ES2553796T3 - Aislamiento y uso de células madre de tumores sólidos - Google Patents
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Abstract
Un método in vitro para enriquecer una población de células madre de tumor sólido, que comprende las etapas de: (a) disociar un tumor sólido de cáncer epitelial; (b) poner en contacto las células disociadas con un primer reactivo que se une a CD44 y un segundo reactivo que se une a CD24; y (c) seleccionar células que se unen al primer reactivo y que no se unen de manera detectable o que se unen débilmente al segundo reactivo, en donde las células seleccionadas están enriquecidas en células madre tumorales.
Description
Asimismo, las células madre de tumor sólido sufren "auto-renovación" y "diferenciación" en un desarrollo caótico para formar un tumor, dando lugar a tipos celulares anormales, y pueden cambiar con el tiempo a medida que se producen mutaciones adicionales. Las características funcionales de una célula madre de tumor sólido se encuentran en que son tumorigénicas, dan lugar a células tumorigénicas adicionales ("auto-renovación") y pueden
5 dar lugar a células tumorales no tumorigénicas ("diferenciación").
El origen del desarrollo de las células madre de tumor sólido puede variar ente tipos de cánceres de tumor sólido. Las células madre de tumor sólido pueden surgir bien como resultado de un daño genético de desregula la proliferación y diferenciación de células madre normales (Lapidot et al., Nature 367(6464): 645-8 (1994)) o mediante la proliferación desregulada de un progenitor restringido normal o de un tipo celular normal diferenciado. normalmente, los tumores sólidos se visualizan e identifican inicialmente de acuerdo con sus localizaciones, no mediante el origen de su desarrollo.
Por el contrario, una célula no tumorigénica de un tumor sólido es una célula de una población que no logra formar
15 un tumor palpable después de su trasplante en un ratón inmunocomprometido, en el que si se trasplantase el mismo número de células tumorales no fraccionadas disociadas en las mismas circunstancias, las células madre de tumor sólido formarían un tumor palpable en el mismo periodo de tiempo. Por lo tanto, las células no tumorigénicas están desprovistas de actividad formadora de tumores en un modelo animal.
Los expertos en las artes médicas entienden que un "tumor palpable" es un tumor que puede manipularse, tocarse o percibirse.
Debido a que los cambios tumorigénicos son inherentes a las células madre de tumor sólido, incluso después de que se hayan retirado de su ambiente normal dentro del tumor, la invención proporciona varios nuevos usos:
25
- (1)
- mediante la identificación de los genes y proteínas expresados por las células madre de tumor sólido es posible identificar proteínas cuya función sea necesaria para la tumorigénesis y que representan nuevas dianas farmacológicas;
- (2)
- mediante la purificación de células madre de tumor sólido basándose en marcadores fenotípicos es posible estudiar sus patrones de expresión génica y funciones de una manera mucho más directa y eficaz;
- (3)
- mediante el desarrollo de ensayos in vitro e in vivo de la función de las células madre de tumor sólido es posible probar de manera más eficaz los efectos de compuestos terapéuticos potenciales;
- (4)
- mediante la identificación de marcadores de células madre de tumor sólido es posible diagnosticar de manera más eficaz la presencia de células malignas (incluso aquellas que no dependen de características ambientales
35 raras respecto de su capacidad para producir tumores); y
(5) mediante el aislamiento de células madre de tumor sólido de pacientes individuales y trasplantándolas en ensayos funcionales in vitro e in vivo es posible probar la eficacia de diferentes regímenes farmacológicos contra las mismas. Por lo tanto, es posible predecir la sensibilidad a fármacos y la resistencia a fármacos.
Las células madre de tumor sólido del modelo de la invención difiere de la "línea madre de cáncer" proporcionada en la Patente de Estados Unidos 6.004.528. En esa patente, la "línea madre de cáncer" se define como un tipo celular progenitor de crecimiento lento que en sí tiene pocas mutaciones pero que sufre divisiones celulares simétricas en lugar de asimétricas como resultado de cambios tumorigénicos que suceden en el ambiente celular. Esta hipótesis 45 de "línea madre de cáncer" propone, por lo tanto, que las células tumorales altamente mutadas de proliferación rápida surgen en gran medida como resultado de un ambiente anormal, que hacen que las células madre relativamente normales se acumulen y posteriormente sufran mutaciones que hagan que se conviertan en células tumorales. La Patente de Estados Unidos 6.004.528 propone que dicho modelo puede usarse para potenciar el diagnóstico del cáncer. El modelo de célula madre de tumor sólido es fundamentalmente diferente al modelo de "línea madre de cáncer" y por consiguiente muestra utilidades no ofrecidas por el modelo de "línea madre de cáncer". En primer lugar, las células madre de tumor sólido no están "libres de mutaciones". La "línea madre de cáncer libre de mutaciones" descrita en la Patente de Estados Unidos n.º 6.004.528 puede considerarse como una lesión precancerosa, mientras que las células madre de tumor sólida descritas de la presente invención son células cancerosas que en sí contienen las mutaciones que son responsables de la tumorigénesis. Es decir, las células 55 madre de tumor sólido ("células madre de cáncer") de la invención podrían incluirse entre las células altamente mutadas que distinguen de la "línea madre de cáncer" en la Patente de Estados Unidos 6.004.528. En segundo lugar, las mutaciones genéticas que dan lugar al cáncer son en gran medida intrínsecas a las células madre de tumor sólido en lugar de ser ambientales. El modelo de célula madre de tumor sólido predice que las células madre de tumor sólido pueden dar lugar a tumores adicionales después de su trasplante (explicando de este modo la metástasis) mientras que el modelo de "línea madre de cáncer" podría predecir que la "línea madre de cáncer" trasplantada podría no ser capaz de dar lugar a un nuevo tumor, porque lo que era tumorigénico era su ambiente anormal. De hecho, la capacidad para trasplantar células madre de tumor sólido humanas disociadas y fenotípicamente aisladas a ratones (en un ambiente que es muy diferente al ambiente normal del tumor), donde aún forman nuevos tumores, distingue a la presente invención frente al modelo de "línea madre de cáncer". En tercer 65 lugar, las células madre de tumor sólido probablemente se dividan de una manera tanto simétrica como asimétrica, de tal forma que la división celular simétrica no es una propiedad obligatoria. En cuarto lugar, las células madre de
7
de tumor.
Papel de Notch en el cáncer de mama. La familia de receptores Notch se ha involucrado en el desarrollo y diferenciación de células madre (véase Morrison et al., Cell 101(5): 499-510 (2000); Artavanis-Tsakonas et al.,
5 Science 284: 770 (1999); y Artavanis-Tsakonas et al., Science 268: 225-232 (1995); Patentes de Estados Unidos n.º 6.090.922). Notch se identificó originalmente en Drosophila mediante mutaciones de pérdida de función que produjeron demasiadas neuronas a expensas de otros tipos celulares. Poulson, Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA 23: 133 (1937). En todos los modelos animales ensayados, las mutaciones en el receptor Notch dan como resultado anomalías en el desarrollo. En C. elegans, Notch es necesario para la auto-renovación de las células madre de línea germinal. Berry et al., Development 124(4): 925-36 (1997). En ratas, Notch regula la diferenciación de las células madre de la cresta neural. Morrison et al., Cell 101(5): 499-510 (2000). La activación transitoria de Notch inicia un interruptor irreversible desde la neurogénesis hacia la gliogénesis por células madre de la cresta neural.
Debido a que las células vecinas pueden expresar receptores y ligandos de Notch, una célula puede afectar al 15 destino de una célula vecina activando la señalización de Notch en la célula vecina.
Proteínas de nombres complicados, tales como Jagged (Shimizu et al., Journal of Biological Chemistry 274(46) 32961-9 (1999); Jarriault et al., Molecular and Cellular Biology 18: 7423-7431 (1998)), Serrate, y Delta (y variantes de cada una, tales como Delta1, Delta2, Delta3, Delta4, y Jagged2, LAG-2 y APX-1 en C. elegans), se unen al receptor de Notch y activan una ruta de señalización aguas abajo que evita que las células vecinas se conviertan en progenitores neurales. Un ligando recientemente identificado es D114, un ligando de Notch de la familia Delta expresado en el endotelio arterial. Shutter et al., Genes Dev 14(11): 1313-8 (2000)).
Los ligandos de Notch pueden unirse y activar a receptores de la familia de Notch de manera promiscua. La
25 expresión de otros genes, como los miembros de la familia de Fringe (Panin et al., Nature 387(6636): 908-912 (1997)), pueden modificar las interacciones de receptores de Notch con ligandos de Notch. Los miembros de la familia de Numb también pueden modificar la señalización de Notch a nivel intracelular.
La unión de ligandos a Notch da como resultado la activación de una proteína similar a gamma-secretasa dependiente de presenilina 1 que escinde a Notch. De Strooper et al., Nature 398:518-522 (1999), Mumm et al., Molecular Cell. 5:197-206 (2000). La escisión en la región intracelular puede implicar una convertasa similar a furina. Logeat et al., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 95: 8108-8112 (1998). El dominio intracelular se libera y transactiva genes asociándose con la proteína de unión a ADN RBP-J. Kato et al., Development 124: 4133-4141 (1997)). Se cree que Notch 1, Notch 2 y Notch 4 transactivan genes, tales como
35 miembros de la familia de Enhancer of Split (HES, Potenciador de la Separación), mientras que la señalización de Notch 3 puede ser inhibidora. Beatus et al., Development 126: 3925-3935 (1999). Finalmente, las proteínas secretadas de la familia de Fringe se unen a los receptores de Notch y modifican su función. Zhang y Gridley, Nature 394(1998).
En mamíferos, se conocen cuarto miembros de la familia de Notch. Notch 4 es el ortólogo humano del oncogén int-3 de ratón que desempeña un papel en el cáncer de mama en ratones. Gallahan et al., Cancer Res. 56(8): 1775-85 (1996); Uyttendaele et al., Development 2122: 251 (1996); Imatani y Callahan, Oncogene 19(2): 223-31 (2000)).
En el presente documento se divulga el descubrimiento de que Notch 4 desempeña un papel tanto el desarrollo
45 mamario normal y en la tumorigénesis. Dentro de un tumor individual, solo una pequeña subpoblación de células tumorigénicas expresa altos niveles de Notch 4. Un anticuerpo que reconozca a Notch 4 bloquearía el crecimiento de las células tumorales de cáncer de mama in vitro e in vivo (véanse los EJEMPLOS 2, 5, 12 y 15). En una realización, el anticuerpo se une al dominio extracelular de Notch 4. En una realización particular, el anticuerpo se une a la región polipeptídica LLCVSVVRPRGLLCGSFPE (LeuLeuCysValSerValValArgProArgGlyLeu-LeuCysGlySerPheProGlu) (SEC ID Nº:1). Sin embargo, puede usarse cualquier anticuerpo anti-Notch 4 que inhiba la activación de Notch para impedir la supervivencia tumoral.
Los inhibidores de la señalización de Notch (tales como Numb y Numb-like; o anticuerpos o moléculas pequeñas que bloqueen la activación de Notch) pueden usarse en los métodos descritos en el presente documento para inhibir a
55 las células madre de tumor sólido. De este modo, se modifica la ruta de Notch para eliminar o inhibir la proliferación de células madre de tumor sólido.
Por el contrario, anteriormente se descubrió que la estimulación de Notch usando Delta soluble (Han et al., Blood 95(5): 161625 (2000)), un ligando de Notch, promovía el crecimiento y supervivencia de células tumorales in vitro. Por lo tanto, se descubrió anteriormente que la estimulación de la ruta de Notch promueve el crecimiento y supervivencia de las células cancerosas.
La invención difiere de la manipulación de células diferenciadas de manera no terminal usando la ruta de Notch proporcionada en la Patente de Estados Unidos n.º 5.780.300. La Patente de Estados Unidos n.º 5.780.300 aborda 65 la modificación de células normales, no de células cancerosas. Esa patente se refiere a métodos para la expansión de células diferenciadas de manera no terminal (células precursoras normales) usando agonistas de la función de
10
Hay disponibles muchos métodos para introducir vectores en células o tejidos y son igualmente adecuados para su uso con células madre de tumor sólido in vivo, In vitro,y ex vivo. Los vectores pueden introducirse en células madre hematopoyéticas extraídas del paciente y propagadas clonalmente. Mediante el método de la invención, dichos métodos se extienden a células madre de tumor sólido.
5 "Transformación" o "modificación genética", tal como se definen en el presente documento, describe un proceso mediante el cual ADN exógeno entra y cambia a una célula receptora. La transformación puede suceder en condiciones naturales o artificiales de acuerdo con diversos métodos bien conocidos en la técnica, y puede basarse en cualquier método conocido para la inserción de secuencias de ácido nucleico exógeno en una célula hospedadora procariota o eucariota. El método para la transformación se selecciona basándose en el tipo de célula hospedadora que se esté transformando e incluye, pero sin limitación, infección viral, electroporación, choque térmico, lipofección, y bombardeo con micropartículas. La expresión células "transformadas" incluye células transformadas de manera estable en las que el ADN insertado es capaz de replicarse bien como un plásmido de replicación autónoma o como parte del cromosoma hospedador, así como células transformadas de manera
15 transitoria que expresan el ADN o ARN insertado durante periodos de tiempo limitados.
La manipulación genética de las células de tumor primario se ha descrito previamente por Patel et al., Human Gene Therapy 5: 577-584 (1994). La modificación genética de una célula puede lograrse usando una o más técnicas bien conocidas en el campo de la terapia génica. Mulligan RC, Human Gene Therapy 5: 543-563 (1993). Los métodos de transducción viral pueden comprender el uso de un virus de ADN recombinante o de ARN que comprenda una secuencia de ácido nucleico que dirija o inhiba la expresión de una proteína para infectar a una célula diana. Un virus de ADN adecuado para su uso en la presente invención comprende, pero sin limitación, un adenovirus (Ad), un virus adeno-asociado (AAV), un herpes virus, un virus vaccinia o un virus de la polio. Un virus de ARN adecuado para su uso en la presente invención incluye, pero sin limitación, un retrovirus o un virus Sindbis. Existen varios de
25 dichos virus de ADN y ARN que son adecuados para su uso en la presente invención.
Se ha demostrado que los vectores adenovirales son especialmente útiles para transferir genes en células eucariotas para el desarrollo de vacunas (Graham FL y Prevec L, en Vaccines: New Approaches to Immunological Problems, Ellis RV ed., 363-390 (Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston, 1992).
Se proporciona orientación específica para la modificación genética de células madre de tumor sólido en el EJEMPLO 13 y en las FIG. 15-18.
Las técnicas de administración "no virales" que se han usado o propuesto para la terapia génica incluyen complejos
35 de ADN-ligando, complejos de adenovirus-ligando-ADN, inyección directa de ADN, precipitación de CaPO4, técnicas de pistola génica, electroporación, y lipofección. Mulligan RC, Science 260: 926-932 (1993). Cualquiera de estos métodos está ampliamente disponible para un experto en la materia y serán adecuados para su uso en la presente invención. Hay disponibles otros métodos adecuados para un experto en la materia, y debe entenderse que la presente invención puede lograrse usando cualquiera de los métodos de transfección disponibles. La lipofección puede lograrse encapsulando la molécula de ADN aislada dentro de una partícula liposómica y poniendo en contacto la partícula liposómica con la membrana celular de la célula diana. Los liposomas son partículas coloidales autoensamblantes en las que una bicapa lipídica, compuesta de moléculas anfifílicas, tales como fosfatidil serina o fosfatidil colina, encapsula una porción del medio circundante, de tal forma que la bicapa lipídica rodea a un interior hidrófilo. Pueden construirse liposomas unilamelares o multilamelares de tal forma que el interior contenga un agente
45 químico, fármaco, o, como en la presente invención, una molécula de ADN aislada. La administración mediante transfección, mediante inyecciones de liposomas, o mediante polímeros policatiónicos puede lograrse usando métodos que se conocen bien en la técnica (véase, por ejemplo, Goldman, C. K. et al. Nature Biotechnology 15:462466 (1997)).
Dos tipos de célula madre de tumor sólido de interés particular son mutantes de eliminación y mutantes de sobreexpresión. Los mutantes de eliminación son células de tipo silvestre que se han modificado genéticamente de tal forma que un solo gen, normalmente un gen codificante de una proteína, está sustancialmente eliminado. Los mutantes de eliminación también incluyen mutantes en los que se ha alterado un gen de tal forma que normalmente no se expresa ARNm detectable o proteína bioactiva a partir del gen, aunque pueda estar presente cierta parte del
55 material genético. Además, en algunas realizaciones, los mutantes con una eliminación o mutación que elimina o inactiva una actividad de una proteína (a menudo correspondiente a un dominio de proteína) que tiene dos o más actividades, se usan y se encuentran abarcados en la expresión "mutantes de eliminación". Los mutantes de sobreexpresión son células de tipo silvestre que se modifican genéticamente de tal forma que al menos un gen, más normalmente solo uno, en la célula madre de tumor sólido modificado se expresa a un nivel mayor en comparación con una célula en la que el gen no está modificado.
Las células madre de tumor sólido modificadas genéticamente pueden someterse a protocolos de cultivo tisular conocidos en la técnica (véanse las Patentes de Estados Unidos n.º 5.750.376 y 5.851.832, Spector et al., Cells: A Laboratory Manual (Cold Spring Harbor Press, Cold Spring Harbor, Nueva York, 1998)). Las células madre 65 tumorales pueden modificarse genéticamente en cultivo para promover la diferenciación, la muerte celular, o la inmunogenicidad. Por ejemplo, las células madre tumorales pueden modificarse para potenciar la expresión de
15
El análisis de las colonias in vitro se efectuó en 2 pocillos separados usando 5.000 células del fenotipo respectivo. El crecimiento in vivo de las células clasificadas se efectuó inyectando a ratones con 2 x 106 células marcadoras CD44+ o CD44-. Los ratones se analizaron a la semana 3 en la prueba 1 y a la semana 4 en la prueba 2. Las inyecciones de células marcadoras CD44+, pero no las células marcadoras CD44-, dio como resultado la formación y crecimiento de tumores in vitro. Las pruebas in vitro se han replicado usando células congeladas aisladas del paciente y apoyan a las pruebas in vitro. Las pruebas in vivo se han replicado dos veces.
Estos resultados demuestran que la célula de cáncer de mama clonogénica expresa CD44. Se ha comenzado la búsqueda para otros marcadores que puedan permitir purificar adicionalmente las células madre de cáncer de mama. Para hacer esto, se han analizado las células tumorales respecto de la expresión de varios antígenos.
5 De manera sorprendente, todas las células CD44+ (tumorigénicas) también fueron B38.1+. De hecho, se han aislado células B38.1+CD24+, y células B38.1+CD24-obtenidas de una biopsia primaria y se pusieron en cultivo tisular. Solo las células B38.1+CD24-formaron colonias.
10 A continuación se aislaron células de dos de los tumores basándose en la expresión del marcador CD24. En el tumor T2 se aislaron las poblaciones CD24-, CD24to y CD24hi . En ambos casos, solo las poblaciones CD24-/lo formaron tumores (TABLA 4). Nótese que hubo un enriquecimiento de 5-6 veces de células tumorigénicas usando B38.1 y CD24.
- TABLA 4 FRACCIONES DE CÉLULAS DE CÁNCER DE MAMA AISLADAS MEDIANTE CITOMETRÍA DE FLUJO
- Formación de tumores en ratón
- CD24+ CD24-/lo
- Tumor T1
- - +
- Tumor T2
- - +
- Se inyectó a los ratones con 50.000 células CD24+ o CD24-/lo. La formación de tumores se determinó a las 4 semanas después de la inyección.
15 Análisis de tumores que surgen a partir de la población de células CD24-. Mediante el modelo de célula madre de tumor sólido, las células CD24-dan lugar a tumores que contienen células tanto CD24+ como CD24-. Para probar esta hipótesis, se efectuaron trasplantes secundarios usando células B38.1+CD24-.
20 Se extirparon los tumores resultantes y se volvieron a analizar las células respecto de la expresión de B38.1 y CD24. Tal como se predijo en el modelo de célula madre, las células obtenidas de un tumor que surgía a partir de células B38.1+CD24-trasplantadas fueron heterogéneas con respecto a la expresión tanto de B38.1 como de CD24. El patrón de expresión de marcadores de las células aisladas a partir del tumor iniciado por las células B38.1+CD24-fue similar al del tumor original.
25 Estos resultados son una prueba de principio del modelo de célula madre de cáncer de tumor sólido y demuestran lo siguiente:
(1) las células tumorales son fenotípica y funcionalmente heterogéneas; 30 (2) al separar las células mediante FACS, se puede enriquecer respecto de células tumorigénicas; y
(3) al ensayar las fracciones tumorigénicas, se pueden aislar células madre tumorales y enfocar de manera más cuidadosa las estrategias para identificar dianas terapéuticas.
EJEMPLO 4 35 ANÁLISIS DE CÉLULAS DE TUMOR DE MAMA PRIMARIO EN UN MODELO DE RATÓN
Se han establecido tumores a partir de ocho pacientes en el presente modelo de ratón. También se caracterizaron tumores establecidos a partir de tres tumores primarios y dos efusiones pleurales. Dos fueron tumores de 40 crecimiento rápido y tres fueron tumores de crecimiento lento.
El fenotipo de la célula tumorigénica se determina para cada uno de los diferentes tumores. Para su análisis, el tumor se retiró de los ratones y se convirtió en una suspensión de células individuales. Primero se confirmó el modelo de célula madre de tumor sólido de la invención y que el fenotipo de las células tumorigénicas fuese de
45 hecho B38.1 + CD44+ CD24-/lo. En todos los tumores, se efectúan análisis de dilución limitante de células aisladas mediante FACS tras la expresión de estos marcadores.
Basándose en los datos preliminares, el cóctel de anticuerpo que da lugar a la mayor purificación de células tumorigénicas putativas es el siguiente: anti-38.1-APC anti-CD44-FITC, y anti-CD24-PE, anti-CD3/MoV18, anti-CD250 citocromo, anti-CD10/MoV18, anti-CD14-citocromo, anti-CD16/MoV18, anti-CD31/MoV18, CD45-citocromo, CD140bcitocromo, anti-CD64/MoV18, anti-ESA-Phar-red y 7AAD (un marcador de viabilidad). Todos los anticuerpos
35
Expresión y tumorigenicidad de CD44. Las células obtenidas del cáncer de mama metastásico, designadas T1, y de un tumor de mama primario, designadas T2, se seleccionaron para su expansión en ratones para obtener suficientes células para su análisis. Para lograr esto, se crecieron 106-107 células de efusión pleural de T1 (una muestra congelada) o un trozo de 1-2 mm3 de T2 (muestra fresca de biopsia) en el panículo adiposo mamario de ratón
5 durante 1 a 3 meses. Entonces se recogieron los tumores humanos resultantes, se convirtieron en suspensiones de células individuales y se analizaron por citometría de flujo para la expresión de varios antígenos diferentes. Las células de ratón contaminantes se eliminaron por clasificación del análisis eliminando las células que expresaban H2K de ratón (complejo mayor de histocompatibilidad de clase I) y las células muertas se eliminaron usando un colorante de viabilidad.
10 Tal como se predijo en el modelo de célula madre de tumor sólido, las células mostraron expresión heterogénea de diversos marcadores de superficie, incluyendo CD44 y B38.1. Para determinar si estos marcadores podían distinguir las células tumorigénicas de las no tumorigéncias, se aislaron células CD44+ y CD44-(FIG. 6) a partir de estas células T1 o T2 pasadas in vivo y se inyectó a ratones NOD/SCID con células CD44+ o CD44-.
15 Identificación y otros marcadores informativos. Entre 6 y 12 semanas después de la inyección, se examinó a los ratones respecto de tumores mediante observación y palpación, y después se efectuaron necropsias en todos los ratones para buscar crecimientos en los sitios de inyección que pudieran ser demasiado pequeños como para palparlos. Todas las inyecciones de CD44+ dieron lugar a tumores visibles, pero ninguna de las inyecciones de
20 CD44-formó tumores detectables (TABLA 5). A continuación, las células de T1 y T2 del primer pase se clasificaron basándose en la expresión de B38.1 y se inyectaron en ratones. Aparecieron tumores de todas las inyecciones de células B38.1+ pero no se detectó formación de tumores de células B38.1-(TABLA 5). Por lo tanto, las células tumorigénicas de ambos tumores pasados fueron B38.1+CD44+.
- TABLA 5 Tumorigenicidad de diferentes poblaciones de células tumorales de T1 y T2
- n.º de tumores/n.º de inyecciones
- Células/inyección
- 8x105 5x105 2x105
- Células T1
- CD44
- 0/2 0/2 -
- CD44+
- 2/2 2/2 -
- B38.1
- 0/2 0/2 -
- B38.1 +
- 2/2 2/2 -
- CD24+
- - - 1/6
- CD24
- - - 6/6
- Células T2
- CD44
- 0/2 0/2 -
- CD44+
- 2/2 2/2 -
- B38.1
- 0/2 0/2 -
- B38.1 +
- 2/2 2/2 -
- CD24+
- - - 1/6
- CD24
- - - 6/6
- Las células se aislaron mediante citometría de flujo tal como se describe en la FIG. 2 basándose en la expresión del marcador indicado y se ensayaron respecto de la capacidad para formar tumores después de la inyección de 2-8 x 105 células en el panículo adiposo mamario de ratones NOD/SCID. El número de tumores que se formaron/el número de inyecciones efectuadas se indica para cada población de células.
25 Los tumores también fueron heterogéneos respecto de la expresión de CD24. Cuando se inyectaron 200.000 células CD24+ o CD24-/lo en ratones NOD/SCID, crecieron tumores en todos los ratones inyectados con células CD24-/lo (TABLA 5). Aunque no pudieron detectarse tumores mediante palpación en las localizaciones inyectadas con células CD24+, dos de los doce ratones inyectados con células CD24+ contenían pequeños crecimientos en el sitio de
30 inyección que solo se detectaron tras una necropsia abierta. Los sitios inyectados con células CD24-/lo, por el contrario, tenían todos tumores mayores de 1 cm de diámetro que fueron rápidamente evidentes visualmente y por palpación. Ya que es extremadamente difícil eliminar por completo las células CD24-de la fracción de CD24+ por citometría de flujo, los pequeños crecimientos probablemente representan contaminación por el 1-3 % de células CD24-que están normalmente presentes en la población CD24+ clasificada. Como alternativa, los pequeños
35 crecimientos han surgido de células cancerosas CD24+ que tenían una capacidad proliferativa reducida. Actualmente no se puede distinguir entre estas dos posibilidades. Sin embargo, todas las células que produjeron tumores palpables en este modelo de xenoinjerto fueron B38.1+CD44+CD24-/lo.
37
- Células T1 (xenoinjerto)
- No clasificadas
- 4/4 4/4 6/6 - 2/6 - 0/6 - -
- B38.1 +CD44+CD24+
- - - - 0/5 0/5 0/5 0/5 - -
- B38.1 +CD44+CD24
- - - - 5/5 5/5 5/5 5/5 - -
- ESA+B38+CD24
- - - - - - - 8/8* 2/2 1/2
- ESA-B38+CD24
- - - - - - - 0/8* 0/2 0/2
- Células T2 (xenoinjerto)
- No clasificadas
- 4/4 4/4 4/4 - 1/6 - 0/6
- B38.1 +CD44+CD24+
- - - - 0/5 0/5 0/5 0/5 - -
- B38.1 +CD44+CD24
- - - - 5/5 5/5 5/5 5/5 - -
- Células T3 (xenoinjerto)
- B38.1+CD44+CD2+
- - - - - 0/2 - - - -
- B38.1 +CD44+CD24
- - - - - 2/2 - - - -
- Células de T5 (células primarias)
- CD44+CD24+
- 0/3
- CD44+CD24
- 3/3
- Células de T1 (células primarias)
- B38.1 +CD44+CD24+
- 0/1
- B38.1 +CD44+CD24
- 1/1
- Células de T6 (células primarias)
- B38.1 +CD44+CD24+
- 0/1 0/2
- B38.1 +CD44+CD24
- 1/1 1/2
- Las células se aislaron del primer pase de células de tumor T1, de tumor T2, o de tumor T3. Las células B38.1+CD44+CD24-/loLINEAGEy B38.1+CD44+CD24*LINEAGEse aislaron mediante citometría de flujo tal como se describe en la FIG. 3. Se inyectó el número indicado de células de cada fenotipo en el panículo adiposo mamario de ratones NOD/SCID. Se indica el número de tumores que se formaron de inyecciones de cada grupo de células. Nótese que el aislamiento de células B38.1+CD44+CD24-/loLINEAGEda como resultado un enriquecimiento de más de diez veces en células tumorigénicas y que no surgieron tumores de la inyección de células B38.1+CD44+CD24+LINEAGE. Cuando se clasificaron las células como ESA+ demás de como B38.1+CD24-, las inyecciones de tan pocas como 200 células dieron lugar a un tumor, un enriquecimiento de aproximadamente 50 veces en la tumorigenicidad en relación a las células no clasificadas. *para estas inyecciones se usaron 2 x 10 células en lugar de 1 x 103 .
EJEMPLO 8
CARACTERIZACIÓN ADICIONAL DE LAS POBLACIONES CELULARES DE UN TUMOR DE CÁNCER DE MAMA
5 En un tumor, las células tumorigénicas se enriquecieron adicionalmente seleccionando el subconjunto ESA+ de la población B38.1+CD44+CD24-/lo. Cuando se aislaron células ESA+CD44+CD24-/loLINEAGE-a partir de T1 (FIG. 8 A), tan pocas como 200 células de esta población fueron capaces de dar lugar a un tumor, mientras que la inyección de
10 necesitaron al menos 10.000 células no fraccionadas para formar cualquier tumor. Por lo tanto, la población ESA+B38.1+CD24-/loLINEAGE-estaba enriquecida al menos 50 veces respecto de la capacidad para formar tumores en relación a las células tumorales no clasificadas. La población ESA+B38.1+CD24-/loLINEAGE-supuso un 2-4 % de las células T1 (2,5-5 % de células cancerosas). Las células ESA+B38.1+CD24-/loLINEAGE-y las no tumorigénicas se examinaron mediante citología y ambas poblaciones consistieron en células malignas que eran virtualmente
15 indistinguibles en cuanto a su apariencia.
39
de tumores con rodamina 123.
Uno de los factores principales que determinan la intensidad de la tinción de rodamina 123 en una célula es la actividad de la bomba MDR que elimina este colorante de las células. Yumoto R. et al., Drug Metabolism &
5 Disposition 29(2): 145-51 (2001); Daoud R. et al., Biochemistry 39(50): 15344-52 (2000). Se descubrió que algunas de las células madre de tumor sólido de este tumor se tiñeron con menos intensidad con rodamina 123 que las células cancerosas no tumorigénicas (FIG. 20).
Este EJEMPLO demuestra la heterogeneidad de las células tumorales e indica que la actividad de la bomba MDR 10 puede ser mayor en las células de tumores sólidos.
EJEMPLO 19
EXISTE UNA POBLACIÓN DE CÉLULAS B38.1+CD44+CD24-/loLINEAGE-EN TUMORES DE CÁNCER DE 15 OVARIOS
Se analizaron células cancerosas obtenidas tanto de un tumor como de fluido de ascitis obtenido de una cirugía de cito-reducción para un paciente con cáncer de ovarios. De manera notable, se sabe que B38.1 se expresa por las células de cáncer de ovario. De manera sorprendente, el análisis por citometría de flujo reveló múltiples poblaciones
20 celulares, y hubo una población distinta de células B38.1+CD44+CD24-/loLINEAGE-(FIG. 21).
Esta población de células distinta se asemeja fenotípicamente a la célula madre de cáncer de mama y puede representar a una célula madre de cáncer de ovario.
EXISTE UNA POBLACIÓN DE CÉLULAS B38.1+CD44+CD24-/loLINEAGE-EN TUMORES DE SARCOMA/ COMPARACIÓN CON DATOS DE CÉLULAS MADRE DE CÁNCER DE MAMA
30 Se ha descrito anteriormente que el antígeno B38.1 se expresa únicamente en cáncer de mama y de ovario. Se establecieron dos sarcomas colocando células de sarcoma en los flancos de ratones NOD/SCID que habían sido tratados con VP16. Uno de los tumores se extirpó y se examinó mediante citometría de flujo. De manera sorprendente, las células de sarcoma expresaron el antígeno B38.1. Además, hubo tres poblaciones celulares distintas respecto de la expresión de CD44: alta, baja y negativa (FIG. 22).
35 Por lo tanto, las células de sarcoma incluyen una población CD44+ que se asemeja fenotípicamente a las células madre de cáncer de mama y que pueden representar a células madre de sarcoma.
- TABLA 7 Tumorigenicidad de diferentes poblaciones de células de tumor T1 y T2
- n.º de tumores/n.º de inyecciones
- Células/inyección
- 8x105 5x105 2x105
- Células T1
- CD44
- 0/2 0/2 -
- CD44+
- 2/2 2/2 -
- B38.1
- 0/2 0/2 -
- B38.1 +
- 2/2 2/2 -
- CD24+
- - - 1/6
- CD24
- - - 6/6
- Células T2
- CD44
- 0/2 0/2 -
- CD44+
- 2/2 2/2 -
- B38.1
- 0/2 0/2 -
- B38.1 +
- 2/2 2/2 -
- CD24+
- - - 1/6
- CD24
- - - 6/6
- Se aislaron células mediante citometría de flujo tal como se describe en la figura 2 basándose en la expresión del marcador indicado y se ensayaron respecto de la capacidad para formar tumores tras la inyección de 2-8 x 105 células en el panículo adiposo mamario de ratones NOD/SCID. El número de tumores que se formaron/el número de inyecciones efectuadas se indica para cada población de células.
47
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