ES2708448T3 - Sistema de implante con un implante funcional de material de metal degradable - Google Patents
Sistema de implante con un implante funcional de material de metal degradable Download PDFInfo
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- ES2708448T3 ES2708448T3 ES09162534T ES09162534T ES2708448T3 ES 2708448 T3 ES2708448 T3 ES 2708448T3 ES 09162534 T ES09162534 T ES 09162534T ES 09162534 T ES09162534 T ES 09162534T ES 2708448 T3 ES2708448 T3 ES 2708448T3
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- implant
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- implant system
- control device
- counter electrode
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Abstract
Sistema de implante completo - un implante funcional que cumple una función médica (5, 6, 15), especialmente implante óseo, stent vascular, otro tipo de stent o implante depot que, por lo menos en parte, está formado por un material de metal degradable por el cuerpo (2) del portador del implante, caracterizado por - un dispositivo de control implantable (7) para el control del comportamiento de degradación del implante funcional (5, 6, 15) con = por lo menos un contraelectrodo (10) al implante funcional (5, 6, 15), y = una fuente de tensión (8) para poner a disposición una tensión de polarización (DU) entre el implante funcional (5, 6, 15) y el contraelectrodo (10) para el control del comportamiento de degradación del implante funcional (5, 6, 15).
Description
DESCRIPCION
Sistema de implante con un implante funcional de material de metal degradable
El invento se refiere a un sistema de implante que consta de un implante funcional que cumple una funcion medica que, por lo menos en parte, esta formado por material de metal degradable por el cuerpo del portador del implante.
Como transfondo del invento cabe protocolar que implantes de este tipo, por ejemplo en forma de clavos, tornillos o placas, se utilizan para la terapia en casos de roturas de huesos. Basicamente el proceso que se desarrolla en el cuerpo cuando se unen los extremos de las fracturas del hueso debe ser lo mas tranquilo posible y anatomicamente correcto. El metodo mas habitual es la utilizacion de un inmovilizador en forma de un manguito de yeso o plastico. Esto se utiliza en la mayoria de los casos en fracturas no complicadas. La desventaja de este metodo es la perdida funcional de la extremidad danada durante un largo periodo de tiempo, lo que conlleva una involucion muscular y osea (atrofia) cuando el tiempo de inmovilizacion es prolongado.
Para evitar este fenomeno y poder empezar nuevamente con la rehabilitacion lo mas pronto posible, en caso de roturas de hueso cada vez se utiliza mas la cirugia, en la que, con ayuda de clavos, tornillos o placas, es posible realizar una restitucion de la anatomia mas exacta asi como una mejor fijacion de los fragmentos. Para pacientes de edad mas avanzada, esta suele ser la unica posibilidad de no perder la autonomia inicial durante un largo tiempo o de forma permanente.
Habitualmente, estos implantes funcionales para el apoyo, la fijacion y el soporte se realizan con metales no degradables, como acero o aleacion de titanio medico. Despues de la union de los fragmentos oseos, estos implantes permanecen en el cuerpo o se explantan en otra intervencion quirurgica.
Los implantes funcionales que permanecen en el cuerpo, con el tiempo pueden producir irritaciones, como inflamaciones. La explantacion del implante lleva consigo una segunda intervencion quirurgica evitable. WO 01/54617 A1 describe a este respecto un filtro de trombosis.
Para crear ayuda se conocen, por ejemplo, implantes ortopedicos de la US 2008/0015578 A1 que estan elaborados, por lo menos en parte, de materiales de metal degradables por el cuerpo del portador del implante. Se utilizan metales como hierro, magnesio, zinc, wolframio asi como mezclas o aleaciones de ellos.
De la patente US 2006/0052782 A1 se conoce un implante ortopedico activo con forma de placa osea que, por lo menos, presenta un microchip con un sensor vinculado al mismo. El sensor reacciona a senales fisicas del implante o del tejido del implante, como por ejemplo temperatura, presion o esfuerzo de traccion. La informacion recogida por el sensor es procesada por el microchip y se transmite a un receptor dispuesto fuera del paciente, como por ejemplo un ordenador personal. Con ello, el personal de asistencia medica puede realizar un diagnostico, por ejemplo de la duracion activa de la funcion del implante, de la carga sobre la placa osea y de posibles combinaciones, como se pueden presentar en implantes ortopedicos en forma de infecciones y no curacion del punto de fractura y fatiga. Ademas, el implante tambien puede tener electrodos en su superficie para apoyar el proceso de curacion de la fractura osea.
Una desventaja de los implantes funcionales elaborados con un material de metal degradable es el hecho de que el proceso de degradacion depende de las peculiaridades respectivas en el cuerpo del portador del implante. En especial, el proceso de degradacion puede influenciarse de forma no activa.
Partiendo de esta base, el invento se basa en la tarea de indicar un sistema de implante del tipo correspondiente a su categoria en el que el proceso de degradacion sea activamente influenciable, en especial el momento de inicio y la duracion del proceso de degradacion.
Esta tarea se soluciona mediante un sistema de implante con las caracteristicas de la reivindicacion 1. Por consiguiente esta previsto un dispositivo de control implantable para el control del comportamiento de degradacion del implante funcional con un contraelectrodo al implante funcional que consta de un material de metal electroquimicamente mas noble y con una fuente de tension para poner a disposicion una tension de polarizacion entre el implante funcional y el contraelectrodo para el control del comportamiento de degradacion del implante funcional.
Con ayuda de este dispositivo de control es posible controlar el comportamiento de degradacion del implante funcional conforme a la finalidad protegiendo catodicamente el implante funcional mediante la tension de polarizacion aplicada entre el implante funcional y el contraelectrodo y, con ello, la degradacion no se produce o se realiza mas lentamente. Con ello, la disolucion del implante despues de su colocacion, al principio se retardarse o impedirse completamente si bien, en el momento en que ha cumplido su funcion de apoyo, fijacion o soporte, la degradacion del implante puede acelerarse aplicando la tension de polarizacion con ayuda del dispositivo de control.
En el sentido de este invento, el concepto "implantes funcionales" tambien comprende stents vasculares, otros stents o implantes depot. Los campos de aplicacion para los implantes funcionales son tambien aplicaciones urologicas, intracraneales, vasculares y ortopedicas, aplicaciones local- drug-delivery (administracion local de farmacos) asi como aplicaciones en la terapia del cancer.
Preferentemente esta previsto, por lo menos, un electrodo de referencia para averiguar la tension real aplicada en el implante funcional (5, 6, 15).
Segun un tipo de ejecucion preferente, el dispositivo de control tiene una pila implantable como fuente de tension. Una fuente de energia de estas caracteristicas es confiable y muy economica.
Otras variantes del sistema de implante se refieren al diseno del contraelectrodo, que puede implantarse por separado o formarse a si mismo por la carcasa del dispositivo de control implantable. En un diseno del contraelectrodo separado, este puede estar elaborado con un material de metal degradable, el cual tiene que ser electroquimicamente mas noble que el material de metal del implante funcional. En este caso el contraelectrodo ya no se ha de explantar, pues degrada con el tiempo en el cuerpo del portador del implante.
En la medida en que el contraelectrodo esta formado por la carcasa del dispositivo de control es decir por su pila, hay que elegir un material no degradable, por ejemplo una carcasa de titanio. Facultativamente tambien se puede realizar un recubrimiento total o parcial de la superficie de la carcasa con un metal no degradable, p. ej. platino, o una aleacion no degradable, p. ej. platino-iridio.
La fuente de tension puede conmutarse segun el tipo de ejecucion preferente de tal forma que un medico corte la conexion de la linea entre la pila y el contraelectrodo mediante una intervencion ambulatoria o explante la pila misma. Si bien, es posible una activacion mas confortable del dispositivo de control cuando este dispone de una unidad de transmision de datos telemetrica, como es una tecnica habitual, por ejemplo, en el campo de los marcapasos. Mediante la unidad de transmision de datos telemetrica se pueden transmitir exactamente los datos de control para el control de la tension de polarizacion creada por la fuente de tension, como datos de medicion sobre el estado del implante funcional, como por ejemplo su grado de degradacion. Con ello, tambien puede realizarse un "home monitoring" real en relacion con los sistemas de implante de acuerdo con la invencion. Hasta ahora no es conocido que el estado de implantes ortopedicos asi como el estado del punto tratado puedan seguirse e influenciarse sin necesidad de presentarse en la consulta medica.
Una implementacion que tambien se encuentra bajo el nucleo general del invento es la ejecucion del implante funcional como implante depot, el cual presenta, por lo menos, una camara depot llena de agente terapeutico. En este caso, con ayuda del dispositivo de control de acuerdo con la invencion, la camara depot formada, por lo menos en parte, de un material de metal degradable puede degradarse controlada temporalmente y, con ello, liberar el agente terapeutico contenido en la misma de forma definida en el tiempo. Con la utilizacion de varias camaras depot y materiales o dimensiones diferentes para su cubierta, en el contexto de una tension de polarizacion aplicada por la unidad de control se puede controlar la liberacion temporalmente retardada de diferentes agentes terapeuticos.
Como principios activos antiproliferativos, antiinflamatorios y/o antimicoticos pueden seleccionarse, por ejemplo, los de la lista siguiente:
abciximab, acemetacina, acetilvismion B, aclarubicina, ademetionina, adriamicina, aescina, afromosona, acagerina, aldesleucina, amidorona, aminoglutetimida, amsacrina, anakinra, anastrozol, anemonina, anopterina, antimicoticos, antitromboticos, apocimarina, argatroban, aristolactam-AII, acido aristoloquico, ascomicina, asparaginasa, aspirina,
atorvastatina, auranofina, azatioprina, azitromicina, baccatina, bafilomicina, basiliximab, bendamustina, benzocaina, berberina, betulina, acido betulinico, bilobol, bispartenolidina, bleomicina, bombrestatina, acidos boswelicos y sus derivados, bruceanola A, B y C, briofilina A, busulfan, antitrombina, bivalirudina, cadherinas, camptotecina, capecitabina, acido o-carbamoil-fenoxiacetico, carboplatino, carmustina, celecoxib, cefarantina, cerivastatina, inhibidores CETP, clorambucil, fosfato de cloroquina, cictoxina, ciprofloxacina, cisplatino, cladribina, claritromicina, colchicina, concanamicina, coumadina, peptido natriuretico de tipo C (PNC), cudraisoflavona A, curcumina, ciclofosfamida, ciclosporina A, citarabina, dacarbazina, daclizumab, dactinomicina, dapsona, daunorrubicina, diclofenac, 1,11-dimetoxicantina-6-ona, docetaxel, doxorubicina, dunaimicina, epirubicina, epotilona A y B, eritromicina, estramustina, etoposido, everolimus, filgrastim, fluroblastina, fluvastatina, fludarabina, fludarabina fosfato-5'-dihidrogeno, fluorouracilo, folimicina, fosfestrol, gemcitabina, galaquinosida, gincgol, acido de gincgo, glucosido 1a, 4-hidroxi-fosfamida oxiciclo, idarrubicina, ifosfamida, josamicina, lapachol, lomustina, lovastatina, melfalan, midecamicina, mitoxantrona, nimustina, pitavastatina, pravastatina, procarbazina, mitomicina, metotrexato, mercaptopurina, tioguanina, oxaliplatino, irinotecan, topotecan, hidroxicarbamida, miltefosina, pentostatina, pegaspargasa, exemestano, letrozol, formestano, 2x inhibidor proliferacion SMC, mitoxantrona, micofenolato mofetil,
antisentido c-myc, antisentido B-myc, B-lapachona, podofilotoxina, hidrazida del acido 2-etil-podofilico, molgramostim (rhuGM-CSF), peginterferon a-2b, lenograstim (rHuG-CSF), macrogol, selectina (antagonista de citoquina), inhibidores de citoquinina, inhibidor de COX-2, NF-kB, angiopeptina, anticuerpos monoclonales que inhiben la proliferacion de celulas musculares, antagonistas bFGF, probucol, prostaglandinas, 1-hidroxi-11-metoxicantina-6-ona, escopoletina, donadores de oxido nitrico como tetranitrato de pentaeritritol y sidnoiminas, nitrosados de S, tamoxifeno, estaurosporina, B-estradiol, a-estradiol, estriol, estrona, etinil estradiol, medroxiprogesterona, cipionatos estradiol, benzoatos de estradiol, tranilast, camebacaurina y otros terpenoides usados en la terapia del cancer, verapamil, inhibidores de quinasa de tirosina (tirfostina), paclitaxel y sus derivados como 6-a-hidroxi paclitaxel, taxoteres, suboxidos de carbono (MCS) y sus oligomeros macrociclicos, mofebutazona, lonazolaco, lidocaina, ketoprofeno, acido mefenamico, piroxicam, meloxicam, penicilamina, hidroxicloroquina, aurotiomalato de sodio, oxaceprol, B-sitosterol, mirtecaina, polidocanol, nonivamida, levomentol, elipticina, D-24851 (Calbiochem), colcemida, citocalasina A-E, indanocina, nocodazol, proteina S 100, bacitracina, antagonistas del receptor de vitronectina, azelastina, estimulador de ciclasa guanidil, inhibidor tisular de la metaloproteinasa 1 y 2, acidos nucleicos libres, acidos nucleicos incorporados en transmisores de virus, fragmentos de ADN y de ARN, inhibidor del activador del plasminogeno 1, inhibidor del activador del plasminogeno 2, oligonucleotidos antisentido, inhibidores VEGF, IGF- 1, principios activos del grupo de los antibioticos, cefadroxil, cefazolina, cefaclor, cefoxitina, tobramicina, gentamicina, penicilinas como dicloxacilina, oxacilina, sulfonamidas, metronidazol, enoxaparina, heparina desulfatada y N-reacetilada (Hemoparin®), activador tisular del plasminogeno, receptor plaquetario Gpllb/Illa- inhibidor del factor Xa, anticuerpos, heparina hirudina, hirudina recombinantes, PPACK, protamina, prouroquinasa, estreptoquinasa, warfarina, uroquinasa, vasodilatadores como dipiramidol, trapidil, nitroprusidas, antagonistas de PDGF como triazolopirimidina y seramina, inhibidores de ECA como captopril, cilazapril, lisinopril, enalapril, losartan, inhibidores de tioproteasa, prostaciclina, vapiprost, interferon a, B e g, antagonistas de la histamina, bloqueadores de la serotonina, inhibidores de apoptosis, reguladores de apoptosis como p65, oligonucleotidos antisentido NF-kB o Bcl-xL, halofuginona, nifedipina, tocoferol, tranilast, molsidomina, polifenoles del te, galato de epicatequina, galato de epigalocatequina, leflunomida, etanercept, sulfasalazina, etoposido, dicloxacilina, tetraciclina, triamcinolona, mutamicina, procainimida, acido retinoico, quinidina, disopirimida, flecainida, propafenona, sotalol, esteroides obtenidos natural y sinteticamente tales como inotodio, maquirosida A, galaquinosida, mansonina, streblosida, hidrocortisona, betametasona, dexametasona, sustancias no esteroidales (NSAlDS) como fenoprofeno, ibuprofeno, indometacina, naproxeno, fenilbutazona y otros agentes antivirales como aciclovir, ganciclovir y zidovudina, clotrimazol, flucitosina, griseofulvina, quetoconazol, miconazol, nistatina, terbinafina, agentes antiprotozoarios como cloroquina, mefloquina, quinina, terpenoides naturales como hipocaesculina, barringtogenol-C21-angelato, 14-dehidroagrostistaquina, agrosquerina, agrostistaquina, 17-hidroxiagrostistaquina, ovatodiolides, 4,7-acido oxicicloanisomelico, bacarinoides B1, B2, B3 y B7, tubeimosida, bruceantinosida C, N y P iadanziosides, isodeoxielefantopina, tomenfantopina A y B, coronarina A, B, C y D, acido ursolico, acido hiptatico A, iso-iridogermanal, maitenfoliol, efusantina A, excisanina A y B, longicaurina B, sculponeatina C, camebaunina, leucamenina A y B, 13,18-dehidro-6-alfa-senecioiloxichaparina, taxamairina A y B, regenilol, triptolida, cimarina, hidroxianopterina, protoanemonina, cloruro de queliburina, sinococulina A y B, dihidronitidina, cloruro de nitidina, 12-phidroxipregnadieno-3,20-diona, helenalina, indicina, indicina-N-oxido, lasiocarpina, inotodiol, podofilotoxina, justicidina A y B, lareatina, maloterina, malotocromanol, isobutirilmalotocromanol, maquirosida A, marchantina A, maitansina, licoridicina, margetina, pancratistatina, liriodenina, bispsrtenolidina, oxoushinsunina, periplocosida A, acido ursolico, deoxypsorospermina, psycorubina, ricina A, sanguinarina, acido de trigo Manwu, metilsorbifolina, cromonas de Spathelia, stizofilina, mansonina, estreblosida, dihidrousambaraensina, hidroxiusambarina, estricnopentamina, estricnofilina, usambarina, usambarensina, liriodenina, oxoushinsunina, dafnoretina, lariciresinol, metoxilariciresinol, siringaresinol, sirolimus (rapamicina), somatostatina, tacrolimus, roxitromicina, troleandomicina, simvastatina, rosuvastatina, vinblastina, vincristina, vindesina, teniposido, vinorelbina, trofosfamida, treosulfan, temozolomida, tiotepa, tretinoina, espiramicina, umbeliferona, desacetilvismiona A, vismiona A y B, zeorina.
Como otro agente terapeutico, aqui tambien deberia nombrarse el grupo de agentes terapeuticos contra el cancer.
El principio activo puede administrarse en forma pura o junto con un polimero. Para la administracion se utilizan preferentemente procesos de inmersion o pulverizacion.
Ademas, el principio activo antiproliferativo, antiinflamatorio y/o antimicotico puede alojarse en una matriz polimerica o encontrarse debajo o tambien sobre una matriz polimerica.
Ademas, puede encontrarse en el implante todavia otra capa de polimero bioestable o biodegradable adicionalmente a la matriz polimerica. Esta capa tambien puede contener un principio activo antiproliferativo, antiinflamatorio y/o antimicotico que puede ser igual o diferente al principio activo en la matriz polimerica.
Principios activos preferentes que pueden encontrarse en la superficie del implante se seleccionan de entre los del grupo de principios activos antiinflamatorios y, en especial, de los corticoesteroides. Como polimeros bioestables o biodegradables y/o polimeros para la matriz polimerica pueden utilizarse las sustancias siguientes:
polivalerolactona, Poli-e-decalactona, acido polilactico, acido poliglicolico polilactico, poliglicolido, copolimero de los polilacticos y poliglicolidos, poli-e-caprolactona, acido polihidroxibutirico, polihidroxibutirato, polihidroxivalerato,
polihidroxibutirato-co-valerato, Poli(1,4-dioxan-2,3-diona), Poli(1,3-dioxan-2-one), poli-para-dioxano, polianhidrido, polianhidrido del acido maleico, polihidroximetacrilato, fibrina, policianoacrilato, policaprolactona-dimetil-acrilato, acido poli(B-malico), policaprolactona-butil-acrilato, polimeros multibloques de oligocaprolactona diol y oligodioxano diol, polimeros multibloque polieterester de PEG y polibutileno tereftalato, polipivotolactona, acido poliglicolico trimetilen carbonato, policaprolactona glicolico, Poli(g-etilglutamato), Poli(DTH-iminocarbonato), Poli(DTE-co-DT-carbonato), poli(bisfenol A-iminocarbonato), ester poliorto, acido poliglicolico trimetilcarbonato, politrimetilcarbonato, poliiminocarbonato, polivinilpirrolidona, alcohol polivinilico, poliester/amida, poliester glicolado, polifosfoester, polifosfaceno, Poli[p-carboxifenoxi) propano], acido polihidroxi-pentano, polianhidrido, poli(oxido de etileno) y poli(oxido de propileno), poliuretano blando, poliuretano con restos de aminoacidos en el esqueleto, polieter-ester como el oxido de polietileno, oxalato de polialqueno, poliorto-ester asi como sus copolimeros, lipidos, carragenano, fibrinogeno, almidon, colageno, polimeros basados en proteinas, poliaminoacidos, poliaminoacidos sinteticos, zeina, polihidroxialcanoato, acido de pectina, acido de actina, carboximetil sulfato, albumina, acido hialuronico, quitosano y sus derivados, sulfato de herarina y sus derivados, heparina, condroitin sulfato, dextrano, B-ciclodextrina, copolimeros con PEG y polipropilenglicol, goma arabica, guar, gelatina, colageno, colageno-n-hidroxisuccinimida, lipidos, fosfolipidos, acidos poliacrilicos, poliacrilatos, polimetilmetacrilato, polibutilometacrilato, poliacrilamida, poliacrilonitrilo, poliamidas, polieteramidas, polietilenoamina, poliimida, policarbonatos, policarbouretanos, polivinilcetona, halogenuro de polivinilo, halogenuro de polivinildeno, polivinileter, poliisobutileno, polivinilaromatico, polivinilester, polivinilpirrolidona, polioximetileno, oxido de politetrametileno, polietileno, polipropileno, politetrafluoretileno, poliuretano, polieter uretano, silicona de polieter uretano, silicona de poliuretano, silicona de policarbonato uretano, elastomeros de poliolefina, poliisobutileno, gomas EPDM, fluorosiliconas, carboximetil quitosano, poliarileteretercetona, polieteretercetona, tereftalato de polietileno, polivalerato, carboximetilcelulosa, celulosa, rayon, rayon triacetato, nitrato de celulosa, acetato de celulosa, hidroxietileno celulosa, butirato de celulosa, acetato butirato de celulosa, copolimero etilvinilacetato, polisulfona, resinas epoxi, resinas ABS, gomas EPDM, siliconas como polisiloxano, polidimetiloxano, polivinilos halogenos y copolimeros, eter de celulosa, triacetato de celulosa, quitosanos y copolimeros y/o mezclas de los polimeros citados.
Las ventajas del invento se pueden resumir como sigue:
- No se necesitan intervenciones quirurgicas adicionales para la explantacion del implante funcional.
- No quedan restos en el cuerpo.
- La degradacion del implante funcional se controla definidamente. En especial, se puede ralentizar o iniciar mas tarde cuando realmente sea fisiologicamente oportuno o necesario.
- Con ayuda del invento tambien es posible realizar una administracion de los principios activos en el cuerpo local y temporalmente controlada.
Otras caracteristicas, detalles y ventajas del invento se desprenden de la descripcion siguiente en una ejecucion de ejemplo en virtud de las figuras adjuntas. Las mismas muestran:
Fig. 1 a 3 representaciones esquematicas de una parte del cuerpo con fractura osea y sistema de implante en diferentes tipos de ejecucion,
Fig. 4 un diagrama equivalente para el sistema de implante,
Fig. 5 representacion esquematica de un implante depot,
Fig. 6 diagrama de un sistema de proteccion catodico, asi como
Fig. 7 la representacion esquematica de un implante depot en otro tipo de ejecucion.
Como queda claro en la Fig. 1, hay un hueso 1 en una extremidad 2 de una persona afectado por una fractura representada esquematicamente 3. Esta esta medicamente asistida con un sistema de implante denominado bajo el numero 4 como totalidad. Este sistema presenta como componentes principales una ferula 5 con tornillos de fijacion 6 como implante funcional. Este implante recoge la fractura 3 del hueso 1 para su inmovilizacion y estabilizacion de los fragmentos oseos para su union. La ferula 5 y los tornillos de fijacion 6 son de un material de metal degradable por la extremidad 2 del cuerpo del portador del implante, como por ejemplo hierro, magnesio, zinc o wolframio o bien de una aleacion adecuada de esos materiales.
El segundo componente principal del sistema de implante es un dispositivo de control denominado bajo el numero 7 como totalidad, cuya estructura esta concebida en el estilo de un marcapasos. Para el abastecimiento energetico hay integrada una pila 8 en el dispositivo de control 7, la cual esta alojada en una carcasa 9 del dispositivo de control 7 que puede ser, por ejemplo, de una aleacion de titanio. Ademas hay previsto un contraelectrodo 10 de platino. Entre
el dispositivo de control 7, por un lado, y la ferula 5 y el contraelectrodo 10, por el otro, hay previstas lineas de conexion 18, con cuya ayuda entre la ferula 5 con sus tornillos de fijacion 6, por un lado, y el contraelectrodo 10, por el otro, puede aplicarse una tension de polarizacion Uout (ver Fig. 4).
Con ayuda de esa tension de polarizacion Uout se puede controlar el comportamiento de degradacion de la ferula 5 con su tornillo de fijacion 6 de forma que cuando se aplica la tension de polarizacion Uout correspondiente, la ferula 5 y los tornillos de fijacion 6 estan protegidos catodicamente contra una degradacion de conformidad con las relaciones de tension electroquimicas, como se explica en virtud de las Fig. 4, 6 y 7.
En los tipos de ejecucion segun las Fig. 2 y 3, el contraelectrodo 10 esta elaborado como seccion de la carcasa 9. Ademas, esta previsto un electrodo de referencia 11, el cual esta alojado aislado en el contraelectrodo 10 en la variante segun la Fig. 2. Con el electrodo de referencia 11 se puede averiguar la tension UREf realmente aplicada en el implante funcional. La averiguacion de la tension UREf realmente aplicada es necesaria para regular el sistema, concretamente la tension Uout aplicada entre el contraelectrodo 10 y el implante funcional, que deja fluir la corriente I del contraelectrodo 10 por el tejido hasta el implante funcional, dado que a traves de la resistencia electrica del tejido R se produce una cierta caida de tension UiR (IR-Drop) que provoca que Uin y UREf no sean iguales, por lo que la tension Uout se ha de regular posteriormente a traves de un amplificador 19 (ver Fig. 4). La resistencia del tejido se modifica normalmente durante el periodo de implantacion, dado que el implante funcional y el contraelectrodo 10 modifican el tejido circundante con el paso del tiempo.
El electrodo de referencia 11 tiene una forma tal que en vivo presenta un potencial constante y no fluyen por el corrientes significativas (excepto aquellas que se necesitan para la medicion). Como electrodo de referencia 11 entran en consideracion materiales como p. ej. Pt, Ptlr, oro, carbono o similares.
El electrodo de referencia 11 se ha de colocar preferentemente cerca del implante funcional. Un ejemplo de ejecucion seria una placa de Ptlr con una superficie de pocos milimetros cuadrados integrada directamente en la unidad de control 7 mediante un paso de cristal o ceramica por la carcasa 9, como lo muestra la Fig. 2. Otro ejemplo de ejecucion preferente seria un electrodo de referencia 11 realizado como placa de Ptlr con superficie de pocos milimetros cuadrados, colocado directamente en la ferula 5, p. ej. adherido, con una linea de conexion 18 a la unidad de control 7 (Fig. 3). Importante es que en ninguno de los dos casos haya un cortocircuito al contraelectrodo 10, es decir, al implante funcional 5.
Ademas del electrodo de referencia tambien pueden utilizarse otros sensores. De esta forma se pueden registrar el valor pH y la temperatura. Tambien pueden conectarse micromatrices que reaccionan sensiblemente a factores biologicos como inflamaciones.
Cuando se ha de fomentar el avance de la degradacion de la ferula 5 con sus tornillos de fijacion, 6 hay que reducir la tension de polarizacion Uout o desconectarla completamente. Para ello es suficiente hacer una pequena intervencion para cortar la linea de conexion 18 entre el dispositivo de control 7 y la ferula 5. Cuando se esta seguro de que ya no se va a necesitar una tension de polarizacion, entonces se explanta el dispositivo de control 7.
Como se desprende claramente de la Fig. 4, el electrodo de referencia 11 permite aqui la medicion de la tension realmente aplicada Ur e f , que se compara con la tension Uin deseada. Si la Uref y la Uin son diferentes, la igualdad deseada se consigue mediante la correspondiente adaptacion de la tension Uout mediante el amplificador 19. Por lo demas, el dispositivo de control 7 puede disponer de una unidad de transmision de datos telemetrica 12 con cuya ayuda se pueden acumular datos de medicion sobre el estado del implante funcional, es decir, esencialmente de la ferula 5, mediante sensores que no se representan aqui con mas detalle, y transmitirlos a una unidad base externa 13. Desde ahi tambien se accede a datos de control para el control de la tension U in generada por la pila 8 y, con ello, la tension de polarizacion Uout tanto en lo relativo a su valor como al desarrollo temporal. Correspondientemente, la tension de polarizacion Uout tambien puede desconectarse completamente a traves de un interruptor 14 del dispositivo de control 7. Con estas funcionalidades es realizable un completo sistema de home-monitoring.
La Fig. 5 muestra un tipo de ejecucion alternativa del sistema de implante 4, en el que esta previsto un implante depot 15 como implante funcional, el cual dispone de diversas camaras depot 16.1 y 16.2. Estas camaras estan llenas de diferentes principios activos y cerradas con una cubierta 17.1, 17.2 de diferentes materiales de metal degradables. Las cubiertas 17.1, 17.2, por su parte, estan unidas con un dispositivo de control 7 del tipo descrito arriba en virtud de las Fig.1 y 2, que puede generar una tension de polarizacion Uout entre el contraelectrodo 11 y las cubiertas 17.1 y 17.2 para el control del comportamiento de degradacion de las cubiertas 17.1 y 17.2. Correspondientemente, la liberacion de los principios activos se puede ajustar definidamente en las camaras depot 16.1 y 16.2.
En virtud de la Fig. 6, el comportamiento de degradacion de los materiales de metal degradable se explica como sigue:
La proteccion anticorrosiva catodica puede conseguirse por dos caminos:
a) mediante la utilizacion de anodos sacrificatorios (Sacrificial Anode) o
b) a traves de la corriente externa o anodos de corriente ajena (ICCP: Impressed Cathodic Current Protection).
En el caso de a) se une un metal auxiliar muy reactivo directamente con el metal a proteger. Aqui, el material auxiliar forma el anodo del sistema. La diferencia de los potenciales anticorrosivos libres entre el anodo y el material a proteger provoca una corriente procedente del anodo a traves del electrolito. La diferencia de potencial se determina por la posicion relativa de los metales utilizados en la serie electroquimica en el electrolito utilizado.
La tecnica de corriente externa reproducida en la Fig. 6 segun b) se utiliza en la mayoria de los casos para la proteccion de tuberias enterradas y en cascos de barcos expuestos al agua del mar. Un circuito de corriente continua se utiliza aqui para aplicar una corriente electrica en la estructura metalica. El borne "negativo (-)" de la fuente de corriente electrica RF se conecta al metal que se ha de proteger. El borne "positivo (+)" se conecta a un anodo adicional AN que se encuentra en el mismo medio al objeto de cerrar el circuito electrico. La corriente electrica carga la estructura con electrones sobrantes y modifica con ello la tension de los electrodos en el sentido negativo hasta que se alcanza la region de inmunidad. Aqui es importante que el anodo AN y el catodo KA esten absolutamente separados entre si para que se pueda producir un flujo de corriente a traves del medio entre los electrodos del anodo al catodo. La funcion del electrodo de referencia RE es supervisar la tension de los electrodos de la estructura protegida, en el caso del ejemplo una tuberia enterrada, para asegurar que se alcanza la region de inmunidad. El electrodo de referencia RE esta tendido de forma que tiene un potencial constante y no fluye corriente alguna por el mismo. El rectificador de corriente DC-R se presenta como la unidad de suministro de corriente para que el potencial de la estructura sea lo suficientemente negativo para alcanzar la region de inmunidad, lo que se regula por el electrodo de referencia RE.
La Fig. 7 muestra un sistema depot similar al presentado en la Fig. 5. Por lo que se puede remitir a la descripcion efectuada en dicha figura. La diferencia entre ambos es un recubrimiento o revestimiento parcial o total de todo el sistema de implante o solo de algunas partes del mismo. Para ello son adecuados polimeros como capas o sistemas de capas metalicas y ceramicas. Aqui se utilizan preferentemente en el implante funcional 15 recubrimientos o sistemas de capas 20 degradables en vivo, mientras que en el lado de la unidad de control 7 y de las lineas de conexion 18 tambien pueden utilizarse recubrimientos o sistemas de capas 20 no degradables en vivo para que esas piezas del sistema de implante puedan explantarse mas tarde nuevamente.
Ademas, los recubrimientos 20 estan concebidos de tal forma que pueden liberar, por lo menos, un agente terapeutico o varias sustancias terapeuticas o principios activos farmacologicos en uno o varios desarrollos de tiempo.
Claims (15)
1. Sistema de implante completo
- un implante funcional que cumple una funcion medica (5, 6, 15), especialmente implante oseo, stent vascular, otro tipo de stent o implante depot que, por lo menos en parte, esta formado por un material de metal degradable por el cuerpo (2) del portador del implante, caracterizado por
- un dispositivo de control implantable (7) para el control del comportamiento de degradacion del implante funcional (5, 6, 15) con
= por lo menos un contraelectrodo (10) al implante funcional (5, 6, 15),
y
= una fuente de tension (8) para poner a disposicion una tension de polarizacion (AU) entre el implante funcional (5, 6, 15) y el contraelectrodo (10) para el control del comportamiento de degradacion del implante funcional (5, 6, 15).
2. Sistema de implante segun la reivindicacion 1, caracterizado porque hay previsto, por lo menos, un electrodo de referencia (11) para averiguar la tension aplicada realmente (Uref) al implante funcional (5, 6, 15).
3. Sistema de implante segun la reivindicacion 2 caracterizado porque el electrodo de referencia (11) esta elaborado con un material seleccionado de entre los del grupo del platino, aleacion de platin-iridio, oro o carbono.
4. Sistema de implante segun la reivindicacion 2 o 3 caracterizado porque el electrodo de referencia (11) se encuentra espacialmente muy cerca del implante funcional (5, 6, 15).
5. Sistema de implante segun una de las reivindicaciones arriba citadas caracterizado porque el dispositivo de control (7) presenta una pila implantable (8) como fuente de tension.
6. Sistema de implante segun una de las reivindicaciones arriba citadas caracterizado porque el dispositivo de control (7) presenta un contraelectrodo (10) implantable separado.
7. Sistema de implante segun una de las reivindicaciones arriba citadas caracterizado porque en la carcasa (9) del dispositivo de control (7) implantable esta formado el contraelectrodo (10).
8. Sistema de implante segun una de las reivindicaciones arriba citadas caracterizado porque la fuente de tension (8) es conmutable mediante la separacion de la conexion de la linea (18) al contraelectrodo (10) o por la explantacion.
9. Sistema de implante segun una de las reivindicaciones arriba citadas caracterizado porque el implante funcional (5, 6, 15) consta de uno o varios materiales de metal del grupo del hierro, magnesio, zinc y wolframio o sus aleaciones.
10. Sistema de implante segun una de las reivindicaciones arriba citadas caracterizado porque el contraelectrodo (10) de un metal noble, en especial platino, o de un material de metal degradable que es mas noble que el material de metal del implante funcional.
11. Sistema de implante segun una de las reivindicaciones arriba citadas caracterizado porque el dispositivo de control (7) presenta una unidad de transmision de datos telemetrica (12).
12. Sistema de implante segun la reivindicacion 11 caracterizado porque a traves de la unidad de transmision de datos telemetrica (12) se pueden transmitir datos de medicion sobre el estado del implante funcional (5, 6, 15) y/o datos de control para el control de la tension de polarizacion (AU) generada por la fuente de tension (8).
13. Sistema de implante segun una de las reivindicaciones arriba citadas caracterizado porque el implante funcional es un implante depot (15) que por lo menos tiene una camara depot (16.1, 16.2) rellena de agente terapeutico formada, por lo menos en parte, por un material de metal cuya degradacion es controlable por medio del dispositivo de control (7).
14. Sistema de implante segun una de las reivindicaciones arriba citadas caracterizado porque el implante funcional (5) y/o la unidad de control (7) esta recubierta con, por lo menos, un recubrimiento (20) permanente o degradable en vivo del cual puede liberarse, por lo menos, un agente terapeutico o un principio activo farmacologico.
15. Sistema de implante segun la reivindicacion 14, caracterizado porque el recubrimiento es un polimero, un metal, una aleacion o/y una ceramica.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102008040253A DE102008040253A1 (de) | 2008-07-08 | 2008-07-08 | Implantatsystem mit einem Funktionsimplantat aus abbaubarem Metallmaterial |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
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| ES2708448T3 true ES2708448T3 (es) | 2019-04-09 |
Family
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Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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| ES09162534T Active ES2708448T3 (es) | 2008-07-08 | 2009-06-12 | Sistema de implante con un implante funcional de material de metal degradable |
Country Status (4)
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| US (1) | US8623097B2 (es) |
| EP (1) | EP2143401B1 (es) |
| DE (1) | DE102008040253A1 (es) |
| ES (1) | ES2708448T3 (es) |
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| US8052744B2 (en) | 2006-09-15 | 2011-11-08 | Boston Scientific Scimed, Inc. | Medical devices and methods of making the same |
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| WO2008034031A2 (en) * | 2006-09-15 | 2008-03-20 | Boston Scientific Limited | Bioerodible endoprostheses and methods of making the same |
| JP2010503494A (ja) | 2006-09-15 | 2010-02-04 | ボストン サイエンティフィック リミテッド | 生分解性内部人工器官およびその製造方法 |
| JP2010503463A (ja) * | 2006-09-18 | 2010-02-04 | ボストン サイエンティフィック リミテッド | 医療機器の生分解の制御 |
| JP2010503482A (ja) * | 2006-09-18 | 2010-02-04 | ボストン サイエンティフィック リミテッド | 内部人工器官 |
| EP2125065B1 (en) | 2006-12-28 | 2010-11-17 | Boston Scientific Limited | Bioerodible endoprostheses and methods of making same |
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| US20130041455A1 (en) * | 2010-03-25 | 2013-02-14 | Bodo Gerold | Implant made of a biodegradable magnesium alloy |
| JP2013529507A (ja) | 2010-06-21 | 2013-07-22 | ゾリオン メディカル インコーポレイテッド | 生体吸収性インプラント |
| WO2012007332A1 (en) * | 2010-07-16 | 2012-01-19 | Universität Zürich | Device and method for reducing the risk of occlusion and restenosis after implantation of a stent |
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| US20100211186A1 (en) * | 2007-08-09 | 2010-08-19 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Electroactive polymer actuation of implants |
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- 2008-07-08 DE DE102008040253A patent/DE102008040253A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
2009
- 2009-06-12 ES ES09162534T patent/ES2708448T3/es active Active
- 2009-06-12 EP EP09162534.3A patent/EP2143401B1/de active Active
- 2009-07-08 US US12/499,137 patent/US8623097B2/en active Active
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP2143401B1 (de) | 2018-11-21 |
| EP2143401A1 (de) | 2010-01-13 |
| US20100010640A1 (en) | 2010-01-14 |
| US8623097B2 (en) | 2014-01-07 |
| DE102008040253A1 (de) | 2010-01-14 |
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