ES2971235T3 - Tablones diseñados para revestimiento de paredes y suelo impermeables - Google Patents

Tablones diseñados para revestimiento de paredes y suelo impermeables Download PDF

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Publication number
ES2971235T3
ES2971235T3 ES13849110T ES13849110T ES2971235T3 ES 2971235 T3 ES2971235 T3 ES 2971235T3 ES 13849110 T ES13849110 T ES 13849110T ES 13849110 T ES13849110 T ES 13849110T ES 2971235 T3 ES2971235 T3 ES 2971235T3
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ES
Spain
Prior art keywords
layer
waterproof
core
powder
board
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Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Active
Application number
ES13849110T
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English (en)
Inventor
Piet V Dossche
Philippe Erramuzpe
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Shaw Industries Group Inc
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Shaw Industries Group Inc
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Publication date
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Publication of ES2971235T3 publication Critical patent/ES2971235T3/es
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Classifications

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    • E04F15/02038Flooring or floor layers composed of a number of similar elements characterised by tongue and groove connections between neighbouring flooring elements
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    • Y10T428/3188Next to cellulosic
    • Y10T428/31895Paper or wood
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
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    • Y10T428/00Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/31504Composite [nonstructural laminate]
    • Y10T428/31855Of addition polymer from unsaturated monomers
    • Y10T428/3188Next to cellulosic
    • Y10T428/31895Paper or wood
    • Y10T428/31899Addition polymer of hydrocarbon[s] only
    • Y10T428/31902Monoethylenically unsaturated
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y10T428/31971Of carbohydrate
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Abstract

Los tablones impermeables para pisos y paredes tienen una capa de desgaste y una capa inferior alrededor de un núcleo compuesto de plástico y polvo extruido. (Traducción automática con Google Translate, sin valor legal)

Description

DESCRIPCIÓN
Tablones diseñados para revestimiento de paredes y suelo impermeables
Campo de la invención
Esta invención se refiere a suelos, y en particular a un nuevo y mejorado suelo impermeable que utiliza bambú y plástico.
Antecedentes de la invención
En la industria de los suelos, existe una gran necesidad de suelos impermeables que presenten la apariencia de un suelo de madera. En particular, este suelo necesita ser no solo resistente a la humedad, sino también económico, fácil de instalar, fácil de mantener y cómodo para caminar.
En la industria de los suelos, los suelos laminados que utilizan tablero de fibra o tablero de partículas como capa central han ganado una gran cuota de mercado. Este suelo laminado se fabrica con numerosas propiedades deseables como un costo razonable, resistencia a las manchas, resistencia al desgaste, fácil mantenimiento y resistencia al fuego. Además, los suelos laminados son capaces de llevar muchos tipos de diseños impresos, incluyendo diseños de vetas de madera.
Los suelos de madera natural, especialmente de roble y otras maderas duras, se han utilizado como materiales para suelos durante siglos. Si bien no es tan económico como el suelo laminado, la apariencia y comodidad del suelo de madera es muy deseable. Uno de los inconvenientes más significativos tanto para los suelos laminados como para los de madera es su rendimiento cuando se exponen de manera sostenida a la humedad. En el caso de los suelos de madera, la humedad provocará hinchazón y deformación del suelo, lo que resultará en una superficie irregular e incluso en espacios entre las tablas. En el caso de los suelos laminados, la exposición sostenida a la humedad con frecuencia desestabilizará la integridad del tablero de fibra o tablero de partículas, causando daños permanentes e irreparables a las tablas laminadas. Esto lleva a muchos instaladores de suelos a evitar el uso de suelos laminados en áreas que están expuestas a humedad repetida o sostenida, como en la cocina, el baño, el cuarto de lavado y las áreas del sótano de una casa, o en entornos comerciales como restaurantes y algunas tiendas minoristas.
Como resultado de las deficiencias de los suelos de madera y laminados, las opciones para suelos en áreas húmedas tradicionalmente se han limitado a azulejos cerámicos, piedra y suelos de goma o vinilo. Con azulejos de cerámica y piedra, las opciones visuales son limitadas, el costo de los materiales y la instalación es relativamente alto, y los suelos resultantes son fríos en ausencia de calefacción radiante en el subsuelo y difíciles de estar de pie durante períodos prolongados de tiempo. Los suelos de goma y vinilo pueden ser relativamente económicos, sin embargo, debido a que estos materiales de revestimiento no son rígidos, las imperfecciones del subsuelo se transfieren a través de la goma o el vinilo y aparecen en la superficie del suelo, lo cual puede resultar estéticamente desagradable. Además, la resistencia de los adhesivos utilizados con suelos de goma y vinilo puede verse comprometida por la humedad, lo que puede provocar daños por rizado debido a la falta de rigidez de los suelos. El documento de patente chino CN201339298 Y describe un suelo compuesto de plástico-madera, que comprende una capa de sándwich; en donde, se dispone de manera fija una capa de revestimiento de madera en la superficie superior de la capa de sándwich, y se dispone de manera fija una capa de revestimiento inferior en su superficie inferior. La capa de sándwich del suelo se forma mediante la compresión de materiales compuestos de harina de madera y cloruro de polivinilo.
La solicitud de patente china CN10148336 A1 describe un suelo compuesto y un método de preparación del mismo. Se mezclan plásticos termoplásticos y polvo de madera y se extruyen para obtener una capa mixta, luego se mezcla la capa mixta con resina termofusible y se extruye para obtener un perfil que se toma como material básico del suelo, se colocan una capa decorativa y una capa exterior resistente al desgaste en la superficie del material básico del suelo en secuencia para obtener una lámina de suelo en blanco, finalmente, después de procesos como el tallado convencional y similares, se obtiene un producto final de suelo compuesto.
La solicitud de patente de Estados Unidos US 2011/1167744 A1 describe revestimientos de superficie, como revestimientos de suelo, con un diseño de ensamblaje y métodos para fabricar los revestimientos de superficie. Las cubiertas comprenden una lámina compuesta resiliente con cuatro lados, una superficie superior, una superficie inferior y un grosor general, y dicha lámina compuesta comprende al menos una capa base, en donde dicha al menos una capa base comprende al menos un material polimérico y al menos un relleno.
Para abordar estos problemas, se ha fabricado suelos laminados con una mayor resistencia a la humedad mediante la selección de aglutinantes de melamina, isocianato o fenol y mediante la aplicación de materiales impermeabilizantes y selladores de silicona para sellar los huecos. Estos pasos siguen siendo insuficientes, sin embargo, tanto debido al tiempo adicional de instalación como al costo de fabricación, y porque estos intentos de impermeabilización no son 100 % efectivos. Un intento de producir una tabla laminada adecuada se describe en la Patente de Estados Unidos Núm. 7,763,345, y sus aplicaciones relacionadas, donde se crea un núcleo de material termoplástico y se aplica una capa de impresión y una capa protectora en la parte superior. El núcleo del material termoplástico suele ser un compuesto rígido de policloruro de vinilo y se extruye con cavidades para proporcionar amortiguación. Las tablas extruidas tienden a curvarse, sin embargo, incluso con cavidades, el núcleo termoplástico de PVC no es económico.
En la construcción moderna también es deseable utilizar materiales verdes o reciclados para minimizar el costo ambiental de la construcción. Como resultado, es deseable maximizar el uso de materiales reciclados o residuos siempre que sea posible. Por lo tanto, existe la necesidad de un material mejorado para suelos y revestimientos de paredes impermeables fabricado por ingeniería.
Resumen de la invención
Según la presente invención, dicho objeto se logra mediante una tabla fabricada por ingeniería que tiene las características de la reivindicación 1. Además, las modalidades preferidas están cubiertas por las reivindicaciones dependientes.
Una característica de la presente invención es proporcionar una tabla rígida impermeable para suelos o revestimientos de pared que incluye la posibilidad de una amplia variedad de apariencias visuales en su superficie, un núcleo rígido y relativamente respetuoso con el medio ambiente, y un respaldo acolchado. Las tablas fabricadas por ingeniería según la presente invención pueden utilizar ventajosamente un sistema de bloqueo para que el suelo pueda ensamblarse como un suelo flotante, utilizando el método de instalación de suelo flotante donde no se requiere adhesivo para unir las tablas del suelo a la base. Además, la mayoría de los materiales de tablones impermeables fabricados por ingeniería pueden incluir polvo de bambú, polvo de madera o polvo de corcho que es sustancialmente un subproducto de otros procesos de fabricación de suelos.
Al combinar el polvo de corcho, o una combinación de polvo de corcho y polvo de bambú y/o polvo de madera, con polietileno de alta densidad (HDPE), o cloruro de polivinilo (virgen, reciclado o una mezcla de ambos), se proporciona un núcleo rígido e inerte que no absorbe humedad y no se expande ni contrae, lo que resulta en picos y huecos.
Breve descripción de las figuras
Las características particulares y ventajas de la invención, así como otros objetivos, se harán evidentes a partir de la siguiente descripción tomada en conexión con las figuras adjuntas en las que:
La Figura 1 es una vista en perspectiva de una tabla de suelo impermeable fabricada por ingeniería ejemplar según la invención.
La Figura 2 es una vista en sección desglosada de una tabla de suelo ejemplar según la invención.
Las Figuras 3 a- d muestran configuraciones de bordes de bloqueo por clic de la técnica anterior que pueden ser ventajosamente utilizadas con varias tablas fabricadas según la invención.
Descripción detallada de la presente invención.
En general, la presente invención se refiere a una tabla de suelo o panel de pared impermeable fabricada por ingeniería. La vista frontal de la tabla de suelo ejemplar 10 mostrada en la Figura 1 muestra los tres componentes estructurales principales de la tabla. Específicamente, la superficie superior es una capa de desgaste 20 que es impermeable y se selecciona entre varios materiales posibles, incluyendo: revestimientos de baldosas o piedra; caucho; plástico decorativo; vinilo decorativo; linóleo; y cualquier material (como corcho, bambú o chapa de madera) encapsulado en vinilo o resina para hacer que la capa sea impermeable y resistente al desgaste. Una capa de desgaste de vinilo decorativo es especialmente rentable y eficiente en cuanto a rendimiento. Esta superficie no solo es resistente a la humedad, sino que también puede tener un coeficiente de fricción estático (CoF) de aproximadamente 0,68 según ASTM C 1028-96, y un CoF de al menos aproximadamente 0,60 es deseable para la mayoría de las aplicaciones.
La sección central o núcleo 30 de la tabla fabricada por ingeniería 10 está formada por aproximadamente entre el 55 % y el 80 %, y preferiblemente alrededor del 70 %, de polvo de corcho o una mezcla de polvo de corcho con polvo de bambú y/o polvo de madera. El 20 % al 40 % restante consiste en polietileno de alta densidad (HDPE) o, alternativamente, PVC virgen o reciclado o una combinación de dichos PVC, y hasta aproximadamente un 10 % de aditivos químicos como agentes anti-UV, agentes antioxidantes, estabilizadores, colorantes, agentes antihongos, agentes de acoplamiento, agentes de refuerzo y lubricantes. El carbonato de calcio también puede ser añadido como un relleno. Después de mezclar y fundir el polvo y el HDPE, el material compuesto se extruye a la dimensión deseada. Se ha fabricado previamente un tipo de compuesto de HDPE y polvo de madera o polvo de bambú principalmente para su uso en terrazas, barandillas y cercas exteriores, pero hasta ahora no se ha preparado de una manera lo suficientemente atractiva visualmente para su uso en suelos residenciales o comerciales. En cambio, estos compuestos de madera-plástico o bambú-plástico han sido coloreados según una paleta de colores limitada y promovidos para uso exterior. Cuando se utilizan en la presente invención, algunos aditivos, como agentes anti-UV, no son necesarios. Además, hasta ahora, el polvo de corcho no ha sido un ingrediente principal de los compuestos plásticos. Mientras que generalmente la adición de mayores cantidades de polvo de madera o bambú proporcionaba una mayor rigidez a las tablas resultantes, el polvo de corcho conserva cierta elasticidad incluso en la mezcla plástica. El núcleo 30 puede ser sólido, o puede estar provisto de canales si se desea, especialmente en modalidades relativamente gruesas.
La capa de base 40 está unida al núcleo de polvo y plástico 30 y también está hecha de material impermeable o resistente al agua, como corcho, caucho, espuma o papel impermeable de equilibrado.
La tabla 10 también tiene un extremo acanalado 50 con perfil 51 y canal 52 que coincide con el extremo sobresaliente 60 que tiene perfil 61 y protuberancia 62. Los perfiles particulares se fabrican según un diseño preferido para permitir que los paneles se bloqueen con rapidez entre sí, generalmente sin necesidad de utilizar adhesivo. Sin embargo, si se desea, se puede aplicar un adhesivo a los perfiles para unir las tablas y crear una unión más permanente entre las tablas adyacentes. Los perfiles coincidentes pueden ser del tipo de cierre de clic representados en las Figuras 3 a-d o una construcción más tradicional de lengüeta y ranura que generalmente requiere el uso de un adhesivo.
La Figura 2 es una vista desglosada de las diversas capas que pueden incluirse en una tabla o panel de pared de la invención. La capa superior 21 es una capa de protección opcional o cubierta que es muy deseable cuando la capa de desgaste 20 no es particularmente duradera. Las características preferidas de la capa superior incluyen transparencia, dureza y resistencia a los arañazos. Materiales ejemplares para una capa superior 21 incluyen resina de melamina con óxido de aluminio y poliuretano. La capa de desgaste 20 es menos probable que se beneficie de una capa superior 21 cuando está compuesta de un material duradero como azulejo o piedra, o cuando la capa de desgaste 20 ya incluye un endurecedor protector como es el caso de la resina o el bambú, madera o corcho encapsulados en vinilo.
Una capa de unión 22 une la capa de desgaste 20 al núcleo 30 y es un adhesivo resistente al agua. Un tipo preferido de adhesivo es un adhesivo termofusible que puede aplicarse durante la fabricación del revestimiento de suelo o pared fabricado por ingeniería, a temperaturas superiores a 93 °C (200 °F), y más comúnmente por encima de 121 °C (250 °F), por lo que no es adecuado para un uso conveniente en una residencia o establecimiento comercial cuando se instala el suelo. El adhesivo termofusible debe ser resistente al agua o casi impermeable a la exposición significativa y prolongada a la humedad.
Otra capa de unión 41 une la capa de soporte 40 al núcleo 30. Al igual que la primera capa de unión 22, esta segunda capa de unión 41 también es preferiblemente un adhesivo termofusible que es casi impermeable a la humedad. La capa de base 40 se selecciona entre una variedad de materiales posibles dependiendo del punto de precio y la funcionalidad de las tablas de revestimiento de suelo o pared.
Las tablas según la presente invención están ventajosamente provistas de sistemas de bordes con cierre de clic, como la protuberancia 62 que coopera con el canal 52 y los perfiles de borde 51, 61. Pervan, Patente de Estados Unidos Núm. 6,023,907 y Morian, Patente de Estados Unidos Núm. 6,006,486 describe dos de los sistemas de fijación de borde delantero líderes. Las Figuras 3 a-d muestran una variedad de otros bordes de cierre por clic. El sistema en la Figura 3 a puede ser angulado y encajado, la Figura 3 b muestra una unión por encaje, la Figura 3 c puede ser angulada y encajada pero generalmente tiene menos resistencia de unión que el sistema de la Figura 3 a. La Figura 3d también muestra paneles de bloqueo y plegado, con el primer panel teniendo un canal en el borde derecho siendo instalado y el segundo panel siendo angulado de manera que su saliente entra en el canal y los bordes superiores de los dos paneles se contactan, y luego girando el segundo panel hacia abajo hasta que los perfiles quedan bloqueados. Al utilizar bordes de clic, es relativamente sencillo instalar suelos flotantes sin adhesivos. El sistema de borde particular que se prefiere para una tabla en particular puede variar según las dimensiones y rigidez de la tabla. También se entenderá que las tablas y paneles según la presente invención pueden ser instalados utilizando adhesivos, y los adhesivos pueden ser aplicados para unir los bordes de las tablas o para fijar las tablas al suelo o pared, o ambos.
Las tablas y paneles según la invención son generalmente rectangulares, con un grosor de hasta aproximadamente una pulgada y un ancho de entre aproximadamente 5 y 30 cm (aproximadamente 2 y 12 pulgadas). En general, las tablas de revestimiento de suelo tendrán un grosor mayor que las tablas o paneles de revestimiento de pared. El uso de polvo de madera reciclada, corcho o bambú contribuye a la sostenibilidad a través de la gestión responsable de los recursos, y siempre que se utilice bambú, corcho o madera cosechada de manera sostenible, resulta en un material de construcción respetuoso con el medio ambiente.
Las tablas y paneles fabricados según la invención son prácticamente impermeables a la hinchazón y tienen una gran estabilidad dimensional con variaciones debido a la humedad de menos del 0,01 %. Los productos también pueden fabricarse con tolerancias de menos de 0,25 mm de longitud, anchura y rectitud, y muchas capas de desgaste adecuadas proporcionan superficies resistentes al color y fáciles de limpiar.
Numerosas alteraciones de la estructura aquí descrita se sugerirán a aquellos expertos en el arte. Sin embargo, se entiende que la presente descripción se refiere a la modalidad preferida de la invención, la cual tiene únicamente fines ilustrativos y no debe interpretarse como una limitación de la invención. Todas aquellas modificaciones que no se aparten del alcance de la invención tal como se define en las reivindicaciones adjuntas se pretende que estén incluidas dentro del alcance de las reivindicaciones adjuntas.

Claims (12)

REIVINDICACIONES
1. Una tabla impermeable fabricada por ingeniería (10) que comprende:
(a) una capa de desgaste (20) adherida a una superficie superior de un núcleo impermeable (30);
(b) una primera capa adhesiva impermeable (22) que une la capa de desgaste a la superficie superior del núcleo impermeable;
(c) el núcleo impermeable que comprende un compuesto extruido de polvo y plástico;
(d) la tabla tiene un primer borde con una ranura (50) que se extiende lateralmente hacia el núcleo impermeable y un segundo borde opuesto con una protuberancia lateral (60) desde el núcleo impermeable, en donde la ranura y la protuberancia tienen perfiles con forma para formar un sistema de fijación de borde de bloqueo mediante clic
caracterizado porque el polvo en el núcleo impermeable comprende corcho.
2. La tabla de la reivindicación 1, caracterizada porque además comprende una capa inferior (40) seleccionada del grupo que consiste en corcho, caucho, espuma y papel de equilibrio impermeable.
3. La tabla de la reivindicación 1, caracterizada porque además comprende una capa de cubierta (21) sobre la capa de desgaste.
4. La tabla de la reivindicación 3, caracterizada porque dicha capa de cubierta se selecciona del grupo que consiste en resina de melamina con óxido de aluminio y poliuretano.
5. La tabla de la reivindicación 1 caracterizada porque el núcleo impermeable comprende:
(i) al menos un 55 % de polvo de corcho o al menos un 55 % de polvo que comprende polvo de corcho en combinación con polvo de madera y/o polvo de bambú; y
(ii) al menos el 20 % de plástico seleccionado del grupo que consiste en polietileno de alta densidad y cloruro de polivinilo.
6. La tabla de la reivindicación 1, caracterizada porque la primera capa adhesiva impermeable comprende un adhesivo termofusible.
7. La tabla de la reivindicación 2, caracterizada porque además comprende una segunda capa adhesiva impermeable (41) que une la capa inferiora una superficie inferior del núcleo impermeable.
8. La tabla de la reivindicación 5, caracterizada porque el núcleo impermeable además comprende menos del 10 % de aditivos seleccionados del grupo que consiste en agentes antioxidantes, estabilizadores, colorantes, agentes antifúngicos, agentes de acoplamiento, agentes de refuerzo y lubricantes.
9. La tabla según la reivindicación 1, caracterizada porque es rectangular y porque la capa de desgaste es de vinilo decorativo y está adherida a una superficie superior de un núcleo impermeable mediante un adhesivo termofusible; en donde esta comprende:
(a) una capa de cubierta sobre la capa de desgaste, dicha capa de cubierta seleccionada del grupo que consiste en resina de melamina con óxido de aluminio y poliuretano;
(b) una capa inferior seleccionada del grupo que consiste en corcho, caucho y espuma, adherida a una superficie inferior del núcleo impermeable mediante un adhesivo termofusible;
y porque el núcleo impermeable tiene superficies superior e inferior sustancialmente planas separadas por un grosor que define dicho primer borde a lo largo de un primer lado y dicho segundo borde a lo largo de un segundo lado opuesto, y tercer y cuarto bordes a lo largo de tercer y cuarto lados opuestos.
10. La tabla de la reivindicación 9, caracterizada porque el coeficiente de fricción estático de la tabla es de al menos 0,60, según se mide de acuerdo con ASTM C 1028-96.
11. La tabla según la reivindicación 1, caracterizada porque es rectangular y porque la capa de desgaste se selecciona del grupo que consiste en corcho, bambú y chapa de madera, dicha capa de desgaste encapsulada en resina, y se adhiere a una superficie superior de un núcleo impermeable mediante un adhesivo termofusible; en donde esta comprende: una capa inferior seleccionada del grupo que consiste en corcho, caucho y espuma, dicha capa inferior adherida a una superficie inferior del núcleo impermeable mediante un adhesivo termofusible; porque el núcleo impermeable comprende:
(i) al menos el 55 % de polvo de corcho o al menos el 55 % de polvo que comprende polvo de corcho en combinación con polvo de madera y/o polvo de bambú;
(ii) al menos un 20 % de polietileno de alta densidad; y
(iii) relleno de carbonato de calcio; y porque dicho núcleo impermeable tiene superficies superior e inferior sustancialmente planas separadas por un grosor que define dichos primer y segundo bordes a lo largo de respectivos primero y segundo lados opuestos, y terceros y cuartos bordes a lo largo de respectivos tercer y cuarto lados opuestos.
12. La tabla según la reivindicación 11, caracterizada porque además comprende una capa de cubierta sobre la capa de desgaste, dicha capa de cubierta seleccionada del grupo que consiste en resina de melamina con óxido de aluminio y poliuretano.
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