ES2628502T3 - Aparato para la licuefacción de gas natural y métodos relacionados con el mismo - Google Patents

Aparato para la licuefacción de gas natural y métodos relacionados con el mismo Download PDF

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Publication number
ES2628502T3
ES2628502T3 ES07017306.7T ES07017306T ES2628502T3 ES 2628502 T3 ES2628502 T3 ES 2628502T3 ES 07017306 T ES07017306 T ES 07017306T ES 2628502 T3 ES2628502 T3 ES 2628502T3
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ES
Spain
Prior art keywords
approximately
tank
coils
kpaa
pressure
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
ES07017306.7T
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English (en)
Inventor
Bruce M. Wilding
Dennis N. Bingham
Michael G. Mckellar
Terry D. Turner
Kevin T. Raterman
Gary L. Palmer
Kerry M. Klingler
John J. Vranicar
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Battelle Energy Alliance LLC
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Battelle Energy Alliance LLC
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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
    • F25J1/0243—Start-up or control of the process; Details of the apparatus used; Details of the refrigerant compression system used
    • F25J1/0257—Construction and layout of liquefaction equipments, e.g. valves, machines
    • F25J1/0259—Modularity and arrangement of parts of the liquefaction unit and in particular of the cold box, e.g. pre-fabrication, assembling and erection, dimensions, horizontal layout "plot"
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/0002—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the fluid to be liquefied
    • F25J1/0022—Hydrocarbons, e.g. natural gas
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/003—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production
    • F25J1/0032—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production using the feed stream itself or separated fractions from it, i.e. "internal refrigeration"
    • F25J1/0035—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production using the feed stream itself or separated fractions from it, i.e. "internal refrigeration" by gas expansion with extraction of work
    • F25J1/0037—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production using the feed stream itself or separated fractions from it, i.e. "internal refrigeration" by gas expansion with extraction of work of a return stream
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/003—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production
    • F25J1/0032—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production using the feed stream itself or separated fractions from it, i.e. "internal refrigeration"
    • F25J1/004—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production using the feed stream itself or separated fractions from it, i.e. "internal refrigeration" by flash gas recovery
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/003—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production
    • F25J1/0032—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production using the feed stream itself or separated fractions from it, i.e. "internal refrigeration"
    • F25J1/0045—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production using the feed stream itself or separated fractions from it, i.e. "internal refrigeration" by vaporising a liquid return stream
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
    • F25J1/0201—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process using only internal refrigeration means, i.e. without external refrigeration
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
    • F25J1/0228—Coupling of the liquefaction unit to other units or processes, so-called integrated processes
    • F25J1/0232—Coupling of the liquefaction unit to other units or processes, so-called integrated processes integration within a pressure letdown station of a high pressure pipeline system
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
    • F25J1/0243—Start-up or control of the process; Details of the apparatus used; Details of the refrigerant compression system used
    • F25J1/0244—Operation; Control and regulation; Instrumentation
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
    • F25J1/0243—Start-up or control of the process; Details of the apparatus used; Details of the refrigerant compression system used
    • F25J1/0244—Operation; Control and regulation; Instrumentation
    • F25J1/0245—Different modes, i.e. 'runs', of operation; Process control
    • F25J1/0247—Different modes, i.e. 'runs', of operation; Process control start-up of the process
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
    • F25J1/0243—Start-up or control of the process; Details of the apparatus used; Details of the refrigerant compression system used
    • F25J1/0257—Construction and layout of liquefaction equipments, e.g. valves, machines
    • F25J1/0262—Details of the cold heat exchange system
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
    • F25J1/0243—Start-up or control of the process; Details of the apparatus used; Details of the refrigerant compression system used
    • F25J1/0257—Construction and layout of liquefaction equipments, e.g. valves, machines
    • F25J1/0275—Construction and layout of liquefaction equipments, e.g. valves, machines adapted for special use of the liquefaction unit, e.g. portable or transportable devices
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J3/00—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J5/00—Arrangements of cold exchangers or cold accumulators in separation or liquefaction plants
    • F25J5/002—Arrangements of cold exchangers or cold accumulators in separation or liquefaction plants for continuously recuperating cold, i.e. in a so-called recuperative heat exchanger
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D7/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall
    • F28D7/04—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall the conduits being spirally coiled
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2205/00—Processes or apparatus using other separation and/or other processing means
    • F25J2205/20—Processes or apparatus using other separation and/or other processing means using solidification of components
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2205/00—Processes or apparatus using other separation and/or other processing means
    • F25J2205/60—Processes or apparatus using other separation and/or other processing means using adsorption on solid adsorbents, e.g. by temperature-swing adsorption [TSA] at the hot or cold end
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2205/00—Processes or apparatus using other separation and/or other processing means
    • F25J2205/84—Processes or apparatus using other separation and/or other processing means using filter
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2210/00—Processes characterised by the type or other details of the feed stream
    • F25J2210/06—Splitting of the feed stream, e.g. for treating or cooling in different ways
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2220/00—Processes or apparatus involving steps for the removal of impurities
    • F25J2220/60—Separating impurities from natural gas, e.g. mercury, cyclic hydrocarbons
    • F25J2220/62—Separating low boiling components, e.g. He, H2, N2, Air
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2220/00—Processes or apparatus involving steps for the removal of impurities
    • F25J2220/60—Separating impurities from natural gas, e.g. mercury, cyclic hydrocarbons
    • F25J2220/66—Separating acid gases, e.g. CO2, SO2, H2S or RSH
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2220/00—Processes or apparatus involving steps for the removal of impurities
    • F25J2220/60—Separating impurities from natural gas, e.g. mercury, cyclic hydrocarbons
    • F25J2220/68—Separating water or hydrates
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2230/00—Processes or apparatus involving steps for increasing the pressure of gaseous process streams
    • F25J2230/30—Compression of the feed stream
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2240/00—Processes or apparatus involving steps for expanding of process streams
    • F25J2240/60—Expansion by ejector or injector, e.g. "Gasstrahlpumpe", "venturi mixing", "jet pumps"
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2245/00—Processes or apparatus involving steps for recycling of process streams
    • F25J2245/90—Processes or apparatus involving steps for recycling of process streams the recycled stream being boil-off gas from storage
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2290/00—Other details not covered by groups F25J2200/00 - F25J2280/00
    • F25J2290/44—Particular materials used, e.g. copper, steel or alloys thereof or surface treatments used, e.g. enhanced surface
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2290/00—Other details not covered by groups F25J2200/00 - F25J2280/00
    • F25J2290/62—Details of storing a fluid in a tank
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02C—CAPTURE, STORAGE, SEQUESTRATION OR DISPOSAL OF GREENHOUSE GASES [GHG]
    • Y02C20/00—Capture or disposal of greenhouse gases
    • Y02C20/40—Capture or disposal of greenhouse gases of CO2
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S62/00—Refrigeration
    • Y10S62/902—Apparatus
    • Y10S62/903—Heat exchange structure
    • Y10S62/904—Coiled heat exchanger
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S62/00—Refrigeration
    • Y10S62/928—Recovery of carbon dioxide
    • Y10S62/929—From natural gas

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  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
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Abstract

Un intercambiador de calor (224) que comprende: un tanque (230); al menos dos serpentines (232A, 232B, 232C) dispuestos en el tanque (230) en el que los al menos dos serpentines (232A, 232B, 232C) se acoplan en serie; al menos una entrada de serpentín (248A, 250A) configurada para admitir una primera corriente (154''') a través de al menos uno de los al menos dos serpentines (232A, 232B, 232C); una pluralidad de salidas de serpentín (248B, 250B) configuradas para hacer pasar la primera corriente (154''') procedente desde los serpentines (232A, 232B, 232C); estando el intercambiador de calor (224) caracterizado por al menos dos entradas de tanque (252A-252I) configuradas para hacer fluir una segunda corriente (253, 255) a través del tanque (230), estando cada una de las al menos dos entradas de tanque (252A-252I) colocadas cerca de un serpentín correspondiente (232) de los al menos dos serpentines (232A, 232B, 232C) para hacer que la segunda corriente (253, 255) fluya a lo largo de al menos el serpentín (232) del cual está colocada cerca la entrada de tanque respectiva; y una salida de tanque (254) configurada para extraer la segunda corriente (253, 255) del tanque (230) y en la que el intercambiador de calor (224) está configurado de tal manera que la primera corriente puede hacerse fluir selectivamente en serie a través de un número deseado de los al menos dos serpentines (232A, 232B, 232C) y de tal manera que la segunda corriente (253, 255) puede hacerse fluir de manera sustancialmente simultánea a lo largo de los mismos serpentines (232) a través de los que se ha hecho fluir selectivamente la primera corriente (154''').

Description

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Conjuntamente con el control del flujo de la corriente de proceso 154’’’ a través de los serpentines de enfriamiento 232A-232C, la corriente(s) de enfriamiento que entra a través de las entradas de tanque 252A-252I puede controlarse de manera similar a través de las válvulas y la canalización apropiadas.
Haciendo referencia de nuevo a la figura 4, a medida que la corriente de proceso 154’’’ sale del intercambiador de calor 224 a través de la línea 256, se divide en una corriente de enfriamiento 170’ y una corriente de producto 172’. La corriente de enfriamiento 170’ pasa a través de una válvula JT 174’ que expande la corriente de enfriamiento 170’ produciendo diversas fases de CO2, incluyendo CO2 sólido, en la misma, formando una suspensión de gas natural y CO2. Esta suspensión rica en CO2 entra en el intercambiador de calor 224 a través de una o más de las entradas de tanque 252A-252I para pasar a lo largo de uno o más serpentines 232A-232C (véanse las figuras 5A y 5B).
La corriente de producto 172’ pasa a través de una válvula JT 176’ y se expande a una baja presión, por ejemplo, de aproximadamente 241 kPaa (35 psia). La expansión a través de la válvula JT 176’ también sirve para bajar la temperatura, por ejemplo, a aproximadamente -151 ºC (-240 ºF). En este punto del proceso, se forma CO2 sólido en la corriente de producto 172’. La corriente de producto expandida 172’’, que ahora contiene CO2 sólido, entra en el separador de líquido/vapor 180 en el que el vapor se recoge y se extrae del separador 180 a través de la canalización 182’ y se añade a una corriente de enfriamiento combinada 257 para usar como refrigerante en el intercambiador de calor 224. El líquido en el separador de líquido/vapor 180 será una suspensión que comprende el producto combustible de GNL y el CO2 sólido.
[258] La suspensión puede extraerse del separador 180 a un hidrociclón 258 a través de una bomba dimensionada y configurada adecuadamente 260. La bomba 260 se usa, principalmente, para gestionar la generación de vapor resultante de una caída de presión a través del hidrociclón 258. Es decir, la bomba 260 gestiona el vapor tomando la suspensión fría y presurizándola en un estado subenfriado. Tras el paso de suspensión subenfriada a través del hidrociclón 258, la suspensión retorna a un estado de equilibrio evitando de este modo la formación de un vapor de producto combustible y/o de CO2 vaporizado como resultado de que la suspensión experimenta una caída de presión mientras que pasa a través del hidrociclón. La bomba 260 que se muestra esquemáticamente en la figura 4 es externa al separador de líquido/vapor 180, pudiendo localizarse físicamente la bomba, si se desea, dentro del separador de líquido/vapor 260. En una configuración de este tipo, la bomba puede sumergirse en la parte inferior del separador 180. Una bomba adecuada puede configurarse para tener un caudal ajustable de aproximadamente 7,5 a 23,5 litros por minuto (2 a 6,2 galones por minuto (gpm)) de GNL con una presión diferencial de 551 kPaa (80 psi) mientras funciona a -151 ºC (-240 ºF). El caudal ajustable puede controlarse por medio de una unidad de frecuencia variable. Tal bomba a modo de ejemplo está disponible en Barber-Nichols localizado en Arvada, Colorado.
El hidrociclón 258 actúa como un separador para eliminar el CO2 sólido de la suspensión permitiendo que se recoja y se almacene el producto combustible de GNL. Un hidrociclón a modo de ejemplo 258 puede diseñarse, por ejemplo, para funcionar a una presión de aproximadamente 862 KPaa (125 psia) a una temperatura de aproximadamente -150 ºC (-238 ºF). El hidrociclón 258 usa una caída de presión para crear una fuerza centrífuga que separa los sólidos del líquido. Una pasta espesada, formada por una parte del gas natural líquido con el CO2 sólido, sale del hidrociclón 258 a través de un subdesbordamiento 262. El resto del gas natural líquido se hace pasar a través de un desbordamiento 264 para un filtrado adicional. Existe un ligero diferencial de presión, por ejemplo, de aproximadamente 3kPa (0,5 psi), entre el subdesbordamiento 262 y el desbordamiento 264 del hidrociclón. Por lo tanto, por ejemplo, la pasta espesada puede salir del subdesbordamiento 262 a aproximadamente 279 kPaa (40,5 psia), saliendo el gas natural líquido del desbordamiento 264 a aproximadamente 276 kPaa (40 psia). Sin embargo, otros diferenciales de presión pueden ser más adecuados dependiendo del hidrociclón específico 258 utilizado. Una válvula de control 265 puede colocarse en el desbordamiento 264 del hidrociclón 258 para ayudar a controlar el diferencial de presión experimentado dentro del hidrociclón 258.
Un hidrociclón adecuado 258 está disponible, por ejemplo, en Krebs Engineering de Tucson, Arizona. Un hidrociclón a modo de ejemplo puede configurarse para funcionar a presiones de diseño de hasta aproximadamente 862 kPa (125 psi) dentro de un intervalo de temperatura de aproximadamente 38 ºC a -184 ºC (100 ºF a -300 ºF). Además, un hidrociclón a modo de ejemplo incluye deseablemente un interior que está micro-pulido con un acabado de 0,2 a 0,3 mm (8-12 micro pulgadas) o mejor.
El gas natural líquido pasa a través de uno de una pluralidad, en este caso dos, de filtros de pantalla de CO2 266A y 266B colocados en paralelo. Los filtros de pantalla 266A y 266B capturan todo el CO2 sólido restante que puede no haberse separado en el hidrociclón 258. Haciendo referencia brevemente a la figura 9, un filtro de pantalla a modo de ejemplo 266 puede estar formado por un conducto de acero inoxidable Schedule 40 de 6 pulgadas 268, e incluye una primera pantalla de filtro 270 de malla gruesa de acero inoxidable, una segunda pantalla de filtro de forma cónica 272 de malla de acero inoxidable menos gruesa que la primera pantalla de filtro 270, y una tercera pantalla de filtro 274 formada de malla fina de acero inoxidable. Por ejemplo, en una realización, la primera pantalla de filtro 270 puede estar formada de acero inoxidable de malla 50 a 75, la segunda pantalla de filtro 272 puede estar formada de acero inoxidable de malla 75 a 100 y la tercera pantalla de filtro 274 puede estar formada de acero inoxidable de malla 100 a 150. En otra realización, dos de las pantallas de filtro 270 y 274 pueden estar formadas del mismo grado de malla, por ejemplo de acero inoxidable de malla 40 o más fina, y empaquetarse de una manera
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En los puntos de estado 402 y 404, el flujo se dividirá de tal manera que fluirá aproximadamente a 2294 kg/hr (5.065 lbm/hr) a través del punto de estado 402 y fluirá aproximadamente a 2240 kg/hr (4.945 lbm/hr) a través del punto de estado 404, siendo las temperaturas y presiones de cada punto de estado similares a las del punto de estado 400.
En el punto de estado 406, a medida que la corriente sale del turboexpansor 156, el gas estará a aproximadamente 76 ºC (-104 ºF) a una presión de aproximadamente 448 kPaa (65 psia). En el punto de estado 408, a medida que el gas sale del compresor 158, el gas estará a aproximadamente 86 ºC (187 ºF) a una presión de aproximadamente 5309 kPaa (770 psia).
En el punto de estado 410, después del primer intercambiador de calor 220 y antes del intercambiador de calor de alta eficiencia 166, el gas estará aproximadamente a 79 ºC (175 ºF) a una presión de aproximadamente 5309 kPaa (770 psia). En el punto de estado 412, después de la limpieza de agua y a mitad de camino a través del intercambiador de calor de alta eficiencia 166, el gas estará aproximadamente a -57 ºC (-70 ºF) a una presión de aproximadamente 5281 kPaa (766 psia) y mostrará un caudal de aproximadamente 2237 kg/hr (4.939 lbm/hr).
El gas que sale del intercambiador de calor de alta eficiencia 166, como se muestra en el punto de estado 414, estará aproximadamente a -76 ºC (-105 ºF) a una presión de aproximadamente 5260 kPaa (763 psia).
El flujo a través de la corriente de producto 172’ en el punto de estado 418 estará aproximadamente a -132 ºC (-205 ºF) a una presión de aproximadamente 5247 kPaa (761 psia) con un caudal de aproximadamente 1692 kg/hr (3.735 lbm/hr). En el punto de estado 420, después de pasar a través de la válvula Joule-Thomson, y antes de entrar en el separador 180, la corriente se convertirá en una mezcla de gas, gas natural líquido, y CO2 sólido y estará aproximadamente a -151 ºC (-240 ºF) a una presión de aproximadamente 241 kPaa (35 psia). La suspensión de CO2 sólido y gas natural líquido tendrá temperaturas y presiones similares, a medida que deja el separador 180, sin embargo, tendrá un caudal de aproximadamente 600 kg/h (1.324 lbm/hr).
En el punto de estado 422, se elevará la presión de la suspensión, a través de la bomba 260, a una presión de aproximadamente 786 kPaa (114 psia) y una temperatura de aproximadamente -149 ºC (-236 ºF). En el punto de estado 424, después de separarse a través del hidrociclón 258, el gas natural líquido estará aproximadamente a 151 ºC (-240 ºF) a una presión de aproximadamente 241 kPaa (35 psia) con un caudal de aproximadamente 479 kg/hr (1.059 lbm/hr). El estado del gas natural líquido será sustancialmente el mismo a medida que sale de la planta 102’’ en un recipiente de almacenamiento.
En el punto de estado 426 la pasta espesada (que incluye CO2 sólido) que sale del hidrociclón 258 estará aproximadamente a -148 ºC (-235 ºF) a una presión de aproximadamente 472 kPaa (-68,5 psia) y fluirá a una velocidad de aproximadamente 120 kg/h (265 lbm/hr).
En el punto de estado 430, el gas que sale del separador 180 estará aproximadamente a -151 ºC (-240 ºF) a una presión de aproximadamente 241 kPaa (35 psia) con un caudal de aproximadamente 119 kg/h (263 lbm/hr).
En el punto de estado 434, el gas en la corriente motriz que entra en el eductor estará aproximadamente a -76 ºC (105 ºF) a aproximadamente 5268 kPaa (764 psia). El caudal en el punto de estado 434 será de aproximadamente 546 kg/hr (1.205 lbm/hr). En el punto de estado 436, subsiguiente al eductor, la corriente mezclada estará aproximadamente a -138 ºC (-217 ºF) a aproximadamente 483 kPaa (70 psia) con un caudal combinado de aproximadamente 316 kg/h (698 lbm/hr).
En el punto de estado 438, antes de la válvula JT 174’, el gas estará aproximadamente a -132 ºC (-205 ºF) a una presión de aproximadamente 5247 kPaa (761 psia) con un caudal de aproximadamente 972 kg/hr (2.147 lbm/hr). En el punto de estado 440, después de pasar a través de la válvula JT 174’ por la que se forma CO2 sólido, la suspensión estará aproximadamente a -141 ºC (-221 ºF) con una presión de aproximadamente 472 kPaa (68,5 psia).
En el punto de estado 442, tras salir del intercambiador de calor 224, la temperatura del gas será de aproximadamente -126 ºC (-195 ºF) y la presión será de aproximadamente 448 kPaa (65 psia). El caudal en el punto de estado 442 será de aproximadamente 1765 kg/hr (3.897 lbm/hr). En el punto de estado 444, después de combinar dos corrientes, el gas tendrá una temperatura de aproximadamente -102 ºC (-151 ºF) y una presión de aproximadamente 448 kPaa (65 psia).
En el punto de estado 446, tras salir del intercambiador de calor de alta eficiencia 166, y antes de descargarse en la tubería 104, el gas tendrá una temperatura de aproximadamente 37 ºC (99 ºF) y una presión de aproximadamente 448 kPaa (65 psia). El caudal en el punto de estado 446 será de aproximadamente 4059 kg/hr (8.962 lbm/hr).
A la luz de la divulgación anterior, se apreciará que el proceso de licuefacción representado y descrito en el presente documento proporciona medios económicos, eficientes y eficaces de producir GNL sin el requisito de “purificación” del gas antes de someter el gas al ciclo de licuefacción. Esto permite el uso del gas relativamente “sucio” encontrado habitualmente en líneas de servicio residenciales e industriales, y elimina la necesidad de equipos de pretratamiento costosos y proporciona una reducción significativa en los costes de funcionamiento para procesar dicho gas
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