ES2645920T3 - Válvula cardíaca transcatéter de perfil bajo - Google Patents
Válvula cardíaca transcatéter de perfil bajo Download PDFInfo
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- ES2645920T3 ES2645920T3 ES09759620.9T ES09759620T ES2645920T3 ES 2645920 T3 ES2645920 T3 ES 2645920T3 ES 09759620 T ES09759620 T ES 09759620T ES 2645920 T3 ES2645920 T3 ES 2645920T3
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
- A61F2/24—Heart valves ; Vascular valves, e.g. venous valves; Heart implants, e.g. passive devices for improving the function of the native valve or the heart muscle; Transmyocardial revascularisation [TMR] devices; Valves implantable in the body
- A61F2/2412—Heart valves ; Vascular valves, e.g. venous valves; Heart implants, e.g. passive devices for improving the function of the native valve or the heart muscle; Transmyocardial revascularisation [TMR] devices; Valves implantable in the body with soft flexible valve members, e.g. tissue valves shaped like natural valves
- A61F2/2418—Scaffolds therefor, e.g. support stents
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
- A61F2/24—Heart valves ; Vascular valves, e.g. venous valves; Heart implants, e.g. passive devices for improving the function of the native valve or the heart muscle; Transmyocardial revascularisation [TMR] devices; Valves implantable in the body
- A61F2/2412—Heart valves ; Vascular valves, e.g. venous valves; Heart implants, e.g. passive devices for improving the function of the native valve or the heart muscle; Transmyocardial revascularisation [TMR] devices; Valves implantable in the body with soft flexible valve members, e.g. tissue valves shaped like natural valves
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
- A61F2/24—Heart valves ; Vascular valves, e.g. venous valves; Heart implants, e.g. passive devices for improving the function of the native valve or the heart muscle; Transmyocardial revascularisation [TMR] devices; Valves implantable in the body
- A61F2/2427—Devices for manipulating or deploying heart valves during implantation
- A61F2/243—Deployment by mechanical expansion
- A61F2/2433—Deployment by mechanical expansion using balloon catheter
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
- A61F2/24—Heart valves ; Vascular valves, e.g. venous valves; Heart implants, e.g. passive devices for improving the function of the native valve or the heart muscle; Transmyocardial revascularisation [TMR] devices; Valves implantable in the body
- A61F2/2475—Venous valves
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/95—Instruments specially adapted for placement or removal of stents or stent-grafts
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
- B05B1/00—Nozzles, spray heads or other outlets, with or without auxiliary devices such as valves, heating means
- B05B1/14—Nozzles, spray heads or other outlets, with or without auxiliary devices such as valves, heating means with multiple outlet openings; with strainers in or outside the outlet opening
- B05B1/18—Roses; Shower heads
- B05B1/185—Roses; Shower heads characterised by their outlet element; Mounting arrangements therefor
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E03—WATER SUPPLY; SEWERAGE
- E03C—DOMESTIC PLUMBING INSTALLATIONS FOR FRESH WATER OR WASTE WATER; SINKS
- E03C1/00—Domestic plumbing installations for fresh water or waste water; Sinks
- E03C1/02—Plumbing installations for fresh water
- E03C1/025—Water supply lines as such, e.g. shower hoses
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E03—WATER SUPPLY; SEWERAGE
- E03C—DOMESTIC PLUMBING INSTALLATIONS FOR FRESH WATER OR WASTE WATER; SINKS
- E03C1/00—Domestic plumbing installations for fresh water or waste water; Sinks
- E03C1/02—Plumbing installations for fresh water
- E03C1/06—Devices for suspending or supporting the supply pipe or supply hose of a shower-bath
- E03C1/066—Devices for suspending or supporting the supply pipe or supply hose of a shower-bath allowing height adjustment of shower head
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/95—Instruments specially adapted for placement or removal of stents or stent-grafts
- A61F2/9522—Means for mounting a stent or stent-graft onto or into a placement instrument
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2220/00—Fixations or connections for prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof
- A61F2220/0025—Connections or couplings between prosthetic parts, e.g. between modular parts; Connecting elements
- A61F2220/0033—Connections or couplings between prosthetic parts, e.g. between modular parts; Connecting elements made by longitudinally pushing a protrusion into a complementary-shaped recess, e.g. held by friction fit
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2220/00—Fixations or connections for prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof
- A61F2220/0025—Connections or couplings between prosthetic parts, e.g. between modular parts; Connecting elements
- A61F2220/005—Connections or couplings between prosthetic parts, e.g. between modular parts; Connecting elements using adhesives
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2220/00—Fixations or connections for prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof
- A61F2220/0025—Connections or couplings between prosthetic parts, e.g. between modular parts; Connecting elements
- A61F2220/0075—Connections or couplings between prosthetic parts, e.g. between modular parts; Connecting elements sutured, ligatured or stitched, retained or tied with a rope, string, thread, wire or cable
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2230/00—Geometry of prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof
- A61F2230/0002—Two-dimensional shapes, e.g. cross-sections
- A61F2230/0028—Shapes in the form of latin or greek characters
- A61F2230/0054—V-shaped
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
- Y10T29/49826—Assembling or joining
- Y10T29/49863—Assembling or joining with prestressing of part
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- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Cardiology (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery (AREA)
- Vascular Medicine (AREA)
- Transplantation (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
- Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
- Prostheses (AREA)
- External Artificial Organs (AREA)
Abstract
Válvula protésica (10) implantable, que comprende: un armazón (12) anular plegable y expandible en dirección radial, teniendo el armazón tres montantes (18) de sujeción de comisura y tres filas de puntales circunferenciales que se extienden entre los montantes de sujeción de comisura, definiendo una primera fila de puntales circunferenciales (20) un extremo de entrada del armazón y definiendo una segunda y una tercera filas de puntales circunferenciales (22, 24) un extremo de salida del armazón separado de la primera fila adyacente, estando conectada la primera fila con la segunda y la tercera filas por múltiples puntales axiales (30), comprendiendo cada fila de puntales circunferenciales puntales en ángulo dispuestos en un patrón en zigzag e interconectados; una estructura de valvas (14) que comprende tres valvas (60) formadas por tejido pericárdico, teniendo cada valva un borde superior, un borde inferior (64) curvado y dos aletas laterales (66), estando sujeta cada aleta lateral en una aleta lateral adyacente de otra valva formando comisuras (84) de la estructura de valva, estando sujeta cada comisura en uno de los montantes de sujeción de comisura; un elemento de faldón (16) anular situado entre el armazón anular y la estructura de valvas, estando el borde inferior curvado de cada valva suturado con una superficie interior del elemento de faldón a lo largo de una línea entallada (58); y un par de barras de refuerzo (62) posicionadas junto a cada montante de sujeción de comisura, caracterizada porque cada barra de refuerzo comprende múltiples agujeros, extendiéndose cada aleta lateral alrededor de una barra de refuerzo y estando cada barra de refuerzo suturada con un montante de sujeción de comisura para reforzar las sujeciones entre la estructura de valvas y los montantes de sujeción de comisura, y porque los puntales en ángulo están interconectados mediante una estructura de corona (26) de manera general en forma de U para una mejor capacidad de plegado.
Description
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VALVULA CARDIACA TRANSCATETER DE PERFIL BAJO
Descripcion
CAMPO DE LA INVENCION
La presente invencion se refiere a dispositivos implantables y, mas particularmente, a valvulas protesicas para implantacion en conductos corporales tales como anillos de valvula ca^aca nativa.
DESCRIPCION DE LA TECNICA RELACIONADA
El corazon humano puede padecer diversas valvulopatfas. Las valvulopatias pueden conducir a una importante disfuncion del corazon y finalmente requerir la sustitucion de la valvula nativa por una valvula artificial. Se conocen una serie de valvulas artificiales y una serie de metodos para implantar estas valvulas artificiales en humanos.
Para reparar una valvula enferma o danada se pueden utilizar diversas tecnicas quirurgicas. En una operacion de sustitucion de valvula, las valvas danadas se extirpan y el anillo se esculpe para recibir una valvula de sustitucion. Debido a estenosis aorticas y otras valvulopatfas cardfacas, cada ano miles de pacientes son sometidos a cirugfa en la que la valvula cardfaca nativa defectuosa es sustituida por una valvula protesica, bien bioprotesica, bien mecanica. Otro metodo menos drastico para tratar valvulas defectuosas es a traves de la reparacion o reconstruccion, que normalmente se utiliza en valvulas mmimamente calcificadas. El problema de la terapia quirurgica consiste en el trastorno significativo que impone a estos pacientes cronicamente enfermos con altas tasas de morbosidad y mortalidad asociadas con la reparacion quirurgica.
Cuando se sustituye la valvula, la implantacion quirurgica de la valvula protesica requiere normalmente una cirugfa a corazon abierto durante la cual el corazon se detiene y el paciente es puesto en baipas cardiopulmonar (un, asf llamado, "sistema de circulacion extracorporea"). En un procedimiento quirurgico comun se extirpan las valvas enfermas de la valvula nativa y se sutura una valvula protesica con el tejido circundante en el anillo de valvula. Debido al trauma asociado con el procedimiento y a la duracion concomitante de la circulacion sangumea extracorporea, algunos pacientes no sobreviven al procedimiento quirurgico o fallecen poco despues. Ya se sabe que el riesgo para el paciente aumenta cuanto mayor es el tiempo necesario en circulacion extracorporea. Debido a estos riesgos, una cantidad considerable de pacientes con valvulas defectuosas se considera inoperable porque su estado es demasiado delicado para resistir el procedimiento. Segun algunas estimaciones, mas de un 50% de las personas que padecen estenosis aortica y que son mayores de 80 anos no pueden ser operados para una sustitucion de valvula aortica.
Debido a las desventajas asociadas con la cirugfa convencional a corazon abierto, se esta prestando una intensa atencion a estrategias quirurgicas percutaneas y mmimamente invasivas. Segun una tecnica, una valvula protesica esta configurada para ser implantada por un procedimiento mucho menos invasivo por medio de cateterismo. Por ejemplo, las patentes de los EE.UU. n° 5,411,522 y 6,730,11 describen valvulas cardfacas transcateter plegables que se pueden introducir por via percutanea en estado comprimido en un cateter y expandir en la posicion deseada mediante inflamiento de un balon o mediante la utilizacion de un armazon o estent autoexpandible. Los documentos US 2004/039436, WO 2008/035337 y US 2006/025857 describen todos ellos valvulas cardfacas protesicas plegables y expandibles.
Un importante parametro de diseno de una valvula cardfaca transcateter consiste en el diametro del perfil plegado o fruncido. El diametro del perfil fruncido es importante porque influye directamente en la capacidad del medico para avanzar la valvula a traves de la arteria o vena femoral. Mas particularmente, un perfil mas pequeno permite el tratamiento de un mayor numero de pacientes, con mayor seguridad.
COMPENDIO
La presente descripcion se refiere a metodos y aparatos nuevos y no obvios relacionados con valvulas protesicas tales como valvulas cardfacas.
La presente invencion proporciona una valvula protesica implantable tal como se expone en la reivindicacion independiente 1. En las reivindicaciones dependientes se definen otros desarrollos de la invencion.
BREVE DESCRIPCION DE LOS DIBUJOS
La FIGURA 1 es una vista en perspectiva representativa de una realizacion de una valvula cardfaca protesica.
La FIGURA 2 es otra vista en perspectiva de la valvula protesica de la FIGURA 1.
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La FIGURA 3 es otra vista en perspectiva de la valvula protesica de la FIGURA 1.
La FIGURA 4 es una vista ampliada de una seccion de la valvula mostrada en la FIGURA 3.
La FIGURA 5 es una vista en perspectiva desde abajo de la valvula protesica de la FIGURA 1, que muestra el interior de la valvula.
La FIGURA 6 es una vista en planta desde arriba de la valvula protesica de la FIGURA 1.
La FIGURA 6A es una vista desde arriba, parcial y ampliada, de la valvula de la FIGURA 1, que ilustra el posicionamiento de las barras de refuerzo con respecto a los montantes de sujecion de comisura del armazon.
La FIGURA 7 es una vista en perspectiva del armazon de la valvula protesica de la FIGURA 1.
La FIGURA 8 es una vista en perspectiva de una realizacion alternativa de un armazon que puede ser utilizado en la valvula protesica de la FIGURA 1.
La FIGURA 9 es una vista aplanada de un segmento de 120 grados del armazon mostrado en la FIGURA 7.
La FIGURA 10 es una vista aplanada de un segmento de 120 grados del armazon mostrado en la FIGURA 8.
La FIGURA 11 es una vista frontal de una barra de refuerzo que puede ser utilizada para reforzar la conexion de las valvas de valvula con un armazon en una valvula protesica tal como se muestra en la FIGURA 1.
La FIGURA 12 es una vista en perspectiva de la barra de refuerzo de la FIGURA 11 y un manguito de PET que puede ser utilizado para cubrir la barra.
La FIGURa 13 es una vista aplanada de una valva de la valvula mostrada en la FIGURA 1.
La FIGURA 14 es una vista aplanada del lado opuesto de la valva, que muestra una tira de refuerzo sujeta junto al borde inferior de la valva.
La FIGURA 15 es una vista en planta desde arriba de la estructura de valvas de la valvula de la FIGURA 1 antes de unirla al armazon.
La FIGURA 16 es una vista aplanada del faldon utilizado en la valvula mostrada en la FIGURA 1.
La FIGURA 18 es una vista en perspectiva desde abajo de la estructura de valvas conectada con el faldon de tal modo que forma un conjunto de valvas.
La FIGURA 19 es una vista lateral de un cateter de balon y una valvula protesica fruncida sobre el balon del cateter de balon.
La FIGURA 20 es una vista frontal de un dispositivo de fruncido que muestra una valvula protesica posicionada en la abertura de fruncido del dispositivo de fruncido con un manguito protector dispuesto entre la valvula y las mordazas de fruncido.
La FIGURA 21 es una vista frontal del dispositivo de fruncido mostrado despues de que las mordazas de fruncido hayan sido forzadas hacia adentro para comprimir la valvula y el manguito protector.
La FIGURA 22 es una vista lateral de la valvula y el manguito protector despues de retirarlos del dispositivo de fruncido.
La FIGURA 23 es una vista lateral de una valvula protesica que ha sido fruncida sobre un balon de un cateter de balon sin manguito protector.
La FIGURA 24 es una vista lateral de una valvula protesica que ha sido fruncida sobre un balon de un cateter de balon utilizando un manguito protector del modo mostrado en las FIGURAS 20-21.
La FIGURA 25 es una vista lateral de un armazon de una valvula protesica que tiene un faldon de silicio, o manguito, dispuesto sobre la cara exterior del armazon.
La FIGURA 26 es una vista lateral de un armazon para una valvula protesica que tiene una capa de encapsulado de silicio que cubre el interior y el exterior del armazon.
La FIGURA 27 es una vista en perspectiva de una valvula protesica que comprende un armazon que tiene una capa de encapsulado de silicio.
La FIGURA 28 es una vista en perspectiva de la valvula de la FIGURA 27 despues de que esta haya sido fruncida a un diametro mas pequeno.
La FIGURA 29 es una vista lateral de la valvula de la FIGURA 27 despues de que esta haya sido expandida mediante un cateter de balon.
Las FIGURAS 30A-30C son graficos que ilustran los resultados de ensayos uniaxiales respectivos realizados sobre tiras de ensayo de silicio respectivas.
Las FIGURAS 31A-31F son graficos que ilustran los resultados de sendos ensayos uniaxiales realizados sobre sendas tiras de ensayo de silicio habiendo introducido deliberadamente desgarros.
DESCRIPCION DETALLADA
Las FIGURAS 1 y 2 ilustran una valvula protesica 10 implantable, de acuerdo con una realizacion, en la que, la valvula 10 comprende en general un armazon, o estent, 12, una estructura de valvas 14 soportada por el armazon, y un faldon 16 sujeto a la superficie exterior de la estructura de valvas. La valvula 10 se implanta normalmente en el anillo de la valvula aortica nativa, pero tambien se puede adaptar para implantarla en otras valvulas nativas del corazon o en otros conductos u orificios diversos del cuerpo. La valvula 10 tiene un extremo "inferior" 80 y un extremo "superior" 82. En el contexto de la presente solicitud, los terminos "inferior" y "superior" se utilizan indistintamente con los terminos "entrada" y "salida", respectivamente. Por lo tanto, por
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ejemplo, el extremo inferior 80 de la valvula es su extremo de entrada y el extremo superior 82 de la valvula es su extremo de salida.
La valvula 10 y el armazon 12 estan configurados de tal modo que son plegables en direccion radial hasta un estado plegado o fruncido para su introduccion en el cuerpo sobre un cateter de suministro y son expandibles en direccion radial hasta un estado expandido para implantar la valvula en un lugar deseado dentro del cuerpo (por ejemplo, la valvula aortica nativa). El armazon 12 puede estar hecho de un material plasticamente expandible que permita el fruncido de la valvula hasta un perfil mas pequeno para su suministro y luego su expansion utilizando un dispositivo de expansion tal como el balon de un cateter de balon. Mas abajo se describen ejemplos de materiales plasticamente expandibles que pueden ser utilizados para formar el armazon. Alternativamente, la valvula 10 puede ser una, asf llamada, valvula autoexpandible cuyo armazon este hecho de un material autoexpandible tal como nitinol. Una valvula autoexpandible se puede fruncir hasta un perfil mas pequeno y mantener en el estado fruncido con un dispositivo de retencion tal como una vaina que cubra la valvula. Cuando la valvula esta posicionada en el sitio diana o cerca del mismo, el dispositivo de retencion se retira para permitir que la valvula se autoexpanda hasta su tamano funcional expandido.
Con referencia tambien a la FIGURA 7 (que muestra el armazon solo con fines ilustrativos), el armazon 12 consiste en una estructura anular, a modo de estent, que tiene multiples montantes de sujecion de comisura o puntales, 18 que se extienden verticalmente y estan separados de forma angular. Los montantes 18 pueden estar interconectados a traves de una fila inferior 36a de puntales 20 que se extienden en direccion circunferencial y de unas primeras y segundas filas superiores 36b, 36c, de puntales 22 y 24 que se extienden en direccion circunferencial, respectivamente. De forma deseable, los puntales de cada fila estan dispuestos en zigzag o en general en un patron a modo de dientes de sierra que se extienden en la direccion de la circunferencia del armazon, tal como se muestra. Los puntales adyacentes de la misma fila pueden estar interconectados entre sf tal como se muestra en las FIGURAS 1 y 5 formando un angulo A, que de forma deseable oscila entre aproximadamente 90 y 110 grados, siendo aproximadamente 100 grados un ejemplo espedfico. La seleccion del angulo A entre aproximadamente 90 y 110 grados optimiza la resistencia radial del armazon 12 cuando esta expandido, pero sigue permitiendo que el armazon 12 sea fruncido y despues expandido uniformemente del modo abajo descrito.
En la realizacion ilustrada, (Fig. 9) pares de puntales circunferenciales adyacentes en la misma fila estan conectados entre sf mediante una estructura de corona respectiva, generalmente en forma de U, o parte de corona, 26. Cada estructura de corona 26 incluye una parte horizontal que se extiende entre los extremos adyacentes de los puntales y conecta los mismos, de tal modo que entre los extremos adyacentes esta definido un hueco 28 y la estructura de corona conecta los extremos adyacentes en un lugar desplazado con respecto al punto natural de insercion del puntal. Las estructuras de corona 26 reducen significativamente tensiones residuales en el armazon 12 en el emplazamiento de los puntales 20, 22, 24 durante el fruncido y la expansion del armazon 20 del modo descrito mas abajo. Cada par de puntales 22 conectados en una estructura de corona 26 comun forma una celda con un par adyacente de puntales 24 en la fila de arriba. Cada celda puede estar conectada con una celda adyacente en un nodo 32. Cada nodo 32 puede estar interconectado con la fila inferior de puntales mediante un puntal vertical (axial) 30 que esta conectado con un nodo 32 respectivo y se extiende entre este y un lugar sobre la fila inferior de puntales 20 donde dos puntales estan conectados en sus extremos opuestos a las estructuras de corona 26.
En determinadas realizaciones, los puntales inferiores 20 tienen un espesor o diametro mayor que el de los puntales superiores 22, 24. Por ejemplo, segun una realizacion, los puntales inferiores 20 tienen un espesor T (FIGURA 9) de aproximadamente 0,42 mm y los puntales superiores 22, 24 tienen un espesor T de aproximadamente 0,38 mm. Dado que en la configuracion ilustrada solo hay una fila de puntales inferiores 20 y dos filas de puntales superiores 22, 24, la ampliacion de los puntales inferiores 20 con respecto a los puntales superiores 22, 24 aumenta la resistencia radial del armazon en el area inferior del mismo y posibilita una expansion mas uniforme del armazon.
La FIGURA 9 muestra una vista aplanada de un segmento de 120 grados del armazon 12 mostrado en la FIGURA 7, comprendiendo el segmento una parte del armazon que se extiende entre dos puntales 18. Tal como se muestra, el segmento de armazon tiene tres columnas 34 y tres filas 36a, 36b, 36c de puntales por segmento. Cada columna 34 esta definida por los pares contiguos de puntales 20, 22, 24 que se extienden entre dos puntales 18, 30 que se extienden en direccion axial. De forma deseable, el armazon 12 esta formado por tres segmentos de 120 grados, estando unido cada segmento por dos montantes 18. Por consiguiente, en la realizacion ilustrada, el armazon 12 incluye 9 columnas en total por armazon.
De forma deseable, la cantidad de columnas y filas se minimiza para reducir el perfil de fruncido total de la valvula, tal como se describe con mayor detalle mas abajo. La disposicion de las FIGURAS 7 y 9 se utiliza normalmente para valvulas que tienen un diametro menor de aproximadamente 29 mm y es sumamente adecuada para valvulas que tienen un diametro de aproximadamente 20-26 mm. En ejemplos de funcionamiento de valvulas que comprenden el armazon 12, una valvula de 20 mm se puede fruncir hasta un diametro de aproximadamente 17 Fr, una valvula de 23 mm se puede fruncir hasta un diametro de
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aproximadamente 18 Fr, y una valvula de 26 mm se puede fruncir hasta un diametro de aproximadamente 19 Fr. En el caso de las valvulas que tiene un diametro de aproximadamente 29 mm o mas, puede ser deseable anadir otra fila y otra columna de puntales.
Por ejemplo, las FIGURAS 8 a 10 muestran un armazon 40 alternativo que es similar al armazon 12 si bien el armazon 40 tiene cuatro filas de puntales (una primera fila 52a inferior de puntales 42, una segunda fila 52b de puntales 44, una tercera fila 52c de puntales 46, y una fila superior 52d de puntales 48) en lugar de tres filas de puntales, asf como cuatro columnas 50 de puntales por cada segmento de armazon de 120 grados en lugar de tres columnas de puntales. La FIGURA 10 muestra una vista aplanada de un segmento de 120 grados del armazon 40 mostrado en la FIGURA 8. En la realizacion ilustrada, el armazon 40 incluye tres de estos segmentos de 120 grados, proporcionando 12 columnas 50 de puntales en total para el armazon.
De forma deseable, los puntales 46 de la tercera fila estan orientados en sentido opuesto a los puntales 48 de la cuarta fila (es decir, los vertices o partes de corona estan orientados en el sentido opuesto) para ayudar a evitar el pandeo de los montantes verticales del armazon durante el fruncido y la expansion de la valvula. Los puntales 44 de la segunda fila pueden estar dispuestos de tal modo que esten orientados en el mismo sentido que los puntales 42 de la primera fila, tal como se muestra (es decir, los vertices o partes de corona estan orientados en el mismo sentido). Alternativamente, los puntales 44 de la segunda fila pueden estar orientados en el sentido opuesto a los puntales 42 de la primera fila formando celdas cuadradas, como las celdas formadas por los puntales 46, 48 de la tercera y la cuarta filas, respectivamente. El armazon 40 tambien puede incluir puntales 54 que se extiendan en direccion axial, que esten conectados con los extremos de cada puntal 42, 44, 46, 48 alineados en una columna 50 que no esten conectados con un montante 18, y que se extiendan entre los mismos. Tal como se indica mas arriba, el armazon 40 es sumamente adecuado para valvulas con un diametro de 29 mm o mas (cuando estan expandidas en su tamano funcional). En un ejemplo de funcionamiento de una valvula que incorpora un armazon 40, una valvula de 29 mm se puede fruncir hasta un diametro de aproximadamente 21 Fr.
Los materiales plasticamente expandibles adecuados que pueden ser utilizados para formar el armazon incluyen, sin limitacion, acero inoxidable, una aleacion basada en mquel (por ejemplo, una aleacion de mquel- cobalto-cromo), polfmeros, o combinaciones de los mismos. En realizaciones particulares, el armazon 20 esta hecho de una aleacion de mquel-cobalto-cromo-molibdeno, tal como MP35NTM (nombre comercial de SPS Technologies), que es equivalente a UNS R30035 (cubierto por ASTM F562-02). El MP35NTM/UNS R30035 comprende un 35% de mquel, un 35% de cobalto, un 20% de cromo y un 10% de molibdeno, en peso. Se ha comprobado que el uso de MP35N para formar el armazon 20 proporciona resultados estructurales mejores que los del acero inoxidable. En particular, cuando se utiliza Mp35N como material de armazon se requiere menos material para lograr un rendimiento igual o mejor en la resistencia a las fuerzas radiales y de aplastamiento, resistencias a la fatiga y resistencia a la corrosion. Ademas, dado que se requiere menos material, el perfil fruncido del armazon se puede reducir, proporcionando de este modo un conjunto de valvula de perfil mas bajo para su disposicion percutanea en el lugar de tratamiento en el cuerpo.
Con referencia de nuevo a la FIGURA 1, el faldon 16 puede estar formado, por ejemplo, por una cinta de tereftalato de polietileno (PET). El espesor del faldon puede variar, pero de forma deseable es menor que 0,15 milfmetros (6 milipulgadas), de forma deseable menor que 0,10 milfmetros (4 milipulgadas) y de forma incluso mas deseable de aproximadamente 0,05 milfmetros (2 milipulgadas). El faldon 16 se puede sujetar en el interior del armazon 12 por medio de suturas de Lenzing 56, tal como se muestra en la FIGURA 1. La estructura de valvas 14 se puede unir al faldon a traves de una tira 68 de refuerzo de PET delgada (o manguito), descrita mas abajo, que posibilita una sutura segura y protege el tejido pericardico de la estructura de valvas frente a desgarros. La estructura de valvas 14 puede estar intercalada entre el faldon 16 y la tira 68 de PET delgada. La sutura 58, que sujeta la tira de PET y la estructura de valvas 14 en el faldon 16, puede ser cualquier sutura adecuada, tal como una sutura de Ethibond. De forma deseable, la sutura 58 sigue la curvatura del borde inferior de la estructura de valvas 14, tal como se describe con mayor detalle mas abajo. La estructura de valvas 14 puede estar formada por tejido pericardico bovino, materiales sinteticos biocompatibles, u otros materiales naturales o sinteticos adecuados, tal como se conocen en la tecnica y se describen en la patente de los EE.UU. n° 6,730,118.
La estructura de valvas 14 puede comprender tres valvas 60, que pueden estar dispuestas para plegarse en una disposicion tricuspide, tal como se puede ver mejor en las FIGURAS 2 y 6. De forma deseable, el borde inferior de la estructura de valvas 14 tiene una forma entallada curvada ondulada (la lmea de sutura 58 mostrada en la FIGURA 1 sigue la forma entallada de la estructura de valvas). Mediante la formacion de las valvas con esta geometna entallada se reducen las tensiones en las valvas, lo que a su vez mejora la duracion de la valvula. Ademas, gracias a la forma entallada se pueden eliminar o al menos minimizar los dobleces o rizos en la barriga de cada valva (la zona central de cada valva), que puede causar una calcificacion prematura en esas areas. La geometna entallada tambien reduce la cantidad de material de tejido utilizado para formar la estructura de valvas, posibilitando de este modo un perfil mas pequeno, fruncido mas uniformemente, en el extremo de entrada de la valvula.
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Las valvas 60 estan sujetas entre sf en sus lados adyacentes formando comisuras 84 de la estructura de valvas (los bordes en los que se juntan las valvas). La estructura de valvas 14 se puede sujetar al armazon 12 utilizando tecnicas y mecanismos adecuados. Por ejemplo, tal como se puede ver mejor en la FIGURA 6, de forma deseable las comisuras 84 de la estructura de valva estan alineadas con los montantes de soporte 18 y estan sujetas a estos mediante el uso de suturas. El punto de union de las valvas a los montantes 18 esta reforzado con barras 62 (FIGURA 11), que de forma deseable estan hechas de un material relativamente ngido (en comparacion con las valvas), tal como acero inoxidable.
La FIGURA 13 muestra una valva 60 individual que tiene un borde inferior 64 curvado y dos aletas 66 que se extienden entre el borde superior y el borde inferior curvado de la valva. El borde inferior 64 curvado forma un entallado individual. Cuando esta sujeta a otras dos valvas formando la estructura de valvas 14, los bordes inferiores curvados de las valvas forman colectivamente la parte de borde inferior con forma entallada de la estructura de valvas (tal como se puede ver mejor en la FIGURA 18). Tal como se muestra adicionalmente en la FIGURA 13, dos barras de refuerzo 62 se pueden sujetar en la valva en posicion adyacente a las aletas 66 (por ejemplo mediante el uso de suturas). Las aletas se pueden doblar sobre las barras 62 y sujetar en la posicion doblada utilizando suturas. Si asf se desea, tal como se muestra en la FIGURA 12, cada barra 62 se puede disponer en un manguito protector 68 (por ejemplo un manguito de PET) antes de sujetarla a una valva.
Tal como se muestra en la FIGURA 14, el borde inferior 64 curvado de la valva se puede reforzar para una sujecion posterior al faldon 16, por ejemplo sujetando una tira de refuerzo 68 a lo largo del borde inferior curvado entre las aletas 66 en el lado de la valva opuesto a las barras 62. Tres de estas valvas 60 se pueden preparar del mismo modo y despues conectar entre sf por sus aletas 66 en una disposicion tricuspide para formar la estructura de valvas 14, tal como se muestra en la FIGURA 15. Las tiras de refuerzo 68 en las valvas definen colectivamente una cinta o manguito que se extiende a lo largo de la parte de borde inferior de la superficie interior de la estructura de valvas.
Tal como se indica mas arriba, la estructura de valvas 14 se puede sujetar al armazon 12 con faldon 16. De forma deseable, el faldon 16 comprende un material fuerte, resistente al desgarro, tal como PET, aunque se pueden utilizar otros materiales sinteticos o naturales diversos. El faldon 16 puede ser mucho mas delgado que los faldones tradicionales. Por ejemplo, en una realizacion, el faldon 16 es un faldon de PET que tiene un espesor de aproximadamente 0,07 mm en los bordes y aproximadamente 0,06 mm en el centro. El faldon mas delgado puede proporcionar mejores rendimientos de fruncido y al mismo tiempo seguir proporcionando un buen sellado perivalvular.
La FIGURA 16 muestra una vista aplanada del faldon antes de que los extremos opuestos esten sujetos entre sf conformando la forma anular mostrada en la FIGURA 17. Tal como se muestra, el borde superior del faldon 16 tiene de modo deseable una forma ondulada que sigue generalmente la forma de la segunda fila de puntales 22 del armazon. De este modo, el borde superior del faldon 16 se puede sujetar firmemente a los puntales 22 con suturas 56 (tal como se puede ver mejor en la FIGURA 1). El faldon 16 tambien puede estar formado con hendiduras 70 (fig. 17) para facilitar la union del faldon al armazon. Las hendiduras 70 estan alineadas con estructuras de corona 26 de puntales 22 cuando el faldon esta sujeto al armazon. Las hendiduras 70 estan dimensionadas de tal modo que permitan que una parte de borde superior del faldon este parcialmente envuelta alrededor de los puntales 22 y reduzca las tensiones en el faldon durante el procedimiento de union. Por ejemplo, en la realizacion mostrada, el faldon 16 esta situado sobre el interior del armazon 12 y una parte de borde superior del faldon esta envuelta alrededor de las superficies superiores de los puntales 22 y sujeta en el lugar adecuado con suturas 56. La envoltura de la parte de borde superior del faldon alrededor de los puntales 22 proporciona de este modo una union mas fuerte y duradera del faldon al armazon. Aunque no se muestra, el borde inferior del faldon puede estar conformado de tal modo que se ajuste en general al contorno de la fila inferior de puntales 22 para mejorar el flujo de sangre mas alla del extremo de entrada de la valvula.
Tal como se muestra ademas en la FIGURA 17, se pueden anadir diversas lmeas de sutura al faldon para facilitar la union del faldon a la estructura de valvas y al armazon. Por ejemplo, se puede utilizar una lmea de sutura 72 con forma entallada como una grna para suturar el borde inferior de la estructura de valvas en el lugar apropiado contra la superficie interior del faldon utilizando la sutura 59 (tal como se puede ver mejor en la FIGUrA 5). Otra lmea de sutura 74 con forma entallada (FIGURA 17) puede ser utilizada como una grna para suturar la estructura de valvas con el faldon utilizando suturas 58 (FIGURA 1). Unas tiras de refuerzo 68 sujetas al borde inferior de las valvas refuerzan las valvas a lo largo de la lmea de sutura 58 y protegen contra el desgarro de las valvas. La FIGURA 18 muestra un conjunto de valvas formado por el faldon 16 y la estructura de valvas 14 sujeta al faldon. El conjunto de valvas se puede sujetar despues al armazon 12 del modo abajo descrito. En realizaciones alternativas, el faldon, sin la estructura de valvas, se puede conectar primero con el armazon y despues se puede conectar la estructura de valvas con el faldon.
La FIGURA 6 muestra una vista desde arriba del conjunto de valvula unido al armazon 12. Las valvas se muestran en una posicion generalmente cerrada. Tal como se muestra, las comisuras de las valvas estan
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alineadas con montantes 18 del armazon. Las valvulas estan sujetas al armazon utilizando suturas que se extienden a traves de aletas 66 de las valvas, aberturas 76 en barras 62, y aberturas 78 en montantes 18, sujetando eficazmente las aletas 66 a montantes 18. Tal como se indica mas arriba, las barras 62 refuerzan las aletas en el area de conexion con montantes y protegen contra el desgarro de las valvas.
Tal como se muestra en la FIGURA 6A, de forma deseable, las barras 62 estan alineadas en direccion perpendicular y lo mas rectas posible con respecto a los montantes 18 del armazon, de tal modo que las barras 62 y los montantes 18 configuran una forma de "T" en cada comisura. La anchura de las barras 62 y la union de las comisuras a traves de las barras proporciona una holgura entre las partes desviables de las valvas 60 (las partes no sujetas por suturas al armazon) y el armazon, mientras que el radio de borde (espesor) de las barras 62 sirve como una bisagra flexible para las valvas 60 durante la apertura y el cierre de la valvula, aumentando de este modo el espacio entre las valvas y el armazon. Mediante el aumento del espacio entre las partes moviles de las valvas y el armazon y teniendo las valvas flexionadas contra un radio de borde de las barras 62 se puede evitar el contacto entre las partes moviles de las valvas (en especial los bordes de salida de las valvas) y el armazon durante ciclos de trabajo, lo que a su vez mejora la duracion del conjunto de valvula. Esta configuracion tambien mejora la perfusion a traves de los senos coronarios.
La FIGURA 19 representa una vista lateral de una valvula 10 fruncida sobre un cateter 100 de suministro de balon. La valvula esta fruncida sobre el balon 110 del cateter de balon 100. Es deseable proteger la estructura de valvas 14 de la valvula frente a danos durante el fruncido para asegurar la durabilidad de la estructura de valvas y, al mismo tiempo, es deseable reducir cuando sea posible el tamano de perfil fruncido de la valvula. Durante el procedimiento de fruncido, el tejido de la estructura de valvas (por ejemplo tejido pericardico bovino u otro tejido adecuado) es apretado contra la superficie interior del armazon metalico y partes del tejido pueden sobresalir al interior de las celdas abiertas del armazon entre los puntales y pueden ser pellizcadas debido al movimiento a modo de tijera de los puntales del armazon. Si la valvula se frunce mucho para lograr un tamano de fruncido pequeno, el movimiento a modo de tijera puede resultar en cortes y rotura de las valvas de tejido.
El faldon 16, arriba descrito, puede proteger la estructura de valvas contra danos durante el fruncido hasta un grado determinado. Sin embargo, la funcion principal del faldon es estructural y en determinadas realizaciones no cubre todo el armazon. Por lo tanto, en dichas realizaciones, el faldon no puede proteger la estructura de valvas por completo durante el fruncido y, el armazon todavfa puede danar la estructura de valvas.
Las FIGURAS 20 y 21 muestran una realizacion de un aparato de fruncido para un fruncido atraumatico de una valvula sobre un balon de un modo que protege adicionalmente las valvas contra danos. El aparato de fruncido (tambien designado como fruncidor), indicado de modo general con la referencia 200, tiene una abertura 202 dimensionada para recibir una valvula en estado expandido. La FIGURA 20 muestra una abertura 202 completamente abierta o dilatada con una valvula 10 posicionada dentro de dicha abertura 202. El aparato de fruncido 200 tiene multiples mordazas de fruncido 206 (12 en la realizacion ilustrada) que estan configuradas para moverse en direccion radial hacia adentro, para comprimir (fruncir) la valvula en direccion radial hasta un perfil mas pequeno alrededor del balon de un cateter de balon.
Entre la cara exterior del armazon y las mordazas de fruncido 206 esta posicionado un material deformable. En la realizacion ilustrada, el material deformable comprende un manguito protector, o cubierta, 204, que esta situado alrededor de la valvula de tal modo que cubre la superficie exterior del armazon de la valvula e impide que la superficie dura de las mordazas de fruncido entre en contacto directo con el armazon de la valvula. De forma deseable, el manguito 204 esta dimensionado para cubrir por completo la superficie exterior del armazon. De forma deseable, el manguito 204 esta hecho de un material blando, flexible y compresible. El manguito puede estar formado con materiales generalmente disponibles, incluyendo, de forma no exclusiva, esponja natural o sintetica (por ejemplo, esponja de poliuretano), un material de espuma hecho de un polfmero adecuado, tal como poliuretano o polietileno, o cualquiera de diversos materiales elastomericos adecuados, tales como poliuretano, silicio, poliolefinas o diversos hidrogeles, por nombrar algunos.
De forma deseable, el manguito esta guardado en un entorno humedo (por ejemplo, sumergido en solucion salina) antes de su uso. Despues de colocar el manguito 204 alrededor de la valvula, la valvula y el manguito se colocan dentro del aparato de fruncido 200, tal como se muestra en la FIGURA 20. Despues, el balon 110 de un cateter de balon se puede posicionar dentro de las valvas 50 de la valvula (FIGURA 21). La FIGURA 21 muestra mordazas de fruncido 206 rodeando el manguito 204, que a su vez rodea el armazon 12 y la estructura de valvas 14 de la valvula 10. Normalmente, el balon 110 se coloca en el centro de la valvula, de modo que la valvula se puede expandir uniformemente durante la implantacion de la valvula dentro del cuerpo.
Como se puede ver en la FIGURA 21, durante el fruncido, el material a modo de esponja del manguito protector 204 sobresale dentro de las celdas abiertas del armazon 12 y ocupa este espacio, impidiendo de este modo que la estructura de valvas 14 entre en este espacio y sea pellizcada o danada de otro modo. Una
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vez completo el fruncido, la valvula con el manguito protector se retira del aparato de fruncido. Despues, el manguito se puede desprender del armazon con cuidado. Dado que el manguito protector presiona la estructura de valvas hacia adentro y en sentido opuesto al armazon durante el fruncido, la valvula se puede fruncir hasta un perfil mas pequeno sin danar la estructura de valvas.
Las FIGURAS 23 y 24 ilustran una ventaja que puede ser obtenida utilizando el manguito protector 204. La FIGURA 23 muestra una valvula protesica que ha sido fruncida sin utilizar el manguito protector. La lmea discontinua 300 identifica un area de la valvula en la que la estructura de valvas 302 ha sido apretada entre puntales de un armazon 304, lo que puede danar la estructura de valvas tal como se describe mas arriba.
En cambio, la FIGURA 24 muestra una valvula protesica que ha sido fruncida utilizando un manguito protector 204. En este ejemplo, la estructura de valvas 302 ha sido presionada hacia adentro y en sentido opuesto al interior del armazon 304 y, por lo tanto, la estructura de valvas no ha sido pellizcada o apretada entre los puntales del armazon.
Por consiguiente, dado que la estructura de valvas es empujada fuera del armazon cuando se utiliza el manguito protector, es menos probable que la estructura de valvas sea pellizcada o cortada durante el proceso de fruncido. Ademas, cuando se utiliza un manguito protector se puede obtener una estructura muy ordenada de balon-valvas-armazon (de dentro afuera). Cuando no se utiliza dicho manguito protector es mucho mas probable que una parte del balon, de las valvas y del armazon se solapen despues del procedimiento de fruncido y la estructura resultante es menos predecible y uniforme.
Ademas del manguito protector de tipo espuma o esponja arriba descrito tambien se pueden utilizar otros tipos de manguitos o capas protectoras de material deformable para proteger las valvas contra danos durante el fruncido de una valvula. Por ejemplo, se puede disponer una capa (por ejemplo rodajas rectangulares) de material deformable (por ejemplo esponja, caucho, silicio, poliuretano, etc.) sobre cada mordaza de fruncido 206 para formar un manguito alrededor de la valvula en el fruncido. Alternativamente, sobre cada mordaza de fruncido se pueden disponer paquetes deformables rellenos de un material fluido y deformable, tal como un gel o gas, para que entre en contacto con la valvula en el fruncido. Ademas, el material deformable (por ejemplo el manguito 204) se puede cubrir con un pano de PET, entre muchos otros materiales de tela u otros materiales adecuados, para evitar que partfculas de los materiales deformables migren a la valvula durante el fruncido.
El faldon de una valvula protesica desempena diversas funciones. Por ejemplo, en realizaciones particulares, el faldon sirve para sellar y prevenir (o reducir) fugas perivalvulares, para anclar la estructura de valvas al armazon, y para proteger las valvas contra danos causados por el contacto con el armazon durante el fruncido y durante ciclos de trabajo de la valvula. El faldon utilizado con la valvula protesica arriba descrita puede ser una tela, tal como un pano de PET. Las telas de PET u otras son esencialmente no elasticas (es decir, esencialmente no se pueden estirar ni comprimir). Como tal, el faldon en determinadas ejecuciones limita el diametro de fruncido de la valvula mas pequeno alcanzable y se puede arrugar despues de la expansion desde el diametro fruncido.
En realizaciones alternativas, tal como se describe mas abajo, se puede proporcionar una valvula protesica con un faldon hecho de un material que se pueda estirar y/o comprimir, tal como silicona. Debido a la compresibilidad de un faldon de este tipo, la valvula se puede fruncir a un diametro relativamente mas pequeno en comparacion con una valvula que tenga un faldon no compresible. Ademas, dicho faldon pude recuperar sus superficies lisas originales con poco o ningun arrugamiento despues de la expansion desde el estado fruncido.
La FIGURA 25 muestra la realizacion de un armazon 12 que tiene un revestimiento "sobre tubo" elastico o manguito 340 que se extiende por completo alrededor de al menos una parte de la cara exterior del armazon cubriendo la misma. En realizaciones particulares, el faldon 340 esta hecho de silicona, que puede experimentar grandes deformaciones mientras mantiene su elasticidad. Dicho faldon de silicona puede consistir en un manguito delgado que cubra una parte del armazon 12 desde la cara exterior. En la realizacion ilustrada, la altura del faldon es menor que la altura total del armazon 12, sin embargo, el faldon puede tener una altura diferente y no es necesario que tenga la altura mostrada en la FIGURA 25. Por ejemplo, la altura del faldon puede ser igual o mayor que la del armazon para cubrir por completo la cara exterior del armazon. En una realizacion alternativa, el faldon 340 se puede montar en el interior del armazon utilizando, por ejemplo, suturas o un adhesivo. Cuando se monta dentro del armazon, el faldon puede proteger las valvas frente a abrasion contra el interior del armazon. Otros materiales que pueden ser utilizados para formar el faldon o manguito incluyen, de forma no exclusiva, PTFE, ePTFE, poliuretano, poliolefinas, hidrogeles, materiales biologicos (por ejemplo pericardio o polfmeros biologicos tales como colageno, gelatina o derivados de acido hialuronico) o combinaciones de los mismos.
Segun otra realizacion, el armazon completo o una parte del mismo se puede sumergir en material licuado (por ejemplo silicio lfquido o cualquiera de los materiales arriba descritos para formar el manguito 340 que
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puedan ser licuados para revestir el armazon por immersion) con el fin de encapsular todo el armazon (o al menos la parte sumergida) en silicio. La FIGURA 26 es una vista lateral de un armazon 12 que ha sido sumergido en silicio para formar una cubierta de silicio 342 cilmdrica continua que encapsula los puntales del armazon y rellena los espacios entre los puntales. La FIGURA 26 muestra la cubierta 342 antes de que esta sea recortada para retirar el material en exceso que se extiende mas alla de los extremos del armazon. Aunque es menos deseable, el armazon se puede sumergir de tal modo que el silicio encapsule los puntales del armazon pero no rellene los espacios abiertos entre los puntales del armazon.
La FIGURA 27 muestra la realizacion de una valvula protesica 400 que comprende un armazon 402 y una estructura de valvas 404 montada en el interior del armazon (por ejemplo utilizando suturas, tal como se muestra). El armazon 402 tiene un faldon en forma de una cubierta 406 de silicona que esta formada, por ejemplo, mediante immersion del armazon en silicona lfquida. La FIGURA 27 muestra la valvula 400 en su estado expandido. En la FIGURA 28, la valvula 400 ha sido fruncida a un perfil mas pequeno. Durante el fruncido, el revestimiento 406, que se extiende a traves de las celdas abiertas entre los puntales del armazon y rellena las mismas, es eficaz para empujar la estructura de valvas 404 hacia adentro y en sentido opuesto al armazon, protegiendo de este modo la estructura de valvas frente a pellizcos o desgarros. La FIGURA 29 muestra la valvula 400 despues de haber sido expandida mediante un balon de un cateter de balon.
Con el fin de probar la durabilidad y la resistencia al estiramiento del silicio utilizado, se llevaron a cabo varios ensayos uniaxiales. En particular, unas tiras de silicona de aproximadamente 5 x 50 mm (con un espesor de aproximadamente 0,85 mm) se ensayaron en un comprobador uniaxial. Las FIGURAS 30A-30C muestran graficos de los resultados de los ensayos uniaxiales de tiras de silicona. Ademas se realizaron deliberadamente desgarros en tiras de silicona en el centro de las mismas y en su borde mientras las tiras eran estiradas en un comprobador uniaxial. Los desgarros se realizaron haciendo agujeros en las tiras de silicona con una aguja. Las FIGURAS 31A-31F muestran graficos de los resultados de las pruebas uniaxilales de tiras de silicona con desgarros realizados deliberadamente.
Se comprobo que el estiramiento de rotura por traccion de una capa delgada de silicona era de mas de un 500% y que las muestras que teman desgarros realizados deliberadamente continuaban mostrando una resistencia notable. Por consiguiente, la elasticidad de la silicona permite fruncir armazones sumergidos en silicona hasta perfiles muy bajos y expandir los mismos de nuevo al perfil mas grande sin ningun dano significativo en la capa de silicona. Ademas, el material de silicona puede aumentar la friccion entre el armazon y el anillo nativo en el que esta implantada la valvula protesica, lo que resulta en un mejor anclaje y prevencion/reduccion de fugas perivalvulares.
Un faldon de silicona se puede montar sobre un armazon a traves de diversos medios, incluyendo el uso de un mandril. Tambien puede ser deseable utilizar un faldon de silicona en combinacion con un faldon de tela o tejido. Por ejemplo, puede ser deseable colocar un faldon de silicona sobre la cara exterior de un faldon de tela o tejido que rodee al menos una parte de un armazon.
Alternativa o adicionalmente, tambien se podna colocar un faldon de silicona sobre la cara interior del armazon y unirlo al armazon de modo que proporcione una mayor proteccion durante ciclos de trabajo. Alternativamente, en lugar de silicona el faldon puede estar hecho de un material auxetico y/o hinchable, tal como hidrogeles sinteticos o naturales. Un material auxetico es un material que se expande lateralmente mientras se estira longitudinalmente, lo que significa que este material tiene un coeficiente de Poisson negativo. Si el armazon esta cubierto con un material auxetico, se puede expandir en direccion radial mientras se estira en direccion circunferencial cuando la valvula se expande desde su estado fruncido. Esta expansion puede mejorar el ajuste de la valvula en el anillo de valvula nativo, previniendo o reduciendo de este modo las fugas perivalvulares.
En vista de las muchas realizaciones posibles a las que se pueden aplicar los principios de la invencion descrita, se ha de reconocer que las realizaciones ilustradas solo son ejemplos preferentes de la invencion y no han de ser consideradas como limitativas del alcance de la misma. Mas bien, el alcance de la invencion esta definido por las reivindicaciones. Por lo tanto, reivindicamos como invencion nuestra todo lo que entra dentro del alcance de dichas reivindicaciones.
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Reivindicaciones
Valvula protesica (10) implantable, que comprende:
un armazon (12) anular plegable y expandible en direccion radial, teniendo el armazon tres montantes (18) de sujecion de comisura y tres filas de puntales circunferenciales que se extienden entre los montantes de sujecion de comisura, definiendo una primera fila de puntales circunferenciales (20) un extremo de entrada del armazon y definiendo una segunda y una tercera filas de puntales circunferenciales (22, 24) un extremo de salida del armazon separado de la primera fila adyacente, estando conectada la primera fila con la segunda y la tercera filas por multiples puntales axiales (30), comprendiendo cada fila de puntales circunferenciales puntales en angulo dispuestos en un patron en zigzag e interconectados;
una estructura de valvas (14) que comprende tres valvas (60) formadas por tejido pericardico, teniendo cada valva un borde superior, un borde inferior (64) curvado y dos aletas laterales (66), estando sujeta cada aleta lateral en una aleta lateral adyacente de otra valva formando comisuras (84) de la estructura de valva, estando sujeta cada comisura en uno de los montantes de sujecion de comisura;
un elemento de faldon (16) anular situado entre el armazon anular y la estructura de valvas, estando el borde inferior curvado de cada valva suturado con una superficie interior del elemento de faldon a lo largo de una lmea entallada (58); y
un par de barras de refuerzo (62) posicionadas junto a cada montante de sujecion de comisura, caracterizada porque cada barra de refuerzo comprende multiples agujeros, extendiendose cada aleta lateral alrededor de una barra de refuerzo y estando cada barra de refuerzo suturada con un montante de sujecion de comisura para reforzar las sujeciones entre la estructura de valvas y los montantes de sujecion de comisura, y porque los puntales en angulo estan interconectados mediante una estructura de corona (26) de manera general en forma de U para una mejor capacidad de plegado.
Valvula protesica segun la reivindicacion 1, en la que las comisuras de la estructura de valvas estan sujetas a los montantes de sujecion de comisura con suturas que se extienden a traves de las aletas laterales, las barras de refuerzo y los montantes de sujecion de comisura.
Valvula protesica segun la reivindicacion 1, en la que cada barra de refuerzo esta cubierta por un manguito protector.
Valvula protesica segun la reivindicacion 1, que adicionalmente comprende una capa elastomerica (340) anular que encapsula al menos una parte del armazon.
Valvula protesica segun la reivindicacion 1, en la que los puntales en angulo estan conectados en angulos (A) de entre aproximadamente 90 y aproximadamente 110 grados cuando el armazon anular esta en estado expandido.
Valvula protesica segun la reivindicacion 1, en la que el armazon comprende una aleacion de mquel- cobalto-cromo.
Valvula protesica segun la reivindicacion 6, en la que la aleacion de mquel-cobalto-cromo comprende MP35N.
Valvula protesica segun la reivindicacion 1, que adicionalmente comprende tiras (68) de refuerzo sujetas a una superficie interior de la parte de borde inferior de una valva, de tal modo que las valvas estan intercaladas entre el elemento de faldon anular y las tiras de refuerzo.
Valvula protesica segun la reivindicacion 1, en la que los puntales de la primera fila son mas gruesos que los puntales de las filas segunda y tercera.
Valvula protesica segun la reivindicacion 1, en la que el armazon anular es expandible plasticamente.
Valvula protesica segun la reivindicacion 1, en la que cada una de las barras de refuerzo tiene cuatro agujeros que se corresponden con cuatro agujeros formados en cada uno de los montantes de sujecion de comisura.
Valvula protesica segun la reivindicacion 1, en la que la primera y la segunda filas de puntales circunferenciales tienen patrones en zigzag paralelos.
Valvula protesica segun la reivindicacion 12, en la que el patron en zigzag de la tercera fila de puntales circunferenciales esta enfrentada a las filas primera y segunda.
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