ES2066108T3 - Procedimiento para la preparacion de mejoradores del indice de viscosidad dispersante. - Google Patents

Procedimiento para la preparacion de mejoradores del indice de viscosidad dispersante.

Info

Publication number
ES2066108T3
ES2066108T3 ES90202647T ES90202647T ES2066108T3 ES 2066108 T3 ES2066108 T3 ES 2066108T3 ES 90202647 T ES90202647 T ES 90202647T ES 90202647 T ES90202647 T ES 90202647T ES 2066108 T3 ES2066108 T3 ES 2066108T3
Authority
ES
Spain
Prior art keywords
polymer
aminated
preparation
viscosity index
represented
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
ES90202647T
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
John Eugene Gorman
John Albert Morris
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
SHELL INT RESEARCH
Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij BV
Original Assignee
SHELL INT RESEARCH
Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij BV
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by SHELL INT RESEARCH, Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij BV filed Critical SHELL INT RESEARCH
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of ES2066108T3 publication Critical patent/ES2066108T3/es
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M149/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a macromolecular compound containing nitrogen
    • C10M149/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C10M149/06—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing monomers having an unsaturated radical bound to an amido or imido group
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08C—TREATMENT OR CHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF RUBBERS
    • C08C19/00—Chemical modification of rubber
    • C08C19/30—Addition of a reagent which reacts with a hetero atom or a group containing hetero atoms of the macromolecule
    • C08C19/34—Addition of a reagent which reacts with a hetero atom or a group containing hetero atoms of the macromolecule reacting with oxygen or oxygen-containing groups
    • C08C19/36—Addition of a reagent which reacts with a hetero atom or a group containing hetero atoms of the macromolecule reacting with oxygen or oxygen-containing groups with carboxy radicals
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F8/00—Chemical modification by after-treatment
    • C08F8/30—Introducing nitrogen atoms or nitrogen-containing groups
    • C08F8/32—Introducing nitrogen atoms or nitrogen-containing groups by reaction with amines
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M143/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a macromolecular hydrocarbon or such hydrocarbon modified by oxidation
    • C10M143/10—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a macromolecular hydrocarbon or such hydrocarbon modified by oxidation containing aromatic monomer, e.g. styrene
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M143/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a macromolecular hydrocarbon or such hydrocarbon modified by oxidation
    • C10M143/12—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a macromolecular hydrocarbon or such hydrocarbon modified by oxidation containing conjugated diene
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F2800/00—Copolymer characterised by the proportions of the comonomers expressed
    • C08F2800/20—Copolymer characterised by the proportions of the comonomers expressed as weight or mass percentages
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2205/00—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2205/04—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing aromatic monomers, e.g. styrene
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2205/00—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2205/06—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing conjugated dienes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2215/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant Compositions
    • C10M2215/02—Amines, e.g. polyalkylene polyamines; Quaternary amines
    • C10M2215/04—Amines, e.g. polyalkylene polyamines; Quaternary amines having amino groups bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2215/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant Compositions
    • C10M2215/086—Imides [having hydrocarbon substituents containing less than thirty carbon atoms]
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2215/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant Compositions
    • C10M2215/22—Heterocyclic nitrogen compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2215/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant Compositions
    • C10M2215/22—Heterocyclic nitrogen compounds
    • C10M2215/221—Six-membered rings containing nitrogen and carbon only
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2215/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant Compositions
    • C10M2215/22—Heterocyclic nitrogen compounds
    • C10M2215/225—Heterocyclic nitrogen compounds the rings containing both nitrogen and oxygen
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2215/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant Compositions
    • C10M2215/22—Heterocyclic nitrogen compounds
    • C10M2215/225—Heterocyclic nitrogen compounds the rings containing both nitrogen and oxygen
    • C10M2215/226—Morpholines
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2215/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant Compositions
    • C10M2215/24—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant Compositions having hydrocarbon substituents containing thirty or more carbon atoms, e.g. nitrogen derivatives of substituted succinic acid
    • C10M2215/26—Amines
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2215/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant Compositions
    • C10M2215/24—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant Compositions having hydrocarbon substituents containing thirty or more carbon atoms, e.g. nitrogen derivatives of substituted succinic acid
    • C10M2215/28—Amides; Imides
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2215/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant Compositions
    • C10M2215/24—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant Compositions having hydrocarbon substituents containing thirty or more carbon atoms, e.g. nitrogen derivatives of substituted succinic acid
    • C10M2215/30—Heterocyclic compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2217/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2217/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained from nitrogen containing monomers by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C10M2217/024—Macromolecular compounds obtained from nitrogen containing monomers by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing monomers having an unsaturated radical bound to an amido or imido group
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2217/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2217/04—Macromolecular compounds from nitrogen-containing monomers obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C10M2217/046—Polyamines, i.e. macromoleculars obtained by condensation of more than eleven amine monomers
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2217/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2217/06—Macromolecular compounds obtained by functionalisation op polymers with a nitrogen containing compound

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
  • Addition Polymer Or Copolymer, Post-Treatments, Or Chemical Modifications (AREA)
  • Lubricants (AREA)
  • Emulsifying, Dispersing, Foam-Producing Or Wetting Agents (AREA)

Abstract

EL INVENTO PROVEE UN PROCESO PARA LA PREPARACION DE UN MEJORADOR DEL INDICE DE VISCOSIDAD DISPERSANTE AMINATADO DE POLIMERO QUE COMPRENDE LOS PASOS DE: (A) PRODUCIR UN POLIMERO FUNCIONALIZADO POR INJERTAR UNA PARTE CARBOXILICA INSATURADA ALFA-BETA DEL GRUPO QUE CONSTA DE ACIDOS, ANHIDRIDOS Y ESTERES, A UNA BASE POLIMERA SELECCIONADA DEL GRUPO QUE CONSTA DE I)BLOQUES COPOLIMEROS HIDROGENADOS SELECTIVAMENTE COMPRENDIENDO UNO O MAS BLOQUES QUE COMPRENDEN PREDOMINANTEMENTE UNIDADES MONOMERAS DIOLEFINA CONJUGADAS, Y UNO O MAS BLOQUES QUE COMPRENDEN PREDOMINANTEMENTRE UNIDADES MONOMERAS ARENE MONOALQUENIL, Y II) POLIMEROS HIDROGENADOS QUE COMPRENDEN UNIDADES MONOMERAS DIOLEFIN CONJUGADAS, DONDE LA FUNCIONALIZACION ESTA REPRESENTADA EN UN DISPOSITIVO CAPAZ DE IMPARTIR ALTA ENERGIA MECANICA Y ES REPRESENTADO EN LA PRESENCIA DE 3.0% AL 15% DEL PESO BASADO EN LA CANTIDAD DE POLIMERO BASE DE UN ACEITE DILUYENTE; (B) REACCIONAR EL POLIMERO FUNCIONALIZADO CON UNA AMINA PARA FORMAR UN POLIMERO AMINATADO;Y (C) RECUPERAR EL POLIMERO AMINATADO; Y LOS ACEITES LUBRICANTES QUE CONTIENEN LOS POLIMEROS AMINATADOS PREPARADOS POR EL PROCESO.
ES90202647T 1989-10-12 1990-10-04 Procedimiento para la preparacion de mejoradores del indice de viscosidad dispersante. Expired - Lifetime ES2066108T3 (es)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US07/420,974 US5073600A (en) 1989-10-12 1989-10-12 Dispersant viscosity index improvers

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
ES2066108T3 true ES2066108T3 (es) 1995-03-01

Family

ID=23668658

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
ES90202647T Expired - Lifetime ES2066108T3 (es) 1989-10-12 1990-10-04 Procedimiento para la preparacion de mejoradores del indice de viscosidad dispersante.

Country Status (8)

Country Link
US (1) US5073600A (es)
EP (1) EP0422728B1 (es)
JP (1) JP2909182B2 (es)
AU (1) AU633985B2 (es)
BR (1) BR9005065A (es)
CA (1) CA2027229C (es)
DE (1) DE69015950T2 (es)
ES (1) ES2066108T3 (es)

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US5218044A (en) * 1990-04-06 1993-06-08 Shell Oil Company Blends of modified radial polymers and engineering thermoplastic polymers
KR0185671B1 (ko) * 1990-08-23 1999-05-15 요하네스 아르트 반 주트펜 블록 공중합체의 용융 금속화 방법
DE4109635A1 (de) * 1991-03-23 1992-09-24 Basf Ag Seitengruppen enthaltende alkadien-vinylaromat-copolymerisate und ihre verwendung
DE4228160A1 (de) * 1992-08-25 1994-03-03 Basf Ag Polymerisate auf Basis von konjugierten Dienen
US5427702A (en) * 1992-12-11 1995-06-27 Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. Mixed ethylene alpha olefin copolymer multifunctional viscosity modifiers useful in lube oil compositions
US5344887A (en) * 1992-12-21 1994-09-06 Shell Oil Company Star polymers of dienes, vinylarenes and alkyl methacrylates as modiied viscosity index improvers
EP0634424B1 (en) * 1993-07-13 1997-05-28 Huntsman Petrochemical Corporation Polyether amine modification of polypropylene
US6031048A (en) * 1993-07-13 2000-02-29 Huntsman Petrochemical Corporation Polyether amine modification of polypropylene
US6146574A (en) * 1993-07-13 2000-11-14 Huntsman Petrochemical Corporation Article manufacture using polyolefin containing polyetheramine modified functionalized polyolefin
US5959032A (en) * 1993-07-13 1999-09-28 Huntsman Petrochemical Corporation Polyether amine modification of polypropylene
US5985999A (en) * 1993-07-13 1999-11-16 Huntsman, Petrochemical Corporation Dyeable polyolefin containing polyetheramine modified functionalized polyolefin
US5783630A (en) * 1993-07-13 1998-07-21 Huntsman Petrochemical Corporation Polyether amine modification of polypropylene
US5458791A (en) * 1994-07-01 1995-10-17 Shell Oil Company Star polymer viscosity index improver for oil compositions
US5460739A (en) * 1994-09-09 1995-10-24 Shell Oil Company Star polymer viscosity index improver for oil compositions
AU701078B2 (en) * 1995-03-02 1999-01-21 Lubrizol Corporation, The Dispersant-viscosity improvers for lubricating oil compositions
US5512192A (en) * 1995-03-02 1996-04-30 The Lubrizol Corporation Dispersant-viscosity improvers for lubricating oil compositions
US5668217A (en) * 1996-05-16 1997-09-16 Huntsman Petrochemical Corporation Amidoamine modification of polypropylene
US6093496A (en) * 1998-05-12 2000-07-25 Huntsman Petrochemical Corporation Polyolefin containing polyetheramine modified functionalized polyolefin
US6440905B1 (en) 2001-04-24 2002-08-27 The Lubrizol Corporation Surfactants and dispersants by in-line reaction
US20030055685A1 (en) * 2001-09-19 2003-03-20 Safety Syringes, Inc. Systems and methods for monitoring administration of medical products
US6548606B1 (en) 2002-01-23 2003-04-15 Infineum International Ltd. Method of forming grafted copolymers
US8354362B2 (en) 2006-03-27 2013-01-15 The Lubrizol Corporation Polymer and lubricating compositions thereof
DE102007057189A1 (de) * 2007-11-28 2009-06-04 Automatik Plastics Machinery Gmbh Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Herstellung von Polyamid
US10011803B2 (en) * 2015-12-09 2018-07-03 Infineum International Limited Viscosity index improver concentrates
WO2019216241A1 (ja) * 2018-05-07 2019-11-14 日本ゼオン株式会社 イオン性基を有するブロック共重合体組成物及びフィルム
US20240141156A1 (en) 2022-10-11 2024-05-02 Infineum International Limited Functionalized C4 to C5 Olefin Polymers and Lubricant Compositions Containing Such
US20250101336A1 (en) 2023-09-22 2025-03-27 Infineum International Limited Lubricant Formulations Containing Functionalized Olefin Polymers and Reduced Traditional Dispersant
EP4596662B1 (en) 2024-02-05 2026-04-29 Infineum International Limited Amine containing polymers and lubricant compositions including such polymers and methods of using thereof

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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CA2027229A1 (en) 1991-04-13
AU633985B2 (en) 1993-02-11
JPH03146592A (ja) 1991-06-21
DE69015950D1 (de) 1995-02-23
US5073600A (en) 1991-12-17
CA2027229C (en) 2001-08-07
DE69015950T2 (de) 1995-05-18
EP0422728B1 (en) 1995-01-11
AU6450790A (en) 1991-04-18
JP2909182B2 (ja) 1999-06-23
BR9005065A (pt) 1991-09-17
EP0422728A1 (en) 1991-04-17

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