ES1064219U - Device for harnessing the energy resulting from the difference in hydrostatic pressure - Google Patents

Device for harnessing the energy resulting from the difference in hydrostatic pressure Download PDF

Info

Publication number
ES1064219U
ES1064219U ES200602530U ES200602530U ES1064219U ES 1064219 U ES1064219 U ES 1064219U ES 200602530 U ES200602530 U ES 200602530U ES 200602530 U ES200602530 U ES 200602530U ES 1064219 U ES1064219 U ES 1064219U
Authority
ES
Spain
Prior art keywords
circuit
liquid medium
air
housings
tank
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
ES200602530U
Other languages
Spanish (es)
Other versions
ES1064219Y (en
Inventor
Miguel Burgues Soriano
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Individual
Original Assignee
Individual
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Priority to ES200602530U priority Critical patent/ES1064219Y/en
Publication of ES1064219U publication Critical patent/ES1064219U/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of ES1064219Y publication Critical patent/ES1064219Y/en
Priority to PCT/ES2007/000664 priority patent/WO2008062084A1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Fee Related legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03BMACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS
    • F03B17/00Other machines or engines
    • F03B17/02Other machines or engines using hydrostatic thrust
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/20Hydro energy

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Other Liquid Machine Or Engine Such As Wave Power Use (AREA)

Abstract

Device for energy use of the hydrostatic pressure difference, characterized in that it comprises a plurality of housings (1) inserted in a rotary-type circuit (2), a tank (3) of a liquid medium, and a mechanism (4) of injection of air immersed in the tank (3) of the liquid medium, so that the circuit (2) can carry out a rotary movement type Ferris wheel that allows the casings (1) to carry out a rotary, cyclical and repetitive travel in and out of the liquid medium in the tank (3), and that the air injection mechanism (4) injects the air into the liquid medium of the tank (3), and this same air, when ascending by the hydrostatic pressure inside the liquid medium, pushes upwards to each of the housings (1) located in a certain position on the mechanism (3) and thereby causing the ferris wheel-like rotary movement of the circuit (2), and the housings (1) pushed upwards by air upon reaching the surface, they follow the path established by the circuit (2) and are submerged again in the liquid medium of the tank (3), and the other casings (1) inserted in the circuit (2) are the ones that successively pass to occupying the determined position on the mechanism (4) to receive the upward impulse of the air injected by the mechanism (4), and thus repeating the cycle successively, and transmitting the rotary movement of the circuit (3) to an axis (6) for its energy use. (Machine-translation by Google Translate, not legally binding)

Description

Dispositivo de aprovechamiento energético de la diferencia de presión hidrostática.Energy use device of the hydrostatic pressure difference.

Objeto de la invenciónObject of the invention

La presente invención tiene por objeto un dispositivo de aprovechamiento energético de la diferencia de presión hidrostática, que permite el aprovechamiento de la diferencia de presión hidrostática producida en diferentes profundidades de un medio líquido.The present invention aims at a energy efficiency device of the difference of hydrostatic pressure, which allows the use of difference in hydrostatic pressure produced in different depths of a liquid medium.

Antecedentes de la invenciónBackground of the invention

El progresivo y creciente incremento del consumo energético a todos los niveles, tanto local como mundial, es un hecho incuestionable en nuestros días.The progressive and increasing increase in consumption energy at all levels, both local and worldwide, is a unquestionable fact in our days.

Es necesario por tanto satisfacer la creciente demanda energética que está teniendo lugar tanto a nivel doméstico e industrial, como a nivel local y mundial, y encontrar así un sistema de producción energética limpio, sostenible, ilimitado, y sin deshechos ni
residuos.
It is therefore necessary to meet the growing energy demand that is taking place both domestically and industrially, as well as locally and globally, and thus find a clean, sustainable, unlimited energy production system, without waste or waste.
waste.

Todo ello responde a varios factores a la vez: crecimiento demográfico de la población, acceso de mayor proporción de la población a nuevas comodidades y por lo tanto demanda energética (lavadoras, calefacción, televisores, etc.), utilización de servicios y nuevas tecnologías que anteriormente no existían (internet, etc.), aumento global de la industrialización, etc.All this responds to several factors at once: population growth, access of greater proportion from the population to new comforts and therefore demand energy (washing machines, heating, televisions, etc.), use of services and new technologies that previously did not exist (internet, etc.), global increase in industrialization, etc.

Tal circunstancia, ha conllevado una creciente sensibilización al respecto, tanto a nivel social como por parte de los poderes públicos.Such circumstance has led to a growing awareness of this, both socially and by The public powers.

Como consecuencia de todo ello, las fuentes hasta ahora consideradas como tradicionales de producción energética, están siendo objeto de estudio y revisión, en el sentido de encontrar nuevas fuentes de energía alternativas o añadidas a ellas, que permitan satisfacer la creciente demanda energética, y permitir un correcto desarrollo sostenible a nivel global.As a consequence of all this, the sources Until now considered as traditional production energy, are being studied and reviewed, in the sense of finding new alternative energy sources or added to them, to meet the growing demand energy, and allow proper sustainable development at the level global.

Además de todo lo explicado anteriormente, debe de añadirse también la imperiosa necesidad de que las nuevas alternativas energéticas en estudio a las ya existentes actualmente, sean plenamente compatibles con un desarrollo medioambientalmente sostenible, y que no supongan una hipoteca medioambiental a generaciones futuras.In addition to everything explained above, you must to also add the imperative need for new energy alternatives under study to existing ones currently, be fully compatible with a development environmentally sustainable, and not a mortgage environmental to future generations.

Tal situación ha creado una creciente concienciación y sensibilidad social en lo que respecta a las posibles nuevas fuentes de energía, en el sentido de que sean sostenibles y medioambientalmente limpias. Asimismo, también por parte de los poderes públicos se ha creado una concienciación en la misma
dirección.
Such a situation has created a growing awareness and social sensitivity regarding possible new sources of energy, in the sense that they are sustainable and environmentally clean. Also, also by the public authorities has created an awareness in it
address.

Todas estas circunstancias hacen necesaria la creación de algún tipo de sistema de aprovechamiento energético.All these circumstances make necessary the creation of some kind of exploitation system energetic.

El dispositivo de la presente invención contribuye a solventar y resolver toda esta problemática, pues permite el aprovechamiento energético de las diferencias de presión hidrostática producidas en diferentes profundidades en un medio líquido.The device of the present invention contributes to solve and solve all this problem, because allows the energy use of pressure differences hydrostatic produced at different depths in a medium liquid.

Sumario de la invenciónSummary of the invention

El dispositivo de aprovechamiento energético de la diferencia de presión hidrostática, se caracteriza porque comprende una pluralidad de carcasas insertadas en un circuito de tipo rotatorio, un depósito de un medio líquido, y un mecanismo de inyección de aire sumergido en el depósito del medio líquido, de modo que el circuito puede efectuar un movimiento rotatorio tipo noria que permite que las carcasas puedan efectuar un recorrido rotatorio, cíclico y repetitivo entrando y saliendo del medio líquido del depósito, y que el mecanismo de inyección del aire inyecta el aire en el interior del medio líquido del depósito, y este mismo aire al ascender por la presión hidrostática dentro del medio líquido empuja hacia arriba a cada una de las carcasas situadas en una determinada posición sobre el mecanismo y provocando ello el movimiento rotatorio tipo noria del circuito, y las carcasas empujadas hacia arriba por el aire al llegar a la superficie siguen el recorrido establecido por el circuito y se sumergen de nuevo en el medio líquido del depósito, y siendo las otras carcasas insertadas en el circuito las que sucesivamente pasan a ocupar la posición determinada sobre el mecanismo para recibir el impulso ascendente del aire inyectado por el mecanismo, y repitiéndose así el ciclo sucesivamente, y transmitiendo el movimiento giratorio del circuito a un eje para su aprovechamiento energético.The energy utilization device of the difference in hydrostatic pressure is characterized by it comprises a plurality of housings inserted in a circuit of rotary type, a reservoir of a liquid medium, and a mechanism of air injection submerged in the liquid medium reservoir, of so that the circuit can perform a rotary movement type Ferris wheel that allows carcasses to take a tour Rotary, cyclic and repetitive entering and leaving the middle reservoir liquid, and that the air injection mechanism injects air into the liquid medium of the reservoir, and this same air when ascending by the hydrostatic pressure inside the liquid medium pushes up each of the housings located in a certain position on the mechanism and causing this the ferris wheel type rotary movement, and the housings pushed up by the air upon reaching the surface follow the path established by the circuit and it they immerse again in the liquid medium of the tank, and the other housings inserted in the circuit which successively they come to occupy the position determined on the mechanism to receive the upward impulse of the air injected by the mechanism, and thus repeating the cycle successively, and transmitting the rotating movement of the circuit to an axis for its use energetic.

Estas y otras características se desprenderán mejor de la descripción detallada que sigue, para facilitar la cual se acompaña de cinco hojas de dibujos explicativos que ilustran un caso práctico de realización que se cita a título ilustrativo pero no limitativo del alcance de la presente invención.These and other features will come off better than the detailed description that follows, to facilitate which It is accompanied by five sheets of explanatory drawings illustrating a case study that is cited for illustrative purposes but not limiting the scope of the present invention.

Dibujos Drawings

La figura 1 ilustra una disposición general del dispositivo de la invención.Figure 1 illustrates a general arrangement of the device of the invention.

La figura 2 ilustra una vista en mayor detalle de las carcasas de la invención.Figure 2 illustrates a view in greater detail of the housings of the invention.

Descripción detallada de una forma de realización preferida de la invenciónDetailed description of a preferred embodiment of the invention

De acuerdo con el objeto de la presente invención, el dispositivo de aprovechamiento energético de la diferencia de presión hidrostática se encuentra concebido para el aprovechamiento de las diferentes presiones hidrostáticas en diferentes profundidades de un medio líquido para la generación energética.In accordance with the purpose of this invention, the energy utilization device of the hydrostatic pressure difference is designed for the use of different hydrostatic pressures in different depths of a liquid medium for generation energetic

Tal y como se puede apreciar en la figura 1, el dispositivo de aprovechamiento energético de la diferencia de presión hidrostática de la invención comprende una pluralidad de carcasas (1), conectadas a un circuito (2) rotatorio tipo noria móvil, habilitado para que cada una de las carcasas (1) puedan realizar un recorrido rotatorio cíclico y repetitivo señalado con las flechas de la figura 1.As can be seen in Figure 1, the energy efficiency device of the difference of hydrostatic pressure of the invention comprises a plurality of housings (1), connected to a ferris wheel type circuit (2) mobile, enabled so that each of the housings (1) can perform a cyclic and repetitive rotary path indicated with the arrows in figure 1.

El circuito (2) se encuentra parcialmente sumergido en un depósito (3) de un medio líquido, que en esta realización preferida es agua, con un nivel de agua (3').Circuit (2) is partially found submerged in a reservoir (3) of a liquid medium, which in this Preferred embodiment is water, with a water level (3 ').

Las carcasas (1) presentan la configuración detallada en la figura 2, en el sentido de que son huecas y abiertas en una de sus vertientes (1').The housings (1) present the configuration detailed in figure 2, in the sense that they are hollow and open in one of its slopes (1 ').

Las carcasas (1), tal y como se encuentran colocadas en el circuito (2), cuando realizan el recorrido ascendente señalado en la figura 1 presentan su vertiente (1') abierta orientada hacia abajo. Tal disposición es la que permitirá el funcionamiento del dispositivo de la invención que se explica a continuación.The housings (1), as they are found placed in the circuit (2), when they travel ascending indicated in figure 1 present its slope (1 ') Open oriented down. Such provision is what will allow the operation of the device of the invention explained to continuation.

Tal y como aparece en la figura 1, en la parte inferior del circuito (2) y sumergido debajo del nivel de agua (3') se encuentra un mecanismo (4) de inyección de aire.As it appears in figure 1, in the part bottom of the circuit (2) and submerged below the water level (3 ') is an air injection mechanism (4).

El mecanismo (4), al inyectar el aire en el depósito (3) debajo del nivel de agua (3'), el aire asciende en forma de burbujas (5) dentro del agua del depósito (3).The mechanism (4), by injecting air into the tank (3) below the water level (3 '), the air rises in bubble shape (5) inside the water in the tank (3).

La inyección del aire se efectúa en una posición tal, que al subir las burbujas (5) dentro del agua del depósito (3) topan y quedan cubiertas por las carcasas (1), al encontrarse éstas en esta posición del circuito (2) con su vertiente (1') abierta orientada hacia abajo.The air injection is carried out in one position such that when the bubbles (5) rise inside the water of the tank (3) they meet and are covered by the housings (1), when they are found in this position of the circuit (2) with its slope (1 ') open facing down.

El empuje ascendente de las burbujas (5) desplaza y mueve hacia arriba a las carcasas (1), implicando un movimiento rotatorio del circuito (2) señalado por las flechas.The upward thrust of the bubbles (5) move and move up to the housings (1), implying a Rotary movement of the circuit (2) indicated by the arrows.

La carcasas (1), al llegar y salir a la superficie por el nivel de agua (3'), vuelven a continuación a sumergirse siguiendo el recorrido del circuito (2), pero con una posición lateral, lo cual permitirá que se sumerjan sin ningún aire encerrado dentro de ellas.La carcasas (1), when arriving and leaving the surface by water level (3 '), then return to dive following the circuit path (2), but with a lateral position, which will allow them to submerge without any air locked inside them.

El movimiento circular del circuito (2) comporta que continuamente haya carcasas (1) se coloquen en la posición tal que reciban empuje ascendente de las burbujas (5), manteniendo el movimiento rotatorio del circuito (2).The circular movement of the circuit (2) involves that there are continuously housings (1) placed in the position that receive upward thrust of the bubbles (5), maintaining the rotary movement of the circuit (2).

El movimiento circular del circuito (2) es comunicado a un eje (6), para su aprovechamiento y conversión energética, como por ejemplo un alternador eléctrico.The circular movement of the circuit (2) is communicated to an axis (6), for its use and conversion energy, such as an electric alternator.

La invención mostrada puede presentar la configuración y componentes más pertinentes para tales funciones. Se pueden utilizar los componentes que se han descrito o cualesquiera otros componentes idóneos para realizar el mismo tipo de cometido.The invention shown may present the most relevant configuration and components for such functions. You can use the components that have been described or any other components suitable for performing the same type of commitment

La invención, dentro de su esencialidad, puede ser llevada a la práctica en otras formas de realización que difieran sólo en detalle de la indicada a título de ejemplo, a las cuales alcanzará igualmente la protección que se recaba. Podrá, pues, realizarse esta invención con los medios, componentes y accesorios más adecuados, pudiendo los elementos componentes ser sustituidos por otros técnicamente equivalentes, por quedar todo ello comprendido dentro de las
reivindicaciones.
The invention, within its essentiality, can be put into practice in other embodiments that differ only in detail from that indicated by way of example, to which the protection sought will also be achieved. This invention may therefore be carried out with the most appropriate means, components and accessories, the component elements being able to be replaced by other technically equivalent ones, as all of this falls within the scope of
claims.

Claims (1)

1. Dispositivo de aprovechamiento energético de la diferencia de presión hidrostática, caracterizado porque comprende una pluralidad de carcasas (1) insertadas en un circuito (2) de tipo rotatorio, un depósito (3) de un medio líquido, y un mecanismo (4) de inyección de aire sumergido en el depósito (3) del medio líquido, de modo que el circuito (2) puede efectuar un movimiento rotatorio tipo noria que permite que las carcasas (1) puedan efectuar un recorrido rotatorio, cíclico y repetitivo entrando y saliendo del medio líquido del depósito (3), y que el mecanismo (4) de inyección del aire inyecta el aire en el interior del medio líquido del depósito (3), y este mismo aire al ascender por la presión hidrostática dentro del medio líquido empuja hacia arriba a cada una de las carcasas (1) situadas en una determinada posición sobre el mecanismo (3) y provocando ello el movimiento rotatorio tipo noria del circuito (2), y las carcasas (1) empujadas hacia arriba por el aire al llegar a la superficie siguen el recorrido establecido por el circuito (2) y se sumergen de nuevo en el medio líquido del depósito (3), y siendo las otras carcasas (1) insertadas en el circuito (2) las que sucesivamente pasan a ocupar la posición determinada sobre el mecanismo (4) para recibir el impulso ascendente del aire inyectado por el mecanismo (4), y repitiéndose así el ciclo sucesivamente, y transmitiendo el movimiento giratorio del circuito (3) a un eje (6) para su aprovechamiento energético.1. Device for the energy use of the hydrostatic pressure difference, characterized in that it comprises a plurality of housings (1) inserted in a rotary type circuit (2), a reservoir (3) of a liquid medium, and a mechanism (4) of injection of air submerged in the tank (3) of the liquid medium, so that the circuit (2) can make a rotary movement type ferris wheel that allows the housings (1) to make a rotary, cyclic and repetitive path entering and leaving of the liquid medium of the reservoir (3), and that the air injection mechanism (4) injects the air into the liquid medium of the reservoir (3), and this same air when ascending by the hydrostatic pressure inside the liquid medium pushes upwards to each of the housings (1) located in a certain position on the mechanism (3) and thereby causing the wheel-like rotary movement of the circuit (2), and the housings (1) pushed up by the air when they reach the surface, they follow the path established by the circuit (2) and immerse themselves again in the liquid medium of the tank (3), and it is the other housings (1) inserted in the circuit (2) that successively pass to occupy the position determined on the mechanism (4) to receive the upward impulse of the air injected by the mechanism (4), and thus repeating the cycle successively, and transmitting the rotating movement of the circuit (3) to an axis (6) for its energy use.
ES200602530U 2006-11-20 2006-11-20 ENERGETIC USE OF THE HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE DIFFERENCE DEVICE Expired - Fee Related ES1064219Y (en)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
ES200602530U ES1064219Y (en) 2006-11-20 2006-11-20 ENERGETIC USE OF THE HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE DIFFERENCE DEVICE
PCT/ES2007/000664 WO2008062084A1 (en) 2006-11-20 2007-11-13 Device for harnessing the energy resulting from the difference in hydrostatic pressure

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
ES200602530U ES1064219Y (en) 2006-11-20 2006-11-20 ENERGETIC USE OF THE HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE DIFFERENCE DEVICE

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
ES1064219U true ES1064219U (en) 2007-02-16
ES1064219Y ES1064219Y (en) 2007-05-16

Family

ID=38291775

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
ES200602530U Expired - Fee Related ES1064219Y (en) 2006-11-20 2006-11-20 ENERGETIC USE OF THE HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE DIFFERENCE DEVICE

Country Status (2)

Country Link
ES (1) ES1064219Y (en)
WO (1) WO2008062084A1 (en)

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US10517631B2 (en) 2012-09-17 2019-12-31 Cardiovascular Systems, Inc. Rotational atherectomy device with a system of eccentric abrading heads
ES2585892B1 (en) * 2015-04-10 2017-07-25 Jordi TUSET CLADELLAS Hydrostatic motor by air pressure
US12146466B1 (en) * 2024-06-27 2024-11-19 Mark F. Ruholl Buoyancy motor

Family Cites Families (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB217252A (en) * 1922-12-12 1924-06-12 Anton Wellert Improvements in power transmission apparatus utilising the force of air rising through a column of water
FR2319029A1 (en) * 1975-07-25 1977-02-18 Hainault Paul Energy producing machine using buoyancy forces - has endless chain of curved buckets immersed in water and filled with air
US4054031A (en) * 1976-02-19 1977-10-18 Johnson Charles M Power unit
JPS56126683A (en) * 1980-03-11 1981-10-03 Utsunomiya Reitou Kogyosho:Kk Buoyance type power and electricity generating device
GB2190965B (en) * 1986-05-28 1991-01-16 John Corbet Mcqueen Compressed air powered machine
KR960041702A (en) * 1995-05-15 1996-12-19 유관철 Power generator using buoyancy

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
ES1064219Y (en) 2007-05-16
WO2008062084A1 (en) 2008-05-29

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US20110162356A1 (en) Rotational gravity/buoyancy power generator
DE602005004197D1 (en) Element with foam coating
US20110233937A1 (en) Aquifer-based hydroelectric generation
WO2008062084A1 (en) Device for harnessing the energy resulting from the difference in hydrostatic pressure
KR101544561B1 (en) Self-Power Generating System and a Lighting using it
KR101566972B1 (en) Marine floating-type generator of double floating-body structure by using ion polymer metal composite
CN104100439A (en) Method for power generation through gravity and buoyancy and in-liquid double-force engine (unit)
CN203593665U (en) Integrated non-blockage constructed wetland
CN105697221A (en) Jellyfish type tidal surge power generation device
DK2241692T3 (en) House module, assembly and housing of a number of house modules and method of making a house
KR20150048559A (en) Small hydroelectric power generator for submerged structure
CN204741318U (en) Phone -charging device of clean energy electricity generation
KR101367764B1 (en) Fresh water producing apparatus with wind turbine
ES2304226B1 (en) MECHANICAL MOVEMENT GENERATOR SYSTEM FOR THE PRODUCTION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY THROUGH THE APPLICATION AND COMBUSTION OF HYDROGEN.
ES1060609U (en) Device for exploiting wind energy using a sail
EA201692561A2 (en) SYNERGETIC PROCESS OF HYDRODYNAMIC ENERGY PRODUCTION BY PUMP WITH NEUTRALIZATION OF THE PRESSURE ON THE OUTPUT
KR101584187B1 (en) Wave power generating apparatus
JP2018096365A (en) Buoyancy rotator
CN109809616A (en) A device for obtaining fresh water for navigation
ES2310069A1 (en) Device for the use of hydrostatic push and force of gravity for energy generation useful, permanent and respectful with the environment. (Machine-translation by Google Translate, not legally binding)
Little Clean energy from filthy water
KR20150129353A (en) Hydraulic power generating system
JP2015045318A (en) Compact-sized circulation type hydraulic power generator
ES1068364U (en) Eolic and solar energetic generator (Machine-translation by Google Translate, not legally binding)
ES2398831B1 (en) FECAL WATER TRANSFORMATION SYSTEM.

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
FG1K Utility model granted
FD1K Utility model lapsed

Effective date: 20130918