ES2248877T3 - Generador electroquirurgico con control adaptativo de potencia. - Google Patents
Generador electroquirurgico con control adaptativo de potencia.Info
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- ES2248877T3 ES2248877T3 ES98300964T ES98300964T ES2248877T3 ES 2248877 T3 ES2248877 T3 ES 2248877T3 ES 98300964 T ES98300964 T ES 98300964T ES 98300964 T ES98300964 T ES 98300964T ES 2248877 T3 ES2248877 T3 ES 2248877T3
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03L—AUTOMATIC CONTROL, STARTING, SYNCHRONISATION OR STABILISATION OF GENERATORS OF ELECTRONIC OSCILLATIONS OR PULSES
- H03L5/00—Automatic control of voltage, current, or power
- H03L5/02—Automatic control of voltage, current, or power of power
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B18/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
- A61B18/04—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by heating
- A61B18/12—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by heating by passing a current through the tissue to be heated, e.g. high-frequency current
- A61B18/1206—Generators therefor
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B18/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
- A61B2018/00636—Sensing and controlling the application of energy
- A61B2018/00696—Controlled or regulated parameters
- A61B2018/00702—Power or energy
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B18/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
- A61B2018/00636—Sensing and controlling the application of energy
- A61B2018/00696—Controlled or regulated parameters
- A61B2018/00761—Duration
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B18/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
- A61B2018/00636—Sensing and controlling the application of energy
- A61B2018/00773—Sensed parameters
- A61B2018/00875—Resistance or impedance
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B18/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
- A61B2018/00636—Sensing and controlling the application of energy
- A61B2018/00773—Sensed parameters
- A61B2018/00886—Duration
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B18/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
- A61B18/04—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by heating
- A61B18/12—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by heating by passing a current through the tissue to be heated, e.g. high-frequency current
- A61B18/1206—Generators therefor
- A61B2018/124—Generators therefor switching the output to different electrodes, e.g. sequentially
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- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Surgery (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
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Abstract
SE DESCRIBE UN GENERADOR ELECTROQUIRURGICO QUE PRESENTA UN SISTEMA DE CONTROL DE POTENCIA DE SALIDA (10) QUE PROVOCA QUE LA IMPEDANCIA DE UN TEJIDO (14) AUMENTE Y DISMINUYA EN UN PATRON CICLICO, HASTA QUE EL TEJIDO (14) SE HAYA DESECADO. LA VENTAJA DEL SISTEMA DE CONTROL DE POTENCIA (10) ES QUE SE REDUCE LA EXPANSION TERMICA Y LA CARBONIZACION. ADEMAS, EL SISTEMA DE CONTROL DE POTENCIA (10) OFRECE UNA ACTUACION MEJORADA PARA EL SELLADO ELECTROQUIRURGICO DE VASOS Y EL SOLDADO DE TEJIDOS. SE APLICA UNA POTENCIA DE SALIDA DE FORMA CICLICA MEDIANTE UN SISTEMA DE CONTROL CON UNA RETROALIMENTACION DE LA IMPEDANCIA DEL TEJIDO. LA IMPEDANCIA DEL TEJIDO SIGUE EL PATRON CICLICO DE LA POTENCIA DE SALIDA VARIAS VECES, DEPENDIENDO DEL ESTADO DEL TEJIDO (14), HASTA QUE EL TEJIDO SE DESECA COMPLETAMENTE. SE APLICA UNA POTENCIA ELEVADA PARA PROVOCAR QUE EL TEJIDO (14) ALCANCE UNA ELEVADA IMPEDANCIA, Y DESPUES LA POTENCIA SE REDUCE PARA PERMITIR QUE LA IMPEDANCIA DISMINUYA. SE DEJA DISIPAR LA ENERGIA TERMICA DURANTE EL CICLO DE POTENCIA BAJA. EL SISTEMA DE CONTROL PUEDE ADAPTARSE AL TEJIDO, EN EL SENTIDO DE QUE LA POTENCIA DE SALIDA SE CONTROLA EN RESPUESTA A LA IMPEDANCIA DEL TEJIDO.
Description
Generador electroquirúrgico con control
adaptativo de potencia.
La presente invención está relacionada con un
generador electro quirúrgico con un control de energía adaptado y
más especialmente con un generador electro quirúrgico que controla
la salida de energía de forma que causa una impedancia de los
tejidos y cae cíclicamente hasta que el tejido está completamente
desecante.
Los generadores electro quirúrgicos los utilizan
los cirujanos para cortar y coagular el tejido de los pacientes La
energía eléctrica de alta frecuencia se produce mediante el
generador electro quirúrgico y se aplica al punto quirúrgico
mediante una herramienta electro quirúrgica. Las configuraciones
monopolares y bipolares son comunes en los procedimientos electro
quirúrgicos.
Los generadores electro quirúrgicos normalmente
están compuestos por circuitos de suministro de energía, circuitos
de interfaz de paneles frontales y circuitos de estadios de salida
RF. Muchos diseños eléctricos para los generadores electro
quirúrgicos son conocidos en este campo. En ciertos diseños de
generadores electro quirúrgicos, el estadio de salida RF se puede
ajustar para controlar la energía de salida RMS. Los métodos de
controlar el estadio de salida del RF pueden comprender el cambio
del ciclo de trabajo, o el cambio de la amplitud de la señal de
marcha en el estadio de salida del RF. El método para controlar el
estadio de salida del RF se describe en adelante como un cambio de
una entrada a estadio de salida RF.
Las técnicas electro quirúrgicas se han
utilizado para sellar vasos de pequeño diámetro y paquetes
vasculares. Otra aplicación de la energía electro quirúrgica es la
soldadura de los tejidos. En esta aplicación, se sujetan dos capas
de tejidos y se juntan mientras que se aplica la energía electro
quirúrgica. El soldado de los tejidos es parecido al soldado de los
vasos, excepto en que los vasos o conductos no se sellan
necesariamente en este proceso. Por ejemplo, el sellado de los vasos
se puede utilizar en lugar de grapas para la anastomosis quirúrgica.
Tal y como utilizaremos en adelante, el termino "desecación
electro quirúrgica" significa cercar cualquier procedimiento de
desecación de tejidos, incluida la coagulación electro quirúrgica
estándar, la desecación, el sellado de los vasos y la soldadura de
los tejidos.
Uno de los problemas asociados con la desecación
electro quirúrgica es el daño de los tejidos no deseado debido a
efectos termales. El tejido en el lugar de la operación se caliente
mediante corriente electro quirúrgica. El tejido sano adyacente al
lugar de la operación se dañarse desde el punto de vista termal si
se permite que exista demasiado calor en el lugar de la operación.
El calor puede llegar al tejido adyacente y causar una región
grande de necrosis de los tejidos. Esto se conoce como dispersión
termal. El problema de la dispersión termal pasa a ser importante
cuando las herramientas electro quirúrgicas se utilizan junto con
estructuras anatómicas delicadas. Por tanto, un generador electro
quirúrgico que redujera la posibilidad de una dispersión termal
ofrecería una mejor oportunidad para un resultado quirúrgico
satisfactorio.
Otro problema asociado con la desecación electro
quirúrgica es la creación de costras en la herramienta quirúrgica.
Una costra es un depósito de una herramienta electro quirúrgica que
está formada por tejido que está desecado y después carbonizado por
el calor. Las herramientas quirúrgicas a menudo pierden su
efectividad cuando están revestidas de costras. La creación de
costras se podría reducir cuando se desarrolla menos calor en el
lugar de la operación.
Los médicos saben que la medición de una
impedancia eléctrica de tejido es un buen indicador del estado de
disecación del tejido. Varios generadores electro quirúrgicos
disponibles comercialmente pueden terminar automáticamente con la
energía de salida basada en una medicación de la impedancia. Se
conocen varios métodos para determinar el punto óptimo de desecación
en el campo. Un método establece un umbral de impedancia y termina
la energía una vez que la impedancia medida del tejado cruza el
umbral Otro método termina la energía basada en las variaciones
dinámicas en la impedancia.
En el artículo Vallfors and Bergdahl
"Electrocoagulación Bipolar Controlada Automáticamente" aparece
una discusión de las variaciones dinámicas de la impedancia de los
tejidos, en la Revista Neurosurgical Review 7:2-3,
pp 187-190, 1984. La Figura 2 del artículo Vallfors
muestra la impedancia como una función de tiempo durante el
calentado del tejido. El informe Vallfors indica que el valor de la
impedancia del tejido demostró estar más cerca del mínimo en el
momento de la coagulación. Basándonos en esta observación, Vallfors
sugiere una técnica de microordenadores para controlar la impedancia
mínima y subsecuentemente terminar la energía de salida para evitar
carbonizar el tejido.
Un segundo artículo firmado por Bergdahl y
Vallfors, "Estudios sobre Coagulación y el Desarrollo de un
Coagulador Bipolar Informatizado Automático", Journal of
Neurosurgery, 75:1, 148-151, Julio 1991, discute el
comportamiento de la impedancia del tejido y sus aplicaciones en el
sellado de vasos electro quirúrgicos.
El artículo Bergahl informa que la impedancia
tenía un valor mínimo en el momento de la coagulación. El artículo
Bergahl también informa de que no era posible coagular arterias de
forma segura con un diámetro mayor de 2 a 2.5 milímetros. La
presente invención ayuda a superar esta limitación permitiendo un
sellado de los vasos electro quirúrgico de vasos diámetro mayor.
La patente U.S. 5.540.684 muestra un método y
aparato para el tratamiento de los tejidos electro quirúrgicos de
forma parecida a las muestras de Vallfors y Bergdahl. La patente 684
habla del problema asociado con el apagado de la salida RF
automática después de que la impedancia del tejido haya alcanzado el
valor mínimo. Un aparto de almacenamiento recoge los valores de
impedancia mínimos y máximos y un algoritmo que computa el tiempo
óptimo para terminar la energía de salida.
La patente U.S 4.191.188 muestra un generador
electro quirúrgico de factores de surcos variables- El factor de
surco se considera asociado con la efectividad de la coagulación de
la forma de onda electro quirúrgica.
La patente US 5.472.443 muestra la variación de
la impedancia del tejido con la temperatura. La impedancia del
tejido parece que cae, y después sube a medida que aumenta la
temperatura. La patente 443 muestra una temperatura relativamente
baja (Región A en la Figura 2) en la que las sales contenidas en
los fluidos corporales, se cree que se disocian por tanto disminuye
la impedancia eléctrica. La temperatura relativamente alga (Región
B) es en la que el agua de los tejidos bulle, haciendo que la
impedancia suba. La región relativamente más alta (Región C) es en
la que los tejidos se carbonizan, dando como resultado un ligero
descenso de la impedancia.
Sería deseable que un generador electro
quirúrgico produjera una salida eficaz desde el punto de vista
clínico y, además, redujera la cantidad de calor y de dispersión
termal en el lugar de la operación. Igualmente sería deseable que un
generador electro quirúrgico con tejido desecado se aplicara
mediante una cantidad mínima de energía electro quirúrgica.
La presente invención está relacionada con un
generador electro quirúrgico que tiene un controlador de energía de
salida mejorado para aumentar la calidad y fiabilidad del sellado
electro quirúrgico de los vasos, los conductos de sellado, la
soldadura y los tejidos desecados. En particular, la energía de
salida se controla de forma que la impedancia del tejido aumente y
caiga repetidamente hasta que el tejido esté completamente desecado.
La energía de salida y la impedancia del tejido son parte del
sistema de control en el que la energía de salida es un ciclo por
tanto causa que se produzca un ciclo de la impedancia del tejido. La
base para esta invención es una observación experimental relacionada
con que la impedancia eléctrica del tejido normalmente caerá cuando
la energía electro quirúrgica se reduzca o termine. Los generadores
electro quirúrgicos disponible controlarán el aumento de la
impedancia del tejido cuando se aplica la energía. Sin embargo, el
solicitante es el primero en diseñar un generador electro quirúrgico
con un sistema de control de energía que activamente causa la
impedancia del tejido para subir y bajar repetidamente hasta que el
tejido se deseque y por tanto conseguir efectos quirúrgicos
beneficiosos.
La aplicación de la energía electro quirúrgica se
conoce que causa impedancia del tejido para caer a un mínimo local y
después subir monotonicamente después. Si la energía electro
quirúrgica se aplica durante demasiado tiempo, el tejido puede
carbonizarse y pegarse al electrodo. Mientras que los diseños
anteriores terminaron la energía de salida tras el mínimo local
primero en la medición de la impedancia, la presente invención
activamente causa varias impedancias locales mínimas. La energía se
puede terminar en la presente invención basándose en el limite de la
impedancia, un límite de tiempo o basado en la respuesta del tejido
a los cambios en la energía de salida del generador.
Una ventaja de la presente invención es que puede
coagular tejido con un nivel reducido de tejido carbonizado. Otra
ventaja de la presente invención es que han mejorado las
características de sellado del tejido. Además otra ventaja de la
presente invención es que reduce la tendencia de la creación de
costras en la herramienta electro quirúrgica. Otra ventaja de la
presente invención es que los vasos y los conductos grandes se
pueden sellar de forma electro quirúrgico.
Se dice que la impedancia del tejido puede subir
y bajar dependiendo de varios factores, incluyendo la salida de
emergía, el voltaje de la energía, la corriente de la energía, la
temperatura y la presión en los tejidos ejercida por las asas
quirúrgicas. La presente invención se dirige a los cambios en la
impedancia del tejido que se pueden atribuir a la aplicación de
energía electro quirúrgica, cuando la energía se puede ajustar
mediante el cambio del voltaje de salida o de la corriente de
salida. La presente invención causa que la impedancia del tejido
suba y baje repetidamente hasta que el tejido esté completamente
desecado.
La presente invención ajusta la energía de salida
de una forma que está basada en la medición de una impedancia de
tejido.
Según la presente invención, la impedancia del
tejido sube y baja como respuesta a un ciclo de frecuencia
relativamente bajo de la energía electro quirúrgica. La energía
electro quirúrgica sube y baja (también se hace referencia en el
presente documento como "cíclica") a una frecuencia
relativamente baja y la impedancia del tejido causa, por tanto, que
suba y baje a aproximadamente la misma frecuencia hasta que el
tejido pasa a desecarse. La manera en la cual la energía electro
quirúrgica sube y baja puede realizarse de diversas maneras que
incorporan principios de diseños de sistema de control bien
conocidos.
La frecuencia del ciclo de la energía en la
presente invención es diferente de la frecuencia en forma de onda
electro quirúrgica de la modulación RF, que es típica de la gama de
cien kilohercios a un megahercio. La frecuencia del ciclo de energía
de la presente invención también es diferente del ciclo de
generadores que causa un efecto de coagulación en el tejido, que
resulta típico en la gama de frecuencia anterior de cien hercios.
La gama de frecuencia del ciclo de energía en la presente invención
es típica entre uno y veinte hertzios. Tanto la modulación RF con
el ciclo de los generadores actuales electro quirúrgicos pueden
ocurrir de forma simultánea con el ciclo
\hbox{de energía de
la presente invención.}
La frecuencia con la cual la energía electro
quirúrgica sube u baja (es decir cíclica o modulada) no debería ser
demasiado alta, en caso contrario la impedancia del tejido no podrá
subir ni baja como respuesta a una amplitud que produce beneficios
adicionales. Del mismo modo, la frecuencia no debería ser demasiado
baja, porque en caso contrario los aspectos beneficiosos de la
invención no resultarían obvios porque el tejido se desecará sin
modulación apreciable. La gama de frecuencias efectivas de la
presente invención se llama "amplitud de banda terma".
El comportamiento de la impedancia del tejido
posiblemente esté relacionado con el tiempo constante termal del
tejido. Hay factores adicionales que afectan la impedancia del
tejido, incluido el contenido de agua en el tejido y el vapor. Una
vez que el tejido se ha desecado, que viene indicado por una
impedancia de medida alta, la ulterior aplicación de energía
electro quirúrgica causará una carbonización no deseada. Por tanto,
es preferible que el control de la impedancia determine el momento
apropiado para la terminación de la energía electro quirúrgica. El
control de la impedancia se prefiere también de forma que la
frecuencia de la modulación de la energía electro quirúrgica pueda
ajustarse automáticamente y mantenerse dentro de la amplitud de
banda termal.
El inventor afirma que la dispersión termal
durante la desecación electro quirúrgica se crea al menos de tres
formas distintas. Las primera a través de conductos termales
directos separados de la parte soldada. La segunda procede del vapor
caliente existente en la parte soldada. Este mecanismo puede que sea
mucho más significativo que el primero debido a la movilidad alta
del vapor. El tercer mecanismo es la dispersión lateral de corriente
fuera de la parte soldada. Existe la teoría de que el tercer
mecanismo se debe al vapor creado a una impedancia alta, que fuerza
a que una gran parte de la corriente fluya lateralmente. La presente
invención controla la energía de salida de una forma que reduce la
dispersión termal.
La presente invención es relevante para todos los
generadores electro quirúrgicos. Se ha demostrado que es
particularmente relevante para aplicaciones electro quirúrgicas
bipolares, así como para el sellado y del tejido electro quirúrgico
y el sellado de los vasos. Los médicos expertos reconocerán el valor
de la invención cuando la desecación del tejido esté completada con
métodos electro quirúrgicos.
La Figura 1 es una representación de un diagrama
de bloque de una curva de energía oscilatoria adaptada de acuerdo
con la presente invención.
La Figura 2(a) es una muestra de datos
experimentales para una operación de sellado de vasos estándar que
muestra la energía de salida como una función de tiempo.
La Figura 2(b) es una muestra de los datos
experimentales para una operación de sellado de vasos estándar que
muestra una impedancia baja como función de tiempo.
La Figura 2(c) es una muestra de los datos
experimentales para una operación de sellado de vasos estándar que
muestra la energía de salida como una función de tiempo.
La Figura 2(d) es una muestra de los datos
experimentales para una operación de sellado de vasos estándar que
muestra el voltaje de salida como una función de tiempo.
La Figura 3(a) es una muestra de los datos
experimentales para un generador de control de energía adaptada que
muestra la energía de salida como una función de tiempo.
La Figura 3(b) es una muestra de los datos
experimentales para un generador de control de la energía adaptado
que muestra la impedancia de carga como una función de tiempo.
La Figura 3 (c) es una muestra de los datos
experimentales para un generador de control de la energía adaptada
que muestra la energía de salida como una función de tiempo.
La Figura 3(d) es una muestra de los datos
experimentales para un generador de control de la energía adaptada
que muestra el voltaje de salida como una función de tiempo.
La Figura 4 (a) es una representación de una
curva de energía para un generador electro quirúrgico estándar.
La Figura 4(b) es una representación de
una curva de poder oscilatoria adaptada.
La presente invención se trata de una curva
adaptada, oscilatoria que puede reducir una dispersión termal en
cada una de esas áreas aplicando energía de una forma cíclica en
lugar de continua Durante los períodos de aplicaciones de energía
reducidas, la energía termal permite la disipación, lo cual produce
un daño termal menor que una bolsa mayor. Para finalizar, la
impedancia entre las tenazas del instrumento electro quirúrgico se
mantiene baja, lo cual permite que la corriente fluya más
directamente entre las tenazas.
También se reduce la carbonización. Los altos
voltajes contribuyen a la carbonización de los tejidos, y esa es la
razón por la que es preferible limitar el voltaje de salida del
generador electro quirúrgico a 12º volt. y reducirlo periódicamente
a un valor menor durante el ciclo de energía. Un voltaje
relativamente bajo también es importante porque previene las
descargas eléctricas o los arcos del paso a través del tejido y de
que se quemen los orificios pequeños en el tejido recién sellado o
soldado.
La transparencia o claridad en el sitio del
sellado se ha identificado como un indicador del sellado con éxito.
También aporta al cirujano una experiencia visual en cuanto a que
el sellado ha sido un éxito. Los primeros descubrimientos indican
que este método también puede aumentar la transparencia del sellado.
La razón para que esto ocurra aún no se conoce pero parece razonable
que al reducirse la carbonización el sellado del tejido aparezca más
transparente.
En cuanto a la Figura 1, se muestra un diagrama
de bloque de un sistema de control de energía 10 oscilatoria
adaptada. La línea designada con la letra A representa la señal de
mando de entre del sistema de control 10. La señal de entrada A es
preferiblemente una función periódica y en ciertas estructuras el
periodo puede variar dependiendo de las dinámicas del tejido. La
señal A es la representante de la impedancia del tejido deseada. Una
medición de la impedancia del tejido está representada por la línea
B. La totalidad del bloque 11 compara la señal de entrada A con la
impedancia del tejido medico B para producir una señal C diferente.
La totalidad del bloque 11 puede estar compuesto por un circuito
comparador eléctrico que es habitualmente conocido por los técnicos
de sistemas de control.
La señal C diferente se puede introducir en un
controlador 12 que genera una señal de control D. La señal de
control D ajusta o termina la energía de salida del generador
electro quirúrgico mediante el cambio del estado del R.F. Estadio
de salida 13. El controlador 12 puede estar compuesto por un
algoritmo en un microprocesador que determina las condiciones para
la terminación de la energía basada en la amplitud de la señal de
control. Alternativa y equivalentemente, el controlador 12 puede
estar conectado directamente con la impedancia del tejido medido B
para terminar la energía basada en la amplitud de la impedancia B
del tejido medido. El controlador 12 puede estar compuesto por una
combinación de leyes proporcionales, integrales y derivativas que
son conocidas como por los técnicos de sistemas de control. Otros
tipos de leyes de control, tales como las leyes de control
"bang-bang", son igualmente efectivas.
En una estructura, la señal de entrada A tiene un
esquema cíclico, por ejemplo, una onda normal o una onda cuadrada.
La naturaleza cíclica de la señal de entrada A causa que el sistema
de control 10 regule la salida de energía de una forma cíclica para
conseguir efectos quirúrgicos beneficiosos. El controlador 12
controla la señal C diferente para determinar la respuesta de la
energía de salida E. En una estructura, cuando la señal C diferente
es grande, y la valoración B de la impedancia está por encima de un
umbral, entonces el controlador 12 termina la
\hbox{salida de
energía E.}
La señal de control D se conecta preferiblemente
a una R.F. Estadio de salida 13. La señal de control D
preferiblemente cambia un voltaje conductor en el R.F., por tanto
el estadio de salida cambio la energía de salida RMS a partir del
generador electro quirúrgico, tal y como se muestra en la línea E de
la Figura 1. Alternativa y equivalentemente se cambio a la energía
de salida RMS. Otras formas de cambiar la energía de salida RMS de
un Estadio de salida R.F, como el cambio de corriente, son conocidas
por los técnicos eléctricos.
El generador R.F. Estadio de salida 13 causa que
el generador electro quirúrgico saque una energía de nivel E al
tejido 14 del paciente. El tejido 14 se deseca, entonces cambia la
impedancia eléctrica, mostrada en la letra F de la Figura 1. La
impedancia eléctrica F del tejido se mide con el circuito 15 de
medición de la impedancia y se informa como la impedancia B del
tejido medido. El circuito 15 de medición de la impedancia puede,
mediante cualquier tipo de circuito eléctrico medir o estimar la
impedancia eléctrica. La impedancia B de medición del tejido es
preferiblemente una señal eléctrica que es proporcional a la
impedancia F del tejido actual.
Los técnicos eléctricos reconocerán que la salida
de energía de un generador electro quirúrgico puede ajustarse de
distintas maneras. Por ejemplo, la amplitud de la energía de salida
se puede ajustar. En otro ejemplo la energía de salida se puede
ajustar cambiando el ciclo o el factor escudo. El cambio o ajuste en
la energía de salida, tal y como se usa en el presente documento,
significa todo cambio o ajuste en el valor cuadrado medio raíz (RMS)
de la energía de salida del generador electro quirúrgico.
En funcionamiento, el sistema de control 10 está
diseñado para el ciclo de la impedancia F del tejido para
preferiblemente varios ciclos con el fin de conseguir efectos
beneficiosos. Por tanto, el comando de señal de entrada A es una
señal que varía cíclicamente, como una onda seno. Un ejemplo de
comportamiento de impedancia cíclica del tejido se muestra en la
Figura 3(b). La energía de salida del generador que causa el
comportamiento de la impedancia cíclica se muestra en la Figura
3(a). El comportamiento cíclico de la presente invención se
puede contrastar con un generador electro quirúrgico estándar en el
que la energía de salida se muestra en al Figura 2(a) y la
impedancia del tejido aparece en ella 2(b).
La presente invención muestra una curva de
energía oscilatoria adaptada que puede reducir la difusión termal en
cada una de esas áreas aplicando energía de una forma cíclica en
lugar de continua. Durante los períodos de aplicación de energía
reducida, la energía termal también se puede disipar lo cual reduce
la conducción termal directa. También el vapor existe en las partes
selladas con quemaduras más pequeñas, lo cual produce un daño termal
menor que en las quemaduras mayores. Para finalizar, la impedancia
entre las tenazas de los instrumentos electro quirúrgicos se
mantiene baja, lo cual permite que la corriente fluya más
directamente entre las tenazas.
Se piensa que se reduce la carbonización con la
presente invención. Los altos voltajes contribuyen a la
carbonización del tejido, que es por eso por lo que es preferible
limitar el voltaje de salida del generador electro quirúrgico a 120
volts. y periódicamente reducirlo a un valor menor durante el ciclo
de energía. Un voltaje relativamente bajo también es importante
porque evita descargas eléctricas, o arcos que pasen mediante el
tejido y quemen los pequeños orificios del tejido recién sellado o
soldado.
La transparencia o claridad en el sitio del
sellado se ha identificado como un indicador del sellado con éxito.
También aporta al cirujano una experiencia visual en cuanto a que
el sellado ha sido un éxito. Los primeros descubrimientos indican
que este método también puede aumentar la transparencia del sellado.
La razón para que esto ocurra aún no se conoce pero parece razonable
que al reducirse la carbonización el sellado del tejido aparezca más
transparente.
Un campo de energía de salida frente a una
impedancia de carga se llama una "curva de energía". La
representación de una curva de energía estándar se muestra en la
Figura 4(a). Con impedancia baja, la salida es típicamente
limitada, y esto se muestra en el segmento de la línea de
"corriente constante" que aparece en la Figura 4(a). En
las gamas medias de impedancia, el generador electro quirúrgico
tiene un sistema de control de la energía que mantiene la energía de
salida en un nivel constante ajustando el voltaje de salida, tal y
como muestra el segmento de la línea de la "corriente
constante" de la Figura 4(a). En ciertos casos, la
impedancia de carga pasa a ser mayor, y la energía de salida no se
puede mantener sin aplicar unos voltajes de salida altos
inaceptables. Por tanto, el límite del voltaje se alcanza y la
energía de salida cae porque la corriente de salida cae y el
voltaje de salida está en cierto límite. La caída de la energía de
salida se muestra en el segmento de la línea de "voltaje
constante" que aparece en la Figura 4(a).
La presente invención está relacionada con un
generador electro quirúrgico que tenga una curva de energía
oscilatoria adaptada tal y como se muestra en la Figura 4(b).
La curva de energía oscilatoria está elaborada por un sistema de
control en el generador electro quirúrgico. Los detalles del diseño
del sistema de control se pueden implantar de varias formas que son
conocidas por los técnicos de sistemas.
La primera parte de la curva de energía
oscilatoria adaptada que se muestra en el segmento de línea I en la
Figura 4(b) es parecida a la curva de energía estándar,
cuando el generador se aplica una corriente alta a una carga de
impedancia baja hasta un límite de energía máxima, tal y como se
muestra en la A. En la siguiente "pierna" de la curva de
energía, que se muestra con el segmento de la línea B, la corriente
de salida comienza a bajar y el voltaje de salida comienza a subir a
medida que el generador ajusta el voltaje de salida para mantener
la energía de salida constante en el nivel marcado con la A. En ese
momento el generador comienza a buscar señales que indiquen el
principio de ebullición en el tejido. Dichas señales incluyen una
subida muy rápida de la impedancia o un alto nivel de voltaje, como
por ejemplo 120 volt. El máximo local de la curva de la impedancia
se muestra con la letra K en la Figura 4(b). La línea de
puntos marcada con la C y etiquetada como V=120 V, muestra la
posible salida de energía si el generador tuviera que mantener un
límite de voltaje de 120 volt, que es el límite de voltaje
preferido. En lugar de seguir la línea V=120 V, un controlador en
el generados baja la energía de salida. Esto se puede realizar en
una estructura, bajando el limite de voltaje de salida entre cero y
70 volt. y preferiblemente 50 volts, tal y como se muestra en el
segmento de la línea D. En otra estructura del sistema de control,
la energía de salida se puede reducir mediante la combinación de la
reducción de la corriente de salida y/o la reducción del
voltaje.
Como consecuencia de la limitación del voltaje
bajo, la energía de salida cae hasta el nivel indicado por la letra
H en la Figura 4(b). En ciertas estructuras, H puede ser 0
wats. En esta energía de salida baja, la desecación para y la
impedancia del tejido comienza a caer. El límite de voltaje más bajo
preferido de 50 volts se puede utilizar tal y como se muestra en la
línea de puntos E y marcada como "V=50 volts". Una vez que la
impedancia ha alcanzado un mínimo local, mostrado por la letra J o
tras un periodo de tiempo establecido, el sistema de control de la
energía sube la energía de salida hasta el nivel A, que corresponde
con un límite de voltaje de salida de 120 volts en la estructura
preferida. Por tanto, la energía de salida sube hasta el nivel A y
la impedancia sube de nuevo, hasta que comienza la ebullición o se
alcanza un umbral de impedancia. La parte cíclica de la curva de
energía incorporada en los segmentos de línea B, D y E es una parte
importante de esta invención y continuará hasta que el tejido se
deseque. Cuando el tejido se deseca, la energía terminará tal y como
se muestra cuando la impedancia alcanza el punto L. En ciertas
estructuras, el punto L no será sustancialmente igual que el punto
K.
El comportamiento mostrado en la Figura
4(b) se puede observar en las Figuras 3(a),
3(b), 3(c) y 3(d). Las oscilaciones de energía
entre 120 wats, y 20 wats de la Fig. 3(a) corresponde a un
movimiento cíclico entre el nivel de energía A y el nivel de
energía H de la Figura 4(b). Las oscilaciones de la
impedancia de la Figura 3(b) corresponden a un movimiento
cíclico entre el nivel de impedancia K y el nivel de impedancia J
de la Figura 4(b). Los técnicos de sistemas de control
entienden que la Figura 4(b) es la más ideal y el
comportamiento cíclico no siempre alcanza exactamente la misma
máxima y mínima local. Esto se puede observar en la Figura
3(a) en el que la máxima local de la curva de energía puede
que no siempre alcance los 120 volts.
El inventor teoriza sobre si se producirá el
siguiente fenómeno. La energía de salida alta inicial inicia la
ebullición de los tejidos. La energía de salida baja subsiguiente
es insuficiente para mantener la ebullición y por tanto, se detiene
la ebullición en los tejidos. Tras la detención de la ebullición, si
el tejido no está completamente desecado entonces la impedancia
caerá hasta un valor más bajo. Después, la impedancia baja permite
que aumente la energía de salida, que recaliente el tejido hasta el
punto de ebullición. El voltaje también sube durante el proceso, y
permanece así hasta que la curva de energía puede sentir el
principio de la ebullición y el descenso del voltaje,
preferiblemente hasta 50 volt. El proceso continua hasta que el
tejido se deseca completamente. Una oscilación es un ciclo de
energía de salida alta seguido de una salida de energía baja.
Las Figuras 2(a) hasta 2(d)
muestran resultados experimentales sobre las muestras de tejido
utilizando una curva de energía estándar. La naturaleza general de
la invención se puede ver comparando la Figura 2(a) con la
Figura 3(a). La Figura 2(a) muestra una salida electro
quirúrgica de 100 wat. que se aplica de forma continuada a los
tejidos. A medida que se desecan los tejidos, la impedancia de los
tejidos sube y la energía de salida de la Figura 2(a) parece
que baja por debajo de los 20 wats. En cambio, en la Figura
3(a) se muestra una energía de salida de oscilación que varía
desde aproximadamente 100 wats hasta aproximadamente 20 wats. Los
efectos de la impedancia de los tejidos se pueden ver comparando la
Figura 2(b) con la Figura 3(b). La impedancia del
tejido resultante de la curva de energía estándar muestra un
continuo aumento en la Figura 20(b), quizá tras una caída
inicial. La impedancia del tejido resultante de la curva de energía
oscilatoria adaptada muestra que oscila en la Figura 3(b) y
por tanto, tiene varios mínimos locales.
El voltaje de salida y la corriente de salida
muestran un comportamiento del ciclo en la curva de energía
oscilatoria adaptada. El comportamiento cíclico está ausente en la
curva de energía estándar. Las Figuras 2(c) y 3(c) se
puede comparar que muestran la diferencia en la corriente de salida
entre la curva de energía estándar y la curva de energía oscilatoria
adaptada. En cada caso la corriente de salida máxima sube por encima
de 2 amps. RMS. Las Figuras 2(d) y 3(d) se pueden
comparar para mostrar la diferencia en el voltaje de salida entre
la curva de energía estándar y la curva de energía oscilatoria
adaptada. Un límite de voltaje, preferiblemente en cada caso de 120
volts, evita arcos que pueden dejar orificios en el sellado del
tejido.
En una estructura de la curva de energía
oscilatoria, el generador temporalmente baja el límite de voltaje de
salida a 50 volts cuando el voltaje de salida alcanza los 120
volts. Esto causa una reducción en la energía de salida y si el
tejido no está completamente desecado, una correspondiente y
significativa reducción en la impedancia del tejido. Tras la
reducción en la impedancia del tejido, el límite del voltaje de
salida se coloca en 120 volt, lo cual permite una subida de la
energía de salida. Esta reducción y subsiguiente subida en la
energía de salida constituye un ciclo.
Los diseñadores de generadores electro
quirúrgicos han encontrado que la impedancia es un buen indicador
del estado de desecación del tejido. No obstante, los expertos
reconocerán que no es necesario calcular un valor exacto de la
impedancia. Una medición eléctrica que es proporcional a la
impedancia del tejido se puede utilizar como un equivalente
funcional. En una estructura, el sistema de control puede crear
propiamente una curva de energía oscilatoria adaptada basada en las
mediciones de tiempo y voltaje de salida.
El cuadro 1 muestra una comparativa entre dos
tipos de tests que compara una curva de energía estándar con una
curva de energía oscilatoria adaptada. El cuadro 1 indica la
utilización de la curva de energía estándar, mientras que el Cuadro
2 indica la utilización de una curva de energía oscilatoria
adaptada. Los tamaños indican el diámetro de los vasos en
milímetros, la presión de las quemaduras se mide en p.s.i, descargas
eléctricas, carbonización y claridad son medidas subjetivas que van
desde el 0 al 3 (cuando 0 represente un valor bajo para la descarga
y la carbonización y el 0 representa un valor pobre para la
claridad) y ts indica la dispersión termal medida en milímetros.
| test | muestra | tamaño | bp | stick | carboniz. | claridad | ts |
| 1(media) | 19 | 2.57 | 17.26 | .63 | 1.11 | 1.89 | 2.11 |
| 1 (SD) | 1.35 | 1.04 | .76 | .81 | 1.29 | .74 | |
| 1 (min) | 1 | 12.96 | |||||
| 1 (máx.) | 6 | 17.50 | |||||
| 2 (media) | 20 | 2.55 | 17.39 | .80 | |||
| 2 (SD) | 1.36 | .44 | 1.06 | .60 | 1.95 | 1.65 | |
| 2 (min.) | 1 | 15.52 | .60 | 1.36 | .81 | ||
| 2 (máx.) | 5 | 17.50 |
El cuadro 1 muestra que la curva de energía
oscilatoria adaptada (Cuadro 2) tiene varias ventajes sobre la
curva de energía de salida estándar (Cuadro 1). La más notable es la
cantidad más baja de dispersión termal: un valor medio de 2.11 mm
para la curva de energía estándar y 1.65 mm para la curva de energía
oscilatoria adaptada. Las medidas subjetivas para el pegado,
carbonización y claridad del sellado muestran que la curva de
energía oscilatoria adaptada ofrece mejoras sobre la curva de
energía estándar.
En general, la invención es un generador electro
quirúrgico para tratar los tejidos, en el que dicho generador
electro quirúrgico está compuesto por un circuito para generar una
valoración de la impedancia de carga y un controlador de la energía
de salida que puede inducir múltiples oscilaciones de impedancia de
carga como respuesta a la medición. La impedancia de carga hace
referencia a la impedancia del tejido que está siendo tratado por el
generador electro quirúrgico. El circuito para generar una medición
de la impedancia de carga puede ser analógico o digital, y
normalmente requiere un sensor de voltaje de salida y un sensor de
corriente de salida. El voltaje de salida se divide entre la
corriente de salida para calcular la medición de la impedancia de
carga.
Las formas de inducir las múltiples oscilaciones
de la impedancia de carga preferiblemente comprenden un sistema de
control que puede controlar de forma selectiva el voltaje de salida
para originar las oscilaciones apropiadas de la energía de salida.
En muchos generadores electro quirúrgicos, un circuito de control de
energía de salida tiene un suministro de voltaje ajustable conectado
a la parte primaria de un transformador aislado. El enrollado
secundario del transformador se conecta a un circuito de resonancia
de salida. El suministro de voltaje tiene un ajustador para cambiar
el voltaje al transformador, y, por tanto, cambia el voltaje de
salida del generador electro quirúrgico. Una señal digital se puede
utilizar para controlar el suministro del voltaje.
Las formas de inducir oscilaciones múltiples
preferiblemente están compuestas por un sistema de control de
feedback, en el que el feedback es una medida de la impedancia de la
carga. El sistema de control preferiblemente incluye un algoritmo en
un microprocesador. El algoritmo en el microprocesador puede
controlar la impedancia de carga y determinar la forma en que la
impedancia de carga responde a un cambio en la energía de
salida.
En la estructura preferida, el sistema de control
establece un límite de voltaje de salida de 120 volts. RMS y
después controla la energía de salida a un lugar deseado por el
usuario, por ejemplo a 100 wats. Cuando la impedancia es
relativamente baja, una corriente alta se combina con un voltaje de
salida menor de 120 volts para obtener el rendimiento de la energía
deseada de 100 wats. Cuando el límite de voltaje de 120 volts se
alcanza, el sistema de control automáticamente descenderá el voltaje
de salida a un valor bajo, preferiblemente 50 volts. Esto
efectivamente reduce la energía de salida. Si el tejido no se ha
desecado completamente la energía de salida menor causará que la
impedancia descienda significativamente. Una vez que se detecta una
impedancia mínima, o tras un período de tiempo establecido, el
límite de voltaje de salida se coloca en 120 volts por parte del
sistema de control, y se repite el ciclo. Se ha descubierto a través
de la experimentación que las oscilaciones de la impedancia de carga
ocurrirán en la gama de frecuencia de uno a veinte hertzios, y a
esta gama se la conoce como amplitud de banda termal. En una
estructura, el sistema de control termina la energía de salida tras
un período de tiempo establecido que dura tres segundos.
Alternativamente, el sistema de control puede terminar la energía de
salida cuando la impedancia alcance un umbral de 200 Homs.
Otra alternativa es terminar la energía de salida
cuando la medición de la impedancia indica que la impedancia no cae
significativamente en respuesta a una bajada en la energía de
salida.
La presente invención es aplicable a cualquier
forma de coagulación electro quirúrgica. Las ventajas de la presente
invención, incluyendo la dispersión termal reducida, menos la
creación de costras y la desecación mejorada, se pueden aplicar
tanto a salidas de generadores monopolares como bipolares. Aunque se
han realizado y descrito dibujos sobre estructuras preferidas, el
ámbito de protección que se persigue se encuentra en las siguientes
reivindicaciones.
Claims (4)
1. Un generador electro quirúrgico para aplicar
energía de salida a una carga que tenga una impedancia eléctrica,
la energía de salida tiene un valor RMS, el generador electro
quirúrgico está compuesto por:
Un circuito de medición de la impedancia (15)
eléctricamente conectado a la carga para producir una medición
indicativa de una impedancia eléctrica:
Un estadio de salida RF conectado a la carga para
aplicar la energía de salida a la carga, el estadio de salida RF
(13) que tiene una entrada para ajustar el valor RMS.
Un controlador eléctricamente conectado al
circuito de medición y eléctricamente conectado a la entrada, cuando
el controlador tiene formas de introducir oscilaciones múltiples de
la impedancia eléctrica mediante el ajuste de la entrada en
respuesta a la medición.
2. El aparato de la reivindicación cuando las
oscilaciones múltiples de la impedancia se originan en la gama de
frecuencia de uno a veinte hertzios la salida de energía tiene una
amplitud, y la entrada ajusta la amplitud y cuando la energía de
salida tiene un ciclo, y la entrada ajusta ese ciclo y cuando el
controlador (12) tiene medios para terminar le energía de salida
cuando la impedancia alcanza un umbral o la energía de salida tras
un período de tiempo preestablecido.
3. El aparato de la reivindicación 1 en el que la
energía de salida está compuesta por un voltaje de salida y la
entrada se ajusta al voltaje de salida.
4. Un generador electro quirúrgico para tratar un
tejido (14), el generador electro quirúrgico eléctricamente
conectado en un circuito con el tejido par aplicar la energía de
salida al tejido de un estadio de salida (13), el tejido presenta
una impedancia variable a la energía de salida, el generador electro
quirúrgico está compuesto por:
Un circuito de medición de la impedancia
eléctricamente conectado con un circuito con el tejido (14) para
producir una medición de la impedancia variable.
Un sistema de control del feedback en el
generador electro quirúrgico para ajustar la energía de salida, el
sistema de control del feedback conectado con la impedancia mide el
circuito y está conectado con el estadio de salida (13) para el
cambio cíclico la energía de salida en respuesta a la medición hace
que la impedancia variable suba y baje cíclicamente.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US838548 | 1997-04-09 | ||
| US08/838,548 US6033399A (en) | 1997-04-09 | 1997-04-09 | Electrosurgical generator with adaptive power control |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| ES2248877T3 true ES2248877T3 (es) | 2006-03-16 |
Family
ID=25277394
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| ES98300964T Expired - Lifetime ES2248877T3 (es) | 1997-04-09 | 1998-02-10 | Generador electroquirurgico con control adaptativo de potencia. |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (4) | US6033399A (es) |
| EP (2) | EP0870473B1 (es) |
| JP (1) | JP4191810B2 (es) |
| AU (1) | AU738541B2 (es) |
| CA (1) | CA2232018C (es) |
| DE (2) | DE69831525T2 (es) |
| ES (1) | ES2248877T3 (es) |
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-
1997
- 1997-04-09 US US08/838,548 patent/US6033399A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1998
- 1998-01-23 JP JP01149398A patent/JP4191810B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1998-02-03 AU AU52899/98A patent/AU738541B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1998-02-10 EP EP98300964A patent/EP0870473B1/en not_active Revoked
- 1998-02-10 DE DE69831525T patent/DE69831525T2/de not_active Revoked
- 1998-02-10 ES ES98300964T patent/ES2248877T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-02-10 EP EP05014156.3A patent/EP1616529B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-03-11 CA CA002232018A patent/CA2232018C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1998-03-26 DE DE29805534U patent/DE29805534U1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-12-11 US US09/209,323 patent/US6228080B1/en not_active Ceased
-
2003
- 2003-05-08 US US10/434,019 patent/USRE40388E1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2008
- 2008-06-10 US US12/136,551 patent/US20080281315A1/en not_active Abandoned
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP0870473B1 (en) | 2005-09-14 |
| DE29805534U1 (de) | 1998-08-13 |
| JPH10286261A (ja) | 1998-10-27 |
| US6033399A (en) | 2000-03-07 |
| DE69831525T2 (de) | 2006-06-22 |
| EP1616529B1 (en) | 2013-09-25 |
| EP1616529A3 (en) | 2006-02-15 |
| US6228080B1 (en) | 2001-05-08 |
| AU738541B2 (en) | 2001-09-20 |
| EP1616529A2 (en) | 2006-01-18 |
| JP4191810B2 (ja) | 2008-12-03 |
| AU5289998A (en) | 1998-10-15 |
| EP0870473A3 (en) | 2001-01-24 |
| EP0870473A2 (en) | 1998-10-14 |
| USRE40388E1 (en) | 2008-06-17 |
| CA2232018C (en) | 2002-02-12 |
| CA2232018A1 (en) | 1998-10-09 |
| US20080281315A1 (en) | 2008-11-13 |
| DE69831525D1 (de) | 2005-10-20 |
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