ES2538082T3 - Método de administración terapéutica de DHE para permitir el rápido alivio de migraña mientras que se minimiza el perfil de efectos secundarios - Google Patents
Método de administración terapéutica de DHE para permitir el rápido alivio de migraña mientras que se minimiza el perfil de efectos secundarios Download PDFInfo
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- ES2538082T3 ES2538082T3 ES11191794.4T ES11191794T ES2538082T3 ES 2538082 T3 ES2538082 T3 ES 2538082T3 ES 11191794 T ES11191794 T ES 11191794T ES 2538082 T3 ES2538082 T3 ES 2538082T3
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- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
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- A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
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- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
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- A61K9/0075—Sprays or powders for inhalation; Aerolised or nebulised preparations generated by other means than thermal energy for inhalation via a dry powder inhaler [DPI], e.g. comprising micronized drug mixed with lactose carrier particles
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Abstract
Un compuesto que es dihidroergotamina o una sal, hidrato, polimorfo, o par de iones de la misma, para su uso en un metodo de tratamiento de migrana en un individuo humano; en el que el tratamiento comprende la administracion por inhalacion pulmonar por un dispositivo que comprende un inhalador de dosis medida presurizado de una dosis total de dihidroergotamina, o una sal, hidrato, polimorfo o par de iones de la misma, de 0,1 a 10 mg por ataque de migrana; y estando la dosis en una formulacion de aerosol adaptada para administracion por dicho dispositivo que administra la dihidroergotamina, o una sal, hidrato, polimorfo o par de iones de la misma, en una dosis unitaria inferior a 3,0 mg a una tasa tal que la concentracion plasmatica maxima (Cmax) de dihidroergotamina sea inferior a 15.000 pg/ml y el tiempo hasta Cmax (Tmax) de dihidroergotamina sea inferior a 20 minutos despues de la administracion.
Description
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Los antagonistas del receptor de D2, es decir, metoclopramida y domperidona, son terapias antieméticas eficaces. DHE a niveles de Cmáx de dosis IV presenta el 50 % de unión al receptor en ensayos de D2 (Figura 5) y, por tanto, puede producir las náuseas y mareos clínicamente informados, mediados mediante la actividad agonista. En cambio, no se informó afinidad de unión después de la dosificación inhalada. Además de los datos informados aquí, DHE también tiene actividad de unión mínima en los receptores muscarínicos (M), y así descarga las náuseas mediadas por el receptor de la zona M desencadenadora de quimiorreceptores (McCarthy, B.G., Peroutka, S.J., Comparative neuropharmacology of dihydroergotamine and sumatriptan (GR 43175). Headache 1989; 29:420-422).
Los estudios de unión a receptor descritos en los Ejemplos 2 y 3 pueden explicar los resultados inesperados del novedoso método para tratar migraña rápidamente con DHE, mientras que se minimizan los efectos secundarios. El método disminuye la concentración plasmática máxima (Cmáx) y retrasa ligeramente el máximo de manera que se evita saturar los receptores dopaminérgicos y adrenérgicos, mientras que se logra unión suficiente a los receptores de serotonina para tener el efecto terapéutico deseado para tratar migraña.
Ejemplos
Sin elaboración adicional, se cree que un experto en la materia puede, usando la descripción precedente, utilizar la presente invención a su grado más completo. Los siguientes ejemplos son ilustrativos solo, y no limitantes del resto de la divulgación de ningún modo en absoluto.
Ejemplo 1: Perfil farmacocinético de DHE requerida para lograr el alivio de dolor.
La Figura 1 muestra el rápido alivio de dolor (en el plazo de 10 minutos) logrado administrando DHE por un método que logra los dos perfiles de concentración plasmática máxima más bajos mostrados en la Figura 2.
La Figura 2 muestra perfiles en plasma de DHE para 1 mg de DHE administrada IV, en comparación con 6 inhalaciones (dosis de 1,22 mg de partículas inhaladas/finas), 4 inhalaciones (dosis de 0,88 mg de partículas inhaladas/finas) y 2 inhalaciones (dosis de 0,44 mg de partículas inhaladas/finas) de DHE, respectivamente. Se observó un gran máximo en plasma tras la administración IV de DHE, pero no con administración inhalada de DHE. Se supuso que esta diferencia de máximos en plasma (de al menos “10” veces) se asociaba al reducido perfil de efectos secundarios, a pesar de diferencias más pequeñas en el ABC entre 1 mg IV y 0,88 mg de DHE inhalada.
La Figura 7 muestra el perfil en plasma del metabolito primario de DHE, 8'-OH-dihidroergotamina, tras la administración intravenosa y por inhalación de DHE. Se observó un mayor máximo en plasma en 8'-OHdihidroergotamina tras la administración de DHE IV, pero no con la administración inhalada de DHE. Esta diferencia del máximo en plasma también se supone que se asocia al reducido perfil de efectos secundarios. La administración inhalable produce una concentración plasmática máxima de 8-hidroxi-dihidroergotamina inferior a 1.000 pg/ml, preferentemente inferior a 500 pg/ml, más preferentemente inferior a 200 pg/ml a Cmáx en el plasma circulante. La administración inhalable también hace que el Tmáx de los metabolitos primarios (por ejemplo, 8'-OHdihidroergotamina) sea inferior a 90 minutos en el plasma circulante.
Los inventores han descubierto que estos perfiles farmacocinéticos máximos menores ligeramente retrasados están asociados a efectos secundarios minimizados. Los efectos secundarios provocados por estos perfiles de administración se muestran en la Tabla 2. Las dos curvas inferiores, 0,88 mg y 0,44 mg de DHE en la Figura 2, alcanzaron eficacia terapéutica en el plazo de 30 minutos, pero solo provocaron efectos secundarios menores con la dosis de 0,88 mg, y no se observaron efectos secundarios con la dosis de 0,44 mg. La curva más alta, 1,0 mg de DHE IV - la pauta terapéutica típica puesta en práctica en las clínicas hoy en día - produjo efectos secundarios significativos que incluyen náuseas y vómitos. Se supuso que la menor Cmáx observada o diferencia de concentración plasmática máxima que fue aproximadamente 10 veces menor que la IV se asoció al perfil de efectos secundarios diferencial observado, mientras que las diferencias más pequeñas en ABC, diferencias de solo “1,2” veces, entre 1 mg IV y 0,88 mg inhalados permitieron la eficacia terapéutica. Los perfiles de administración mostrados en la Figura 2 se lograron en este caso por administración por inhalación, pero también pudieron lograrse por bomba de infusión, vías nasal, o transdérmica iontoforética u otras vías o administración, que se confeccionaron para dar un ligero retraso similar en alcanzar concentraciones plasmáticas máximas y una disminución similar de concentraciones máximas, mientras que se alcanzaban ABC similares.
Tabla 2: Efectos secundarios asociados a los perfiles farmacocinéticos en la Figura 2
- 1 mg de DHE IV, n=16 (%)
- 0,88 mg de DHE inhalada, n=12 (%)
- Sistema nervioso
- Mareos
- 7 (44) 7r 1 (8)
- Parestesia
- 5 (31) 5r 0
- Sistema gastrointestinal
- Náuseas
- 10 (63 ) 10r 1 (8)
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Concentraciones equivalentes a los picos en plasma máximos (Cmáx) resultantes del novedoso método de administración que disminuyeron y retrasaron el máximo, como se muestra en la Figura 2, redujeron significativamente la unión de receptores dopaminérgicos, específicamente en D2 y D1, como se muestra en la Figura 4, con el resultado definitivo de reducir náuseas y vómitos en los pacientes.
Similarmente, la reducida unión adrenérgica mostrada en la Figura 4 se correspondió con menos vasoconstricción y reducida tensión arterial o aumentos cardiovasculares en los pacientes. Aunque la unión a receptores en los receptores adrenérgicos y dopaminérgicos fue menor a las concentraciones equivalentes a los picos en plasma máximos (Cmáx) resultantes del novedoso método de administración, la unión lograda por estos métodos de administración en los receptores de serotonina, específicamente 5HT1a/d, fue suficiente para ser eficaz para el tratamiento de migraña (Figura 3).
Agonistas de receptores del subtipo 5-HT1B son conocidos por ser útiles en el tratamiento de migraña y síntomas asociados. Los receptores de 5-HT2B son conocidos por desempeñar una función desencadenante en la aparición de migraña. La Figura 5 muestra agonismo selectivo en receptores de 5-HT1B y 5-HT2B tras control de alta concentración (5 μm), IV a Cmáx (77,6 nM), 4 inhalaciones a Cmáx (6,25 nM) y a una concentración marcadamente reducida (0,25 nM). Mientras que el agonismo de 5-HT1B se mantiene a través de todas las concentraciones, que indica alta potencia, el agonismo está ausente para DHE inhalada por vía oral en los receptores de 5-HT2B.
Se observa que los tres métodos de administración alcanzan rápidos niveles en plasma en el plazo de 20 minutos, con concentraciones suficientes para unir los receptores de serotonina y efectuar el rápido tratamiento de migraña (Figura 2).
Ejemplo 4: Administración pulmonar de formulaciones de DHE usando un inhalador TEMPO™
Se genera polvo de DHE usando procesos de fluidos supercríticos que ofrecen ventajas significativas en la producción de partículas de DHE para administración por inhalación y producen partículas respirables del tamaño deseado en una única etapa (véase el documento WO2005/025506A2). Una propiedad del principio activo DHE procesado es que los cristales procesados por fluidos supercríticos tienen superficies sorprendentemente lisas con bajas energías superficiales y, por tanto, tienden a dispersarse eficazmente en sistemas basados en propulsor. Se eligió un tamaño de partícula controlado para los microcristales para garantizar que una fracción significativa de DHE se depositaría en el pulmón.
Se seleccionó una mezcla de dos propulsores de HFA inertes y no inflamables como parte del desarrollo de la formulación para el medicamento: HFA 134a (1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroetano) y HFA 227ea (1,1,1,2,3,3,3heptafluoropropano). El producto acabado contuvo una mezcla de propulsores de 70:30 de HFA 227ea:HFA 134a, que se hizo coincidir con la densidad de cristales de DHE con el fin de promover la estabilidad física de la suspensión de pMDI. La suspensión resultante no sedimentó o formó crema (que puede precipitar aglomeración irreversible) y en su lugar existió como un sistema libremente floculado en suspensión, que se dispersa fácilmente cuando se agita. Los sistemas libremente fluctuados son reconocidos por proporcionar estabilidad óptima para botes de pMDI. Como resultado de las propiedades de formulación, la formulación no contuvo etanol y ningún tensioactivo/agente estabilizante.
La formulación de DHE se administró a pacientes usando TEMPO™, un novedoso inhalador de dosis medida activado por la respiración. TEMPO™ vence la variabilidad asociada a inhaladores de dosis medidas presurizados (pMDI) estándar y logra una administración constante de fármaco a la periferia del pulmón en la que puede absorberse sistémicamente. Para hacer esto, TEMPO™ incorpora cuatro características novedosas: 1) disparador síncrono de la respiración - puede ajustarse para diferentes fármacos y poblaciones objetivo para administrar el fármaco en una parte específica del ciclo inspiratorio, 2) control de pluma - un chorro de impacto para desacelerar la pluma del aerosol dentro del activador, 3) cámara de vórtice - que consiste en pared porosa, que proporciona un cojín de aire para mantener la pluma de aerosol ralentizada suspensa y entradas de aire en la pared posterior que conducen la pluma de aerosol ralentizada a un patrón de vórtice, manteniendo el aerosol en suspensión y permitiendo que se reduzca el tamaño de partícula a medida que se evapora el propulsor de HFA, y 4) contador de dosis - determinará las dosis que quedan y prevendrá que se administre más de la dosis máxima prevista de un bote cualquiera. Se ha mostrado que las características 2 y 3 ralentizan espectacularmente la deposición y mejoran la deposición en el pulmón de la dosis emitida (DE), promoviendo la fracción de partículas finas (FPF).
Aunque la anterior invención se ha descrito en algún detalle a modo de ilustración y ejemplo para los fines de claridad de entendimiento, será rápidamente evidente para aquellos expertos habituales en la materia en vista de las enseñanzas de la presente invención que pueden hacerse ciertos cambios y modificaciones a la misma sin apartarse del espíritu o alcance de las reivindicaciones adjuntas.
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Aspectos de la invención
- 1.
- Un método para el rápido tratamiento de migraña en un individuo con DHE o sales, hidratos, polimorfos, profármacos, pares de iones y metabolitos de la misma, mientras que se minimizan los efectos secundarios, comprendiendo el método: administrar al individuo una cantidad de una formulación de DHE a una tasa suficiente para obtener alivio de un síntoma de la migraña, en el que la cantidad y tasa de administración de DHE produce una reducción significativa en un efecto secundario.
- 2.
- El método del aspecto 1, en el que la cantidad y tasa de administración de DHE es suficiente para desarrollar un nivel de concentración plasmática circulante de DHE tal que la DHE actúe de agonista contra un receptor de la serotonina y proporcione alivio de un síntoma de la migraña, y adicionalmente en el que el nivel de concentración plasmática circulante de DHE sigue por debajo de un nivel necesario para la unión activa a un receptor adrenérgico o dopaminérgico o de serotonina constrictor arterial para producir un efecto secundario.
- 3.
- El método del aspecto 1, en el que el efecto secundario está seleccionado del grupo que consiste en náuseas, vómitos, vasoespasmo, parestesia, hipertensión, mareos, ansiedad, disnea, cefalea, sofocos, diarrea, urticaria, aumento de la sudoración, valvulopatía cardíaca, fibrosis pleural y retroperitoneal, efecto cardiovascular adverso, inestabilidad de la tensión arterial y constricción arterial.
- 4.
- El método del aspecto 1, en el que el efecto secundario está seleccionado del grupo que consiste en náuseas y vómitos.
- 5.
- El método del aspecto 2, en el que el nivel de concentración plasmática circulante de DHE se une activamente a menos del 50 % de un receptor dopaminérgico.
- 6.
- El método del aspecto 5, en el que el receptor dopaminérgico está seleccionado del grupo que consiste en D1 y D2.
- 7.
- El método del aspecto 5, en el que el efecto secundario está seleccionado del grupo que consiste en náuseas y vómitos.
- 8.
- El método del aspecto 2, en el que el nivel de concentración plasmática circulante de DHE se une activamente a menos del 20 % de un receptor dopaminérgico.
- 9.
- El método del aspecto 8, en el que el receptor dopaminérgico está seleccionado del grupo que consiste en D1 y D2.
- 10.
- El método del aspecto 8, en el que el efecto secundario está seleccionado del grupo que consiste en náuseas y vómitos.
- 11.
- El método del aspecto 2, en el que el nivel de concentración plasmática circulante de DHE se une activamente a menos del 20 % de receptores de 5-HT3.
- 12.
- El método del aspecto 11, en el que el efecto secundario es náuseas.
- 13.
- El método del aspecto 2, en el que el nivel de concentración plasmática circulante de DHE se une activamente a menos del 20 % de un receptor de la serotonina constrictor arterial.
- 14.
- El método del aspecto 13, en el que el receptor de la serotonina constrictor arterial es el receptor de 5-HT2A.
- 15.
- El método del aspecto 13, en el que el receptor de la serotonina constrictor arterial es el receptor de 5-HT2B.
- 16.
- El método del aspecto 13, en el que el efecto secundario está seleccionado del grupo que consiste en vasoconstricción y afecciones cardiovasculares.
- 17.
- El método del aspecto 2, en el que el nivel de concentración plasmática circulante de DHE se une activamente a menos del 60 % de receptores adrenérgicos.
- 18.
- El método del aspecto 17, en el que el nivel de concentración plasmática circulante de DHE se une activamente a menos del 20 % de receptores adrenérgicos.
- 19.
- El método del aspecto 17, en el que el efecto secundario está seleccionado del grupo que consiste en vasoconstricción, elevada tensión arterial y afecciones cardiovasculares.
- 20.
- El método del aspecto 2, en el que el nivel de concentración plasmática circulante de DHE se une activamente a un receptor de la serotonina seleccionado del grupo que consiste en 5-HT1A, 5-HTI1B y 5- HT1D, a
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un nivel suficiente para obtener alivio de un síntoma de la migraña.
- 21.
- El método del aspecto 1, en el que la DHE se administra a una tasa tal que la concentración plasmática máxima (Cmáx) sea inferior a 15.000 pg/ml de la concentración en el plasma circulante en seres humanos y el tiempo (Tmáx) tras la administración cuando se obtiene la concentración plasmática máxima sea inferior a 30 minutos después de la administración.
- 22.
- El método del aspecto 21, en el que la Cmáx de DHE es inferior a 10.000 pg/ml en el plasma circulante.
- 23.
- El método del aspecto 21, en el que la Cmáx de DHE es inferior a 7.500 pg/ml en el plasma circulante.
- 24.
- El método del aspecto 21, en el que la DHE se administra a una tasa tal que el Tmáx de DHE sea inferior a 20 minutos en el plasma circulante.
- 25.
- El método del aspecto 1, en el que la DHE se administra a una tasa tal que la concentración plasmática máxima (Cmáx) de DHE se reduzca al menos 10 veces de la Cmáx de DHE administrada por administración intravenosa directa.
- 26.
- El método del aspecto 1, en el que la DHE se administra a una tasa tal que la concentración plasmática máxima (Cmáx) de DHE se retrase al menos al menos 1 minuto del Tmáx de DHE administrada por administración intravenosa directa.
- 27.
- El método del aspecto 24, en el que la administración de DHE para lograr los niveles de Cmáx y Tmáx produce al menos alivio parcial de un síndrome de migraña seleccionado del grupo que consiste en dolor, náuseas, fonofobia y fotofobia, en el que el alivio se logra en 30 minutos o menos, y adicionalmente en el que se reducen las náuseas inducidas por fármaco, efectos secundarios cardiovasculares u otros efectos adversos.
- 28.
- El método del aspecto 1, en el que el alivio de un síndrome de migraña se mide por una disminución de una puntuación de IHS superior a “0” para un síntoma de la migraña en el momento de administración de DHE, a una puntuación de � 1 30, 60, 90 ó 120 minutos tras la administración.
- 29.
- El método del aspecto 1, en el que se administra una dosis unitaria inferior a 2,0 mg de DHE o sales, hidratos, polimorfos profármacos, pares de iones y metabolitos de la misma.
- 30.
- El método del aspecto 14, en el que se administra una dosis unitaria inferior a 2,0 mg de DHE o sales, hidratos, polimorfos profármacos, pares de iones y metabolitos de la misma, y un área de la curva de la concentración del fármaco en la circulación sistémica frente al tiempo (ABC) del fármaco administrado está dentro del 75 % de la dosis administrada intravenosa (IV) comparable.
- 31.
- El método del aspecto 1, en el que la administración produce una concentración plasmática máxima de un metabolito activo primario de DHE inferior a 1.000 pg/ml a Cmáx.
- 32.
- El método del aspecto 31, en el que el metabolito activo primario de DHE es 8-hidroxi- dihidroergotamina.
- 33.
- El método del aspecto 31, en el que la Cmáx de los metabolitos primarios es inferior a 500 pg/ml en el plasma circulante.
- 34.
- El método del aspecto 31, en el que la Cmáx de los metabolitos primarios es inferior a 200 pg/ml en el plasma circulante.
- 35.
- El método del aspecto 31, en el que el Tmáx de los metabolitos primarios es inferior a 90 minutos en el plasma circulante.
- 36.
- Una formulación que comprende DHE o sales, hidratos, polimorfos, profármacos, pares de iones y metabolitos de la misma, en la que dicha formulación es adecuada para administración según el método del aspecto 1.
- 37.
- La formulación del aspecto 36, en la que administración de la formulación de DHE en una cantidad suficiente para desarrollar un nivel de concentración plasmática circulante de DHE eficaz como agonista contra un receptor de la serotonina tal que se alivie un síntoma de la migraña no hace que el nivel de concentración plasmática circulante de DHE se una a un receptor adrenérgico o receptor dopaminérgico o receptor de la serotonina constrictor arterial a un nivel que produzca un efecto secundario.
- 38.
- El método del aspecto 1, en el que la formulación de DHE se administra por un modo seleccionado del grupo que consiste en: administración intravenosa, intrarterial, intraperitoneal, intrapulmonar, oral, sublingual, bucal, intranasal, inhalación oral, intravesicular, intramuscular, intratraqueal, subcutánea, iontoforesis y transdérmica.
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