ES2448834T3 - Procedimiento para unir piezas de trabajo de materia plástica - Google Patents

Procedimiento para unir piezas de trabajo de materia plástica Download PDF

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Publication number
ES2448834T3
ES2448834T3 ES05739878.6T ES05739878T ES2448834T3 ES 2448834 T3 ES2448834 T3 ES 2448834T3 ES 05739878 T ES05739878 T ES 05739878T ES 2448834 T3 ES2448834 T3 ES 2448834T3
Authority
ES
Spain
Prior art keywords
laser
work pieces
absorption layer
workpiece
absorption
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
ES05739878.6T
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English (en)
Inventor
Wilhelm Pfleging
Oliver Baldus
Alessandro Baldini
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Karlsruher Institut fuer Technologie KIT
Original Assignee
Karlsruher Institut fuer Technologie KIT
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Filing date
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Publication of ES2448834T3 publication Critical patent/ES2448834T3/es
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/90Measuring or controlling the joining process
    • B29C66/91Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/912Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/9121Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the temperature
    • B29C66/91211Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the temperature with special temperature measurement means or methods
    • B29C66/91216Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the temperature with special temperature measurement means or methods enabling contactless temperature measurements, e.g. using a pyrometer
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/02Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
    • B29C65/14Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using wave energy, i.e. electromagnetic radiation, or particle radiation
    • B29C65/16Laser beams
    • B29C65/1629Laser beams characterised by the way of heating the interface
    • B29C65/1635Laser beams characterised by the way of heating the interface at least passing through one of the parts to be joined, i.e. laser transmission welding
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/02Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
    • B29C65/14Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using wave energy, i.e. electromagnetic radiation, or particle radiation
    • B29C65/16Laser beams
    • B29C65/1629Laser beams characterised by the way of heating the interface
    • B29C65/1654Laser beams characterised by the way of heating the interface scanning at least one of the parts to be joined
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/02Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
    • B29C65/14Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using wave energy, i.e. electromagnetic radiation, or particle radiation
    • B29C65/16Laser beams
    • B29C65/1677Laser beams making use of an absorber or impact modifier
    • B29C65/1683Laser beams making use of an absorber or impact modifier coated on the article
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/01General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
    • B29C66/05Particular design of joint configurations
    • B29C66/10Particular design of joint configurations particular design of the joint cross-sections
    • B29C66/11Joint cross-sections comprising a single joint-segment, i.e. one of the parts to be joined comprising a single joint-segment in the joint cross-section
    • B29C66/112Single lapped joints
    • B29C66/1122Single lap to lap joints, i.e. overlap joints
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/40General aspects of joining substantially flat articles, e.g. plates, sheets or web-like materials; Making flat seams in tubular or hollow articles; Joining single elements to substantially flat surfaces
    • B29C66/41Joining substantially flat articles ; Making flat seams in tubular or hollow articles
    • B29C66/43Joining a relatively small portion of the surface of said articles
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/40General aspects of joining substantially flat articles, e.g. plates, sheets or web-like materials; Making flat seams in tubular or hollow articles; Joining single elements to substantially flat surfaces
    • B29C66/41Joining substantially flat articles ; Making flat seams in tubular or hollow articles
    • B29C66/45Joining of substantially the whole surface of the articles
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/50General aspects of joining tubular articles; General aspects of joining long products, i.e. bars or profiled elements; General aspects of joining single elements to tubular articles, hollow articles or bars; General aspects of joining several hollow-preforms to form hollow or tubular articles
    • B29C66/51Joining tubular articles, profiled elements or bars; Joining single elements to tubular articles, hollow articles or bars; Joining several hollow-preforms to form hollow or tubular articles
    • B29C66/53Joining single elements to tubular articles, hollow articles or bars
    • B29C66/534Joining single elements to open ends of tubular or hollow articles or to the ends of bars
    • B29C66/5346Joining single elements to open ends of tubular or hollow articles or to the ends of bars said single elements being substantially flat
    • B29C66/53461Joining single elements to open ends of tubular or hollow articles or to the ends of bars said single elements being substantially flat joining substantially flat covers and/or substantially flat bottoms to open ends of container bodies
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/70General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
    • B29C66/73General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset
    • B29C66/733General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, e.g. fluorescence, phosphorescence
    • B29C66/7336General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, e.g. fluorescence, phosphorescence at least one of the parts to be joined being opaque, transparent or translucent to visible light
    • B29C66/73365General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, e.g. fluorescence, phosphorescence at least one of the parts to be joined being opaque, transparent or translucent to visible light at least one of the parts to be joined being transparent or translucent to visible light
    • B29C66/73366General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, e.g. fluorescence, phosphorescence at least one of the parts to be joined being opaque, transparent or translucent to visible light at least one of the parts to be joined being transparent or translucent to visible light both parts to be joined being transparent or translucent to visible light
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/70General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
    • B29C66/73General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset
    • B29C66/739General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset
    • B29C66/7392General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of at least one of the parts being a thermoplastic
    • B29C66/73921General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of at least one of the parts being a thermoplastic characterised by the materials of both parts being thermoplastics
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/90Measuring or controlling the joining process
    • B29C66/91Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/912Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/9121Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the temperature
    • B29C66/91221Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the temperature of the parts to be joined
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/90Measuring or controlling the joining process
    • B29C66/91Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/914Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/9141Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature
    • B29C66/91411Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature of the parts to be joined, e.g. the joining process taking the temperature of the parts to be joined into account
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/90Measuring or controlling the joining process
    • B29C66/91Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/914Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/9141Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature
    • B29C66/91431Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature the temperature being kept constant over time
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/90Measuring or controlling the joining process
    • B29C66/91Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/914Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/9161Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the heat or the thermal flux, i.e. the heat flux
    • B29C66/91641Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the heat or the thermal flux, i.e. the heat flux the heat or the thermal flux being non-constant over time
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/90Measuring or controlling the joining process
    • B29C66/91Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/919Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux characterised by specific temperature, heat or thermal flux values or ranges
    • B29C66/9192Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux characterised by specific temperature, heat or thermal flux values or ranges in explicit relation to another variable, e.g. temperature diagrams
    • B29C66/91921Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux characterised by specific temperature, heat or thermal flux values or ranges in explicit relation to another variable, e.g. temperature diagrams in explicit relation to another temperature, e.g. to the softening temperature or softening point, to the thermal degradation temperature or to the ambient temperature
    • B29C66/91941Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux characterised by specific temperature, heat or thermal flux values or ranges in explicit relation to another variable, e.g. temperature diagrams in explicit relation to another temperature, e.g. to the softening temperature or softening point, to the thermal degradation temperature or to the ambient temperature in explicit relation to Tg, i.e. the glass transition temperature, of the material of one of the parts to be joined
    • B29C66/91943Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux characterised by specific temperature, heat or thermal flux values or ranges in explicit relation to another variable, e.g. temperature diagrams in explicit relation to another temperature, e.g. to the softening temperature or softening point, to the thermal degradation temperature or to the ambient temperature in explicit relation to Tg, i.e. the glass transition temperature, of the material of one of the parts to be joined higher than said glass transition temperature
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/90Measuring or controlling the joining process
    • B29C66/93Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the speed
    • B29C66/934Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the speed by controlling or regulating the speed
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/90Measuring or controlling the joining process
    • B29C66/93Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the speed
    • B29C66/939Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the speed characterised by specific speed values or ranges
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/02Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
    • B29C65/14Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using wave energy, i.e. electromagnetic radiation, or particle radiation
    • B29C65/16Laser beams
    • B29C65/1603Laser beams characterised by the type of electromagnetic radiation
    • B29C65/1606Ultraviolet [UV] radiation, e.g. by ultraviolet excimer lasers
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/02Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
    • B29C65/14Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using wave energy, i.e. electromagnetic radiation, or particle radiation
    • B29C65/16Laser beams
    • B29C65/1603Laser beams characterised by the type of electromagnetic radiation
    • B29C65/1612Infrared [IR] radiation, e.g. by infrared lasers
    • B29C65/1616Near infrared radiation [NIR], e.g. by YAG lasers
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/02Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
    • B29C65/14Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using wave energy, i.e. electromagnetic radiation, or particle radiation
    • B29C65/16Laser beams
    • B29C65/1629Laser beams characterised by the way of heating the interface
    • B29C65/1635Laser beams characterised by the way of heating the interface at least passing through one of the parts to be joined, i.e. laser transmission welding
    • B29C65/1638Laser beams characterised by the way of heating the interface at least passing through one of the parts to be joined, i.e. laser transmission welding focusing the laser beam on the interface
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/02Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
    • B29C65/14Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using wave energy, i.e. electromagnetic radiation, or particle radiation
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Abstract

Procedimiento para unir piezas de trabajo (10, 10') de materia plástica, donde la pieza de trabajo unida estransparente en la zona visible, con las etapas de procedimiento a) puesta a disposición de las piezas de trabajo (10, 10') de una materia plástica que en la zona visible ycon una longitud de onda de un primer láser es transparente, b) aplicación respectivamente de una capa de absorción (20) sobre las piezas de trabajo (10, 10'), dondecomo mucho permanece sin capa una pieza de trabajo, c) compresión de las piezas de trabajo (10, 10'), con una presión de contacto, donde cada capa deabsorción (20) está dispuesta entre dos piezas de trabajo. d) actuación sobre una de las capas de absorción (20) de una radiación láser (15) del primer láser, cuyorendimiento está elegido de tal forma, que de esta manera se calienta la capa de absorción (20) y conello se unen las dos piezas de trabajo (10, 10') próximas a la capa de absorción (20), e) repetición de la etapa de procedimiento d) en caso necesario con una o más capas de absorciónadicionales, f) enfriamiento y retirada de la presión de contacto, g) extracción de la pieza de trabajo unida, donde la capa de absorción (20) es de carbono u oro ypresenta un grosor de entre 5 nm y 15 nm.

Description

Procedimiento para unir piezas de trabajo de materia plástica
La invención se refiere a un procedimiento para unir piezas de trabajo de materia plástica (polímero), donde la pieza de trabajo unida es transparente en la zona visible.
Al unir polímeros mediante soldadura por láser según el llamado procedimiento de soldadura por radiación, se suelda un material de polímero opaco con un polímero transparente del mismo tipo. En la práctica se han impuesto para ello en gran parte los láseres de diodos como fuente de radiación sobre los láseres Nd:YAG.
El documento DE 195 10 493 A1 divulga un procedimiento para soldar piezas de trabajo de materia plástica, en el que dos piezas de trabajo son unidas la una con la otra mediante una zona de unión, en el que los rayos láser atraviesan la primera pieza de trabajo y alcanzan la segunda pieza de trabajo, con lo que las piezas de trabajo adoptan en el área de la zona de unión un estado fundido y al enfriarse se logra una solidificación de la zona de unión. La desventaja aquí es que a las dos piezas de trabajo se le añaden diferentes proporciones de pigmentos de colorante, con lo que el espectro de los rayos láser para la primera pieza de trabajo es transparente y para la segunda pieza de trabajo absorbente.
Una variante del procedimiento de soldadura por radiación, con la que es posible también la unión de polímeros transparentes, es el llamado proceso Clearweld. En este proceso, que es presentado en la contribución a la conferencia de V.A. Kagan, N.M. Woosman, Advantages of Clearweld Technology for Polyamides, en el marco de ICALEO, 2002, se introduce entre los componentes transparentes una capa absorbente. Esta capa absorbente (barniz) es de un tono verdoso en su estado bruto, pero tras su procesamiento con las longitudes de onda preferidas de 940 nm (láseres de diodo) o 1064 nm (láser Nd:YAG) se vuelve casi transparente. La desventaja en este caso es el tiempo de filtración demasiado largo, que tiene que ver sobre todo con el método común de aplicación de la capa absorbente.
A partir del documento US 6.656.315 B2 y del estado de la técnica citado aquí detalladamente, se conoce la incorporación de un material en la zona de unión, que garantiza una absorción de los rayos láser. Mientras que los metales como por ejemplo el titanio solamente son adecuados para soldar cristales, se utilizan materiales inorgánicos como por ejemplo, pigmentos, fibras, tinta de imprenta (que por cierto ensucia las piezas de trabajo a unir), o colorantes orgánicos elegidos para soldar materias plásticas, para además de una buena absorción de los rayos láser reducir en lo posible al mismo tiempo también su dispersión. Los materiales citados incorporados en la zona de unión tienen que presentar sin embargo un grosor de al menos 1ųm, para poder convertir la energía láser en calor. Estos procedimientos no son utilizables por lo tanto en microestructuras, dado que una alteración de la microestructura ocurre particularmente por deformación o agrietamiento.
El documento US 6.220.673 B1 divulga un procedimiento para unir piezas de trabajo de materia plástica, donde la pieza de trabajo unida es transparente en la zona visible, con las etapas de procedimiento
a) puesta a disposición de las piezas de trabajo de una materia plástica, que es transparente en la zona visible y con la longitud de onda de un primer láser,
b) aplicación respectivamente de una capa de absorción sobre las piezas de trabajo, donde como mucho permanece sin capa una pieza de trabajo,
c) compresión de las piezas de trabajo con una presión de contacto, donde cada capa de absorción está dispuesta entre dos piezas de trabajo,
d) actuación sobre una de las capas de absorción de una radiación láser del primer láser, cuyo rendimiento está
elegido de tal forma, que de esta manera se calienta la capa de absorción y con ello se unen las dos piezas de
trabajo próximas a la capa de absorción,
e) repetición de la etapa de procedimiento d) en caso necesario con una o más capas de absorción adicionales,
f) enfriamiento y retirada de la presión de contacto, y
g) extracción de la pieza de trabajo unida, donde la capa de absorción está hecha de carbono.
El documento FR 2 624 041 A describe un procedimiento para la soldadura mediante láser de al menos dos piezas de trabajo, que están en contacto a través de sus superficies, donde al menos una de las piezas de trabajo es transparente para la longitud de onda de la radiación láser, que es focalizada en una zona opaca próxima a la zona de contacto.
El documento FR 1 506 163 A divulga un procedimiento para la unión de piezas de trabajo de un termoplasto con actuación de calor, que es puesto a disposición mediante radiación electromagnética por ejemplo, a partir de un láser.
El documento EP 0 826 503 A2 describe un procedimiento para la soldadura mediante láser de dos piezas de trabajo no metálicas, particularmente la soldadura de bandas de materia plástica en elementos semiconductores.
Partiendo de esta base, es tarea de la presente invención proponer un procedimiento para unir piezas de trabajo de materia plástica, donde la pieza de trabajo unida es transparente en la zona de unión, que no presente las desventajas y limitaciones citadas anteriormente. Particularmente este procedimiento ha de unir unos con otros de manera concluyente materiales microestructurados de materia plástica, sin dañar con ello las microestructuras.
Está tarea se resuelve con las características de la reivindicación 1. Las reivindicaciones secundarias describen respectivamente configuraciones ventajosas de la invención.
El presente procedimiento para unir piezas de trabajo de materia plástica se basa en que se aplica respectivamente sobre las piezas de trabajo a unir una capa de absorción (capa absorbente), que presenta un grosor de entre 5 nm y 15 nm. A continuación las piezas de trabajo son comprimidas con una presión de contacto que se encuentra preferiblemente entre 0,1 MPa y 1 MPa, de forma especialmente ventajosa entre 0,3 MPa y 0,7 MPa, donde las capas de absorción están dispuestas respectivamente entre dos piezas de trabajo.
La capa de absorción está hecha de carbono u oro. El oro no es transparente, pero es adecuado como capa de absorción para el proceso de soldadura. Con procesos de deposición en fase vapor al vacío (deposición en fase vapor de filamentos de filamentos; revestimiento catódico) o procesos de pulverización, es posible separar capas finas transparentes en polímeros transparentes. En una configuración especial la aplicación de las capas absorbentes ocurre mediante una masa de contacto, para hacer accesibles solo zonas elegidas al posterior proceso de soldadura. Una configuración alternativa para estructurar la capa de absorción de forma selectiva, es la utilización de microablación láser UV con una longitud de onda del láser de ablación de entre 250 nm y 400 nm, de forma especialmente preferida aproximadamente de 355 nm. Muchos polímeros son transparentes para esta longitud de onda, de forma que la estructuración selectiva de las capas de absorción con disoluciones se hace posible en el área de !m.
Entonces se actúa sobre una de las capas de absorción con un primer láser, cuya radiación está focalizada sobre la capa de absorción. El rendimiento de este láser esta elegido de tal forma, que de esta manera se calienta la capa de absorción y se unen por ello las dos piezas de trabajo próximas a la capa de absorción. La longitud de onda del primer láser se encuentra entre 800 nm y 1200 nm, preferiblemente entre 920 nm y 960 nm, de forma especialmente ventajosa aproximadamente en 940 nm (láser de diodos).
En el caso de que tengan que unirse varias piezas de trabajo de polímero, entonces se repite la etapa de procedimiento d) con capas de absorción adicionales, sobre las cuales se focaliza respectivamente la radiación láser. En una configuración ventajosa una pieza de trabajo se mantiene sin capa, a través de la cual la radiación láser es dirigida desde el láser a la capa de absorción.
Tras el enfriamiento y la retirada de la presión de contacto, se extrae finalmente la pieza de trabajo unida.
Son especialmente adecuados para el procedimiento de unión propuesto, las materias plásticas poli(metacrilato de metilo) (PMMA), polipropileno (PP), policarbonato (PC), copolímero de cicloolefina (COC), poli(fluoruro de vinilideno) (PVDF), poliéter éter cetona (PEEK), polisulfona (PSU), poliamida (PA), poliimida (PI), poliacetal (POM), polietileno (PE), poliuretano (PUR), polietersulfona (PES), y teflón, entre ellos politetrafluoroetileno (PTFE).
En una configuración preferida el rayo láser es conducido con una óptica de escaner en dirección perpendicular respecto a las capas de absorción sobre la superficie de las piezas de trabajo a unir. Para el presente proceso de soldadura son adecuadas velocidades entre 1 y 1000 mm/s, preferiblemente entre 10 y 100 mm/s. El rendimiento del láser es controlado online con un pirómetro para mantener constante la temperatura alrededor de la capa de absorción en la zona de interacción. En el caso de la materia plástica PMMA, la temperatura adecuada se encuentra por ejemplo en la zona de la temperatura de reblandecimiento del vidrio del polímero a aproximadamente 105°C. Desvíos de ± 5° pueden incluso conducir a uniones defectuosas.
El rayo láser es conducido sobre la superficie límite de los polímeros transparentes, los cuales durante el proceso (proceso de unión) son comprimidos uno contra el otro con una presión de preferiblemente 0,1 – 10 MPa (1 – 10 bar). Las secciones transversales en piezas de trabajo unidas de PMMA o PVDF muestran que con el presente procedimiento es posible limitar la zona térmicamente influida a unos pocos micrómetros (!m). De esta forma pueden soldarse láminas microestructuradas de PP y PVDF con un grosor de 200-250 !m sin daños significantes o deformación de las estructuras. Pueden soldarse por lo tanto polímeros con un grosor de 10 !m hasta 10 cm, sin perder su transparencia en la zona visible.
Casi todos los polímero conocidos presentan una alta absorción de radiación con la longitud de onda de la radiación de láser de CO2 (9 – 11 !m). Con ello es posible cortar los polímeros con alta precisión mediante un tercer láser que presenta una longitud de onda entre 9 !m y 11 !m, y con anchuras de hendidura de corte mínimas de aproximadamente 50 !m. Las hendiduras de corte tienen además una alta pendiente de borde. Dado que se trata de un proceso térmico, se genera el en borde respectivamente una fina película de masa fundida, que da lugar a un alisamiento del borde. La estructuración no ocurre en este caso por ablación o eliminación de material, que en general va unido con expulsión de
masa fundida y una fuerte contaminación o formación de fragmentos y bordes oblicuos, sino mediante corte. Estructuras cubiertas o escalonadas por un lado o los dos lados en polímeros transparentes solamente son posibles en relación con la soldadura por rayo de láser propuesta aquí.
En una configuración alternativa el corte de los polímeros ocurre por sublimación mediante radiación UV, en la que se da la llamada soldadura de sublimación. Para esto es adecuado un tercer láser con una longitud de onda de entre 150 nm y 400 nm, como por ejemplo un láser Nd:YAG (266 nm, 355 nm), dado que esta fuente de rayo láser puede ser activada con alta frecuencia de pulso. También puede utilizarse un tercer láser con una longitud de onda entre 150 nm y 400 nm, para lograr una eliminación de material tridimensional mediante radiación láser UV. Para esta eliminación por sublimación se utiliza preferiblemente un láser excimer (longitudes de onda de 157 nm, 193 nm o 248 nm) o también un láser Nd:YAG (266 nm, 355 nm).
La combinación de corte y soladura para la creación de un sistema microfluídico tridimensional cualquiera conduce a una alta exactitud de forma con lados escarpados y altas calidades de borde con pequeños valores de rugosidad. El procedimiento según la invención es en general un proceso completamente mediante láser, que es económico y que puede llevarse a cabo de forma sencilla y rápida. Se da una mínima aplicación térmica al material, con lo que no se produce un daño a las microestructuras. De esta forma puede producirse una construcción a capas sobre láminas de polímero microestructuradas.
A partir de http://www.uni-stuttgart.de/hsg-imat/aif45z.pdf, página 82-91, de 27.06.2003 puede verse que la soldadura por radiación láser no puede transmitirse sin más a microestructuras, dado que se dan los siguientes defectos en las microestructuras: deformación de microcanales, formación de poros y formación de fisuras o agrietamiento de las juntas de soldadura como consecuencia de tensiones internas inducidas térmicamente.
La soldadura por láser de polímeros da lugar a una posibilidad de producir de forma eficiente componentes microestructurados. Una ventaja especial de la soldadura mediante láser de polímeros, en comparación con los procedimientos de unión clásicos como el pegado, la soldadura por elemento de calentamiento, la soldadura por ultrasonido o la soldadura por vibración, consiste en la ventaja de poder trabajar sin contacto y de forma flexible. El aporte energético puede llevarse a cabo según la variante del proceso localmente con alta flexibilidad y precisión con alta reproducibilidad.
En la técnica del microprocesamiento y en la microfluídica o bioanalítica hoy hay establecida en este momento una tecnología de soldadura por láser que una de forma concluyente componentes poliméricos microestructurados, sin dañar al mismo tiempo las microestructuras. Pero esto es precisamente lo que consigue el presente procedimiento. Con la combinación de corte mediante rayo láser y soldadura mediante rayo láser se posibilita un proceso que puede verse como manufacturado rápido. De esta forma pueden fabricarse en intervalos de un minuto elementos constructivos funcionales de cualquier material polimérico.
El procedimiento según la invención puede utilizarse de diversas maneras. A modo de ejemplo se citan:
fabricación de mezcladores micrómicos
bioanalítica, como por ejemplo limitación de chips de CE
Filtros de PA en el área automotriz,
Vidrio para gafas de PC
Llaves electrónicas de PA
Carcasas de POM para bombas y turbinas, ventanas de materia plástica, etc.
La invención presenta particularmente las siguientes ventajas:
unión de polímeros transparentes y microestructurados sin dañar las microestructuras;
puede utilizarse casi cualquier materia plástica (polímero), dado que estos por norma general son transparentes alrededor de 940 nm;
posibilidad de unión de polímero gruesos y finos (por ejemplo, láminas con un grosor de 200 ųm);
manufacturación rápida de piezas constructivas funcionales en intervalos de un minuto.
La invención se describe a continuación con ayuda de ejemplos de realización y las figuras. Muestran:
Fig. 1 representación esquemática de la unión de piezas de trabajo de materia plástica.
Fig. 2 representación esquemática de la unión de piezas de trabajo microestructuradas de materia plástica.
Fig. 3 unión de dos piezas de trabajo mediante escaneado alternante de un rayo láser
Fig. 4 Unión de un lote de piezas de trabajo mediante escaneado alternante de un rayo láser.
Fig. 5 a) representación esquemática de un sistema de canalización tridimensional para la microfluídica;
b) representación esquemática de un mezclador micrómico;
ambos producidos mediante el procedimiento según la invención.
Fig. 6 disposición para la determinación de la resistencia a la tracción de la unión de dos materiales (esquemático).
Fig. 7 resistencia a la tracción de dos piezas de trabajo de PMMA en dependencia del grosor de la capa de absorción de carbono.
En la fig. 1 se representa de forma esquemática el procedimiento según la invención para unir las dos piezas de trabajo 10, 10´ de materia plástica, donde sobre la pieza de trabajo 10 hay aplicada una capa de absorción 20 de carbono. Un rayo láser 15 con una longitud de onda de 940 nm, que está focalizado sobre la capa de absorción 20, es movido a lo largo del recorrido 16 (escaneado). La velocidad de escaneado fue de 20-50 mm/s en el caso del PMMA; el desplazamiento del escáner 200 !m.
El rendimiento de la radiación láser 15 se escogió de tal manera, que la temperatura en la zona 21 influida por el láser superase la temperatura de reblandecimiento del vidrio de la materia plástica (PMMA: 105°C, PC: 160°C), con lo que la capa de absorción 20 se calienta y por ello se unen las dos piezas de trabajo 10, 10´, a través de la zona de unión 22. Durante el escaneado láser las dos piezas de trabajo fueron comprimidas con una presión de contacto de entre 0,3 y 0,7 MPa (3 bar y 7 bar).
En la fig. 2 se une una lámina o placa 11 de polímero transparente microestructurada con otra lámina o placa 12 de polímero, que opcionalmente también puede estar microestructurada, de la misma manera que en la fig. 1 con el procedimiento según la invención. Las microestructuras se mantienen sin cambios.
Los ensayos se llevaron a cabo exitosamente con placas (grosor 1-2 mm) o láminas (grosor aproximadamente 200 !m) de PMMA, PP, PC, COC, PVDF, PEEK, PSU, PA y PTFE (teflón). Para ello las placas o láminas de materia plástica mencionadas se revistieron con carbono con una capa en el área de los nm en una instalación de vaporización de filamentos al vacío. Los polímeros transparentes utilizados se mantuvieron transparentes también tras la finalización del proceso de unión.
Como muestra la fig. 3, para la unión de dos piezas de trabajo de polímero el rayo láser (es decir, su situación focal) escanea de forma alternante sobre la superficie límite de los dos polímeros, donde se elige un desplazamiento del escáner entre 1-1000 !m. Dado que los polímeros son transparentes para la radiación láser y la absorción solo se da en las superficies límite o capas de absorción, el procedimiento propuesto posibilita un apilamiento de las placas o láminas de polímero y su unión en una pieza de trabajo unida según la fig. 4.
El procedimiento propuesto es adecuado por ejemplo para la creación de estructuras tridimensionales, como son utilizadas en la microfluídica (véase la fig. 5a) o en la técnica de microprocesamientos (véase la fig. 5b).
Las uniones obtenidas son muy estables, lo que fue comprobado con una disposición según la fig. 6 mediante máquinas de ensayo de tracción. La resistencia a la tracción de las piezas de trabajo unidas puede corresponder incluso a la resistencia a la tracción del material de partida según parámetros de soldadura. A partir de la fig. 7, resulta en este caso que el grosor de la capa de absorción 20 es esencial para una buena unión de las piezas de trabajo. Resultó en este caso un grosor, óptimo de la capa de absorción 20 de carbono en el área entre 5 nm y 15 nm.
Lista de signos de referencia
10, 10´, 10´´ ... Láminas o placas de polímero transparentes (grosor ≥ 10 ųm)
11 Lámina o placa de polímero transparente microestructurada
Lámina o placa de polímero transparente (opcionalmente también microestructurada)
13 Muestra de tracción soldada
14 Microcanal / microestructura
15 Rayo del primer láser (940 nm)
16 Recorrido del primer rayo láser (escáner láser)
20
Capa de absorción (carbono)
21
Zona influida por el láser
22
Zona de unión
23
Capa de carbono / zona de soldadura (superficie 20 x 10 mm2)
5

Claims (9)

  1. REIVINDICACIONES
    1. Procedimiento para unir piezas de trabajo (10, 10´) de materia plástica, donde la pieza de trabajo unida es transparente en la zona visible, con las etapas de procedimiento
    a) puesta a disposición de las piezas de trabajo (10, 10´) de una materia plástica que en la zona visible y 5 con una longitud de onda de un primer láser es transparente,
    b) aplicación respectivamente de una capa de absorción (20) sobre las piezas de trabajo (10, 10´), donde como mucho permanece sin capa una pieza de trabajo,
    c) compresión de las piezas de trabajo (10, 10´), con una presión de contacto, donde cada capa de absorción (20) está dispuesta entre dos piezas de trabajo.
    10 d) actuación sobre una de las capas de absorción (20) de una radiación láser (15) del primer láser, cuyo rendimiento está elegido de tal forma, que de esta manera se calienta la capa de absorción (20) y con ello se unen las dos piezas de trabajo (10, 10´) próximas a la capa de absorción (20),
    e) repetición de la etapa de procedimiento d) en caso necesario con una o más capas de absorción adicionales,
    15 f) enfriamiento y retirada de la presión de contacto,
    g) extracción de la pieza de trabajo unida, donde la capa de absorción (20) es de carbono u oro y presenta un grosor de entre 5 nm y 15 nm.
  2. 2. Procedimiento según la reivindicación 1, caracterizado por el hecho de que la capa de absorción (20) se aplica sobre las piezas de trabajo (10, 10´) mediante deposición en fase de vapor o pulverización.
    20 3. Procedimiento según la reivindicación 1 o 2, caracterizado por el hecho de que la aplicación de al menos una capa de absorción (20) sobre la pieza de trabajo (10) ocurre a través de una cubierta estructurada.
  3. 4. Procedimiento según una de las reivindicaciones 1 hasta 3, caracterizado por el hecho de que al menos una capa de absorción (20) aplicada sobre una pieza de trabajo (10) es estructurada por ablación láser mediante un segundo láser.
    25 5. Procedimiento según la reivindicación 4, caracterizado por el hecho de que la longitud de onda del segundo láser se encuentra entre 250 nm y 400 nm.
  4. 6. Procedimiento según una de las reivindicaciones 1 hasta 5, caracterizado por el hecho de que la longitud de onda del primer láser se encuentra entre 800 nm y 1200 nm.
  5. 7. Procedimiento según una de las reivindicaciones 1 hasta 6, caracterizado por el hecho de que el rendimiento 30 del primer láser es regulado mediante un pirómetro.
  6. 8. Procedimiento según una de las reivindicaciones 1 hasta 7, caracterizado por el hecho de que la materia plástica se elige entre poli(metacrilato de metilo) (PMMA), polipropileno (PP), policarbonato (PC), copolímero de cicloolefina (COC), poli(fluoruro de vinilideno) (PVDF), poliéter éter cetona (PEEK), polisulfona (PSU), poliamida (PA), poliimida (PI), poliacetal (POM), polietileno (PE), poliuretano (PUR), polietersulfona (PES) o politetrafluoretileno (PTFE).
    35 9. Procedimiento según una de las reivindicaciones 1 hasta 8, caracterizado por el hecho de que el grosor de la pieza de trabajo (10) se encuentra entre 10 !m y 10 cm.
  7. 10. Procedimiento según una de las reivindicaciones 1 hasta 9, caracterizado por el hecho de que al menos una de las piezas de trabajo (10, 10´) presenta microestructuras (14).
  8. 11. Procedimiento según la reivindicación 10, caracterizado por el hecho de que las microestructuras (14) se 40 incorporan en la pieza de trabajo (10) mediante un tercer láser.
  9. 12. Procedimiento según la reivindicación 11, caracterizado por el hecho de que el tercer láser presenta una longitud de onda entre 9 !m y 11 !m o entre 150 nm y 400 nm.
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