds, for example the triglycidyl ethers of said triols, with (meth)acrylic acid.
• pentaerythritol tetraacrylate bistrimethylolpropane tetraacrylate, pentaerythritol monohydroxytriacrylate or -methacrylate, or dipentaerythritol monohydroxypentaacrylate or -methacrylate.
• Another suitable class of (meth)acrylic compounds includes aromatic di(meth)acrylate compounds and trifunctional or higher functionality (meth)acrylate compounds.
• Trifunctional or higher functionality meth(acrylates) can be tri-, tetra- or pentafunctional monomeric or oligomeric aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, or aromatic acrylates or methacrylates.
• Suitable aliphatic tri-, tetra- and pentafunctional (meth)acrylates are the triacrylates and trimethacrylates of hexane-2,4,6-triol; glycerol or 1,1,1 -trimethylolpropane; ethoxylated or propoxylated glycerol or 1,1,1 -trimethylolpropane; and the hydroxyl-containing tri(meth)acrylates which are obtained by reacting triepoxide compounds, for example the triglycidyl ethers of said triols, with (meth)acrylic acid.
• pentaerythritol tetraacrylate bistrimethylolpropane tetraacrylate, pentaerythritol monohydroxytriacrylate or -methacrylate, or dipentaerythritol monohydroxypentaacrylate or - methacrylate.
• Tri(meth)acrylates may comprise 1,1 -trimethylolpropane triacrylate or methacrylate, ethoxylated or propoxylated 1,1,1 -trimethylolpropanetriacrylate or methacrylate, ethoxylated or propoxylated glycerol triacrylate, pentaerythritol monohydroxy triacrylate or methacrylate, or tris(2-hydroxy ethyl) isocyanurate triacrylate.
• suitable aromatic tri(meth)acrylates are the reaction products of triglycidyl ethers of trihydroxy benzene and phenol or cresol novolaks containing three hydroxyl groups, with (meth)acrylic acid.
• a the (meth)acrylic compound comprises diacrylate and/or dimethacrylate esters of aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aromatic diols, including 1,3- or 1,4- butanediol, neopentyl glycol, 1,6-hexanediol, dodecane diol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, tripropylene glycol, ethoxylated or propoxylated neopentyl glycol, 1 ,4-dihydroxymethylcyclohexane, 2,2-bis(4- hydroxycyclohexyl)propane or bis(4-hydroxycyclohexyl)methane, hydroquinone, 4,4'- dihydroxybiphenyl, bisphenol A, bisphenol F, bisphenol S, ethoxylated or propoxylated bisphenol A, ethoxylated or propoxylated bis
• a (meth)acrylic compound described herein comprises one or more higher functional acrylates or methacrylates such as dipentaerythritol monohydroxy pentaacrylate or bis(trimethylolpropane)tetraacrylate.
• the (meth)acrylic-functional compound may comprise functional groups in addition to the (meth)acrylic functional groups. Such functional groups include a hydroxyl group, an epoxy group, an isocyanato group, a tertiary amino group, an ether linkage, and/or an ester linkage. [0074]
• the (meth)acrylic-functional compound may comprise a hydroxyl-functional (meth) acrylate.
• hydroxyl-functional (meth) acrylate collectively refers (meth)acrylates which have hydroxyl functionality, i.e., comprise at least one hydroxyl functional group in the molecule.
• the hydroxyl-functional (meth)acrylate may comprise a hydroxyalkyl (meth)acrylate, such as, for example, hydroxymethyl ( meth (aery late. hydroxyethyl (meth)acrylate, hydroxypropyl (meth)acrylate, hydroxybutyl (meth)acrylate, hydroxypentyl (meth)acrylate, and the like, as well as combinations thereof.
• a hydroxyalkyl (meth)acrylate such as, for example, hydroxymethyl ( meth (aery late. hydroxyethyl (meth)acrylate, hydroxypropyl (meth)acrylate, hydroxybutyl (meth)acrylate, hydroxypentyl (meth)acrylate, and the like, as well as combinations thereof.
• the (meth)acrylic-functional compound may comprise an epoxy-functional (meth) acrylate.
• hydroxyl-functional (meth)acrylate collectively refers (meth)acrylates which have epoxy functionality, i.e., comprise at least one epoxy functional group in the molecule.
• the hydroxyl-functional (meth)acrylate may comprise a glycidyl (meth) acrylate.
• the composition may comprise the (meth)acrylate-functional compound in an amount of at least 0.5 percent by weight based on total weight of the multi-component composition, such as at least 2 percent by weight.
• the composition may comprise the (meth)acrylic-functional compound in an amount of no more than 40 percent by weight based on total weight of the multi-component composition, such as no more than 20 percent by weight.
• the composition may comprise the (meth)acrylic-functional compound in an amount of 0.5 percent by weight to 40 percent by weight based on total weight of the multi-component composition, such as 2 percent by weight to 20 percent by weight.
• Suitable amine-functional curing agents for use in the compositions disclosed herein can be selected from a wide variety of known amines such as primary and secondary amines, and mixtures thereof.
• the amine may include monoamines, or polyamines having at least two functional groups such as di-, tri-, or higher functional amines; and mixtures thereof.
• the amine may be aromatic or aliphatic such as cycloaliphatic, or mixtures thereof.
• Nonlimiting examples of suitable amines may include aliphatic polyamines such as but not limited to ethylamine, isomeric propylamines, butylamines, pentylamines, hexylamines, cyclohexylamine, ethylene diamine, 1 ,2-diaminopropane, 1 ,4-diaminobutane, 1,3-diaminopentane, 1,6- diaminohexane, 2-methyl-l,5-pentane diamine, 2,5-diamino-2,5-dimethylhexane, 2,2,4- and/or 2,4,4-trimethyl-l,6-diamino-hexane, 1,11 -diaminoundecane, 1,12-diaminododecane, 1,3- and/or 1 ,4-cyclohexane diamine, l -amino-3,3,5-trimethyl-5-amin
• Secondary amines can include polyaspartic esters which can include derivatives of compounds such as maleic acid, fumaric acid esters, aliphatic polyamines and the like, and mixtures thereof.
• the secondary amine may include an aliphatic amine, such as a cycloaliphatic diamine.
• JEFFLINK such as JEFFLINK 754 from BASF as Baxxoder PC136.
• the amine can include an amine-functional resin. Suitable amine-functional resins can be selected from a wide variety known in the art.
• the amine-functional resin may be an ester of an organic acid, for example, an aspartic ester-based amine-functional reactive resin that is compatible with isocyanate.
• the isocyanate may be solvent-free, and/or may have a mole ratio of amine-functionality to the ester of no more than 1:1 so that no excess primary amine remains upon reaction.
• polyaspartic esters may include the derivative of diethyl maleate and l,5-diamino-2-methylpentane, which is available commercially from Covestro under the trade name DESMOPHEN NH1220 and the derivative of diethyl maleate and 4,4’-methylenebis (cyclohexan- 1 -amine), commercially available as Desmophen NH1420 (Covestro).
• DESMOPHEN NH1220 the derivative of diethyl maleate and 4,4’-methylenebis (cyclohexan- 1 -amine)
• Desmophen NH1420 Commercially available as Desmophen NH1420
• Other suitable compounds containing aspartate groups may be employed as well.
• the amine may include high molecular weight primary amine, such as but not limited to polyoxyalkyleneamine.
• Suitable polyoxyalkyleneamines may contain two or more primary amino groups attached to a backbone derived, for example, from propylene oxide, ethylene oxide, or mixtures thereof.
• Non-limiting examples of such amines may include those available under the designation JEFF AMINE from Huntsman Corporation.
• Such amines may have a number average molecular weight ranging from 200 to 7500, such as but not limited to JEFF AMINE D-230, D-400, D-2000, T-403, T-5000, XJS-616, and ED600.
• the multi-component compositions disclosed herein may comprise the amine- functional curing agent in an amount of at least 3 percent by weight based on total weight of the multi-component composition, such as at least 5 percent by weight.
• the multi-component compositions disclosed herein may comprise the amine-functional curing agent in an amount of no more than 40 percent by weight based on total weight of the multi-component composition, such as no more than 20 percent by weight.
• the multi-component compositions disclosed herein may comprise the amine-functional curing agent in an amount of 3 percent by weight to 40 percent by weight based on total weight of the multi-component composition, such as 5 percent by weight to 20 percent by weight.
• the multi-component composition may comprise an accelerator. Any accelerator capable of accelerating the curing of the multi-component composition may be used in the present disclosure. Suitable accelerators include metal-based accelerators and non-metal-based accelerators.
• the metal-based accelerators may be metal salts or bases or organometallic species.
• suitable metal-based accelerators include but are not limited to tin-based accelerators, zinc-based accelerators, zirconium-based accelerators, bismuth-based accelerators, titanium-based accelerators, potassium-based accelerators, or combinations thereof.
• tin-based accelerators include but are not limited to dibutyltin diacetylacetonate, dimethyltin diacetate, dimethyltin bis(acetylacetonate), dibutyltin dilaurate, dibutyltin maleate, dibutyltin phthalate, dibutyltin dioctanoate, dibutyltin bis(2-ethyl-hexanoate), dibutyltin bis(methylmaleate), dibutyltin bis(ethylmaleate), dibutyltin bis(butylmaleate), dibutyltin bis(octylmaleate), dibutyltin bis (tridecylmaleate), dibutyltin bis(benzylmaleate), dibutyltin diacetate, dioctyltin bis(triethoxysilicate), dioctyltin bis(ethylmaleate), dioctylt
• suitable zinc-based accelerators include but are not limited to the zinc salt of mercaptobenzothiazole (ZMBT); zinc dialkyl dithiocarbamates, such as dimethyl-dithiocarbamate (ZDMC), diethyldithiocarbamate (ZDEC), and dibutyl-dithiocarbamate (ZDBC); zinc salts of xanthic acid, zinc bis(2-ethylhexanoate), zinc neodecanoate, zinc octoate, zinc acetylacetonate, zinc oxalate, zinc acetate, or combinations thereof.
• ZMBT mercaptobenzothiazole
• ZDMC dimethyl-dithiocarbamate
• ZDEC diethyldithiocarbamate
• ZDBC dibutyl-dithiocarbamate
• zinc salts of xanthic acid zinc bis(2-ethylhexanoate), zinc neode
• zirconium-based accelerators include but are not limited to zirconium tetrakis (acetylacetonate), zirconium carboxylate, zirconium octoate, zirconium ethyl acetylacetonate complex, or combinations thereof.
• suitable bismuth salts include but are not limited to bismuth tris(neodecanoate), bismuth tris(2- ethylhexanoate), bismuth oxide, and other bismuth carboxylates, or combinations thereof.
• titanium-based accelerators include but are not limited to tetraisopropyl orthotitanate, titanium oxyacetylacetonate, titanium triethanolamine, and titanium ethylacetylacetonate.
• suitable potassium-based accelerators include but are not limited to potassium salts of carboxylic acids such as potassium neodecanoate.
• Suitable commercial products include FASCAT 4203 from Arkema; Neostann U220-H available from Kaneka; K-Kat 4205, K-Kat 6212, K-Kat XK-635, K-Kat XK-651, K-Kat 670, K-Kat XK-672 available from King Industries; Perkacit ZDEC and Perkacit ZB EC available from Performance Chemicals; and TIB KAT 218, TIB KAT 223, TIB KAT 616, TIB KAT 720, TIB KAT 725, and TIB Kat K25 available from TIB Chemicals.
• non-metal-based accelerators examples include amine-based accelerators and acid-based accelerators.
• amines examples include quaternary amines, tertiary amines, cyclic tertiary amines, secondary amines, cyclic secondary amines, and primary amines.
• Some examples include trimethylamine, butylamine, tributylamine, octylamine, laurylamine, dibutylamines, monoethanolamines, diethanolamines, triethanolamine, diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetriamine, oleylamines, diethanolamines, triethanolamine, cyclohexylamine, benzylamine, diethylaminopropylamine, xylylenediamine, triethylenediamine, guanidine, dimethylguanidine, tetramethylguanidine, pentamethylguanidine, phenylguanidine, diphenylguanidine, butylbiguanide, 1-o-tolylbiguanide, 1-phenylbiguanide, l-methyl-3- nitroguanidine, l,8-bis(tetramethylguanidino)-naphthalene, N,N,N’,N’-tetramethyl-N”-[4- morpholiny
• Examples of suitable commercial products that may be used include diethanolamine and triethanolamine T85 available from BASF; and Ancamine K-54, Curezol C17Z, DABCO 33-LV, Polycat DBU, and Vestamin IPD available from Evonik.
• the multi-component compositions may comprise an accelerator in amount of up to 15 percent by weight based on total weight of the multi-component composition, such as no more than 15 percent by weight, such as no more than 10 percent by weight. If present at all, the multi-component compositions may comprise an accelerator in an amount of at least 0.1 percent by weight, such as at least 2 percent by weight. If present at all, the multi-component compositions may comprise the accelerator in an amount of 0.1 percent by weight to 15 percent by weight based on total weight of the multi-component composition, such as at least 2 percent by weight to 10 percent by weight.
• compositions provided by the present disclosure can comprise a flame retardant or combination of flame retardants.
• flame retardant refers to a material that slows down or stops the spread of fire or reduces its intensity. Flame retardants may be available as a powder that may be mixed with a composition, a foam, or a gel. In examples, when the compositions disclosed herein include a flame retardant, such compositions may form a coating on a substrate surface and such coating may function as a flame retardant.
• Suitable examples of flame retardants include aluminum hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide.
• a flame retardant can include a mineral, an organic compound, an organohalogen compound, an organophosphorous compound, or a combination thereof.
• Suitable examples of minerals include huntite, hydromagnesite, various hydrates, red phosphorous, boron compounds such as borates, carbonates such as calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate, and combinations thereof.
• organohalogen compounds include organochlorines such as chlorendic acid derivatives and chlorinated paraffins; organobromincs such as decabromodiphenyl ether (decaBDE), decabromodiphenyl ethane (a replacement for decaBDE), polymeric brominated compounds such as brominated polystyrenes, brominated carbonate oligomers (BCOs), brominated epoxy oligomers (BEOs), tetrabromophthalic anyhydride, tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD).
• organochlorines such as chlorendic acid derivatives and chlorinated paraffins
• organobromincs such as decabromodipheny
• organophosphorous compounds include triphenyl phosphate (TPP), resorcinol bis(diphenylphosphate) (RDP), bisphenol A diphenyl phosphate (BADP), and tricresyl phosphate (TCP); phosphonates such as dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP); and phosphinates such as aluminum diethyl phosphinate.
• TPP triphenyl phosphate
• RDP resorcinol bis(diphenylphosphate)
• BADP bisphenol A diphenyl phosphate
• TCP tricresyl phosphate
• phosphonates such as dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP)
• phosphinates such as aluminum diethyl phosphinate.
• compounds contain both phosphorus and a halogen.
• Such compounds include tris(2,3- dibromopropyl) phosphate (brominated tris) and chlorinated organophosphates such as tris( 1 ,3- dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (chlorinated tris or TDCPP) and tetrakis(2- chlorethyl)dichloroisopentyldiphosphate (V6).
• Suitable examples of organic compounds include carboxylic acid, dicarboxylic acid, melamine, and organonitrogen compounds.
• Suitable flame retardants include ammonium polyphosphate and barium sulfate.
• the multi-component composition may comprise the flame retardant in an amount up to 30 percent by weight based on total weight of the composition. If present at all, the multi-component composition may comprise the flame retardant in an amount of at least 1 percent by weight based on total weight of the composition, such as at least 3 percent by weight. The composition may comprise the flame retardant in an amount of no more than 30 percent by weight based on total weight of the composition, such as no more than 20 percent by weight. If present at all, the composition may comprise the flame retardant in an amount of 1 percent by weight to 30 percent by weight based on total weight of the composition, such as 3 percent by weight to 20 percent by weight. Adhesion Promoters
• compositions disclosed herein also may comprise an adhesion promoter.
• Suitable adhesion promoters include phenolics, such as Methylon® phenolic resin, and organosilanes, such as epoxy, mercapto, or amino functional silanes such as those described in U.S. Patent No. 11,066,584, column 18, line 61 to column 19, line 59, incorporated herein by reference.
• Useful examples of amino functional silanes include Silquest® A- 187 and Silquest® A-l 100.
• Other suitable adhesion promoters include alkyls, titanates and zirconates. Other useful adhesion promoters are known in the ail.
• the multi-component compositions may comprise the adhesion promoter in an amount of no more than 15 percent by weight based on total weight of the composition. If present at all, the multi-component compositions may comprise the adhesion promoter in an amount of at least 0.1 percent by weight based on total weight of the composition, such as at least 0.2 percent by weight. The composition may comprise the adhesion promoter in an amount of no more than 15 percent by weight based on total weight of the composition, such as no more than 10 percent by weight. If present at all, the composition may comprise the adhesion promoter in an amount of 0.1 percent by weight to 15 percent by weight based on total weight of the composition, such as 0.2 percent by weight to 10 percent by weight.
• compositions disclosed herein may comprise at least one reinforcing filler.
• reinforcing fillers exclude “lightweight fillers” as defined below. That is, as used herein, the term “reinforcing” when used with reference to particles of the present disclosure means that the particles have a specific gravity of more than 1.0 when measured according to ASTM D5965, with “specific gravity” being the ratio of a mass of a solid or liquid (e.g., a mass of particles) to a mass of an equal volume of distilled water at the same temperature (e.g., 25°C).
• Useful reinforcing fillers include carbon black, calcium carbonate, precipitated calcium carbonate, calcium hydroxide, calcium silicates, aluminum powders, hydrated alumina (aluminum hydroxide), metal oxides, fumed silica, fused silica, silica, precipitated silica, and combinations of any of the foregoing.
• Examples include calcium silicate having a specific gravity of 2.1 to 2.2 and a particle size of 3 to 4 microns (HUBERSORB HS-600®, J. M. Huber Corp.) and fumed silica having a specific gravity of 1.7 to 1.8 with a particle size less than 1 (CAB-O-SIL TS-720®, Cabot Corp.).
• Other examples include precipitated silica having a specific gravity of 2 to 2.1 (HI-SIL TS-7000®, PPG Industries), and polyethylene having a specific gravity of 1 to 1.1 and a particle size of 10 to 20 microns (SHAMROCK S-395®, Shamrock Technologies Inc.).
• Amorphous particles may comprise fumed silica.
• Fumed silica could be hydrophilic or hydrophobic and coated or uncoated. Examples can comprise AEROSIL® fumed silicas from Evonik or HDK® from Wacker Chemie AG. Examples can comprise Sipemat precipitated silicas from Evonik.
• the multi-component compositions may comprise the reinforcing filler in an amount up to 50 percent by weight based on total weight of the multi-component composition, such as at least 0.1 percent by weight, such as at least 0.2 percent by weight.
• the multi-component compositions may comprise reinforcing filler in an amount of no more than 50 percent by weight based on total weight of the composition, such as no more than 30 percent by weight. If present at all, the multi-component compositions may comprise the reinforcing filler in an amount of 0.1 percent by weight to 50 percent by weight based on total weight of the composition, such as 0.2 percent by weight to 30 percent by weight.
• the multi-component compositions may comprise lightweight fillers.
• Lightweight fillers may be organic, inorganic, or combinations thereof.
• the term “lightweight” when used with reference to particles of the present disclosure means that the particles have a specific gravity of no more than 1.0 when measured according to ASTM D5965, with “specific gravity” being the ratio of a mass of a solid or liquid (e.g., a mass of particles) to a mass of an equal volume of distilled water at the same temperature (e.g., 25°C).
• the lightweight fillers may have a specific gravity of at least 0.01 measured according to ASTM D5965, such as at least 0.02, such as at least 0.1.
• the lightweight fillers may have a specific gravity of no more than 1.0 measured according to ASTM D5965, such as no more than 0.7.
• the lightweight fillers may have a specific gravity of 0.01 to 1.0 measured according to ASTM D5965, such as 0.02 to 0.7.
• Suitable lightweight fillers may comprise microspheres.
• Useful examples of lightweight fillers include polystyrene foam, microspheres of polyacrylates and polyolefins, and silica microspheres having particle sizes of 5 to 100 microns and a specific gravity of 0.25 (ECCOSPHERES®, Trelleborg Applied Technologies).
• alumina/silica microspheres having particle sizes 5 to 300 microns and a specific gravity of 0.7
• FILLITE® Plucss-Stauffcr International
• aluminum silicate microsphcrcs having a specific gravity of 0.45 to about 0.7
• Z-LIGHT® calcium carbonate-coated polyvinylidene copolymer microspheres having a specific gravity of 0.13
• DU ALITE 6001 AE® Pierce & Stevens Corp.
• suitable lightweight fillers include, for example, hollow microspheres such as Expancel® microspheres (available from Nouryon) or Dualite® low density polymer microspheres (available from Henkel) or hollow borosilicate glass, such as 3M Glass bubbles type VS, K series and S series available from 3M.
• Compositions provided by the present disclosure include lightweight filler particles comprising an exterior surface coated with a thin coating, such as those described in U.S. Publication No. 2010/0041839 at paragraphs [0016]-[0052], the cited portion of which is incorporated herein by reference.
• Suitable lightweight fillers include, for example, those described in: U.S. Pat. No. 6,525,168, column 4, lines 14-55, incorporated herein by reference; and U.S. Pat. No. 8,816,023, column 3, line 18 to column 9, line 44, incorporated herein by reference.
• the multi-component compositions may comprise no more than 70 percent by weight of lightweight filler based on total weight of the composition, such as no more than 30 percent by weight. If present at all, the multi-component compositions may comprise lightweight fillers in an amount of at least 0.1 percent by weight based on total weight of the composition, such as at least 0.2 percent by weight. If present at all, the multi-component compositions may comprise the lightweight filler in an amount of 0.1 percent by weight to 70 percent by weight based on total weight of the composition, such as 0.2 percent by weight to 30 percent by weight.
• compositions provided by the present disclosure may further include one or more additives, including by way of non-limiting examples, colorants, thixotropic agents, solvents, plasticizers, reactive diluents, pigments, masking agents, or a combination of any of the foregoing.
• additives including by way of non-limiting examples, colorants, thixotropic agents, solvents, plasticizers, reactive diluents, pigments, masking agents, or a combination of any of the foregoing.
• the multi-component compositions may comprise no more than 20 percent by weight of total additives based on total weight of the composition, such as no more than 10 percent by weight. If present at all, the multi-component compositions may comprise additives in a total amount of at least 0.1 percent by weight based on total weight of the composition, such as at least 0.2 percent by weight. If present at all, the multi-component compositions may comprise additives in a total amount of 0.1 percent by weight to 20 percent by weight based on total weight of the composition, such as 0.2 percent by weight to 10 percent by weight.
• compositions disclosed herein may be provided as multi-component compositions.
• a first component may comprise, or consist essentially of, or consist of, an epoxyfunctional compound, elastomeric particles, a (meth)acrylic functional compound.
• a first component optionally may comprise fire retardants, adhesion promoters, reinforcing fillers, lightweight fillers, and/or additives.
• a second component may comprise, or consist essentially of, or consist of, an amine-functional curing agent.
• a second component optionally may comprise fire retardants, adhesion promoters, reinforcing fillers, lightweight fillers, and/or additives.
• Additional components i.e., third components, fourth components, etc.
• compositions disclosed herein may be applied alone or as part of a coating system.
• Compositions disclosed herein may be applied directly onto the surface of a substrate or over an underlayer by any suitable coating process.
• Compositions can be deposited on substrates in a number of different ways, non-limiting examples of which include brushes, rollers, films, pellets, pressure injectors, spray guns and applicator guns.
• the system may comprise a number of the same or different layers and may further comprise other coating compositions such as pretreatment compositions, primers, and the like.
• a coating, film, layer or the like is typically formed when a composition that is deposited onto the substrate is at least partially cured by methods known to those of ordinary skill in the art (e.g., under ambient conditions and may further cure by through the use of an external energy source such as an oven or other thermal means or through the use of actinic radiation) to form a coating, layer or film.
• a multicomponent composition may at least partially cure at ambient temperature. Compositions may be cured at a temperature of 0 to 40°C, such as 10°C to 25°C, and atmospheric humidity. A composition may be cured at a higher temperature such as at least 30°C., at least 40°C., or at least 50°C.
• a coating provided by the present disclosure can cure to a tack free surface, for example, within 24 hours, within 20 hours, within 16 hours, within 12 hours, within 6 hours, or within 3 hours, from the time of mixing.
• the skilled person understands, however, that the time of curing varies with temperature.
• the amine-functional curing agent may be present in the composition in an amount sufficient to provide a molar ratio of epoxide functional groups from the epoxycontaining compound to amine-hydrogens from the amine-containing curing agent of at least 0.5:1.0, such as at least 0.75:1.0.
• the amine-functional curing agent may be present in the composition in an amount sufficient to provide a molar ratio of epoxide functional groups from the epoxy-containing compound to amine-hydrogens from the amine-containing curing agent of no more than 2.0: 1.0, such as no more than 1.25:1.0.
• the amine-functional curing agent may be present in the composition in an amount sufficient to provide a molar ratio of epoxide functional groups from the epoxy-containing compound to amine-hydrogens from the amine-containing curing agent 0.5:1.0 to 2.0:1.0, such as 0.75:1.0 to 1.25:1.0.
• the multi-component compositions disclosed herein may comprise a gel time of no more than 20 minutes following mixing of the first component and the second component at 77°F.
• the first component and the second component may be crosslinked by a Michael addition reaction between the (meth)acrylic- functional groups of the (meth)acrylic-functional compound and the amino functional group of the amine-functional group.
• a “Michael addition reaction” means a reaction between an electrophile and a nucleophile, wherein the nucleophile undergoes conjugate addition to a double bond of a conjugated system.
• the multi-component compositions disclosed herein may comprise a coating composition, such as an adhesive composition, a sealant composition, an embedding composition, an encapsulating composition, and/or a potting composition.
• a coating composition such as an adhesive composition, a sealant composition, an embedding composition, an encapsulating composition, and/or a potting composition.
• compositions may form a coating, such as an adhesive, a sealant, an embedding material, an encapsulating material, and/or a potting compound.
• the coatings formed from the compositions disclosed herein when measured 7 days after mixing the first and second components at ambient conditions, comprises at least two of the following: (a) a compressive strength of at least 7.7 ksi measured according to ASTM D695 with sample dimensions of 1.0 inch in height and 0.5 inch by 0.5 inch for cross-section, such as at least 7.8 ksi;
• compositions disclosed herein for making a coating wherein the coating, when measured 7 days after mixing the first and second components at ambient conditions, comprises at least two of the following:
• compositions of the present disclosure may be applied or deposited using any suitable method, including those aforementioned.
• the composition may be casted, extruded, molded, or machined to form a part or a member in at least partially dried or cured state.
• compositions disclosed herein may be used in any suitable additive manufacturing technology, such as three-dimensional (3D) printing, extrusion, jetting, and binder jetting.
• additive manufacturing refers to a process of producing a part or member by constructing it in layers, such as one layer at a time.
• the present disclosure is also directed to the production of structural articles, such as by way of a non-limiting example, sound damping pads, using an additive manufacturing process, such as 3D printing.
• 3D printing refers to a computerized process, optionally including artificial intelligence modulation, by which materials are printed or deposited in successive layers to produce a 3D part or member, such as, by way of a non-limiting example, sound damping pads in a battery assembly.
• a 3D part or member may be produced by depositing successive portions or layers over a base of any spatial configuration and thereafter depositing additional portions or layers over the underlying deposited portion or layer and/or adjacent to the previously deposited portion or layer to produce the 3D printed part or member.
• the configuration of the 3D printing process depends on a number of factors such as the deposition volume, the viscosity of the composition and the complexity of the part being fabricated. Any suitable mixing, delivery, and 3D printing equipment as known to those skilled in the art, may be used. Compositions may be printed or deposited in any size and/or shape of droplets or extrudate, and in any patterns to produce the 3D structure.
• compositions as disclosed herein may be applied or deposited by any suitable 3D printing method as known to those skilled in the art.
• First and second components of 2K compositions may be mixed and then deposited, or the first and second components may be deposited separately, such as simultaneously and/or sequentially.
• First and second components may be premixed, i.e., mixed together, prior to application, and then deposited.
• the mixture may be at least partially reacted or thermoset when the material is deposited; the deposited reaction mixture may react at least in part after deposition and may also react with previously deposited portions and/or subsequently deposited portions of the article such as underlying layers or overlying layers of the article.
• the first and two components may be released from their individual storage containers and pushed, such as pumped through conduits, such as hoses, to a mixer, such as a static or dynamic mixer, wherein the composition may be mixed for a time sufficient to homogenize the composition, wherein the composition may then be released through an outlet.
• the outlet may be a deposition device, such as a printing head, and/or the materials may exit the mixing unit and be pushed, such as by a pump, through a conduit, such as a hose, to the printing head.
• the printing head may optionally be mounted on a 3D rotational robotic ami to allow delivery of 3D print compositions to any base in any spatial configuration and/or the base may be manipulated in any spatial configuration during the 3D printing process.
• first and second components may be deposited independently from different printing heads. The first component may be deposited from one printing head and the second component may be deposited from a second printing head. The first and second components may be deposited in any pattern such that the first and second components comprising any deposited layer can react together as well as react with underlying and/or overlying layers to produce the 3D printed part or member.
• Methods provided by the present disclosure include printing the composition on a fabricated pail. Methods provided by the present disclosure include directly printing parts. [0129] Using the methods provided by the present disclosure parts can be fabricated. The entire part can be formed from one of the compositions disclosed herein, one or more portions of a part can be formed from one of the compositions disclosed herein, one or more different portions of a part can be formed using the compositions disclosed herein, and/or one or more surfaces of a part can be formed from a composition provided by the present disclosure. In addition, internal regions of a part can be formed from a composition provided by the present disclosure. Substrates
• arc substrates and articles comprising, or consisting essentially of, or consisting of, coatings formed from the compositions disclosed herein.
• a coated substrate wherein at least a portion of a surface of the substrate is at least partially coated with a coating formed from a composition disclosed herein.
• an article comprising, or consisting essentially of, or consisting of, first and second substrates and a coating positioned therebetween and in an at least partially cured state.
• the substrates that may be coated by the compositions of the present disclosure are not limited.
• Suitable substrates useful in the present disclosure include, but are not limited to, materials such as metals or metal alloys, ceramic materials such as boron carbide or silicon carbide, polymeric materials such as hard plastics including filled and unfilled thermoplastic materials or thermoset materials, or composite materials.
• Other suitable substrates useful in the present disclosure include, but are not limited to, glass or natural materials such as wood.
• suitable substrates include rigid metal substrates such as ferrous metals, aluminum, aluminum alloys, magnesium titanium, copper, and other metal and alloy substrates.
• the ferrous metal substrates used in the practice of the present disclosure may include iron, steel, and alloys thereof.
• Non-limiting examples of useful steel materials include cold rolled steel, galvanized (zinc coated) steel, electrogalvanized steel, stainless steel, pickled steel, zinc-iron alloy such as GALV ANNEAL, and combinations thereof. Combinations or composites of ferrous and nonferrous metals can also be used.
• Magnesium alloys of the AZ31B, AZ91C, AM60B, or EV31A series also may be used as the substrate.
• the substrate used in the present disclosure may also comprise titanium and/or titanium alloys of grades 1-36 including H grade valiants.
• Suitable nonferrous metals include copper and magnesium, as well as alloys of these materials.
• the compositions disclosed herein are particularly suitable for use in various industrial or transportation applications including automotive, light and heavy commercial vehicles, marine, or aerospace.
• Suitable metal substrates for use in the present disclosure include those that are used in the assembly of vehicular bodies (e.g., without limitation, door, body panel, trunk deck lid, roof panel, hood, roof and/or stringers, rivets, landing gear components, and/or skins used on an aircraft), a vehicular frame, vehicular parts, motorcycles, wheels, and industrial structures and components.
• vehicle or variations thereof includes, but is not limited to, civilian, commercial and military aircraft, and/or land vehicles such as cars, motorcycles, and/or trucks.
• the metal substrate also may be in the form of, for example, a sheet of metal or a fabricated part. It will also be understood that the substrate may be converted, anodized, primed, organic-coated or chromate-coated, epoxy, urethane, graphite, fiberglass composite, Kevlar®, acrylics, and polycarbonates.
• the substrate may comprise a composite material such as a plastic or a fiberglass composite.
• the substrate may be a fiberglass and/or carbon fiber composite.
• the first and second substrates may be made of the same material or may be made of dissimilar materials.
• a first substrate and a second substrate may be a metal and a plastic; two dissimilar plastics; a metal or a plastic and a reinforced plastic composite; or two dissimilar plastic composites.
• a multi-component composition comprising: a first component comprising: an epoxy-functional compound; elastomeric particles; and a (meth)acrylic-functional compound; and a second component comprising: an amine-functional curing agent.
• Aspect 2 The multi-component composition of aspect 1, wherein the epoxyfunctional compound comprises a diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A, a diglycidyl ether of bisphenol F, a novolac epoxy, a silane-functional epoxy or combinations thereof.
• Aspect 3 The multi-component composition of aspect 1 or aspect 2, comprising the epoxy -functional compound in an amount of at least 0.5 percent by weight based on total weight of the multi-component composition, such as at least 5 percent by weight, such as no more than 60 percent by weight, such as no more than 40 percent by weight, such as 0.5 percent by weight to 60 percent by weight, such as 5 percent by weight to 40 percent by weight based.
• Aspect 4 The multi-component composition of aspect 1 or aspect 2, comprising the epoxy -functional compound in an amount of at least 0.5 percent by weight based on total weight of the multi-component composition, such as at least 5 percent by weight, such as no more than 60 percent by weight, such as no more than 40 percent by weight, such as 0.5 percent by weight to 60 percent by weight, such as 5 percent by weight to 40 percent by weight based.
• the elastomeric particles comprise a silicone material, a polybutadicnc core, a styrene butadiene core, a polyisoprene core, and/or a styrene isoprene core.
• Aspect 5 The multi-component composition of any of the preceding aspects, wherein the elastomeric particles comprise a (meth) acrylic shell.
• Aspect 6 The multi-component composition of any of the preceding aspects, wherein the elastomeric particles comprise a core comprising a Tg less than 0°C measured by DMA or DSC, such as -20°C or lower, such as -40°C or lower, such as - 60°C or lower, such as -70°C or lower, such as -70°C to 0°C.
• Aspect 7 The multi-component composition of any of the preceding aspects, comprising the elastomeric particles in an amount of at least 2 percent by weight based on total weight of the multi-component composition, such as at least 3 percent by weight, such as at least 5 percent by weight, such as no more than 40 percent by weight, such as no more than 35 percent by weight, such as no more than 25 percent by weight, such as 2 percent by weight to 40 percent by weight, such as 3 percent by weight to 35 percent by weight, such as 5 percent by weight to 25 percent by weight.
• Aspect 8 The multi-component composition of any of the preceding aspects, wherein the (meth)acrylic-functional compound comprises at least 3 (meth)acrylic functional groups per molecule.
• Aspect 9 The multi-component composition of any of the preceding aspects, wherein the (meth)acrylic-functional compound comprises a functional group in addition to the (meth)acrylic functional group, such as a hydroxy functional group, an epoxy functional group, an isocyanate functional group, a tertiary amine functional group, an ether linkage and/or an ester linkage.
• a functional group in addition to the (meth)acrylic functional group such as a hydroxy functional group, an epoxy functional group, an isocyanate functional group, a tertiary amine functional group, an ether linkage and/or an ester linkage.
• Aspect 10 The multi-component composition of any of the preceding aspects, wherein the (meth)acrylic-functional compound comprises dimethylolpropane tetra(meth)acrylate, pentaerythritol tetra(meth)acrylate, trimethylpropane tri(meth)acrylate, dipentaerythritol penta(meth)acrylate, dipentaerythritol hexa(meth)acrylate, and/or tris[2-((meth)acryloyloxy)ethyl]isocyanurate.
• the (meth)acrylic-functional compound comprises dimethylolpropane tetra(meth)acrylate, pentaerythritol tetra(meth)acrylate, trimethylpropane tri(meth)acrylate, dipentaerythritol penta(meth)acrylate, dipentaerythritol hexa(meth)acrylate, and/
• Aspect 11 The multi-component composition of any of the preceding aspects, comprising the (meth)acrylic-functional compound in an amount of 0.5 percent by weight based on total weight of the multi-component composition, such as at least 2 percent by weight, such as no more than 40 percent by weight, such as no more than 20 percent by weight, such as 0.5 percent by weight to 40 percent by weight, such as 2 percent by weight to 20 percent by weight.
• Aspect 12 The multi-component composition of any of the preceding aspects, wherein the amine-functional curing agent comprises a primary amine and/or a secondary amine, such as an aliphatic or cycloaliphatic polyamine.
• Aspect 13 The multi-component composition of any of the preceding aspects, comprising the amine-functional curing agent in an amount of at least 3 percent by weight based on total weight of the multi-component composition, such as at least 5 percent by weight, such as no more than 40 percent by weight, such as no more than 20 percent by weight, such as 3 percent by weight to 40 percent by weight, such as 5 percent by weight to 20 percent by weight.
• Aspect 14 The multi-component composition of any of the preceding aspects, further comprising an accelerator such as metal-based accelerator and/or a non-metal- based accelerator, a flame retardant, an adhesion promoter, a reinforcing filler and/or an additive, such as:
• an accelerator such as metal-based accelerator and/or a non-metal- based accelerator, a flame retardant, an adhesion promoter, a reinforcing filler and/or an additive, such as:
• the accelerator in an amount of at least 0.1 percent by weight based on total weight of the multi-component composition, such as at least 2 percent by weight, such as no more than 15 percent by weight, such as no more than 10 percent by weight, such as 0.1 percent by weight to 15 percent by weight, such as 2 percent by weight to 10 percent by weight;
• the flame retardant in an amount of at least 1 percent by weight based on total weight of the multi-component composition, such as at least 3 percent by weight, such as no more than 30 percent by weight, such as no more than 20 percent by weight, such as 1 percent by weight to 30 percent by weight, such as 3 percent by weight to 20 percent by weight;
• the adhesion promoter in an amount of at least 0.1 percent by weight based on total weight of the multi-component composition, such as at least 0.2 percent by weight, such as no more than 15 percent by weight, such as no more than 10 percent by weight, such as 0.1 percent by weight to 15 percent by weight, such as 0.2 percent by weight to 10 percent by weight;
• the reinforcing filler in an amount of at least 0.1 percent by weight based on total weight of the multi-component composition, such as at least 0.2 percent by weight, such as no more than 50 percent by weight, such as no more than 30 percent by weight, such as 0.1 percent by weight to 50 percent by weight, such as 0.2 percent by weight to 30 percent by weight; and/or
• the additive in an amount of at least 0.1 percent by weight based on total weight of the multi-component composition, such as at least 0.2 percent by weight, such as no more than 20 percent by weight, such as no more than 10 percent by weight, such as 0.1 percent by weight to 20 percent by weight, such as 0.2 percent by weight to 10 percent by weight.
• Aspect 15 The multi-component composition of any of the preceding aspects, comprising the amine-functional curing agent may in an amount sufficient to provide a molar ratio of epoxide functional groups from the epoxy-containing compound to aminehydrogens from the amine-containing curing agent of at least 0.5: 1.0, such as at least 0.75:1.0, such as no more than 2.0:1.0, such as no more than 1.25: 1.0, such as 0.5:1.0 to 2.0:1.0, such as 0.75:1.0 to 1.25:1.0.
• a method of coating a substrate comprising contacting at least a portion of a surface of the substrate with the composition of any of the preceding aspects.
• Aspect 18 The method of aspect 17, further comprising contacting a surface of a second substrate to the composition such that the composition is between the first and second substrates.
• a substrate comprising a coating formed on a surface thereof, wherein the coating is formed from the composition of any of aspects 1 to 16.
• Aspect 20 The substrate of aspect 19, wherein the substrate comprises a vehicle.
• Aspect 21 The substrate of any of aspect 19 or aspect 20, wherein the vehicle comprises an aircraft.
• Aspect 22 The substrate of any of aspects 19 to 21, wherein the substrate comprises aluminum or an alloy thereof.
• Aspect 23 The substrate of aspect 22, wherein the alloy comprises copper.
• Aspect 24 The substrate of any of aspects 19 to 23, wherein the coating, when measured 7 days after mixing the first and second components at ambient conditions, comprises at least two of the following:
• Aspect 25 A method of forming an article comprising extruding the composition of any of aspects 1 to 16, such as wherein the extruding comprises three- dimensional printing.
• Aspect 26 The article of aspect 25, wherein the article, when measured 7 days after mixing the first and second components at ambient conditions, comprises at least two of the following:
• Aspect 27 A use of the composition of any of aspects 1 to 16, for making a coating, wherein the coating, when measured 7 days after mixing the first and second components at ambient conditions, comprises at least two of the following:
• Syntactic foam adhesives were prepared using epoxy-amine compositions and an acrylate, core-shell rubber particles, or both an acrylate and core-shell rubber particles, as described in this disclosure.
• a two-package syntactic foam adhesive composition comprising an amine pack and an epoxy pack was prepared.
• the amine pack (AMINE) was prepared using the components (shown in percent by weight based on total weight of the amine pack) shown in Table 1. The components were added to a container and mixed until the composition was homogenous.
• EPOXY Pack 1 was prepared using the components (shown in percent by weight based on total weight) shown in Table 2. The components were added to a container and mixed until the composition was homogenous.
• EPOXY Packs 2-5 were made using EPOXY 1 and the components and weight ratios shown in Table 3. The components were mixed until homogeneous. Table 3. Epoxy Packs 2-5
• Adhesives 1-5 were prepared using Epoxy Packs 1-5, respectively, and Amine Pack, keeping equivalent ratio of Epoxy Pack to Amine Pack at 1:1.
• Adhesives 1-5 were evaluated for compressive strength (measured according to
• ASTM D695 with sample dimensions of 1.0 inch in height and 0.5 inch by 0.5 inch for cross section
• compressive modulus measured according to ASTM D695 with sample dimensions of 1.0 inch in height and 0.5 inch by 0.5 inch for cross-section
• shear strength measured according to ASTM D1002
• actual density measured according to ASTM D792 or ASTM D1622. Samples also were measured for gel time, which was the time it took the composition to form a non-fluid mass from the time resin and hardener were mixed and allowed to stand at 77°F.
• ADHESIVE 2 improved the compressive strength and the shear strength, as compared with the control (ADHESIVE 1), but the gel time was increased, and the compressive modulus was reduced.
• ADHESIVE 4 and ADHESIVE 5 each formulated with a combination of an acrylate and core-shell rubber particles, had high shear strength, reduced gel time, and highest compressive strengths.

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