Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A43—FOOTWEAR
  • A43B—CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF FOOTWEAR; PARTS OF FOOTWEAR
  • A43B5/00—Footwear for sporting purposes
  • A43B5/02—Football boots or shoes, i.e. for soccer, football or rugby
  • A43B5/025—Football boots or shoes, i.e. for soccer, football or rugby characterised by an element which improves the contact between the ball and the footwear
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A43—FOOTWEAR
  • A43B—CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF FOOTWEAR; PARTS OF FOOTWEAR
  • A43B23/00—Uppers; Boot legs; Stiffeners; Other single parts of footwear
  • A43B23/02—Uppers; Boot legs
  • A43B23/0205—Uppers; Boot legs characterised by the material
  • A43B23/0215—Plastics or artificial leather
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A43—FOOTWEAR
  • A43B—CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF FOOTWEAR; PARTS OF FOOTWEAR
  • A43B23/00—Uppers; Boot legs; Stiffeners; Other single parts of footwear
  • A43B23/02—Uppers; Boot legs
  • A43B23/0205—Uppers; Boot legs characterised by the material
  • A43B23/0235—Different layers of different material
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A43—FOOTWEAR
  • A43B—CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF FOOTWEAR; PARTS OF FOOTWEAR
  • A43B23/00—Uppers; Boot legs; Stiffeners; Other single parts of footwear
  • A43B23/02—Uppers; Boot legs
  • A43B23/0245—Uppers; Boot legs characterised by the constructive form
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A43—FOOTWEAR
  • A43B—CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF FOOTWEAR; PARTS OF FOOTWEAR
  • A43B23/00—Uppers; Boot legs; Stiffeners; Other single parts of footwear
  • A43B23/02—Uppers; Boot legs
  • A43B23/0245—Uppers; Boot legs characterised by the constructive form
  • A43B23/028—Resilient uppers, e.g. shock absorbing
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A43—FOOTWEAR
  • A43B—CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF FOOTWEAR; PARTS OF FOOTWEAR
  • A43B5/00—Footwear for sporting purposes
  • A43B5/02—Football boots or shoes, i.e. for soccer, football or rugby
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A43—FOOTWEAR
  • A43C—FASTENINGS OR ATTACHMENTS OF FOOTWEAR; LACES IN GENERAL
  • A43C15/00—Non-skid devices or attachments
  • A43C15/16—Studs or cleats for football or like boots

Definitions

• the present invention relates to an upper for a shoe, in particular for a sports shoe.
• the upper features a ball contact area with a microstructure surface in order to provide improved ball control when a wearer contacts a ball with the foot.
• a shoe or generally an article of footwear is commonly described as the combination of an upper and a sole structure.
• the upper covers regions such as the instep, the toe, the medial side, the lateral side, and the heel of a wearer's foot and provides an opening to allow the wearer to step inside the footwear.
• the sole is connected to the upper such that its top side faces the foot, and its bottom side touches the ground during ordinary use of the shoe.
• the upper for a shoe generally provides a number of functionalities.
• the upper provides an enclosure for receiving the foot, stabilizes the foot during movements, protect the foot against the environment, and, in case of certain sport shoes, provides a surface specifically adapted to the needs of the athlete.
• Particularly athletic footwear should be comfortable to wear, stabilize the foot, support the athlete in any kind of performance aspects like, e.g., acceleration and attenuate the stress from the bounce between the foot and the ground when doing exercises.
• the footwear should support movements and should avoid physical injury of the wearer.
• enhanced grip of the shoe upper to the ball may be mentioned.
• Such enhanced grip bears the potential that a player can control the ball to a greater extent.
• the contact of the shoe with the ball is of great importance, and the surface of the shoe upper plays an important role.
• One way to realize an increased grip between the upper and ball is to provide a texture on an exterior surface of the shoe upper.
• Another way to realize an increased grip is to provide the upper with protrusions. Both ways can increase the energy transfer from the upper to the ball during shooting.
• Unpublished German patent application no. 10 2023 206 175.9 of this applicant relates to an upper for a shoe, in particular a sports shoe, comprising: a) a ball contact area comprising a plurality of protrusions; b) wherein each protrusion of the plurality of protrusions has an elongated shape with a longitudinal axis, a sole facing side portion and an instep facing side portion; and c) wherein the ball contact area is configured to assist with shooting a ball in that each protrusion of the plurality of protrusions is elastically bendable such that each protrusion is configured to bend substantially in a perpendicular direction to the longitudinal axis upon contact with the ball, and such that each of the plurality of protrusions is configured to bend such that the instep facing side portion touches an outer surface of the upper or an adjacent protrusion of the plurality of protrusions.
• EP 3 909 459 A1 relates to an upper for a sports shoe, comprising a plurality of areas comprising: a medial area, a lateral area, a toe area, an instep area, a heel area, and a collar area, wherein the upper comprises at least one protrusion in at least four of the plurality of areas, and wherein the protrusions protrude from an outer surface of the upper.
• EP 2 659 798 A1 relates to a method for manufacturing an upper for a shoe, in particular a football shoe.
• a base layer is provided for the upper.
• At least one profile element which comprises a rubber material is connected to the outer face of the base layer. Therein, the profile element is connected to the outer face of the base layer without using a seam by means of hot pressing.
• EP 3 895 576 A1 relates to an upper (102) for an article of footwear (100), the upper (102) comprising: a layered structure, further comprised of: a base layer (200) comprised of a first material; a coloring ink layer (210) that covers at least a portion of the base layer (200), the coloring ink layer (210) being comprised of a second material; a control surface layer (150) disposed on the coloring ink layer (210), the control surface layer (150) being comprised of a third material; wherein the first material is different from the second material and wherein the second material is different from the third material; and wherein portions of the coloring ink layer (210) are visible on an exterior surface of the upper (102).
• US 2023 / 0 087 149 A1 relates to a knitted component with a surface that includes first areas and second areas having different relative coefficient of frictions and that are formed in an alternating pattern.
• the first areas of the first surface are 40% to 80% of the total surface area for the first surface.
• the alternating pattern may be in the form of concentric shapes.
• the alternating pattern may have linear boundaries and curvilinear boundaries between first areas and second areas.
• the first areas can be formed from a first yarn having a core and a coating. The coating at least partially surrounds the core.
• DE 1 944 609 A1 relates to a football boot which is suitable for refining and improving the technique of a player, in particular when the outer skin of the boot is wet and smooth and when the ball is wet, characterized in that its parts arranged above the sole (1), in particular the toe (2), blade (3), instep strip (6) and quarter (7), are provided with a profiling.
• DE 22 55 628 A concerns a shoe cover made of elastic material for covering at least the front of the shoe.
• DE 26 52 055 A1 relates to a soccer shoe with friction-enhancing rubber protrusions.
• DE 27 43 666 A1 relates to a soccer shoe or boot consisting of a sole and an upper part or shaft connected to the sole, wherein the shoe or boot has a surface structure on its outer side.
• DE 28 27 172 A1 concerns a soccer shoe or boot with a flexible upper material made of fine leather, polyamide fabric, or similar, and with padding.
• DE 10 2011 055 261 A1 relates to an insert for a shoe, in particular a soccer shoe, which has a surface that increases friction.
• GB 2 259 639 A relates to an article of footwear e.g. a football boot having at least one region at which frictional interaction during contact between a ball.
• US 2016 / 0 331 065 A1 concerns a sports shoe, which includes a sole and a vamp fixed together
• ball control features which are specifically designed to improve grip for kicking the ball (i.e., shooting, and/or passes), also provide at the same time a relatively high level of grip for rather soft ball touches, such as dribbling, first touch and/or short distance passing.
• a high level of grip is often not useful, as it leads to a too sticky feeling between the shoe and the ball.
• the upper should provide a ball contact area which ensures increased grip for kicking, while at the same time providing smooth ball control properties with less grip suitable for dribbling, first touch and/or short distance passing. Further, it is an object to improve design options available for the manufacturer of an upper for a shoe. Furthermore, an objective is to provide a respective shoe comprising such an upper.
• the objects are solved by an upper for a shoe, in particular a sports shoe, comprising a ball contact area comprising a microstructure surface; a. wherein the microstructure surface comprises a plurality of protrusions; b. wherein the microstructure surface is configured to assist with shooting and/or passing a ball in that each protrusion of the plurality of protrusions is elastically bendable; c. wherein each protrusion of the plurality of protrusions has the shape of a pillar.
• the upper provides higher grip for shooting a ball (and/or generally for ball touches with a higher foot-to-ball impact), whilst at the same time a lower grip for smooth ball control can be provided (and/or generally for ball touches with a lower foot-to-ball impact).
• the latter one is suitable for rather soft touches of a ball (which may include dribbling, first touch and/or short distance passes). Overall, this is particularly useful for ball sports like soccer.
• the microstructure surface proposed in here provides a force-dependent grip. Hence it may provide for an increased grip for kicking a ball, e.g., for high foot-to-ball impacts. These may occur, for instance, during shooting and/or passing of a ball. At the same time, said microstructure surface provides less grip for low foot-to-ball impacts. These may occur, for instance, during dribbling, first touch and/or short distance passing.
• the microstructure surface may provide a relatively high coefficient of friction and therefore high grip in general for kicking. Additionally, the microstructure surface may provide a relatively small deviation of the coefficient of friction during different environmental conditions, e.g., in wet conditions compared to dry conditions. Thus, a consistent grip may be achieved for both conditions. Thereby, a reduction of grip under wet conditions (which typically occurs in prior art shoes) can be avoided.
• the microstructure surface includes a plurality of protrusions, each shaped like a pillar and elastically bendable.
• the arrangement and placement of these components can be meticulously designed to enhance the performance of the upper for a shoe during activities such as shooting and passing a ball.
• microstructure surface described in here is to be distinguished from, e.g., prior art surfaces, which reveal macro elements, e.g., macro protrusions. These macro protrusions are believed to interfere with dribbling, which may result in the described technical problem that the present invention aims to overcome.
• the protrusions may optionally be defined by specific dimensions, including their aspect ratio, width, height, length, and/or pitch. These dimensions may be beneficial in ensuring that the microstructure surface operates effectively. As understood, such a microstructure surface therefore may act different than a macrostructure surface.
• each protrusion may help in extending the contact time between the shoe and the ball, thereby providing better control and precision.
• This design may address the challenge of maintaining consistent ball control under varying conditions, such as different ball speeds and angles of contact.
• the protrusions may bend elastically, providing a controlled deformation that aids in the manipulation of the ball.
• This elastic bending is facilitated by the material properties and structural design of the protrusions. This may ensure that they substantially return to their original shape after contact. Thereby the integrity of the microstructure surface may be maintained.
• bending of the protrusions has the advantage that the surface area of the upper that can contact a ball is increased. This facilitates an improved kicking.
• the amount of bending may depend on the striking force. For instance, bending may increase with increase of the striking force.
• the striking force is to be understood as the force, which the wearer's foot strikes the ball with.
• the pillar shape of each protrusion is particularly advantageous as it may provide a uniform response to force applied during ball contact, which can result in a more predictable and accurate ball trajectory.
• the pillar shape of each protrusion may ensure a uniform response to, e.g., external forces, such as the impact from a ball. This shape may be beneficial for the elastic bending mechanism, as it provides a consistent deformation pattern.
• the pillar shape is to be distinguished in some examples from, e.g., elongated shapes as usually employed in the prior art. These elongated shapes have an elongated axis that follows the surface of the upper. By contrast, a pillar shape may not necessarily have such an elongated axis that follows the surface of the upper.
• the protrusions may be integrated into the microstructure surface.
• the protrusion may be uniformly distributed across the microstructure surface.
• the protrusions may allow for a consistent and stable configuration that enhances the overall functionality of the upper of the shoe.
• travel trajectory may refer to the relative movement between the upper and ball.
• the ball may contact the upper first in a first contact portion and may move along the ball contact area toward a second contact portion, where the ball last contacts the upper. From the second contact portion, the ball may accelerate away from the upper.
• the first contact portion may be arranged closer to a sole rim.
• the second contact portion may be arranged closer to an instep portion. This movement of the ball may be more or less dominant, which can depend on the type of kick. For instance, it may differ from shooting as compared to passing.
• the Magnus effect may be understood as a phenomenon in fluid dynamics describing a force acting on a spinning (i.e., rotating) object, such as a ball, moving through a fluid, such as air. When a spinning ball moves through air, it may thereby experience a force perpendicular to the direction of its travel path. For short distance passing, the Magnus effect may play a less prominent factor.
• the shots referred to herein require a different arrangement of protrusions on the upper so as to take into consideration the different travel trajectory of the ball (as compared to flat passes for instance).
• Said shots are typically kicks that are stronger than other type of kicks, such as mere passes.
• shots often occur during a game, and the medial and top side of the first metatarsal joint and bone portions are mostly used for contacting the ball.
• the foot may be tilted laterally, and the ball upon impact may travel along the surface towards a lateral posterior direction.
• the ball contact area may be understood as a region, portion, surface part or the like that can get in contact with a ball or the like.
• the ball contact area may be the area, which gets in contact with the ball during shooting.
• the ball contact area could be larger than the area covered if the ball merely rests on the upper without shooting.
• Each of the plurality of protrusions is elastically bendable. This means that the protrusions can bend, e.g., upon an external force, such as a force provided by a ball. Moreover, the bending is elastically, which means that the bending is performed substantially in an elastic deformation range of the protrusion's material. In such an elastic deformation range, the material's stress and strain may behave according to a linear relationship. This elastic (and linear) relationship for a material may also be known as Young's modulus. To the contrary, a plastic bending means that some of the deformation cannot be reverted.
• the upper described herein may be particularly useful in conjunction with a sports shoe, such as a soccer shoe.
• a sports shoe such as a soccer shoe.
• the upper could be used substantially with any kind of article of footwear including, but not limited to football shoes, hiking boots, sneakers, basketball shoes, rugby shoes, baseball shoes, golf shoes, tennis shoes, cross-training shoes.
• the upper may be used in conjunction with shoes for any kind of athletic activity.
• athletic activity is to be understood such that it encompasses one or more and / or any combination of at least the following non-exhaustive list: aerobics, athletic exercises, running, hiking, climbing, group fitness classes, walking, cycling, yoga, soccer, tennis, football, basketball, doing a workout, volleyball, gymnastics, weightlifting, cross-training, baseball, softball, rugby, field hockey, wrestling, squash, track and field (such as sprinting, long jump, high jump), cross-country skiing.
• each protrusion of the plurality of protrusions comprises an aspect ratio defined by a height of a protrusion compared to a width of the protrusion of at least 1.1, preferably at least 1.2, preferably at least 1.3, preferably at least 1.4, preferably at least 1.5; and/or of at most 10, preferably at most 9, preferably at most 8, preferably at most 7, preferably at most 6, preferably at most 5, preferably at most 4, preferably at most 3.
• the geometric relationship between the height and width of each protrusion may directly influence the aspect ratio. This geometric relationship ensures that the protrusions maintain a specific shape and size, which may be beneficial for their elastic bendability and overall functionality.
• the introduction of these specific aspect ratio ranges brings several advantages to the upper for a shoe. Firstly, by defining the aspect ratio to be within a certain range, the protrusions are optimized for their intended function of assisting with shooting and/or passing a ball. The specified aspect ratios ensure that the protrusions are neither too short and wide nor too tall and narrow, which could compromise their elastic properties and effectiveness.
• a higher aspect ratio within the defined range ensures that the protrusions have sufficient height to interact effectively with the ball, while the width is controlled to maintain stability and prevent excessive bending or deformation. This balance enhances the tactile feedback and control a player experiences when making contact with the ball, thereby improving performance in sports activities.
• the preferred ranges for the aspect ratio provide flexibility in design while ensuring that the protrusions remain within an optimal functional range. This allows for variations in manufacturing processes and materials without compromising the performance characteristics of the shoe upper.
• each protrusion of the plurality of protrusions comprises a width of at least 0.05 mm, preferably at least 0.08 mm, preferably at least 0.1 mm; and/or of at most 1.0 mm, preferably at most 0.7 mm, preferably at most 0.5 mm, preferably at most 0.3 mm.
• This embodiment may provide a precise dimensional characteristic to the protrusions, ensuring that they are sufficiently wide to provide the desired mechanical properties, such as elasticity and durability, which may be beneficial for assisting with shooting and/or passing a ball.
• the specified minimum width ensures that the protrusions are robust enough to withstand repeated contact with the ball without breaking or deforming permanently.
• the embodiment ensures that the protrusions are not excessively wide, which could otherwise hinder their ability to bend elastically and negatively impact the tactile feedback and control provided to the user.
• this feature maintains the balance between flexibility and structural integrity, allowing the protrusions to bend elastically upon contact with the ball, thereby enhancing the user's ability to control the ball during play.
• the protrusions being within the defined width range, are able to bend elastically and provide a controlled response upon contact with the ball, thereby assisting with shooting and passing.
• This controlled response may be a direct result of the specified dimensions, which ensure that the protrusions are neither too thin to be fragile nor too thick to be inflexible.
• the new features introduced by this embodiment bring about a precise and optimized structural configuration of the protrusions, enhancing the overall functionality and performance of the upper in assisting with ball control during sports activities.
• each protrusion of the plurality of protrusions comprises a height of at least 0.2 mm, preferably at least 0.3 mm, prefer-ably at least 0.4 mm; and/or of at most 1.2 mm, preferably at most 1.1 mm, preferably at most 1.0 mm.
• This specific height range may ensure that the protrusions can be sufficiently prominent to interact effectively with a ball or the like. This may enhance the tactile feedback and control during shooting and/or passing.
• the lower limit of the height may ensure that the protrusions are not too short to be ineffective in providing the desired elastic bendability and grip.
• the upper limit may ensure that the protrusions are not excessively tall, which could otherwise lead to instability or discomfort during use.
• the specified height range balances the need for effective ball control with the comfort and structural integrity of the shoe upper.
• the new features bring a controlled and/or optimized interaction between the shoe upper and the ball. This may enhance the performance characteristics of the shoe.
• the elastic bendability of the protrusions may ensure that the microstructure surface can deform appropriately under pressure. This may provide a consistent and reliable grip on the ball. This controlled deformation aids in improving the accuracy and power of shots and passes, as the protrusions can flex and substantially return to their original shape. This may serve to maintain consistent contact with the ball.
• the specified height range contributes to the durability of the protrusions, as it prevents them from being too fragile or prone to breakage. Overall, these new features bring a significant improvement in the functional performance of the shoe upper, particularly in sports applications where precise ball control may be crucial.
• the protrusions may have different heights as understood by the skilled person.
• the height may be, 0.2 mm to 1 mm.
• the height may depend on the desired aspect ratio or vice versa. For instance, the height may be at most 0.7 mm in case a minimum aspect ratio of 1.2 needs to be provided.
• a pitch between two neighboring protrusions of the plurality of protrusions is at least 1.1, preferably at least 1.2, preferably at least 1.3, preferably at least 1.4, preferably at least 1.4 times the width; and/or at most 4, preferably at most 3, preferably at most 2, preferably at most 1.8, preferably at most 1.6 times the width.
• the pitch may be the distance between the centers of two adjacent protrusions.
• the new features introduced by this embodiment specify the pitch in relation to the width of the protrusions, thereby influencing the performance characteristics of the shoe's upper.
• the pitch between two neighboring protrusions is at least 1.1 times the width, it ensures that the protrusions are spaced sufficiently apart to allow for independent elastic bending, which can enhance ball control by providing a more responsive surface.
• the spacing allows for even greater independent movement of each protrusion, potentially improving the precision and effectiveness of ball handling, shooting, and/or passing alike.
• the protrusions are positioned closer together, which can create a more cohesive and uniform surface. This closer spacing may enhance the overall grip and contact area with the ball, providing a more consistent and controlled interaction.
• these features ensure that the microstructure surface can be tailored to achieve the desired balance of flexibility, control, and responsiveness, ultimately enhancing the functionality and performance of the sports shoe.
• the width used to define the pitch in this embodiment may be the average width of the protrusion, as understood by the skilled person.
• a pitch between two neighboring protrusions of the plurality of protrusions is 0.1 mm to 2 mm, preferably 0.2 mm to 1 mm.
• This embodiment may further contribute to the advantages mentioned in the preceding embodiment.
• this embodiment may ensure a precise and controlled interaction between the shoe's upper and the ball.
• the embodiment brings several advantages. Firstly, it optimizes the density of the protrusions on the microstructure surface, which bears the potential to significantly enhance the grip and control over the ball during shooting and/or passing.
• the specified pitch range contributes to the elastic bendability of the protrusions, as it ensures that the protrusions are neither too sparse nor too densely packed, which could otherwise compromise their ability to bend elastically. This balance may be crucial for maintaining the intended functionality of the microstructure surface. This is, because each protrusion should be able to deform and return to its original shape to assist with ball control effectively.
• the defined pitch range may also influence the durability and wear resistance of the upper. Protrusions that are too closely packed may wear down more quickly due to increased friction and contact with the ball, whereas those that are too far apart may not provide sufficient grip. Therefore, the specified pitch range strikes an optimal balance, enhancing the overall performance and longevity of the shoe's upper.
• This embodiment by refining the structural parameters of the microstructure surface, thus brings a significant improvement to the functionality and effectiveness of the shoe in sports applications, ensuring that the wearer can achieve better control, precision, and durability during use.
• the pitch is essentially uniform for each pair of adjacent protrusions of the plurality of protrusions.
• the design achieves a consistent and predictable interaction between the shoe and the ball.
• This uniformity in pitch contributes to a more controlled and reliable performance during activities such as shooting and/or passing a ball.
• the uniform pitch ensures that the forces exerted on the ball are evenly distributed across the contact area, thereby enhancing the precision and accuracy of ball handling.
• the uniform pitch aids in maintaining the structural integrity of the microstructure surface, as the even spacing of protrusions helps to prevent localized stress concentrations that could lead to premature wear or damage.
• This embodiment may also facilitate the manufacturing process, as a uniform pitch can simplify the design and production of molds, templates, and/or any kind of production lines used to create the microstructure surface.
• the uniform pitch can contribute to the aesthetic appeal of the shoe, providing a visually consistent pattern that may be perceived as more professional or high-quality by consumers.
• the embodiment where the pitch is essentially uniform for each pair of adjacent protrusions enhances the functional performance of the shoe by ensuring consistent ball contact. Further, it may improve the durability of the microstructure surface by preventing stress concentrations. Further, it may streamline the manufacturing process, and potentially increases the aesthetic value of the product.
• the pitch may not be uniform, e.g., the pitch may vary for two or more of the plurality of protrusions.
• the microstructure surface comprises a contact portion defined by aggregated top surfaces of the protrusions of the plurality of protrusions, the top surfaces facing away from the upper, wherein a contact surface coverage is 3 to 50%, preferably 5 to 30 %, more preferably 5 to 15 %, the coverage being defined by the aggregated top surfaces of the protrusions of the plurality of protrusions compared to the microstructure surface.
• top surfaces of these protrusions may face away from the upper, thereby creating a distinct contact portion that may interact directly with the ball.
• the aggregated top surfaces of the protrusions may collectively form a contact portion that interfaces with the ball during shooting and/or passing.
• the top surfaces facing away from the upper may ensure that the contact portion is optimally positioned to engage with the ball. This may enhance the ball control capabilities of the shoe.
• the contact surface coverage is specified to be within specific ranges. This coverage is defined by comparing the aggregated top surfaces of the protrusions to the overall microstructure surface.
• the specified coverage range introduces a quantitative measure that may ensure that the microstructure surface has an optimal balance between grip and flexibility.
• a lower coverage percentage within the specified range may ensure that the protrusions remain sufficiently spaced to maintain their elastic bendability, which may be crucial for assisting with ball control.
• a higher coverage percentage within the range may ensure that there is enough surface area in contact with the ball to provide the necessary grip and control during shooting and/or passing.
• the embodiment may ensure that the upper provides a consistent and reliable performance. This may enhance the user's ability to control the ball effectively. This embodiment, therefore, may bring a significant improvement to the functionality of the shoe by optimizing the interaction between the microstructure surface and the ball.
• each protrusion of the plurality of protrusions comprises a length substantially perpendicularly to a width and a height, the length and the width being along a contour of the upper, wherein the length is between 0.8 to 1.2 times the width, preferably 0.9 to 1.2 times the width, most preferably the length is essentially equal to the width.
• This specific configuration may ensure that the protrusions maintain a consistent and predictable orientation relative to the surface of the upper. This may enhance the control and interaction with the ball during shooting and/or passing.
• each protrusion is aligned along the contour of the upper. This may mean that the protrusions follow the natural curvature and shape of the shoe. Thereby, the protrusions may provide a seamless integration with the overall design and may ensure, for instance, that the microstructure surface does not interfere with the shoe's aesthetics.
• each protrusion is specified to be between 0.8 to 1.2 times the width, which provides a balanced proportion that is neither too elongated nor too short, thereby optimizing the elastic bending properties and the tactile feedback during ball contact.
• the length is between 0.9 to 1.2 times the width, which narrows the range further to ensure a more refined balance, enhancing the precision and consistency of the protrusions' performance.
• the length is essentially equal to the width, which provides an optimal configuration where the protrusions exhibit uniform bending characteristics in all directions, maximizing the effectiveness of the microstructure surface in assisting with ball control.
• This specific ratio ensures that the protrusions are neither too rigid nor too flexible, providing the right amount of resistance and elasticity needed for improved ball handling.
• the length and/or the width as described in here may be parallel, e.g., in line with respect to the upper. In this manner, the length and/or the width may be distinguished from, e.g., the height, which is a normal to the upper.
• the microstructure surface is arranged at least partially in a medial toe portion, a medial metatarsal portion, a medial distal tarsal portion, a lateral toe portion, a lateral metatarsal portion, a lateral distal tarsal portion, an intermediate toe portion, an intermediate metatarsal portion, and/or an intermediate distal tarsal portion of the upper.
• This arrangement of the microstructure surface facilitates a more comprehensive and strategic placement of the microstructure surface, thereby enhancing the functionality and performance of the shoe.
• These distinct regions of the upper may ensure that the plurality of protrusions, each having the shape of a pillar and being elastically bendable, are optimally positioned to interact with a ball during various phases of foot movement. This strategic placement allows for improved control, accuracy, and power in shooting and/or passing a ball. This is, as the elastically bendable protrusions can effectively engage with the ball across multiple contact points on the shoe.
• the shoe can provide a more consistent and reliable performance. This may be the case regardless of the specific area of the foot that makes contact with the ball.
• This embodiment thereby provides for enhanced versatility and adaptability to the shoe, as it ensures that the benefits of the microstructure surface are not confined to a single area but are distributed across multiple critical regions of the upper.
• This distribution can lead to a more balanced and effective interaction with the ball, thereby improving the overall performance of the athlete.
• the microstructure surface may be arranged on a tongue of the upper, when present, and/or on a heel portion of the upper.
• the arrangement of the microstructure surface on the tongue, when present, may ensure that the microstructure surface is present in said intermediate metatarsal portion, and/or in said intermediate distal tarsal portion.
• the arrangement of the microstructure surface on a heel portion may provide a microstructure surface that is configured to assist with backheel shooting and/or passing.
• each protrusion of the plurality of protrusions has an essentially circular, elliptical, rectangular, triangular, or polygonal horizontal cross-section, the cross-section being a cut through the protrusion normal to a direction along the height of the protrusion, the cross-section preferably being halfway of the height of the protrusion.
• This embodiment may introduce additional features that enhance the functionality and versatility of the upper.
• each protrusion of the plurality of protrusions can have an essentially circular, elliptical, rectangular, triangular, or polygonal horizontal cross-section. This variety in cross-sectional shapes allows for tailored interactions between the shoe and the ball, potentially optimizing grip, control, and the overall tactile response during shooting and passing a ball.
• the cross-section may be defined as a cut through the protrusion normal to a direction along the height of the protrusion. This may ensure that the shape is consistent and precise at any given height. This precision in defining the cross-section may ensure that the mechanical properties, such as elasticity and bending behavior, are uniform and predictable. This may thereby enhance the performance reliability of the upper.
• the cross-section is taken halfway up the height of the protrusion, which provides a representative sample of the shape and dimensions of the protrusion at a critical point where the bending stress is likely to be most significant.
• This halfway cross-section ensures that the structural integrity and functional characteristics of the protrusions are optimized for their intended purpose of assisting with ball control.
• the design can cater to different playing styles and preferences, thereby enhancing the overall user experience.
• each protrusion of the plurality of protrusions comprises a Shore A hardness of 30 to 110 Shore A, preferably 50 to 100 Shore A, more preferably 70 to 90 Shore A.
• the Shore A hardness as specified in this embodiment may provide advantages in terms of bending of the protrusions and a respective restoring force once the protrusions are bent. In turn, this may give additional benefits in assisting call control.
• this Shore A hardness ensures a smoother transition for shots (e.g., compared to rather hard geometries known in the prior art). This was found to be particularly advantageous for shots as well as for passing.
• Shore hardness may be a measure of the resistance a material has to indentation.
• Different kind of shore hardness scales pertain for measuring the hardness of different materials, e.g., (soft rubbers, rigid plastics, and super soft gels, for example). Generally, the higher the number on the scale, the harder the material.
• a difference between the scales, e.g., Shore A and Shore D is that Shore A may be specified to measure flexible rubbers while Shore D may be specified for harder, rigid materials.
• the ranges may overlap at some levels, for instance at higher levels.
• each protrusion preferably comprises a Shore A hardness of 50 to 100 Shore A. This narrower range further fine-tunes the material properties, enhancing the shoe's ability to assist with shooting and passing a ball by providing a more consistent and reliable interaction between the ball and the microstructure surface.
• each protrusion comprises a Shore A hardness of 70 to 90 Shore A, which brings an even higher degree of specificity to the material characteristics. This most preferred range may ensure that the protrusions are optimally balanced in terms of hardness and elasticity, providing the best possible performance for the intended use in sports activities.
• the microstructure surface comprises a base element, wherein the plurality of protrusions is arranged on the base element, wherein at least two protrusions of the plurality of protrusions are connected by the base element.
• This base element may act as a structural platform that may support the protrusions, ensuring their stability and uniform distribution across the ball contact area.
• the inclusion of the base element may introduce a specific mechanism of communication between the protrusions and the upper, as it provides a cohesive structure that integrates the protrusions with the rest of the shoe's upper material. This integration may be crucial for maintaining the functional integrity of the microstructure surface, as it allows the protrusions to bend elastically while remaining securely attached to the upper.
• the base element may facilitate the arrangement of the protrusions in a precise and controlled manner, optimizing their placement for effective ball control.
• this embodiment enhances the mechanical stability and durability of the microstructure surface.
• the connection between the protrusions via the base element may ensure that the forces exerted on one protrusion during ball contact are distributed across multiple protrusions, reducing the likelihood of individual protrusions becoming detached or damaged.
• This interconnected structure also contributes to a more consistent and reliable performance of the microstructure surface, as the collective behavior of the protrusions can be more predictably controlled.
• the base element's role in connecting the protrusions may facilitate the manufacturing process. This may allow for more efficient production techniques that ensure uniformity and quality of the microstructure surface.
• the base element and each protrusion of the plurality of protrusions are formed integrally.
• This embodiment i.e., the plurality of protrusions being integrally formed with the base element may have the advantage that manufacturing thereof is improved. Further, mechanical integrity is enhanced, and, thereby, longevity of the upper is improved. In particular, there may be less portions which are subject to stress peaks or the like. This may be due in particular to the absence of any means for attachment, such as adhesives or the like.
• protrusions necessarily have to be formed integrally with the base element, as understood by the skilled person.
• at least two, three, four, five and so forth protrusions may be integrally formed with the base element.
• the base element and one or more of the protrusions of the plurality of protrusions being integrally formed may be understood in such a manner that they are formed as one unitary piece. Thereby, the respective protrusions and the base element may not be separate pieces. For instance, one or more or each of the protrusions of the plurality of the protrusions is/are molded into the base layer.
• the protrusions may be joined to the upper and/or the base element by using an adhesive, preferably a hotmelt adhesive.
• the protrusions are joined to the shoe upper and/or base element by curing the adhesive, e.g., by thermal or UV curing.
• the integral formation of the base element and the plurality of protrusions not only strengthens the structural integrity and durability of the shoe upper but also enhances the functional performance and manufacturing efficiency, making it a significant advancement over non-integral designs.
• the protrusions and the base element may be formed from different materials.
• the material of the base element may comprise a lower elastic stiffness than the material of the protrusions, such that a decrease of a pliability of the upper may be as low as possible.
• the protrusions may be provided with a sufficient amount of bending stiffness to assist with shooting and/or passing a ball.
• the base element comprises a thermoplastic elastomer and the plurality of protrusions comprises a thermoset elastomer, as thermoset elastomers typically comprise a higher stiffness compared to thermoplastic elastomers.
• thermoset elastomers typically comprise a higher stiffness compared to thermoplastic elastomers.
• the material of the base element may comprise a higher elastic stiffness than the material of the protrusions.
• the base element forms a substantially continuous outermost layer of a part of the upper extending in a forefoot and/or midfoot portion of the upper.
• This continuous outermost layer provides a cohesive and unified surface that enhances the structural integrity and aesthetic appeal of the shoe.
• This embodiment may bring several advantages to the shoe's design and functionality.
• the base element contributes to the durability and longevity of the shoe, as it offers a protective barrier against wear and tear, particularly in high-stress areas such as the forefoot and midfoot.
• this configuration can improve the shoe's comfort and fit, as a continuous layer can provide a smoother and more uniform surface that conforms better to the shape of the foot, reducing the potential for irritation and pressure points. Additionally, the continuous outermost layer can enhance the uppers performance characteristics, particularly in sports shoes. This may be achieved by providing a more stable and supportive structure that can assist in maintaining proper foot alignment and distributing pressure more evenly during dynamic movements.
• the continuous outermost layer can provide a stable foundation for the microstructure surface, ensuring that the protrusions maintain their intended positions and effectiveness in assisting with shooting and/or passing a ball.
• the base element comprises a height of at least 0.05 mm, preferably at least 0.1 mm, preferably at least 0.15 mm; and/or of at most 1 mm, preferably at most 0.7 mm, preferably at most 0.5 mm, preferably at most 0.3 mm.
• the lower limit of the height of the base element may ensure sufficient durability, while the upper limit of the height of the base element may enable the upper to remain as pliable as possible.
• At least one profile element is arranged on an outer surface of the upper, wherein the at least one profile element preferably comprises the base element and the plurality of protrusions.
• This profile element is designed to enhance the functionality and performance of the shoe by providing additional structural and functional features.
• the profile element may be directly provided to the outer surface of the upper, ensuring a seamless integration that maintains the overall aesthetic and structural integrity of the shoe.
• the inclusion of the profile element on the outer surface serves to augment the microstructure surface of the ball contact area, which already comprises a plurality of protrusions configured to assist with shooting and/or passing a ball.
• the new feature of having at least one profile element on the outer surface brings several advantages. Firstly, it provides an additional layer of interaction between the shoe and the ball, potentially enhancing grip and control during play. Secondly, it may contribute to the durability and wear resistance of the upper by offering an extra layer of material that can absorb impact and reduce abrasion.
• the profile element comprises a base element and a plurality of protrusions, which mirrors the microstructure surface's design.
• the base element may serve as the foundational structure to which the plurality of protrusions is attached. This may ensure stability and uniformity in their arrangement.
• the plurality of protrusions on the profile element is likely designed to be elastically bendable, similar to those on the microstructure surface. This may thereby provide consistent performance characteristics across the entire upper. This design continuity may ensure that the shoe offers a uniform response to ball contact, regardless of the specific area of the upper that comes into contact with the ball.
• the at least one profile element comprises one or more sub-profile elements, preferably being separated from one another, wherein preferably the at least one profile element is arranged in a grid-like and/or island-like pattern.
• the arrangement of the at least one profile element in a grid or island pattern may allow the upper to still be flexible enough, e.g., by having gaps in between, where the upper is not covered by a profile element or a sub-profile element. If the rubber profile element extends substantially continuously, e.g., without having one or more gaps between sub-profile elements, this may make the upper relatively stiff.
• the upper being stiffer may be caused, e.g., by way of the properties of the profile element, e.g., by way of rubber comprised by the profile element.
• the one or more sub-profile elements may introduce a hierarchical structure to the microstructure surface.
• This hierarchical structure allows for a more nuanced interaction with the ball, potentially increasing the precision and control during shooting and passing.
• the one or more sub-profile elements are preferably separated from one another, which ensures that each sub-profile element can independently interact with the ball, thereby providing a more distributed and flexible contact surface. This separation can also prevent the sub-profile elements from interfering with each other, maintaining the integrity of the microstructure surface's overall performance.
• the grid-like pattern may provide a uniform distribution of the protrusions across the ball contact area. This grid-like arrangement can enhance consistency of ball control, as it may ensure that the protrusions are evenly spaced and can collectively contribute to the desired elastic bending and interaction with the ball.
• the at least one profile element can be arranged in an island-like pattern, which can create distinct zones of interaction on the microstructure surface.
• This island-like pattern can be particularly beneficial for creating specialized areas on the shoe's upper that cater to different aspects of ball handling, such as zones optimized for shooting, passing, or dribbling.
• the island-like arrangement can also provide a more targeted approach to ball control, allowing for specific areas of the shoe to be fine-tuned for particular functions.
• shoe's upper can offer improved performance characteristics, catering to the specific needs of athletes in various sports scenarios.
• the microstructure surface comprises a thermoset elastomer, preferably polyurethane, PU, rubber and/or silicone, and/or the microstructure surface comprises a thermoplastic elastomer, preferably thermoplastic polyurethane, TPU, polyamide, PA, thermoplastic polyether block amide, PEBA, and/or thermoplastic polyester elastomer, TPEE.
• a thermoset elastomer preferably polyurethane, PU, rubber and/or silicone
• the microstructure surface comprises a thermoplastic elastomer, preferably thermoplastic polyurethane, TPU, polyamide, PA, thermoplastic polyether block amide, PEBA, and/or thermoplastic polyester elastomer, TPEE.
• thermoplastic polyurethane polyamide
• thermoplastic polyether block amide thermoplastic polyester elastomer
• a majority by weight of the upper is made from a base material, and a majority by weight of the microstructure surface is made from the same base material.
• the preferred base material may be thermoplastic polyurethane, polyamide, thermoplastic polyether block amide or thermoplastic polyester elastomer. This provides the advantage that the whole upper can be recycled more easily.
• the majority by weight may correspond to preferably more than 50%, preferably more than 70%, preferably more than 90% of the weight of the upper and respectively of the microstructure surface.
• the ball contact area is configured to assist with shooting and/or passing a ball in that each protrusion of the plurality of protrusions is elastically bendable such that each protrusion of the plurality of protrusions is configured to bend substantially upon contact with the ball.
• This elastic bendability may ensure that the protrusions can deform upon contact with the ball, providing a more controlled and precise ball handling experience.
• each protrusion is designed in the shape of a pillar, contributing to the structural integrity and consistency of the microstructure surface.
• each protrusion to bend substantially upon contact with the ball introduces a new level of adaptability and responsiveness to the shoe's upper. This bending mechanism allows the protrusions to absorb and redistribute the force exerted by the ball, thereby enhancing the player's control over the ball during shooting and passing maneuvers.
• protrusions work in tandem to create a surface that not only grips the ball effectively but also adapts to the varying forces encountered during gameplay.
• each protrusion may be configured to bend substantially around a root point of each protrusion on the microstructure surface.
• each protrusion of the plurality of protrusions is configured to not bend substantially upon contact with the ball during a dribbling event.
• This embodiment introduces a specific mechanism of communication between the protrusions and the ball, whereby the protrusions are tailored to provide a distinct interaction during dribbling as opposed to shooting or passing. For instance, this mechanism may be achieved by a respective rigidity of the protrusions.
• the structural rigidity of the protrusions may ensure that they remain largely unyielding when subjected to the forces exerted during dribbling. This rigidity is likely achieved through material selection or structural design, as described elsewhere herein. This may ensure that the protrusions maintain their shape and position even under the dynamic and repetitive forces encountered during dribbling.
• the new feature brings several advantages to the upper for a shoe. Firstly, it enhances ball control during dribbling by providing a consistent and predictable surface interaction, thereby allowing the player to maintain better control over the ball.
• the unyielding nature of the protrusions ensures that the ball does not slip or deviate unexpectedly, which is crucial for precision in dribbling maneuvers.
• this feature complements the elastic bendability of the protrusions during shooting and/or passing, as described elsewhere herein. This may be achieved by differentiating the functional response of the protrusions based on the type of ball contact.
• This dual functionality may ensure that the shoe upper can adapt to different phases of play, and specifically to different types of ball contact. This may thereby provide optimal performance whether the player is dribbling, shooting, and/or passing.
• each protrusion of the plurality of protrusions is elastically bendable such that each protrusion of the plurality of protrusions is configured to bend such that a side portion of each protrusion or a top portion of each protrusion touches an outer surface of the upper or an adjacent protrusion upon contact with the ball.
• each protrusion may ensure that when the ball makes contact with the upper, the protrusions can flex and deform in a controlled manner. This deformation allows the side or top portions of the protrusions to make contact with the outer surface of the upper or with neighboring protrusions, thereby creating a dynamic interaction that enhances the grip and control over the ball.
• the new feature brings several advantages to the upper for a shoe, particularly in the context of sports shoes. Firstly, the ability of the protrusions to bend and touch the upper or adjacent protrusions increases the surface area in contact with the ball, thereby improving the frictional interaction and providing better ball control. This is particularly beneficial for activities such as shooting and passing, where precise control over the ball is crucial. Secondly, the elastic nature of the protrusions allows them to return to their original shape after deformation, ensuring that the upper maintains its functional properties over time and with repeated use. This durability is essential for sports shoes, which are subject to significant wear and tear.
• the interaction between the protrusions and the upper or adjacent protrusions can create a cushioning effect, absorbing some of the impact forces when the ball strikes the upper. This can enhance the comfort for the wearer and potentially reduce the risk of injury.
• protrusions that have a greater height may be able to be deformed in such a manner that the top portion of the protrusion may touch the outer surface of the upper.
• an upper for a shoe in particular a sports shoe, comprising a ball contact area comprising at least one profile element arranged on the outer surface of the upper;
• the upper of the second aspect reveal a profile element, which may be similar to the one of the upper of the first aspect.
• bendability of the protrusions may not be necessary, although this is not precluded in various examples.
• a preferred aspect ratio of the protrusions of the second aspect may be lower compared to the first aspect.
• microstructure surface still provides an increased specific contact pressure and, thereby, adds further grip to the profile elements.
• Similar advantages as set forth with respect to the first aspect can be achieved. In particular, improved shooting is provided whilst a less disturbing feeling for dribbling is provided. Also, the grip in wet conditions may be improved.
• the profile element comprises thermoset elastomers, rubber and/or silicone.
• These materials have the advantage to provide sufficient stiffness, support and can contribute to an enhanced ball control for shooting and/or passing a ball.
• these materials may be relatively easy to procure, are cost-effective, and are widely accepted in the sector of soles for shoes.
• thermoset elastomers rubber, and/or silicone in a profile element offers several advantages, particularly in applications where durability, flexibility, and resistance to various environmental factors are critical.
• Thermoset elastomers are known for their excellent mechanical properties and resistance to deformation under stress. Once cured, they may not melt or soften upon reheating, which makes them ideal for applications requiring long-term stability. Further, thermoset elastomers may generally be resistant to a variety of chemicals, oils, and solvents, making them suitable for harsh chemical environments. Thermoset elastomers provide a good balance of rigidity and flexibility, which is important for maintaining shape while allowing some movement.
• Rubber offers excellent resilience, flexibility, and resistance to wear and tear. It can withstand repeated stretching and compressing, making it suitable for dynamic applications. Depending on the type (e.g., nitrile, EPDM), rubber can offer good resistance to oils, fuels, and other chemicals. Rubber may be highly flexible and elastic, making it ideal for applications requiring frequent movement or deformation.
• type e.g., nitrile, EPDM
• Rubber may be highly flexible and elastic, making it ideal for applications requiring frequent movement or deformation.
• Silicone is known for its outstanding thermal stability, and it can maintain its properties over a wide temperature range. It is also resistant to UV light, ozone, and weathering, which contributes to its longevity in outdoor applications. Silicone exhibits excellent resistance to many chemicals, including acids, bases, and solvents, which makes it ideal for use in chemically aggressive environments. Silicone offers excellent flexibility and elasticity, even at low temperatures, which is crucial for maintaining performance in cold environments.
• thermoset elastomers rubber, and/or silicone in a profile element provides a robust solution that leverages the unique properties of each material to meet the requirements of the upper as described in here.
• each protrusion of the plurality of protrusions comprises an aspect ratio defined by a height of a protrusion compared to a width of the protrusion of at least 1.1, preferably at least 1.2, preferably at least 1.3, preferably at least 1.4, preferably at least 1.5; and/or of at most 10, preferably at most 8, preferably at most 6, preferably at most 4, preferably at most 3.
• each protrusion of the plurality of protrusions comprises a width of at least 0.05 mm, preferably at least 0.08 mm, preferably at least 0.1 mm; and/or of at most 1.0 mm, preferably at most 0.7 mm, preferably at most 0.5 mm, preferably at most 0.3 mm.
• a pitch between two adjacent protrusions of the plurality of protrusions is 1.2 to 3 times of the width, preferably 1.2 to 2 times of the width of a protrusion of the two adjacent protrusions.
• each protrusion of the plurality of protrusions comprises a height of 0.2 to 1.2 mm.
• the microstructure surface comprises a contact portion defined by aggregated top surfaces of the protrusions of the plurality of protrusions, the top surfaces facing away from the upper, wherein a contact surface coverage is 20 % to 70 %, preferably 25 % to 50%, more preferably 30 % to 40 %, the coverage being defined by the aggregated top surfaces of the protrusions of the plurality of protrusions compared to the microstructure surface.
• each protrusion comprises a Shore A hardness of 30 to 110 Shore A, preferably 35 to 60 Shore A, more preferably 40 to 55 Shore A.
• the microstructure surface comprises a base element, wherein the plurality of protrusions and the base element are formed by molding the profile element, such that the plurality of protrusions is formed integrally with the base element.
• the at least one profile element comprises at least one macro-protrusion, larger than any one of the protrusions of the plurality of protrusions.
• the macro-protrusion may provide further functionalities to the upper.
• This macro-protrusion (or a plurality thereof, if provided) may work in tandem with the remaining protrusions of the microstructure surface, thereby providing a more tailored functionality.
• the macro-protrusion has a width of 0.8 mm to 5 mm and/or a height of 1.3 mm to 5 mm.
• the at least one profile element extends at least partially in a medial toe portion, a medial metatarsal portion and/or a medial distal tarsal portion of the upper.
• the at least one profile element has an essentially rhombus, circular and/or grid-like shape.
• the grid-like pattern may provide a uniform distribution of the protrusions across the ball contact area. This grid-like arrangement can enhance consistency of ball control, as it may ensure that the protrusions are evenly spaced and can collectively contribute to the desired elastic bending and interaction with the ball.
• the rhombus shape and the circular shape may provide their own specific advantages in improving ball control whilst additionally allowing for specific advantages in terms of manufacturing and the like.
• the profile element is a first profile element, wherein the upper comprises a second profile element, wherein the second profile element is spaced apart from the first profile element.
• a shoe in particular a sports shoe, the shoe comprising: an upper according to any one of the aspects / embodiments described herein; and a sole attached to the upper.
• the upper may be attached to the sole by any kind of suitable means of attachment.
• attaching the upper of a shoe to the sole may involve various methods and techniques depending on the type of shoe, the materials used, and /or the desired level of durability and robustness of the upper.
• attaching may include cementing / adhesive bonding, which is a common method, in which for instance a strong adhesive is applied to one or both of the upper and the sole. Subsequently, they may be pressed together and allowed to bond.
• an upper for a shoe in particular a sports shoe, comprising a ball contact area comprising a microstructure surface; a. wherein the microstructure surface comprises a plurality of protrusions; b. wherein the microstructure surface is configured to assist with shooting and/or passing a ball in that each protrusion of the plurality of protrusions is elastically bendable; c. wherein each protrusion of the plurality of protrusions has a shape dimensioned to allow for anisotropic bending behavior, for instance, each protrusion of the plurality of protrusions may have an elongated shape seen along a contour of the upper.
• This aspect has the additional advantage that the protrusions allow for a direction-dependent bendability.
• Each protrusion of the plurality of protrusions having an elongated shape may mean that there may be a dimension along one axis of the shape, which may be larger than one and preferably than both dimensions along the remaining one axis preferably both axes that are substantially perpendicular to said one axis. It is understood that when dimensions are described herein, manufacturing tolerances usually have to be taken into consideration. Although not always explicitly expressed (e.g., by using the term “substantially"), it is understood that the parts, elements, units, shapes described herein comprise such manufacturing tolerances. Thus, the dimensions described herein may vary slightly.
• the length of each protrusion may be different than the length of each protrusion of the first and/or second aspect.
• the length of each protrusion may be approximately at least 1.5 times the width, preferably at least 2 times the width, preferably at least 2.5 times the width, preferably at least 3 times the width, and/or at most 6 times the width, preferably at most 5.5 times the width, preferably at most 5 times the width, preferably at most 4.5 times the width, preferably at most 4 times the width.
• the "toe portion” as used herein may comprise portions in proximity of the big toe, and / or of the big toe knuckle.
• the term “substantial” or “substantially” as used in the present context may be understood to a great or significant extent or for the most part or essentially. In particular, manufacturing tolerances are included by this term.
• a and / or B may represent three conditions: i.e., independent existence of A, existence of both A and B and independent existence of B.
• the character "/" in the disclosure usually represents that previous and next associated objects form an "or" relationship.
• Figs. 1 to 3 show an exemplary upper for a shoe, in particular a sports shoe, according to a first embodiment of the first aspect of the present disclosure ( Fig. 1 , Fig. 2 , Fig. 3 ).
• the upper 101 comprises: a ball contact area 140 comprising a microstructure surface 150.
• the microstructure surface 150 comprises a plurality of protrusions 151 (not all of the protrusions are provided with reference signs for the sake of brevity). Due to their microstructure nature, the protrusions 151 may not be easily recognizable from Fig. 1 only. The protrusions 151 may be best seen in Fig. 3 .
• the microstructure surface 140 is configured to assist with shooting and/or passing a ball in that each protrusion 151 of the plurality of protrusions 151 is elastically bendable.
• Each protrusion 151 of the plurality of protrusions 151 has the shape of a pillar (as indicated inter alia in Fig. 4 ).
• the microstructure surface 150 is configured to assist with shooting (e.g., kicking, strong passes, or the like), and to assist with passing (e.g., dribbling, first touch and/or short distance passing) a ball.
• shooting e.g., kicking, strong passes, or the like
• passing e.g., dribbling, first touch and/or short distance passing
• shooting and/or passing as referred to in here may comprise any possible action in which the player arranges the shoe such that the upper 101 gets in contact with the ball.
• Shooting as referred to in here may mean that the player is kicking the ball with a rather fast foot movement in an attempt to score a goal.
• shooting may comprise strong shots, such as a power shot, i.e., a shot struck with maximum force, often used for long-range attempts.
• a curled shot i.e., a shot struck with the medial side of the upper, wherein the player typically wraps his leg around the ball and follows through to the outside of his body.
• Another example may be a volley, i.e., a shot taken directly from the air, generating significant power.
• Another example may be a half-volley, i.e., a shot struck just as the ball is bouncing off the ground, allowing for a powerful strike.
• Another example may be a free kick (when struck with power), i.e., a direct shot on goal from a set-piece situation, hit with significant force.
• Another example may be a penalty kick (when struck with power), i.e., a shot taken from the penalty spot, often hit with great power to beat the goalkeeper.
• Another example may be a placed shot, i.e., a shot focused on accuracy, aiming to place the ball out of the goalkeeper's reach.
• Another example may be a chip shot, i.e., a delicate shot intended to loft the ball over the goalkeeper with minimal power.
• Another example may be a side-footed shot, i.e., a controlled and accurate shot using the side of the foot, typically less powerful, but typically less difficult to place. Further examples are well encompassed by the present disclosure.
• Passing as referred to in here may comprise less powerful kicks and it may mean that the player is kicking the ball toward a further player in an attempt to hand over possession to said further player.
• passing may comprise high passes and/or flat passes, wherein for high passes the ball impact during kicking typically is more toward the upper side of the foot, compared to flat passes.
• Another example may be a curled pass, which corresponds in its technique to the curled shot as explained above.
• Another example may be a side-footed pass, corresponding in its technique to the side-footed shot as explained above, wherein the side-footed pass may typically be used for flat and/or short distance passes. Further examples are well encompassed by the present disclosure.
• low-impact ball contacts as referred to in here may comprise dribbling, i.e., moving the ball with a series of controlled touches, often focusing on maneuverability rather than power.
• dribbling i.e., moving the ball with a series of controlled touches, often focusing on maneuverability rather than power.
• Another example may be a first touch, i.e., the initial touch used to control the ball, emphasizing precision and control.
• Another example may be short distance passes, when played with a relatively low velocity.
• the microstructure surface 150 can be arranged at least partially in a medial toe portion 105, a medial metatarsal portion 110, a medial distal tarsal portion 115, a lateral toe portion 120, a lateral metatarsal portion 125, a lateral distal tarsal portion 1230, an intermediate toe portion, an intermediate metatarsal portion, and/or an intermediate distal tarsal portion of the upper 101.
• the medial toe portion 105 as referred to in here may include a portion of the upper corresponding to the respective toes.
• the medial toe portion is not limited thereto. In particular, it is not limited specifically to the respective toes as such.
• adjacent tissue e.g., tissue adjacent to the toes, may be included.
• the medial metatarsal portion 110 as referred to in here may include for instance a medial and/or top side of the first metatarsal bone.
• the medial distal tarsal portion 115 as referred to in here may include for instance a medial and top side of the 1st cuneiform bone and/or the navicular bone. It may be particularly beneficial in case profile elements, as described elsewhere herein, may be arranged in and/or extend to a proximity to the navicular bone.
• the lateral toe portion 120 as referred to in here may include for instance a lateral and/or a top side of the 5th toe.
• the lateral metatarsal portion 125 as referred to in here may include for instance a lateral and/or top side of the 5th metatarsal bone.
• the lateral distal tarsal portion 130 as referred to in here may include for instance a lateral and top side of the lateral cuneiform bone and/or the cuboid bone.
• the respective "intermediate” portion i.e., the intermediate toe portion, the intermediate metatarsal portion, and/or the intermediate distal tarsal portion are substantially between the respective lateral and medial portion seen along the medial to lateral (and lateral to medial) direction of the upper.
• One or more or each protrusion 151 of the plurality of protrusions 151 has an essentially circular, elliptical, rectangular, triangular, or polygonal horizontal cross-section, the cross-section being a cut through the protrusion 151 normal to a direction along the height of the protrusion 151.
• the cross-section may preferably be halfway of the height of the protrusion 151. This shape may be best seen in Figs. 4, 5 , 9 , 11 , 12 .
• One or more or each protrusion 151 of the plurality of protrusions 151 of embodiments of the first aspect depicted in here may comprise a Shore A hardness of 30 to 110 Shore A, preferably 50 to 100 Shore A, more preferably 70 to 90 Shore A.
• This embodiment has one of the microstructure surfaces 150 extending substantially continuously across the front portion piece of the upper 151.
• the microstructure surface 150 is molded as a substantially whole sheet, forming a base element 156 (best seen in Fig. 4 and also described with reference to Fig. 4 in greater detail) and the protrusions 151 in an integral manner, as described elsewhere herein.
• the microstructure surface 150 is then joined to one or more further layers. Thereby, the combination may form a layered structure for the front portion of the upper 101.
• the layered structure can then be cut and joined (e.g., including but not limited by sewing) to further portions, parts, elements, components or the like of the upper 101.
• the material of the microstructure surface 150 may be any kind of material.
• the microstructure surface 150 may comprise a thermoset elastomer, such as polyurethane, PU, rubber and/or silicone, and/or the microstructure surface may comprise a thermoplastic elastomer, such as thermoplastic polyurethane, TPU, polyamide, PA, thermoplastic polyether block amide, PEBA and/or thermoplastic polyester elastomer, TPEE.
• the material of the microstructure surface 150 comprises TPU, or it essentially consists of TPU.
• the base element 156 can form a substantially continuous outermost layer of a part of the upper 101 extending in a forefoot and/or midfoot portion of the upper 101.
• the ball contact area 140 is configured to assist with shooting and/or passing a ball in that each protrusion 151 of the plurality of protrusions 151 is elastically bendable such that each protrusion 151 of the plurality of protrusions 151 is configured to bend substantially upon contact with the ball. Further, as generally applicable to any embodiment in here, each protrusion 151 of the plurality of protrusions 151 is configured to not bend substantially upon contact with the ball during a dribbling event.
• the upper 101 provides for various advantages. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that such a microstructure surface 150 provides a force-dependent grip, and hence, provides increased grip for shooting a ball, e.g., for high-impact ball contacts. These may occur, for instance, during kicking a ball. At the same time, said microstructure surface 150 provides less grip for low-impact ball contacts. These may occur, for instance, during dribbling, first touch and/or short distance passing.
• each protrusion 151 of the plurality of protrusions 151 is elastically bendable such that each protrusion 151 of the plurality of protrusions 151 is configured to bend such that a side portion of each protrusion 151 or a top portion of each protrusion 151 touches an outer surface of the upper 101 or an adjacent protrusion 151 upon contact with the ball.
• Fig. 1 also shows a shoe 100, in particular a sports shoe, the shoe 100 comprising the upper 101 and a sole 102 attached to the upper 101.
• the shoe 100 may be provided with studs 180 (merely two are indicated for brevity), which may be also referred to as cleats. These may serve to provide traction for the player on a ground, in particular soft grounds such as grass fields or the like.
• the use of studs is known in the field of ball sports activities, such as soccer or football (e.g., American football), rugby or the like.
• the studs can be integrally formed with the sole 102 of the shoe 100.
• the studs 180 may be at least partially injected onto a base material.
• prefabricated stud tips may be placed in a mold and are over-injected with a base material.
• the base material may comprise portions of the sole 102.
• the studs 180 may comprise TPU. Integrally formed or injected studs 180 have the advantage that no screws are needed and / or that the studs 180 do not need replacement. Nevertheless, it is also possible to apply interchangeable studs 180 or screw-on studs 180.
• microstructure surface 150 may additionally or alternatively be arranged on a tongue of the upper 101, when present, and/or on a heel portion of the upper 101.
• Fig. 4 shows a schematic figure of the microstructure surface 150 along with protrusions in an ordinary state, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
• Fig. 5 shows a schematic figure of two protrusions 151 from the top and one protrusion from a side view, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
• each protrusion 151 of the plurality of protrusions 151 comprises an aspect ratio defined by a height p_h (inter alia indicated in Fig. 4 and 5 ) of a protrusion compared to a width p_w (inter alia indicated in Fig. 4 and 5 ) of the protrusion 151 of at least 1.1, preferably at least 1.2, preferably at least 1.3, preferably at least 1.4, preferably at least 1.5; and/or of at most 10, preferably at most 8, preferably at most 6, preferably at most 4, preferably at most 3.
• each protrusion 151 of the plurality of protrusions 151 can have a width p_w of at least 0.05 mm, preferably at least 0.08 mm, preferably at least 0.1 mm; and/or of at most 1.0 mm, preferably at most 0.7 mm, preferably at most 0.5 mm, preferably at most 0.3 mm.
• each protrusion 151 of the plurality of protrusions 151 comprises a height p_h of at least 0.2 mm, preferably at least 0.3 mm, preferably at least 0.4 mm; and/or of at most 1.2 mm, preferably at most 1.1 mm, preferably at most 1.0 mm.
• a pitch pt between two neighboring protrusions 151 of the plurality of protrusions 151 is at least 1.1, preferably at least 1.2, preferably at least 1.3, preferably at least 1.4, preferably at least 1.4 times the width p_w; and/or at most 4, preferably at most 3, preferably at most 2, preferably at most 1.8, preferably at most 1.6 times the width p_w of a protrusion 151.
• a pitch pt between two neighboring protrusions 151 of the plurality of protrusions 151 may be about between 0.1 mm to 2 mm, preferably 0.2 mm to 1 mm.
• the pitch pt is essentially uniform for each pair of adjacent protrusions of the plurality of protrusions.
• the pitch pt may not be uniform, e.g., the pitch pt may vary for two or more of the plurality of protrusions 151.
• the microstructure surface 150 comprises a contact portion defined by aggregated top surfaces of the protrusions 151 of the plurality of protrusions 151, the top surfaces facing away from the upper 101. Further, a contact surface coverage is 3 to 50%, preferably 5 to 30 %, more preferably 5 to 15 %. As mentioned elsewhere herein, the coverage may be defined by the aggregated top surfaces of the protrusions 151 of the plurality of protrusions 151 compared to the microstructure surface 150. With reference to Fig. 4 , the squares may indicate the top surfaces of the protrusions 151. The aggregated top area may be the sum of these top areas divided by the total area of the microstructure surface 150 (in Fig. 4 only the base element 156 is indicated, the area of which may, in some specific examples, correspond to the area of the microstructure surface 150).
• one or more or each protrusion 151 of the plurality of protrusions 151 may comprise a length p_l substantially perpendicularly to a width p_w and a height p_h, the length p_h and the width p_w being along a contour of the upper 101, wherein the length p_l is between 0.8 to 1.2 times the width, preferably 0.9 to 1.2 times the width, most preferably the length is essentially equal to the width p_w.
• the microstructure surface 150 may comprise a base element 156, wherein the plurality of protrusions 151 may be arranged on the base element 156, wherein at least two protrusions 151 of the plurality of protrusions 151 are connected by the base element 156.
• the base element 156 is also indicated in Fig. 11 and Fig. 12 .
• the base element 156 and one or more or each protrusion 151 of the plurality of protrusions 151 can be formed integrally. However, as described elsewhere in here, one or more or each protrusion 151 of the plurality of protrusions 151 can be formed separately.
• Integrally forming elements may also be known as a monolithic or integral design. This may offer several advantages in various contexts. For instance, strength and durability may be provided, since unitary pieces may often have fewer points of weakness and / or potential failure compared to assemblies of multiple components. This may result in increased overall strength and durability. Further, unitary pieces may substantially eliminate the need for separate parts, fasteners, or connectors, although this is not precluded. This may also lead to cost savings in production. Moreover, unitary pieces can reduce the overall weight of the resulting structure and / or product.
• unitary pieces may provide improved performance as wearing, vibration, noise associated with separate moving parts, or the like may be reduced. Further, by eliminating the need for additional components, parts, elements, or the like, unitary pieces may reduce material costs, labor costs, and / or assembly time, resulting in cost savings. In addition, fewer components may often mean simplified constructions, which could lead to reduced material waste during production and disposal. This may contribute to more sustainable and eco-friendly products.
• one or more or each of the protrusions 151 of the plurality of the protrusions 151 is/are molded into the base layer 156.
• the base layer 156 and the respective protrusion(s) 151 are formed integrally. For instance, this is described with reference to the embodiment of Figs. 1-3 .
• the protrusions 151 described in all the embodiments in here may be understood as microstructure protrusions 151.
• the width p_w the midway of the height was found useful to determine this dimension. That is, because the width p_w at the very top / very bottom of the protrusion 151 may be relatively low / large.
• a side angle ⁇ is also indicated in Fig. 4 and 5 .
• the respective angled side surface of the protrusion 151 may extend along the entire height p_h of the protrusion 151 or alternatively only extend partially from the top surface along the height p_h of the protrusion 151.
• the side angle ⁇ may be at least 0°, preferably at least 1°, preferably at least 2°, preferably at least 3°, preferably at least 4°, preferably at least 5°, preferably at least 10°, preferably at least 15°, preferably at least 20°, and/or at most 40°, preferably at most 30°, preferably at most 25°, preferably at most 20°, preferably at most 15°, preferably at most 10°, preferably at most 5°.
• the skilled person may readily select respective ranges as fair as the combination of the upper and the lower limit is technically meaningful.
• Fig. 5 is a schematic drawing of a protrusion 151 with a circular cross-section.
• Fig. 6 shows exemplary diagram of materials used for the microstructure surface 150, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
• the diagram shows a coefficient of friction (CoF) (y-Axis) over a respective squeezing pressure (x-Axis), for samples A, D and for a reference sample (R).
• the reference sample does not comprise a microstructure surface and is a textile coated with PU foil.
• the squeezing pressure is measured for the examined microstructure surface against a reference surface like a ball. All test results are shown for dry (A, D, R) and for wet conditions (A', D', R'). The samples are described in greater detail in the table below.
• sample A and in particular sample D provide a larger increase of the CoF in relation to a squeezing pressure, compared to the reference type R. This may ensure that a force-dependent friction characteristic is provided, in wet as well as in dry conditions.
• microstructure surface and the protrusions are shown in the following table. This table is shown merely for the purpose of illustrating the invention and without the intention to limit the scope of protection which is defined by the claims.
• Sample cross-section Width mm Height mm Pitch mm Side angle ° Contact surface coverage Aspect ratio A square 0.1 0.4 0.35 0 9.4 % 4 B circular 0.2 0.6 0.5 0 12.6 % 3 C circular 0.13 0.7 0.5 0 5.3% 5.4 D circular 0.125 0.5 0.385 10 9.6 % 4 F circular 0.4 0.5 0.58 0 37% 1.25
• Figs. 7 to 9 show an exemplary upper 101 for a shoe, in particular a sports shoe, according to a second embodiment of the first aspect of the present disclosure ( Fig. 7 , Fig. 8 , Fig. 9 ).
• This embodiment corresponds to the remaining embodiments described herein and mostly differences are highlighted but also common features are presented.
• the reference signs correspond to the remaining embodiments in here.
• the upper 101 comprises a ball contract area 140 and a microstructure surface 150, as described elsewhere herein.
• At least one profile element 160 (best seen in Fig. 8 und 9 ) is arranged on an outer surface of the upper 101, wherein the at least one profile element 160 preferably comprises the base element 156 (best seen in Fig. 8 und 9 ) and the plurality of protrusions 151.
• the at least one profile element 160 comprises one or more sub-profile elements 165 (only one of which is exemplarily indicated in Fig. 7 by reference numeral 165), preferably being separated from one another.
• the at least one profile element 160 is preferably arranged in a grid-like and/or island-like pattern, as best seen in Fig. 7 .
• the profile element 160 along with the microstructure surface 150 is arranged in medial and intermediate toe portion, medial and intermediate metatarsal portion and medial distal tarsal portion.
• a first profile element 160 is provided with a microstructure surface 150 having a grid-like shape.
• At least one second profile element 160' is provided with a microstructure surface 150 having a rhombus-like shape. This second profile element 160' is within the first profile element 160.
• Macro-protrusions 155 are arranged on the first profile element 160, arranged adjacent to the microstructure surface 150. These macro-protrusions 155 are approximately 1 mm wide and 1-3 mm high.
• the material of the profile elements 160, 160' may be rubber.
• the profile elements are formed from rubber in a mold. They are then joined to an outer surface of a layered structure of an upper.
• the layered structure can be any state-of-the-art type, e.g., comprising woven or knitted fabrics, non-woven textiles, leather, artificial leather, foam layers etc., as well as eventually a coating on top, e.g., a TPU or PU foil layer.
• An adhesive preferably a hot-melt adhesive, may be used to join the profile elements to the layered structure, preferably via heat pressing.
• the arrangement of the at least one profile element in a grid or island pattern allows the upper to still be pliable enough by having gaps in between, where the upper is not covered by a profile element. If the rubber profile element would extend continuously, this would make the upper relatively stiff, due to the properties of rubber.
• profile elements 160 can be arranged in any of the lateral and/or intermediate portions, which may have a lower width and/or aspect ratio compared to profile elements 160 arranged in any of the medial portions.
• Figs. 10 to 12 show an exemplary upper for a shoe, in particular a sports shoe, according to a first embodiment of the second aspect of the present disclosure.
• Fig. 11 shows a detailed schematic figure of a part of the microstructure surface of the embodiment of Fig. 10 .
• Fig. 12 shows a perspective view of a part of the microstructure surface of the embodiment of Fig. 10 .
• This embodiment corresponds to the remaining embodiments described herein in particular of the first aspect and mostly differences are highlighted but also common features are presented.
• the reference signs correspond to the remaining embodiments in here.
• the upper 101 comprises a ball contact area 140 comprising at least one profile element 160 arranged on the outer surface of the upper 101; the at least one profile element 160 comprises a microstructure surface 150 comprising a plurality of protrusions 151 (exemplarily three protrusions 151 are provided with a reference numeral).
• the profile element 160 is configured to assist with shooting and/or passing a ball.
• Each protrusion 151 of the plurality of protrusions 151 has the shape of a pillar, as described elsewhere herein.
• the upper 101 is not limited to one profile element 160.
• at least one second profile element 160' is indicated with a reference numeral in Fig. 10 .
• the upper 101 can comprise several profile elements 160, in particular 9 (nine) profile elements 160, 160' are provided. It may be possible that there are one or more profile elements, e.g., arranged in the medial side of the upper 101, that do not comprise a microstructure surface 150.
• the profile elements 160, 160' have a rhombus-like shape.
• the second profile element 160' is not within the first profile element 160 in this embodiment but adjacent to it.
• the profile element 160 may be a first profile element 160, and the further profile element 160' may be a second profile element 160', which is spaced apart from the first profile element 160.
• the space in between the profile element 160 (which can be provided for instance by way of an island-like or grid-like pattern as described elsewhere herein) provides for this flexibility.
• Macro-protrusions 155 (not shown in Fig. 10 ) can be arranged on the first profile element 160, arranged adjacent to the microstructure surface 150. These macro-protrusions 155 are larger than any one of the protrusions 151 of the plurality of protrusions 151. These macro-protrusions 155 have a width of approximately 1 mm and/or a height of approximately 1-3 mm.
• the material of the profile elements 160, 160' may be rubber.
• the profile element 160 comprises thermoset elastomers, rubber and/or silicone.
• the pitch, height, width, length, aspect ratio may be similar to the embodiments of the first aspect.
• One or more or each protrusion 151 may comprise a Shore A hardness of 30 to 110 Shore A, preferably 35 to 60 Shore A, more preferably 40 to 55 Shore A.
• At least one of the profile elements 160 extends at least partially in a medial toe portion, a medial metatarsal portion and/or a medial distal tarsal portion of the upper.
• Fig. 10 to 12 may have the dimensions listed for sample F in the table above.
• the profile elements 160 are arranged in strategically beneficial portions of the upper 101, i.e., in a toe portion, metatarsal portion, and/or distal tarsal portion of the upper 101 (as indicated for instance in Fig. 1 ).
• Fig. 11 shows the microstructure surface 150 of a profile element 160 in greater detail.
• the optional base element 156 is also shown.
• the dimensions are listed in the table above (cf. sample F).
• the height of the base element b_h may be about 0.5 mm (not shown in the above table).
• the profile elements 160 as such (preferably being made of rubber), provide for enhanced grip.
• the microstructure surface 150 comprised by the profile elements 160 beneficially enhance the functionalities, via increasing a specific contact pressure. This may further improve the grip, in particular in wet conditions.
• Fig. 13 shows a schematic figure of a microstructure surface 150 according to an embodiment of a further aspect of the present disclosure.
• the microstructure surface 150 depicted in here may be combined with a further aspect described in here, in which the protrusions 151 (not all of the protrusions 151 are provided with a reference numeral in Fig. 13 ) are described such that they have an elongated shape seen along a contour of the upper.
• the protrusions 151 provide for a first direction D1, which may be substantially perpendicular to the elongated axis of the protrusions 151. This first direction D1 may provide for an increased friction.
• the protrusions 151 provide for a second direction D2, which may be substantially parallel to the elongated axis of the protrusions 151. Along this direction a lower friction may be provided. As described elsewhere herein, this has the advantage to allow for a direction-dependent bendability.
• the length of each protrusion may be different than the length of each protrusion of the first and/or second aspect.
• the length of each protrusion may be approximately at least 1.5 times the width, preferably at least 2 times the width, preferably at least 2.5 times the width, preferably at least 3 times the width, and/or at most 6 times the width, preferably at most 5.5 times the width, preferably at most 5 times the width, preferably at most 4.5 times the width, preferably at most 4 times the width.
• the embodiments can be provided via various manufacturing processes.
• the first embodiment of the first aspect (i.e., comprising a continuous microstructure surface as part of the layered structure of the upper as shown in Figs. 1-3 ) may be obtained by an extrusion process.
• the material may be transferred from an extruder onto a cylindrical mold having the negative pattern of the microstructure surface (i.e., including the protrusions).
• a continuous sheet of the microstructure surface 151 can be produced, which is then cut, joined to further layers of a layered structure, and the layered structure may then be joined eventually to further pieces of the upper 101 of the shoe 100.
• profile elements 160 may also be produced by using the above-described process.
• a manufacturing process may be employed, where initial elements are shaped under heat and pressure in a mold.
• the so formed profile elements 160 remain in said mold, adhesive is applied to the bottom surface of the profile elements 160.
• the mold with the profile elements 160 is heat pressed to a layered structure of an upper 101, thereby joining both.
• an initial element and/or an outer layer which may already be arranged on the layered structure of the upper, are heat pressed with a mold. Thereby, they may be embossed and/or debossed to create the microstructure surface 150, while the profile elements 160 are already arranged on the upper.
• the remainder of the upper 101 may be embossed and/or debossed simultaneously.
• forming a microstructure surface onto the outer layer and/or initial element may be achieved by milling or stamping.
• the profile elements and/or the microstructure surface sheet may be formed with high-frequency welding or vacuum forming.
• the microstructure surface may be formed by printing the protrusions onto the base element. E.g., via screen printing or additive manufacturing.
• the base element is covered by a cover layer, e.g., a foil, which comprises apertures, wherein the protrusions are extending through the apertures.
• a cover layer e.g., a foil, which comprises apertures, wherein the protrusions are extending through the apertures.

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