ES2711155T3 - Procedimiento y dispositivo para la soldadura a alta temperatura de un rigidizador en un panel compuesto de matriz termoplástica - Google Patents

Procedimiento y dispositivo para la soldadura a alta temperatura de un rigidizador en un panel compuesto de matriz termoplástica Download PDF

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Publication number
ES2711155T3
ES2711155T3 ES13713938T ES13713938T ES2711155T3 ES 2711155 T3 ES2711155 T3 ES 2711155T3 ES 13713938 T ES13713938 T ES 13713938T ES 13713938 T ES13713938 T ES 13713938T ES 2711155 T3 ES2711155 T3 ES 2711155T3
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stiffener
skin
sole
anvil
width
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English (en)
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Didier Kurtz
Julie Vaudour
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Daher Aerospace SAS
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Daher Aerospace SAS
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/70—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
    • B29C66/73—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset
    • B29C66/739—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset
    • B29C66/7392—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of at least one of the parts being a thermoplastic
    • B29C66/73921—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of at least one of the parts being a thermoplastic characterised by the materials of both parts being thermoplastics
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B37/00—Methods or apparatus for laminating, e.g. by curing or by ultrasonic bonding
    • B32B37/10—Methods or apparatus for laminating, e.g. by curing or by ultrasonic bonding characterised by the pressing technique, e.g. using action of vacuum or fluid pressure
    • B32B37/1027—Pressing using at least one press band
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/02—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
    • B29C65/18—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated tools
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/01—General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
    • B29C66/05—Particular design of joint configurations
    • B29C66/10—Particular design of joint configurations particular design of the joint cross-sections
    • B29C66/11—Joint cross-sections comprising a single joint-segment, i.e. one of the parts to be joined comprising a single joint-segment in the joint cross-section
    • B29C66/112—Single lapped joints
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/01—General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
    • B29C66/05—Particular design of joint configurations
    • B29C66/10—Particular design of joint configurations particular design of the joint cross-sections
    • B29C66/13—Single flanged joints; Fin-type joints; Single hem joints; Edge joints; Interpenetrating fingered joints; Other specific particular designs of joint cross-sections not provided for in groups B29C66/11 - B29C66/12
    • B29C66/131—Single flanged joints, i.e. one of the parts to be joined being rigid and flanged in the joint area
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/01—General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
    • B29C66/05—Particular design of joint configurations
    • B29C66/301—Three-dimensional joints, i.e. the joined area being substantially non-flat
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/01—General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
    • B29C66/348—Avoiding melting or weakening of the zone directly next to the joint area, e.g. by cooling
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/01—General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
    • B29C66/349—Cooling the welding zone on the welding spot
    • B29C66/3492—Cooling the welding zone on the welding spot by means placed on the side opposed to the welding tool
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/01—General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
    • B29C66/349—Cooling the welding zone on the welding spot
    • B29C66/3494—Cooling the welding zone on the welding spot while keeping the welding zone under pressure
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/40—General aspects of joining substantially flat articles, e.g. plates, sheets or web-like materials; Making flat seams in tubular or hollow articles; Joining single elements to substantially flat surfaces
    • B29C66/47—Joining single elements to sheets, plates or other substantially flat surfaces
    • B29C66/474—Joining single elements to sheets, plates or other substantially flat surfaces said single elements being substantially non-flat
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/50—General aspects of joining tubular articles; General aspects of joining long products, i.e. bars or profiled elements; General aspects of joining single elements to tubular articles, hollow articles or bars; General aspects of joining several hollow-preforms to form hollow or tubular articles
    • B29C66/51—Joining tubular articles, profiled elements or bars; Joining single elements to tubular articles, hollow articles or bars; Joining several hollow-preforms to form hollow or tubular articles
    • B29C66/53—Joining single elements to tubular articles, hollow articles or bars
    • B29C66/534—Joining single elements to open ends of tubular or hollow articles or to the ends of bars
    • B29C66/5346—Joining single elements to open ends of tubular or hollow articles or to the ends of bars said single elements being substantially flat
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/70—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
    • B29C66/72—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the structure of the material of the parts to be joined
    • B29C66/721—Fibre-reinforced materials
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/70—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
    • B29C66/73—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset
    • B29C66/739—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset
    • B29C66/7392—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of at least one of the parts being a thermoplastic
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/80—General aspects of machine operations or constructions and parts thereof
    • B29C66/81—General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps
    • B29C66/818—General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the cooling constructional aspects, or by the thermal or electrical insulating or conducting constructional aspects of the welding jaws or of the clamps ; comprising means for compensating for the thermal expansion of the welding jaws or of the clamps
    • B29C66/8181—General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the cooling constructional aspects, or by the thermal or electrical insulating or conducting constructional aspects of the welding jaws or of the clamps ; comprising means for compensating for the thermal expansion of the welding jaws or of the clamps characterised by the cooling constructional aspects
    • B29C66/81811—General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the cooling constructional aspects, or by the thermal or electrical insulating or conducting constructional aspects of the welding jaws or of the clamps ; comprising means for compensating for the thermal expansion of the welding jaws or of the clamps characterised by the cooling constructional aspects of the welding jaws
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/80—General aspects of machine operations or constructions and parts thereof
    • B29C66/81—General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps
    • B29C66/818—General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the cooling constructional aspects, or by the thermal or electrical insulating or conducting constructional aspects of the welding jaws or of the clamps ; comprising means for compensating for the thermal expansion of the welding jaws or of the clamps
    • B29C66/8181—General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the cooling constructional aspects, or by the thermal or electrical insulating or conducting constructional aspects of the welding jaws or of the clamps ; comprising means for compensating for the thermal expansion of the welding jaws or of the clamps characterised by the cooling constructional aspects
    • B29C66/81815—General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the cooling constructional aspects, or by the thermal or electrical insulating or conducting constructional aspects of the welding jaws or of the clamps ; comprising means for compensating for the thermal expansion of the welding jaws or of the clamps characterised by the cooling constructional aspects of the clamps
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/90—Measuring or controlling the joining process
    • B29C66/91—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/912—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/9121—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the temperature
    • B29C66/91211—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the temperature with special temperature measurement means or methods
    • B29C66/91212—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the temperature with special temperature measurement means or methods involving measurement means being part of the welding jaws, e.g. integrated in the welding jaws
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/90—Measuring or controlling the joining process
    • B29C66/91—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/912—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/9121—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the temperature
    • B29C66/91231—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the temperature of the joining tool
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/90—Measuring or controlling the joining process
    • B29C66/91—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/914—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/9141—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature
    • B29C66/91411—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature of the parts to be joined, e.g. the joining process taking the temperature of the parts to be joined into account
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/90—Measuring or controlling the joining process
    • B29C66/91—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/914—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/9141—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature
    • B29C66/91421—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature of the joining tools
    • B29C66/91423—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature of the joining tools using joining tools having different temperature zones or using several joining tools with different temperatures
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/90—Measuring or controlling the joining process
    • B29C66/91—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/914—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/9141—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature
    • B29C66/91441—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature the temperature being non-constant over time
    • B29C66/91443—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature the temperature being non-constant over time following a temperature-time profile
    • B29C66/91445—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature the temperature being non-constant over time following a temperature-time profile by steps
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/90—Measuring or controlling the joining process
    • B29C66/91—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/914—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/9161—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the heat or the thermal flux, i.e. the heat flux
    • B29C66/91641—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the heat or the thermal flux, i.e. the heat flux the heat or the thermal flux being non-constant over time
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/90—Measuring or controlling the joining process
    • B29C66/91—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/914—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • Lining Or Joining Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
  • Casting Or Compression Moulding Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)

Abstract

Dispositivo capaz de cooperar con una piel (110) y un rigidizador (120) constituidos por un compuesto que comprende una matriz polímera termoplástica, dicho rigidizador comporta una suela (125) de anchura inferior a la anchura de la piel, para la soldadura de d 5 icha suela sobre una cara de dicha piel (110), que comporta: a. un punzón (220) que comprende una parte que forma una mesa de prensado cuya anchura en sección transversal es inferior o igual a la anchura de la suela (125) del rigidizador, y un elemento de calentamiento (225, 226) de anchura inferior a la anchura de la mesa de prensado, el elemento de calentamiento comprende una placa metálica (225) en contacto con la suela (125) del rigidizador (120), la parte (325) de la mesa de prensado que rodea esta placa metálica (225) está constituida por un material térmicamente aislante; b. un yunque (210) cuya anchura en sección es inferior a la anchura de la piel, dicho yunque comprende medios de enfriamiento; c. medios de presión (251, 252) capaces de realizar un apriete entre el punzón y el yunque; d. un efector (520) adicional capaz de aplicar una presión en un ala (122, 522) del rigidizador.

Description

DESCRIPCION
Procedimiento y dispositivo para la soldadura a alta temperatura de un rigidizador en un panel compuesto de matriz termoplastica
La invencion se refiere a un procedimiento y a un dispositivo para la soldadura a alta temperatura de un rigidizador en un panel compuesto de matriz termoplastica. La invencion esta destinada mas particularmente pero no exclusivamente a la fabricacion de paneles rigidizados constituidos por un material compuesto con refuerzo fibroso, dichos paneles se utilizan como elementos de estructura para el fuselaje o las alas de una aeronave.
Los paneles rigidizados comprenden una piel cuyo espesor es del orden de 1/1000' de la dimension mas pequena del panel, panel cuya superficie es del orden del m2 Esta piel esta rigidizada por perfiles cuya seccion transversal comprende una suela capaz de apoyarse en una cara de la piel y alas que se extienden en seccion en un plano perpendicular a la suela. A modo de ejemplo, la seccion de un tal rigidizador es en forma de «T», de «I», de «L», de «Z» o de omega (Q) ensamblados a la piel por su suela, de forma que dichos perfiles se extienden segun una direccion, llamada longitudinal, sensiblemente paralela a la dimension mas grande de la piel. Segun diferentes ejemplos de realizacion, dicha piel tiene alternativamente forma general plana, formada segun una forma desarrollable o segun una forma no desarrollable denominada en doble curvatura. Los rigidizadores longitudinales, corrientemente designados con el termino «larguerillo», se extienden longitudinalmente segun una direccion correspondiente sensiblemente a la direccion de menor curvatura de la piel. Finalmente, la piel puede comprender variaciones de espesor que se traducen, en concreto, por escalones en la cara de la piel sobre la cual se apoya la suela de los rigidizadores. Si en el caso de un panel rigidizado constituido por un material metalico, estos larguerillos estan, con mayor frecuencia, ensamblados a la piel por remachado, en el caso de un panel constituido por un material compuesto con refuerzo fibroso los rigidizadores longitudinales estan preferentemente ensamblados a la piel sin la intervencion de fijaciones mecanicas, en concreto por pegado o por soldadura. A tftulo de ejemplo, el documento EP-A-2268471 describe un procedimiento de ensamblaje por cococcion de un rigidizador y de una piel para la fabricacion de un panel rigidizado, el rigidizador y la piel con refuerzo fibroso en una matriz termoendurecible. La copolimerizacion de la matriz del rigidizador y de la matriz de la piel permite, durante esta operacion de cococcion, realizar una soldadura del rigidizador sobre la piel, en la que la union se realiza mediante el material que constituye la matriz termoendurecible. Este procedimiento necesita un utillaje complejo, denominado integral, capaz de conservar la integridad geometrica tanto de la piel como del rigidizador durante la operacion de cococcion, dicho utillaje comprende en concreto nucleos situados en los volumenes comprendidos entre la piel y la cara interna de las alas del rigidizador en omega. Este utillaje, cuya superficie es al menos igual a la superficie del panel tiene un coste de realizacion muy elevado y es espedfico a una referencia de panel dada, sin embargo, una aeronave puede comportar varias centenas de referencias de paneles.
El documento WO 2010/094808 describe un procedimiento y un dispositivo adaptados a la union localizada de un rigidizador en una piel de material compuesto termoendurecible, en concreto con vistas a una reparacion. Dicho dispositivo impone una presion sobre el conjunto de la seccion del rigidizador, de forma que cuando dicho rigidizador comporta una seccion hueca, esta debe estar sostenida por la insercion de un nucleo en dicha seccion.
Los materiales compuestos con matriz termoplastica, mas particularmente cuando esta matriz esta constituida por un polfmero de alto rendimiento tal como el polietercetona o PEEK, presentan propiedades mecanicas, como la resistencia a los impactos, y un comportamiento al fuego ventajoso que hacen de ellos candidatos particularmente interesantes para las aplicaciones aeronauticas como materiales de estructura. Sin embargo, para obtener el ensamblaje de los rigidizadores sobre la piel de un tal panel de matriz termoplastica, la matriz debe llevarse a una temperatura superior a su temperatura de fusion. Por un lado, esta temperatura es elevada, del orden de 400 °C para una matriz PEEK, lo que complica el diseno del utillaje en concreto en lo que respecta al control de las dilataciones termicas. Por otro lado, la necesidad de llevar la matriz a fusion y la eventual expansion del polfmero fundido necesitan que el utillaje sea a la vez estanco y que permita el control de los volumenes al tiempo que conserva la posicion de los refuerzos durante las diferentes fases de la operacion de ensamblaje entre los estados condensados y lfquidos de la matriz. Estos problemas tecnicos constituyen frenos para la utilizacion de materiales compuestos con matriz termoplastica para la constitucion de paneles rigidizados de gran dimension.
El documento «Nahtloses Fugen von FVStrukturen» Michael Weiss, Diplomarbeit Nr. 06-003, describe un dispositivo de soldadura de dos piezas constituidas por un material compuesto. Las caras soldadas se presionan entre un yunque y un punzon mediante un cojm de material viscoelastico, la presion ejercida por el yunque y el punzon es perpendicular a la presion de sujecion de las interfaces que realizan la soldadura.
El documento «Met continue vezels versterkte thermoplasten» Van Dreumel WH, Kunstoff & Rubber, Vol. 40 n°2, 1987-02-01 describe un dispositivo y un procedimiento para la soldadura de un rigidizador que comporta una suela en una piel, la piel y el rigidizador estan constituidos por un compuesto que comprende una matriz constituida por un polfmero termoplastico. Este dispositivo comporta un punzon de calentamiento, un yunque y medios de presion capaces de realizar un apriete entre el punzon y el yunque.
La invencion busca resolver los inconvenientes de la tecnica anterior y para ello se refiere al dispositivo segun la reivindicacion 1.
Asf, mediante la combinacion del calentamiento localizado de la suela del rigidizador y del enfriamiento del yunque, el dispositivo objeto de la invencion permite calentar de manera localizada la interfaz entre la suela del rigidizador y la piel, y por la aplicacion localizada de la presion de apriete, permite realizar la soldadura y contener la expansion del polfmero que constituye la matriz durante la operacion de soldadura, las partes del rigidizador y de la piel no sometida a la soldadura se mantienen ngidas. Las dimensiones reducidas lateralmente del punzon y del yunque permiten reducir muy claramente el coste de fabricacion del utillaje, reducir su inercia termica global y asf reducir los tiempos de ciclo, pero tambien permiten garantizar una presion uniforme de contacto en la zona de soldadura. El dispositivo objeto de la invencion puede asimismo adaptarse a varias referencias de piezas cambiando simplemente las interfaces de contacto del punzon y del yunque.
La invencion se refiere asimismo a un procedimiento de implementacion del dispositivo objeto de la invencion, para la soldadura de un rigidizador que comporta una suela sobre una piel, en el que la piel y el rigidizador estan constituidos por un compuesto que comprende una matriz constituida por un polfmero termoplastico, dicho procedimiento comprende las etapas:
i. colocar la piel y la suela del rigidizador entre el yunque y el punzon;
ii. activar el elemento de calentamiento de forma que se lleva la parte de la suela expuesta al calor a una temperatura Tf igual o superior a la temperatura de fusion de la matriz durante un tiempo t;
iii. aplicar un apriete determinado entre la suela y la piel mediante el punzon y el yunque;
iv. soltar la presion entre el punzon y el yunque cuando la temperatura en la interfaz entre la suela y la piel es inferior o igual a la temperatura de transicion vttrea del polfmero que constituye la matriz del compuesto.
Este procedimiento permite, al controlar la temperatura Tf y el tiempo t, obtener un perfil de difusion del calor trapezoidal en la suela del rigidizador y limitar la zona afectada termicamente por la soldadura en la piel de forma que se mantenga despues de la soldadura la compacidad nominal del material compuesto y que se eviten, en concreto, los fenomenos de escurrimiento.
La invencion se implementa ventajosamente segun las realizaciones expuestas a continuacion las cuales se pueden considerar individualmente o segun cualquier combinacion tecnicamente operante.
Ventajosamente, la anchura del yunque es sensiblemente igual a la anchura de la suela del rigidizador. Asf, el yunque es capaz de aplicar una presion muy localizada en una zona correspondiente precisamente a la zona afectada termicamente.
Ventajosamente, el yunque esta constituido por un material cuya efusividad termica es como mmimo 10 veces superior a la efusividad termica de los materiales compuestos que constituyen la piel y el rigidizador. Asf, el yunque ademas de su funcion mecanica cumple una funcion de pozo de calor al evitar que la piel se desconsolide en todo su espesor durante la operacion de soldadura.
Segun una realizacion ventajosa, el yunque comprende un circuito para la circulacion de un fluido. Asf, el yunque puede enfriarse y su temperatura se puede controlar de forma que se domine la transferencia termica a traves de la piel.
Segun una realizacion ventajosa del dispositivo objeto de la invencion, adaptado a una implementacion en gran serie, la mesa de prensado comprende una parte constituida por un material ceramico. Esta realizacion permite obtener una interfaz de prensado termicamente aislante y estable dimensionalmente al tiempo que presenta una excelente resistencia al desgaste y es duradera.
Segun otra realizacion adaptada a la realizacion de paneles de forma mas compleja, la mesa de prensado comprende una parte constituida por un material que comprende al menos un 90 % de mica. Este tipo de material compuesto presenta caractensticas de aislamiento termico y de dilatacion comparables al anterior, pero es facilmente mecanizable y por tanto adaptable en forma.
El elemento de calentamiento comprende una placa metalica en contacto con la suela del rigidizador, la parte de la mesa de prensado que rodea esta placa metalica esta constituida por un material termicamente aislante. Esto permite una realizacion sencilla del elemento de calentamiento y una transferencia eficaz y localizada del calor a la suela del rigidizador.
El dispositivo objeto de la invencion comprende:
d. un efector adicional capaz de aplicar una presion en un ala del rigidizador.
Este esta mas particularmente adaptado a la soldadura de un rigidizador que comprende un acodado sobre una piel que comporta un escalon.
Este efector adicional permite obligar a la suela del rigidizador, ablandada por la temperature, a adaptarse a la variacion de forma de la piel.
Ventajosamente, el efector adicional esta constituido por un material cuya efusividad termica es como mmimo 10 veces superior a la del polfmero que constituye la matriz del compuesto. As^ el efector adicional garantiza un enfriamiento eficaz del ala sobre la que actua, de forma que la conserva en un estado solido y aplica la presion necesaria para el conformado del rigidizador a la forma de la piel.
Ventajosamente, el efector adicional comprende un conducto para la circulacion de un fluido de refrigeracion. Asf, una refrigeracion adicional permite conservar el ala en un estado solido y/o reducir el tiempo de ciclo para realizar la soldadura.
Segun una realizacion del procedimiento objeto de la invencion, la temperatura Tf es superior de 5 °C a 10 °C a la temperatura de fusion del polfmero que constituye la matriz del material compuesto. Asf, la temperatura de calentamiento moderada permite aprovechar el tiempo de propagacion del calor en la suela para aplicarla sobre la piel y realizar la soldadura y limita asimismo la expansion de la matriz.
Segun una realizacion ventajosa del procedimiento objeto de la invencion, utilizando un dispositivo cuyo yunque comprende conductos para la circulacion de un fluido, este comprende una etapa que consiste en:
v. hacer circular un fluido termoportador en el conducto del yunque durante las etapas ii) a iii).
Asf, la circulacion del fluido permite regular la temperatura del yunque ofreciendo asf un parametro de control adicional para ajustar la distribucion de temperatura a la interfaz entre la suela del rigidizador y la piel.
La invencion se expone a continuacion segun las realizaciones preferidas, en ningun caso limitativas, y en referencia a las figuras 1 a 5, en las que:
- La figura 1 representa segun una vista en perspectiva una porcion de un panel rigidizado por un rigidizador en forma de omega;
- la figura 2 es una vista parcial segun un corte AA definido en la figura 1, que muestra un ejemplo de realizacion de un dispositivo que no corresponde al objeto de la invencion para el ensamblaje del rigidizador y de la piel del panel de la figura 1;
- la figura 3 ilustra segun una vista detallada de la figura 2 el reparto esquematico de las temperaturas en el espesor del ensamblaje;
- la figura 4 representa un organigrama que corresponde a las etapas de implementacion del procedimiento objeto de la invencion;
- la figura 5 muestra segun una vista parcial en corte AA, un ejemplo de realizacion del dispositivo objeto de la invencion en el que un efector adicional permite la accion de prensado sobre un ala del rigidizador.
En la figura 1, segun un ejemplo de realizacion, un panel rigidizado (100) comprende una piel (110) ensamblada con un rigidizador (120), por ejemplo, un perfil en forma de omega (Q). El panel (100) esta aqrn representado plano por razones de simplificacion grafica, sin embargo, la invencion es aplicable a un panel que presente una curvature segun su direccion transversal (y) o segun su direccion longitudinal (x). Sin que esto constituya una limitacion, el rigidizador (120) esta ensamblado con la piel de forma que este se extiende segun la direccion longitudinal (x) del panel que, para aplicaciones aeronauticas, corresponde generalmente a la direccion de curvatura mas debil. Tfpicamente el radio de curvatura mmimo segun la direccion transversal es superior a 250 mm y el radio de curvatura mmimo segun la direccion longitudinal es superior a 1 metro. El espesor de la piel esta tfpicamente comprendido entre 1 mm y 10 mm, pero puede comportar zonas de refuerzo locales (111) que creen escalones sobre la superficie de la piel, dichos escalones corresponden a acodados (121) en el rigidizador (120). El rigidizador (120) comporta una suela (125) apoyada sobre la piel y las alas (122, 123) que se extiende en seccion en un plano perpendicular a la suela (125). Segun un ejemplo de realizacion adaptado al procedimiento de realizacion objeto de la invencion, la piel (110) y el rigidizador (120) estan constituidos por un material compuesto con refuerzo fibroso continuo en una matriz constituida por un polfmero termoplastico. A modo de ejemplo no limitativo, la matriz esta constituida por polieteretercetona o PEEK reforzado por pliegues de fibras de carbono. La piel y el rigidizador se obtienen asf por tecnicas conocidas por la tecnica anterior, que consisten en apilar pliegues de fibras preimpregnados de PEEK seguidos por una operacion de compactacion consolidacion y eventualmente por una operacion de conformado.
En la figura 2, segun un ejemplo de realizacion de un dispositivo que no corresponde al objeto de la invencion, este comprende un punzon (220) y un yunque (210) capaz de atrapar la piel (110) y el rigidizador (120) a la altura de la suela (125) de dicho rigidizador. Con este fin, el punzon (220) y el yunque (210) estan instalados sobre los platos (251, 252) de una prensa. El punzon (220) esta constituido por una materia de baja conductividad termica y por una efusividad termica del mismo orden de magnitud que la matriz termoplastica del compuesto que constituye el rigidizador (120). Segun un ejemplo de realizacion, el punzon esta constituido por un compuesto que comprende un 90 % de mica y de silicona. El yunque (210) esta constituido por un material de fuerte conductividad termica y de efusividad termica elevada, entre 10 y 100 veces mas elevada que la efusividad termica de la matriz termoplastica del compuesto que constituye la piel (110). A tttulo de ejemplo no limitativo, el yunque esta constituido por cobre, al menos en la parte que esta en contacto con la piel. La efusividad termica «E» esta definida por la relacion:
Figure imgf000005_0001
donde A es el coeficiente de conductividad termica del material, p su masa volumica y C su calor espedfico. La efusividad termica de un material cuantifica su capacidad para intercambiar calor con su entorno. Asf la efusividad termica del PEEK es del orden de 330 J.K-1. m-2.s-1/2, la efusividad termica del cobre es del orden de 36000 J.K-1.m-2.s-1/2, la del acero, del orden de 14000 J.K-1.m-2.s-1/2. Cuando un primer material de efusividad termica E1 se lleva a la temperatura T1 y se pone en contacto con un segundo material, de efusividad termica E2 a la temperatura T2 , la temperatura T inmediata (ignorando la resistencia de contacto) en la interfaz de los dos materiales viene dada por la relacion:
Figure imgf000005_0002
As êl yunque produce un enfriamiento eficaz de la cara de la piel con la que esta en contacto.
Segun el ejemplo de realizacion que no corresponde al objeto de la invencion y esta representado en la figura 2, el punzon (220) comporta medios de calentamiento que comprenden una placa metalica (225) aprisionada en la parte aislante y resistencias electricas (226) capaces de calentar dicha placa metalica. Estas resistencias electricas son ventajosamente del tipo autorregulado cuando la temperatura de soldadura es compatible con esta tecnologfa. El yunque (210) esta penetrado por conductos (215) por los cuales circula un fluido termoportador en forma gaseosa o lfquida. Asi, la temperatura del yunque esta regulada al igual que la temperatura y el tiempo de calentamiento del punzon, de forma que se obtiene el gradiente espacial de temperatura segun el espesor del ensamblaje y segun la anchura de la suela (125).
En la figura 3, la parte (325) aislante termicamente del punzon y la placa metalica (225) de calentamiento forman en contacto con la suela (125) del rigidizador una mesa de prensado de anchura (d), sensiblemente igual a la anchura de la suela (125). La combinacion de la localizacion del calentamiento en la anchura de la placa (225) de calentamiento y del efecto de refrigeracion del yunque (210) produce en el espesor de la suela un perfil (320) de distribucion de temperatura sensiblemente trapezoidal, el frente de fusion se extiende ademas lateralmente (321) en la suela. Asi, el volumen de matriz llevado a fusion durante el calentamiento corresponde, en seccion, a este perfil (320). En la piel (110), este volumen puesto en fusion esta contenido por la parte de matriz que se mantiene solida, la fusion solo afecta a uno o dos pliegues en espesor y sobre una anchura inferior o igual a la anchura de la suela (120) del rigidizador.
Segun un ejemplo de realizacion preferida, la placa de calentamiento (225) del punzon se lleva a una temperatura Tf muy ligeramente superior, entre 5 °C y 10 °C, a la temperatura de fusion del polfmero que constituye la matriz del compuesto que constituye el rigidizador, de forma que la suela (125) se encuentra, en la parte que se lleva a fusion, en un estado pastoso. Las partes (325) termicamente aislantes del punzon se apoyan en las partes inicialmente solidas de la matriz lo que permite aplicar un apriete entre la suela (125) y la piel (110), estas partes de suela inicialmente solidas se llevan a fusion a continuacion, asimismo en un estado pastoso, por la propagacion (321) del frente de fusion. El mantenimiento de la separacion de los platos (251, 252) de la prensa durante esta puesta en fusion total de la suela permite conservar el volumen y evitar escurrimientos o el desplazamiento de los pliegues. Este posicionamiento de los platos (251, 252) se conserva hasta el enfriamiento de la zona fundida y hasta que esta alcanza un estado de condensacion adaptado, de forma general, hasta que la temperatura de la zona afectada termicamente es igual o inferior a la temperatura de transicion vttrea del polfmero. La temperatura Tf de calentamiento relativamente baja obliga, para realizar la soldadura, a aplicar una presion suficiente en la interfaz para realizar la difusion de los segmentos de cadenas moleculares a traves de esta interfaz. El procedimiento objeto de la invencion, por la anchura reducida del punzon (220) y del yunque (210) permite aplicar esta presion de manera eficaz y localizada.
La forma (320) de la zona fundida y su evolucion temporal estan determinadas por la temperatura Tf de calentamiento y el tiempo de calentamiento t aplicados, asf como por la temperatura del yunque (110). Estas condiciones de implementacion estan determinadas, por ejemplo, por ensayos o por simulaciones termicas en funcion de los materiales ensamblados y de sus caracteristicas dimensionales. La temperatura de calentamiento Tf es al menos igual a la temperatura de fusion del polfmero que constituye la matriz del material compuesto y ventajosamente ligeramente superior a esta. Asi, la zona (320) termicamente afectada por la fusion se reduce, e incluso si la temperatura de fusion del polfmero que constituye la matriz es muy elevada, como en el caso del PEEK, el tiempo de un ciclo de soldadura es breve, generalmente inferior a 10 segundos, en concreto a causa de la baja inercia termica del punzon (220) y del yunque (210) respecto a la de los utillajes integrales de la tecnica anterior.
Regresando a la figura 2, el punzon (220) y el yunque (210) estan montados de manera extrafble sobre los platos (251, 252) de la prensa, de forma que pueden cambiarse para adaptarse a la forma de la piel y del rigidizador, en funcion de la anchura de las suelas (225) pero tambien de la curvatura de los paneles. Mas particularmente, el punzon (220), incluso el yunque (210), pueden ser mecanizados para seguir los escalones de la piel y los acodados de los rigidizadores. Asf, la parte aislante del punzon esta ventajosamente constituida por mica o por un compuesto de mica, el cual es facilmente mecanizable y adaptable con precision al tiempo que ofrece cualidades de aislamiento termico elevadas. Alternativamente, la parte aislante del punzon puede estar constituida por un material ceramico como la alumina o el zirconio para una resistencia mayor al desgaste.
En la figura 4, segun un ejemplo de realizacion, el procedimiento objeto de la invencion comprende una primera etapa de colocacion (410) que consiste en instalar los rigidizadores sobre la piel. Estos puedes mantenerse localmente de manera provisional, por ejemplo, mediante adhesivos. Durante una etapa (420) de posicionamiento, la suela de un primer rigidizador y la piel se colocan entre el punzon y el yunque. Durante una etapa siguiente (430), la circulacion del fluido termoportador se activa en el yunque. Durante una etapa de calentamiento (440) las resistencias se alimentan con corriente electrica de forma que se lleva la placa de calentamiento a una temperatura al menos igual a la temperatura de fusion de la matriz durante un tiempo t. Despues de un tiempo t1 inferior a t, la suela del rigidizador se aplica contra la piel durante una etapa de prensado (450), el contacto se mantiene entre la suela y la piel conservando la separacion de los platos de la prensa hasta el final del tiempo t. Durante una etapa (460) de refrigeracion, se detiene el calentamiento, la circulacion del fluido termoportador se conserva, al igual que el apriete, hasta que la temperatura de la zona afectada termicamente alcanza la temperatura de transicion vftrea de la matriz. Este tiempo de refrigeracion puede estar determinado por ensayos o simulaciones, o, la temperatura puede controlarse mediante un termopar colocado sobre la placa de calentamiento. Durante una etapa de desplazamiento (470), los platos de la prensa se abren y el panel se desplaza para realizar el siguiente ensamblaje.
En la figura 5, el dispositivo objeto de la invencion comprende un efector (520) adicional. Este efector permite aplicar una presion de apriete sobre el rigidizador actuando sobre un ala (122) del rigidizador, en concreto un ala (122) adyacente a la suela de dicho rigidizador, o sobre la conexion (522) entre esta ala (122) y la suela (125) del rigidizador. Este esta mas particularmente adaptado para conformar la suela del rigidizador a la forma de la piel. Asf, esta realizacion del dispositivo objeto de la invencion permite corregir los ligeros defectos de concordancia de forma entre el rigidizador y la piel cuando estos son curvos o entre un acodado del rigidizador y un escalon sobre la piel. Dicho efector (520) adicional permite aplicar una presion de conformado sobre el rigidizador mientras que la suela se encuentra en un estado pastoso. Con este fin, el efector adicional esta preferentemente constituido por un material metalico de efusividad termica elevada, y segun una realizacion ventajosa, comprende un conducto de refrigeracion (525) para la circulacion de un fluido termoportador, lfquido o gaseoso.
La descripcion anterior y los ejemplos de realizacion muestran que la invencion alcanza los objetivos buscados, en particular permite realizar el ensamblaje por soldadura a alta temperatura de un rigidizador y de una piel constituidos por un compuesto de matriz termoplastica mediante un utillaje simplificado, de baja inercia termica, conservando la integridad geometrica de los elementos en presencia y sin desconsolidar las partes ensambladas, mediante el control de la forma y de la propagacion del frente de fusion en la suela del rigidizador y de la piel.

Claims (11)

REIVINDICACIONES
1. Dispositivo capaz de cooperar con una piel (110) y un rigidizador (120) constituidos por un compuesto que comprende una matriz poKmera termoplastica, dicho rigidizador comporta una suela (125) de anchura inferior a la anchura de la piel, para la soldadura de dicha suela sobre una cara de dicha piel (110), que comporta:
a. un punzon (220) que comprende una parte que forma una mesa de prensado cuya anchura en seccion transversal es inferior o igual a la anchura de la suela (125) del rigidizador, y un elemento de calentamiento (225, 226) de anchura inferior a la anchura de la mesa de prensado, el elemento de calentamiento comprende una placa metalica (225) en contacto con la suela (125) del rigidizador (120), la parte (325) de la mesa de prensado que rodea esta placa metalica (225) esta constituida por un material termicamente aislante;
b. un yunque (210) cuya anchura en seccion es inferior a la anchura de la piel, dicho yunque comprende medios de enfriamiento;
c. medios de presion (251,252) capaces de realizar un apriete entre el punzon y el yunque;
d. un efector (520) adicional capaz de aplicar una presion en un ala (122, 522) del rigidizador.
2. Procedimiento de implementacion de un dispositivo segun la reivindicacion 1, para la soldadura de un rigidizador (120) que comporta una suela (125) sobre una piel (110), en el que la piel y el rigidizador estan constituidos por un compuesto que comprende una matriz constituida por un polfmero termoplastico, que comprende las etapas que consisten en:
i. colocar (420) la piel (110) y la suela (125) del rigidizador entre el yunque (210) y el punzon (220);
ii. activar (440) el elemento de calentamiento (225, 226) de forma que se lleva la parte de la suela expuesta al calor a una temperatura Tf igual o superior a la temperatura de fusion de la matriz durante un tiempo t;
iii. aplicar (450) un apriete determinado entre la suela (125) y la piel (110) mediante el punzon (220) y el yunque (210);
iv. soltar (470) la presion entre el punzon (220) y el yunque (210) cuando la temperatura en la interfaz entre la suela (125) y la piel (110) es inferior o igual a la temperatura de transicion vttrea del polfmero que constituye la matriz del compuesto.
3. Dispositivo segun la reivindicacion 1, en el que la anchura del yunque (210) es sensiblemente igual a la anchura de la suela (125) del rigidizador (120).
4. Dispositivo segun la reivindicacion 1, en el que el yunque (210) esta constituido por un material cuya efusividad termica es como mmimo 10 veces superior a la efusividad termica del polfmero que constituye la matriz del compuesto.
5. Dispositivo segun la reivindicacion 1, en el que el yunque (210) comprende un conducto (215) para la circulacion de un fluido.
6. Dispositivo segun la reivindicacion 1, en el que la mesa de prensado comprende una parte (325) constituida por un material ceramico.
7. Dispositivo segun la reivindicacion 1, en el que la mesa de prensado comprende una parte (325) constituida por un material que comprende al menos un 90 % de mica.
8. Dispositivo segun la reivindicacion 1, en el que el efector (520) adicional esta constituido por un material cuya efusividad termica es como mmimo 10 veces superior a la del polfmero que constituye la matriz del compuesto.
9. Dispositivo segun la reivindicacion 8, en el que el efector (520) adicional comprende un conducto (525) para la circulacion de un fluido de refrigeracion.
10. Procedimiento segun la reivindicacion 2, en el que la temperatura Tf es superior de 5 °C a 10 °C a la temperatura de fusion del polfmero que constituye la matriz del material compuesto.
11. Procedimiento segun la reivindicacion 2, que utiliza un dispositivo segun la reivindicacion 5, que comprende una etapa que consiste en:
v. hacer circular (430) un fluido termoportador en el conducto (215) del yunque (210) durante las etapas ii) a iii).
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