ES2529211T3 - Optimización e individualización de la selección y dosificación de medicamentos - Google Patents

Optimización e individualización de la selección y dosificación de medicamentos Download PDF

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ES2529211T3
ES2529211T3 ES11185491.5T ES11185491T ES2529211T3 ES 2529211 T3 ES2529211 T3 ES 2529211T3 ES 11185491 T ES11185491 T ES 11185491T ES 2529211 T3 ES2529211 T3 ES 2529211T3
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Tracy A. Glauser
Richard Wenstrup
Alexander A. Vinks
John Pestian
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Cincinnati Childrens Hospital Medical Center
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Abstract

Un método para la determinación de una dosis de partida de un fármaco neuropsiquiátrico para su administración a un paciente en necesidad del mismo, método que comprende (a) recibir en un procesador la dosis de fármaco habitual para la población que representa al paciente (Dpop); (b) recibir en un procesador el genotipo de un paciente para un conjunto de genes que comprende los siguientes genes del citocromo P450 (CYP): CYP2D6, CYP2C19 y CYP2C9; (c) determinar el número de alelos funcionales y no funcionales de cada gen basándose en dicho genotipo; (d) clasificar el paciente en un subgrupo del fenotipo metabolizador basándose en el número de alelos funcionales de cada uno de los genes del CYP, en el que el subgrupo metabolizador genes se elige de entre uno de los siguientes: metabolizador rápido (EM) >= 2 alelos funcionales, metabolizador intermedio (IM) >= 1 alelo funcional, y metabolizador lento (PM) >= 0 alelos funcionales; (e) recibir en un procesador la frecuencia de los subgrupos de fenotipos metabolizadores en la población; y (f) determinar, a través de un procesador, la dosis de partida del fármaco expresada como un porcentaje basado en el número de alelos no funcionales como sigue: Porcentaje de reducción para un alelo no funcional: Porcentaje de reducción para dos alelos no funcionales: en la que el DRX % es la recomendación de dosis para el subgrupo metabolizador X expresada como un porcentaje de la dosis habitual del fármaco (Dpop), en la que Dpop >= fPM(DPM) + fIM(DIM) + fEM(DEM), y en la que DEM se reduce en un 20 % por cada alelo no funcional CYP2D6 o CYP2C19, y en un 40 % por cada alelo no funcional CYP2C9.

Description

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específicos de un medicamento, d) enzimas, transportadores o receptores que afectan a otros fármacos que interactúan con el medicamento en cuestión o e) funciones corporales que afectan a las actividades del medicamento en cuestión. En una forma de realización de la invención, algunos loci de interés incluyen, pero no se limitan a, cinco genes del citocromo P450, el gen transportador de la serotonina, el gen transportador de la 5 dopamina y los genes receptores de la dopamina. Los cinco genes del citocromo P450 pueden codificar para la CYP2D6, para la CYP1A2, para la CYP2C19, para la CYP2C9 y para la CYP2E1. Algunos alelos de particular interés incluyen, pero no se limitan a, el alelo CYP1A2*1A o el 1A2*3, el alelo CYP2C19*1A, el 2C19*1B o el 2C19*2A y el alelo CYP2D6*1A, el 2D6*2, el 2D6*2N, el 2D6*3, el 2D6*4, el 2D6*5, el 2D6*6, el 2D6*7, el 2D6*8, el 2D6*10, el 2D6*12 o el 2D6*17. Los genes de los receptores de la serotonina codifican para los receptores de la
10 serotonina 1A, 1B, 1D, 2A o 2C y los genes de los receptores de la dopamina codifican para los receptores de la dopamina D1, D2, D3, D4, D5 y D6. El gen transportador de la serotonina también es una parte importante del genotipo. Algunos genes, alelos, polimorfismos y loci adicionales de interés se presentan en Tablas 1 y 2.
Tabla 1 Genes del citocromo P450
Gen del citocromo P450
Alelo Polimorfismo
1A1
* 1A Ninguno
* 2
A2455G
* 3
T3205C
*4
* 4 C2453A
1A2
* 1A * IF * 3 Ninguno -164C > A G1042A
1B1
* 1 Ninguno
* 2
R48G
* 3
L432V
* 4
N453S
* 11
V57C
* 14
E281X
* 18
G365W
* 19
P379L
* 20
E387K
* 25
R469W
2A6
* 1A Ninguno
* 1B
CYP2A 7 translocado al extremo 3'
* 2
T479A
* 5
* 1B + G6440T
2B6
* 1 * 1'2
R22C
* 1'3
S259C
* 4
K262R
* 5
R487C
* 6
Q172H; K262R
* 7
Q172H; I < 262R; R487C
2C8
* 1A Ninguno
* 1B
-271C > A
* 1C
-370T > G
* 2
I269F
* 3
R139K; K399R
* 4
I264M
8
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Gen del citocromo P450
Alelo Polimorfismo
2C9
* 1 Ninguno
* 2
R144C
* 3
I359L
* 5
D360E
2C18
rot m2 T204A A460T
2C19
* 1A Ninguno
* IB
I331V
* 2A
Defecto de ayuste
* 2B
Defecto de ayuste; E92D
* 3
Nuevo codón de detención 636G > A
* 4
Codón de inicio GTG, 1A > G
*5(A,B)
* 5 (A, B) 1297C > T, cambio de aminoácido (R433W)
* 6 * 7
395G > A, cambio de aminoácido (R132Q) IVS5+2T > A, defecto de ayuste
* 8
358T > C, cambio de aminoácido (WI20R)
2D6
* IA * 2 * 2N * 3 * 4 * 5 * 6 * 7 * 8 * 10 * 12 * 17 * 35 Ninguno G1661C, C2850T Duplicación del gen Deleción A2549 G1846A Deleción del gen Deleción T1707 A2935C G1758T CIOOT G124A CIO23T, C2850T G31A
2E1
* IA * IC, * 1D * 2 * 4 * 5 * 5 * 7 * 7 * 7 Ninguno (repeticiones de 6 o e 8 pb) G1132A G476A G(-1293)C C(-IO53)T T(-333)A G(-71)T A(-353)G
9
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n del citocromo P450
Alelo Polimorfismo
34A
* IA * IB * 2 * 5 * 6 * 12 * 13 * 15A * 17 * 18A Ninguno A(-392)G Cambio de aminoácido (S222P) Cambio de aminoácido (P218R) Cambio del marco de lectura, 831 ins A Cambio de aminoácido (L373F) Cambio de aminoácido (P416L) Cambio de aminoácido (RI62Q) Cambio de aminoácido (F189S, disminuido) Cambio de aminoácido (L293P, aumentado)
35A
* 1A Ninguno
* 3
A6986G
* 5
T12952C
* 6
G14960A
Tabla 2: Genes que no son del citocromo P450
Gen
Símbolo Polimorfismo
Transportador de dopamina
DATI, SLC6A3 VNTR de 40 pb 10 repeticiones del alelo G710A, Q237R C124T, L42F
Receptor de dopamina D1
DRDI DRD 1 B2 T244G C179T G127A Tl1G C81T T5950, S199A G150T, R50S C1100, T37R AI09C, T37P
Receptor de dopamina D2
DRD2 TaqI A AI051G, T35A C932G, S311 C C928, P31 OS G460A, V1541
Receptor de dopamina D3
DRD3 Ball en el exón I MspI DRD31 Gly/Ser (alelo 2) A250, S9G
Receptor de dopamina D4
DRD4 48 repeticiones en exón 3 7 repeticiones del alelo Inserción / deleción de 12/13 pb T581G, V194G C841G, P281A
Receptor de dopamina D5
DRD5 T978C L88F A889C,T297P G1252A, V4181 G181A, V61M G185C, C62S T2630, R88L G1354A, W455
10
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Gen
Símbolo Polimorfismo
Hidroxilasa de triptófano
TPH A218C A779C G-5806T
Gen
Símbolo Polimorfismo
A-6526G (CT)m(CAMCT)p alelo 194 en la UTR en 3’, distante 5657 pb del exón 11
Transportador de serotonina
5-HTTR Repetición del promotor (inserción de 44 pb (L)/deleción(S) (L = forma larga; S = forma ShOli) Exón 2 variable Repetición A1815C G603C G167C
Receptor de serotonina 1A
HTR1A RsaI G815A, G272D G656T, R219L C548T, P551 l A82G,128V G64A, G22S C47T, P16L
Receptor de serotonina 1B
HTR1B G861C
T371G, T655C, F219L
G861C, V287V T371G, F124C T655C, F219L A1 099G, I367V G1120A, E374K
Receptor de serotonina 1D
HTR1D G506T C173T C794T, S265L
Receptor de serotonina 2A
HTR2A T102C T516C C74A T102C T516C C1340T C1354T
Receptor de serotonina 2C
HTR2C G796C ClOG, L4V G68C, C23S
Catecol-o-metiltransferasa
COMT G158A (también conocido como Val/Met) G214T A72S G101C C34S G473A
En una forma de realización de la invención, se utilizan los métodos informatizados y/o los métodos asistidos por ordenador (incluyendo algoritmos informáticos) para seleccionar un régimen de dosificación para un paciente en 5 necesidad de un medicamento neuropsiquiátrico. Un gen importante en el grupo neuropsiquiátrico es CYP2D6. Los sustratos de la CYP2D6 normalmente son bases débiles con el sitio de unión catiónico localizado lejos del átomo de carbono que se va a oxidar. En particular, algunos sustratos de la CYP2D6 incluyen amitriptilina, nortriptilina, haloperidol y desipramina. Algunos individuos tienen alteradas las secuencias génicas de la CYP2D6 lo que da como resultado la síntesis de enzimas desprovistas de actividad catalítica, o de enzimas con una actividad catalítica 10 disminuida. Estos individuos metabolizan lentamente los SSRIs y los antidepresivos tricíclicos (TCAs). También se ha observado la duplicación / multiplicación del gen funcional CYP2D6 y da como resultado un metabolismo ultrarrápido de los SSR1s y de otros fármacos. Los individuos que no tienen polimorfismos, deleciones o duplicaciones inactivadoras tienen el fenotipo de un metabolizador farmacológico rápido y se denominan CYF2D6*1. Los alelos CYP2D6*3 y *4 suponen prácticamente el 70 % de todas las deficiencias que dan como resultado un 15 fenotipo metabolizador lento. El polimorfismo responsable de CYP2D6*3 (2549A > del) produce un cambio en marco en el ARNm. Un polimorfismo implicado con el alelo CYP2D6*4 (1846G > A) desestabiliza el ayuste del ARNm. Estos cambios producen formas truncadas de la CYP2D6 desprovistas de actividad catalítica. Otros metabolizadores
11
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a.
es apreciable que cada alelo no funcional adicional altera la recomendación de dosis en al menos un 20 %
b.
existe una relación entre "dosis genética" -"reducción de la dosis" que parece ser constante a través de estos 3 genes CYP450. Puede usarse esta metodología para solidificar la importancia de los subsiguientes genes DM y para cuantificar su efecto en unidades MDA.
5 c. 2D6 y 2C 19 tienen 1 unidad MDA por alelo no funcional
d. 2C9 tiene 2 unidades MDA por alelo no funcional. Esto implica que el fármaco metabolizado a través de 2C9 tiene una variabilidad muy amplia en los requisitos de dosis. Esto confirma la impresión clínica sobre estos fármacos (warfarina, fenitoína).
10 Tabla 3
2D6
2D6
PM (%) IM (%) EM (%) UM (%)
Antipsicóticos
A atomoxetina 20 100 100 100
Psicoestimulantes
B imipramina 28 79 131 182
Antidepresivos
A perfenazina 31 80 129 178
Antidepresivos -TCA
B doxepin 36 82 127 173
Antipsicóticos
B maprotilina 36 82 127 173
Antipsicóticos
B trimipramina 37 91 131 178
Antipsicóticos
A tioridazina 40 85 126 140
Antidepresivos
A deslpramina 42 83 125 167
Antidepresivos
A nortriptilina 53 96 119 152
Antidepresivos -TCA
B clomipramina 60 89 117 146
Antipsicóticos
A olanzapina 61 105 122 139
Antidepresivos -SSRIs
A zuclopentixol 63 90 116 142
Antipsicóticos
A paroxetina 66 90 114 138
Antipsicóticos
A venlafaxina 68 86 109 130
Antipsicóticos
B fluvoxamina 69 93 112 131
Antipsicóticos
A aripiorazol 70 92 113 134
Antipsicóticos
B amitriptilina 73 92 111 130
Antidepresivos
A flupentixol 74 86 116 146
Antidepresivos
B mianserina 74 90 114 134
Antipsicóticos
A haloperidol 76 97 107 126
Antidepresivos -TCA
A trazadona 76 93 110 127
Antidepresivos -SSRIs
B fluoxetina 78 94 107 120
Antidepresivos -TCA
A perazina 86 91 110 117
Antipsicóticos
A risperidona 87 96 106 116
Antidepresivos -TCA
A buproprión 90 97 104 111
Antidepresivos -SSRls
A nefazodona 90 97 105 113
Recuento Promedio Desv. típica
Antidepresivos -SSRIs
A pimozida 95 99 102 105
Antidepresivos -TCA
B citalopram 98 100 101 102
2 al
/ 1
2al
1 al al
0,80
0,00
0,79
0,40 1,98
0,76
0,38 2,00
0,72
0,35 2,02
0,72
0,35 2,02
0,72
0,31 2,35
0,68
0,33 2,10
0,66
0,34 1,98
0,55
0,19 2,87
0,49
0,24 2,04
0,50
0,14 3,59
0,46
0,22 2,04
0,42
0,21 2,00
0,38
0,21 1,78
0,38
0,17 2,26
0,38
0,19 2,05
0,34
0,17 2,00
0,36
0,26 1,40
0,35
0,21 1,67
0,29
0,09 3,10
0,31
0,15 2,00
0,27
0,12 2,23
0,22
0,17 1,26
0,18
0,09 1,90
0,13
0,07 2,00
0,14
0,08 1,88
26
26 25
0,45
0,22 2,10
0,20
0,10 0,48
0,07 0,03 0,03 0,01
17
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5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
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asociada a esa especialidad. Si no hay ninguna organización científica nacional asociada con la especialidad, entonces el sistema de clasificación por defecto es el sistema de evaluación de la American Academy of Neurology. Después de completar el análisis basado en la evidencia, los datos de eficacia y tolerabilidad para cada fármaco potencial (estratificados por subgrupo de edad y de enfermedad) se resumen de acuerdo con la siguiente Tabla 5 mediante el uso de una escala desde 1+ hasta-1.
Tabla 5: sistema de puntuación farmacológica para los datos de eficacia y tolerabilidad
Puntuación de eficacia o de tolerabilidad
Tipo de dato (mostrados sólo para la eficacia)
1,0
Indicación de la FDA para la afección
0,9
Recomendación de nivel A de las Directrices Basadas en la Evidencia
0,9
Evidencias del metaanálisis de eficacia
0,7
Recomendación de nivel B de las Directrices Basadas en la Evidencia
0,7
Evidencias de un RCT de una mejor eficacia que otro fármaco o que placebo
0,3
Recomendación de nivel C de las Directrices Basadas en la Evidencia
0,3
Evidencias de un ensayo clínico no RCT de eficacia
0,3
Opinión experta -el fármaco es eficaz
0,0
Sin datos
-0,3
Opinión experta -evidencias de empeoramiento
-0,3
Evidencias de un ensayo clínico no RCT de empeoramiento
-0,7
Evidencias de un RCT de una eficacia peor que otro fármaco o que placebo
-0,9
Evidencias del metaanálisis de ausencia de eficacia o de empeoramiento
-0,9
Evidencia de las Directrices Basadas en la Evidencia de ausencia de eficacia o de empeoramiento
-1,0
Contraindicación de la FDA para la afección
Características farmacológicas básicas específicas del fármaco
Las características farmacológicas básicas específicas de fármacos son evaluadas en tres categorías: toxicidad preclínica, variables farmacocinéticas clínicas fundamentales y seguridad del fármaco. Un ejemplo de la categoría de toxicidad preclínica es el índice terapéutico del fármaco. Este se define como la proporción entre DL50 / TD50, en la que la TD50 es la dosis de medicamento que da como resultado que el 50 % de los animales del ensayo consigan el resultado terapéutico deseado, mientras que la DL50 es la dosis de medicamento que da como resultado la muerte del 50 % de los animales del ensayo. Las variables farmacocinéticas clínicas fundamentales incluyen, pero no se limitan a,
i) la biodisponibilidad de un fármaco (fracción de la dosis que alcanza la circulación sistémica como fármaco intacto), ii) la fracción del fármaco circulante no unido (definida por el grado con el que un fármaco se une en plasma el plasma o en la sangre = [concentración de fármaco no unido] / [concentración de fármaco total]), iii) el tipo de metabolismo que experimenta el fármaco (si es lineal o no lineal), iv) el tipo de eliminación que experimenta el fármaco (por ejemplo, el porcentaje de fármaco excretado por vía renal o metabolizado por vía hepática) y v) la semivida del fármaco.
La seguridad del fármaco incluye, pero no se limita a, el riesgo de efectos secundarios potencialmente mortales (reacciones idiosincráticas) y el riesgo de teratogenicidad. Para cada fármaco en consideración, cada variable de las tres categorías se clasifica en una escala desde +1 (más favorable) hasta -1 (más desfavorable).
Factores farmacológicos avanzados específicos del paciente
Los factores farmacológicos avanzados específicos del paciente incluyen i) interacciones bidireccionales farmacocinéticas o farmacodinámicas entre fármacos, y ii) interacciones bidireccionales farmacodinámicas entre el fármaco y la enfermedad. Una interacción farmacocinética entre fármacos se considera potencialmente clínicamente significativa si existe una interacción documentada que demuestre que un fármaco induce o inhibe la actividad de una enzima específica asociada con el metabolismo del otro fármaco en > 20 %. Solo se consideran en el análisis los medicamentos que realmente se están tomando simultáneamente en el momento del análisis. Para las interacciones entre el fármaco y la enfermedad, la palabra "enfermedades" se refiere a todas las formas de alteraciones en la salud que varían desde una única disfunción orgánica (por ejemplo, insuficiencia renal) hasta una enfermedad de todo el cuerpo (por ejemplo, lupus eritematoso sistémico). Las potenciales interacciones entre
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