FR2706448B1 - Procédé pour réaliser une liaison brasée étanche aux gaz et application du procédé à la fabrication de composants comportant un boîtier étanche au vide. - Google Patents
Procédé pour réaliser une liaison brasée étanche aux gaz et application du procédé à la fabrication de composants comportant un boîtier étanche au vide.Info
- Publication number
- FR2706448B1 FR2706448B1 FR9407137A FR9407137A FR2706448B1 FR 2706448 B1 FR2706448 B1 FR 2706448B1 FR 9407137 A FR9407137 A FR 9407137A FR 9407137 A FR9407137 A FR 9407137A FR 2706448 B1 FR2706448 B1 FR 2706448B1
- Authority
- FR
- France
- Prior art keywords
- tight
- vacuum
- manufacture
- producing
- gas
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B37/00—Joining burned ceramic articles with other burned ceramic articles or other articles by heating
- C04B37/02—Joining burned ceramic articles with other burned ceramic articles or other articles by heating with metallic articles
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
- H01H33/00—High-tension or heavy-current switches with arc-extinguishing or arc-preventing means
- H01H33/60—Switches wherein the means for extinguishing or preventing the arc do not include separate means for obtaining or increasing flow of arc-extinguishing fluid
- H01H33/66—Vacuum switches
- H01H33/662—Housings or protective screens
- H01H33/66207—Specific housing details, e.g. sealing, soldering or brazing
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K1/00—Soldering, e.g. brazing, or unsoldering
- B23K1/19—Soldering, e.g. brazing, or unsoldering taking account of the properties of the materials to be soldered
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
- B23K35/001—Interlayers, transition pieces for metallurgical bonding of workpieces
- B23K35/007—Interlayers, transition pieces for metallurgical bonding of workpieces at least one of the workpieces being of copper or another noble metal
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B37/00—Joining burned ceramic articles with other burned ceramic articles or other articles by heating
- C04B37/02—Joining burned ceramic articles with other burned ceramic articles or other articles by heating with metallic articles
- C04B37/023—Joining burned ceramic articles with other burned ceramic articles or other articles by heating with metallic articles characterised by the interlayer used
- C04B37/026—Joining burned ceramic articles with other burned ceramic articles or other articles by heating with metallic articles characterised by the interlayer used consisting of metals or metal salts
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
- H01H33/00—High-tension or heavy-current switches with arc-extinguishing or arc-preventing means
- H01H33/60—Switches wherein the means for extinguishing or preventing the arc do not include separate means for obtaining or increasing flow of arc-extinguishing fluid
- H01H33/66—Vacuum switches
- H01H33/662—Housings or protective screens
- H01H33/66238—Specific bellows details
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J19/00—Details of vacuum tubes of the types covered by group H01J21/00
- H01J19/58—Seals between parts of vessels
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J9/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for the manufacture, installation, removal, maintenance of electric discharge tubes, discharge lamps, or parts thereof; Recovery of material from discharge tubes or lamps
- H01J9/24—Manufacture or joining of vessels, leading-in conductors or bases
- H01J9/26—Sealing together parts of vessels
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
- B23K35/22—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
- B23K35/24—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper
- B23K35/30—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at less than 1550°C
- B23K35/3006—Ag as the principal constituent
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2237/00—Aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
- C04B2237/02—Aspects relating to interlayers, e.g. used to join ceramic articles with other articles by heating
- C04B2237/12—Metallic interlayers
- C04B2237/125—Metallic interlayers based on noble metals, e.g. silver
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2237/00—Aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
- C04B2237/30—Composition of layers of ceramic laminates or of ceramic or metallic articles to be joined by heating, e.g. Si substrates
- C04B2237/40—Metallic
- C04B2237/407—Copper
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2237/00—Aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
- C04B2237/50—Processing aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to the joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
- C04B2237/59—Aspects relating to the structure of the interlayer
- C04B2237/592—Aspects relating to the structure of the interlayer whereby the interlayer is not continuous, e.g. not the whole surface of the smallest substrate is covered by the interlayer
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2237/00—Aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
- C04B2237/50—Processing aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to the joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
- C04B2237/72—Forming laminates or joined articles comprising at least two interlayers directly next to each other
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2237/00—Aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
- C04B2237/50—Processing aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to the joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
- C04B2237/76—Forming laminates or joined articles comprising at least one member in the form other than a sheet or disc, e.g. two tubes or a tube and a sheet or disc
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2237/00—Aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
- C04B2237/50—Processing aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to the joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
- C04B2237/80—Joining the largest surface of one substrate with a smaller surface of the other substrate, e.g. butt joining or forming a T-joint
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
- H01H33/00—High-tension or heavy-current switches with arc-extinguishing or arc-preventing means
- H01H33/60—Switches wherein the means for extinguishing or preventing the arc do not include separate means for obtaining or increasing flow of arc-extinguishing fluid
- H01H33/66—Vacuum switches
- H01H33/662—Housings or protective screens
- H01H33/66207—Specific housing details, e.g. sealing, soldering or brazing
- H01H2033/66215—Details relating to the soldering or brazing of vacuum switch housings
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
- H01H33/00—High-tension or heavy-current switches with arc-extinguishing or arc-preventing means
- H01H33/60—Switches wherein the means for extinguishing or preventing the arc do not include separate means for obtaining or increasing flow of arc-extinguishing fluid
- H01H33/66—Vacuum switches
- H01H33/662—Housings or protective screens
- H01H33/66207—Specific housing details, e.g. sealing, soldering or brazing
- H01H2033/66223—Details relating to the sealing of vacuum switch housings
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
- H01H33/00—High-tension or heavy-current switches with arc-extinguishing or arc-preventing means
- H01H33/60—Switches wherein the means for extinguishing or preventing the arc do not include separate means for obtaining or increasing flow of arc-extinguishing fluid
- H01H33/66—Vacuum switches
- H01H33/662—Housings or protective screens
- H01H33/66261—Specific screen details, e.g. mounting, materials, multiple screens or specific electrical field considerations
- H01H2033/66276—Details relating to the mounting of screens in vacuum switches
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
- H01H33/00—High-tension or heavy-current switches with arc-extinguishing or arc-preventing means
- H01H33/60—Switches wherein the means for extinguishing or preventing the arc do not include separate means for obtaining or increasing flow of arc-extinguishing fluid
- H01H33/66—Vacuum switches
- H01H33/662—Housings or protective screens
- H01H33/66261—Specific screen details, e.g. mounting, materials, multiple screens or specific electrical field considerations
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- High-Tension Arc-Extinguishing Switches Without Spraying Means (AREA)
- Ceramic Products (AREA)
- Manufacture Of Switches (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE4320910A DE4320910C1 (de) | 1993-06-18 | 1993-06-18 | Verfahren zur Herstellung einer gasdichten Lötverbindung und Anwendung des Verfahrens bei der Herstellung von Bauelementen mit vakuumdichten Gehäuse |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| FR2706448A1 FR2706448A1 (fr) | 1994-12-23 |
| FR2706448B1 true FR2706448B1 (fr) | 1995-11-24 |
Family
ID=6491060
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR9407137A Expired - Fee Related FR2706448B1 (fr) | 1993-06-18 | 1994-06-10 | Procédé pour réaliser une liaison brasée étanche aux gaz et application du procédé à la fabrication de composants comportant un boîtier étanche au vide. |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US6533161B1 (fr) |
| JP (1) | JP3670008B2 (fr) |
| KR (1) | KR960703101A (fr) |
| CN (1) | CN1043341C (fr) |
| DE (1) | DE4320910C1 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR2706448B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO1995000459A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (20)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE9315036U1 (de) * | 1993-09-30 | 1994-11-03 | Siemens AG, 80333 München | Vakuumschaltröhre mit isoliert gehaltertem Dampfschirm |
| DE19510849A1 (de) * | 1995-03-17 | 1996-09-19 | Siemens Ag | Vakuumschaltröhre mit einer Metallkappe als Gehäuseteil |
| DE19510850C1 (de) * | 1995-03-17 | 1996-07-25 | Siemens Ag | Vakuumschaltröhre |
| KR100255027B1 (ko) * | 1995-05-17 | 2000-05-01 | 니시무로 타이죠 | 세라믹 금속접합재 및 이를 사용한 세라믹 금속접합체 제조방법 및 이를 이용하여 제작한 진공기밀용기 |
| US5753876A (en) * | 1996-05-02 | 1998-05-19 | Eaton Corporation | Clad end seal for vacuum interrupter |
| CN1059418C (zh) * | 1997-04-10 | 2000-12-13 | 陈铮 | 陶瓷与金属部分瞬间液相连接方法 |
| KR100355119B1 (ko) * | 1999-07-12 | 2002-10-11 | 미쓰비시덴키 가부시키가이샤 | 절연조작로드 및 그의 제조방법 |
| CN1241224C (zh) * | 2000-12-13 | 2006-02-08 | 西门子公司 | 真空开关管的壳体部件之间的连接区及带有这种连接区的真空开关管 |
| DE10215901A1 (de) * | 2002-04-11 | 2003-11-06 | Grillo Werke Ag | Wärmetauscher und heliothermische Flachkollektormodule und Verfahren zur Herstellung derselben |
| DE10259746B3 (de) | 2002-12-19 | 2004-06-24 | Testo Ag | Temperaturstabile und flüssigkeitsdichte Verbindung eines ersten Bauteils aus Keramik, Metall oder Kunststoff mit einem zweiten Bauteil aus Keramik, Metall oder Kunststoff und Verwendung einer solchen Verbindung |
| CN1319202C (zh) * | 2005-04-05 | 2007-05-30 | 中国矿业大学(北京校区) | 固体氧化物燃料电池中陶瓷金属新型连接方法 |
| JP4765538B2 (ja) * | 2005-10-20 | 2011-09-07 | 富士電機機器制御株式会社 | 真空バルブ、真空バルブの製造方法 |
| US20070251938A1 (en) * | 2006-04-26 | 2007-11-01 | Watlow Electric Manufacturing Company | Ceramic heater and method of securing a thermocouple thereto |
| CN100361935C (zh) * | 2006-05-15 | 2008-01-16 | 西北工业大学 | 碳/碳或碳/碳化硅复合材料与耐热合金的连接方法 |
| CN103151214A (zh) * | 2012-04-17 | 2013-06-12 | 苏州朗格电气有限公司 | 一种固封触臂 |
| CN103817390B (zh) * | 2014-02-24 | 2016-01-20 | 贵州天义电器有限责任公司 | 一种用于接触器装配的钎焊连接工艺 |
| CN104319094A (zh) * | 2014-11-06 | 2015-01-28 | 昆山国力真空电器有限公司 | 真空电容器用电极环组及其制造方法 |
| US11389890B2 (en) * | 2014-11-17 | 2022-07-19 | Illinois Tool Works Inc. | Vacuum insulated welding torch |
| CN104979131B (zh) * | 2015-07-09 | 2017-03-15 | 温州浙光电子有限公司 | 一种可直接与陶瓷封接的封接结构 |
| CN117340377B (zh) * | 2023-12-05 | 2024-02-09 | 武汉飞特电气有限公司 | 一种陶瓷真空开关管用焊接设备及焊接工艺 |
Family Cites Families (23)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE1045305B (de) | 1956-04-18 | 1958-11-27 | Telefunken Gmbh | Verfahren zum Verbinden nichtmetallischer Stoffe, wie Keramik, mit Metallen und danach hergestellte elektrische Entladungsroehre |
| US3793705A (en) * | 1972-12-11 | 1974-02-26 | Ibm | Process for brazing a magnetic ceramic member to a metal member |
| US3994430A (en) * | 1975-07-30 | 1976-11-30 | General Electric Company | Direct bonding of metals to ceramics and metals |
| DE2606963C3 (de) * | 1976-02-20 | 1981-07-23 | Siemens AG, 1000 Berlin und 8000 München | Verfahren zur Herstellung einer hartlötbaren Dickschichtschaltung auf ein vorzugsweise aus einer Oxidkeramik bestehendes Trägerplättchen |
| DE2645953C3 (de) * | 1976-10-12 | 1981-04-30 | Licentia Patent-Verwaltungs-Gmbh, 6000 Frankfurt | Verfahren zum Herstellen einer Lötverbindung |
| EP0040933B1 (fr) * | 1980-05-23 | 1985-04-10 | Kabushiki Kaisha Meidensha | Interrupteur sous vide |
| DE3115494A1 (de) * | 1981-04-16 | 1982-11-04 | Licentia Patent-Verwaltungs-Gmbh, 6000 Frankfurt | Verfahren zur verbesserung der vakuumdichtigkeit von metallteilen |
| US4871108A (en) * | 1985-01-17 | 1989-10-03 | Stemcor Corporation | Silicon carbide-to-metal joint and method of making same |
| US4610934A (en) * | 1985-01-17 | 1986-09-09 | Kennecott Corporation | Silicon carbide-to-metal joint and method of making same |
| US4729504A (en) * | 1985-06-01 | 1988-03-08 | Mizuo Edamura | Method of bonding ceramics and metal, or bonding similar ceramics among themselves; or bonding dissimilar ceramics |
| JPS6265991A (ja) * | 1985-09-13 | 1987-03-25 | 株式会社東芝 | 高熱伝導性セラミツクス基板 |
| DE3639021A1 (de) * | 1986-11-14 | 1988-05-26 | Philips Patentverwaltung | Verfahren zum verloeten von keramischen bauteilen |
| EP0277645A1 (fr) * | 1987-02-02 | 1988-08-10 | Sumitomo Electric Industries Limited | Liaison d'objets métalliques et céramiques |
| DE3703326A1 (de) | 1987-02-04 | 1988-08-18 | Siemens Ag | Vakuumschaltroehre |
| JPH0454197Y2 (fr) * | 1987-12-25 | 1992-12-18 | ||
| US5251803A (en) * | 1988-07-22 | 1993-10-12 | Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha | Ceramic-metal composite substrate and method for producing the same |
| DE3824900A1 (de) * | 1988-07-22 | 1990-01-25 | Hoechst Ceram Tec Ag | Verfahren zur herstellung einer lotbeschichtung auf metallisierte keramik |
| US5156322A (en) * | 1988-07-22 | 1992-10-20 | Hoechst Ceramtec Aktiengesellschaft | Process for the production of a solder coating on metallized materials |
| JPH0238378A (ja) * | 1988-07-29 | 1990-02-07 | Hitachi Ltd | セラミツクスのはんだ付方法 |
| JP2811020B2 (ja) * | 1990-04-17 | 1998-10-15 | 日本特殊陶業株式会社 | セラミックスと鋼の接合体及びその製造方法 |
| JPH04168792A (ja) * | 1990-11-01 | 1992-06-16 | Kawasaki Steel Corp | 耐熱衝撃性に優れた高放熱性セラミックス回路基板の製造方法 |
| DE4111189C1 (fr) * | 1991-04-06 | 1992-09-17 | Hoechst Ceramtec Ag, 8672 Selb, De | |
| JP3682552B2 (ja) * | 1997-03-12 | 2005-08-10 | 同和鉱業株式会社 | 金属−セラミックス複合基板の製造方法 |
-
1993
- 1993-06-18 DE DE4320910A patent/DE4320910C1/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1994
- 1994-06-10 US US08/535,284 patent/US6533161B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1994-06-10 WO PCT/DE1994/000686 patent/WO1995000459A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 1994-06-10 FR FR9407137A patent/FR2706448B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1994-06-10 JP JP50232295A patent/JP3670008B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1994-06-10 KR KR1019950705756A patent/KR960703101A/ko not_active Withdrawn
- 1994-06-10 CN CN94192484A patent/CN1043341C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| KR960703101A (ko) | 1996-06-19 |
| JP3670008B2 (ja) | 2005-07-13 |
| WO1995000459A1 (fr) | 1995-01-05 |
| CN1125434A (zh) | 1996-06-26 |
| CN1043341C (zh) | 1999-05-12 |
| DE4320910C1 (de) | 1994-09-08 |
| JPH08511505A (ja) | 1996-12-03 |
| FR2706448A1 (fr) | 1994-12-23 |
| US6533161B1 (en) | 2003-03-18 |
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Effective date: 20100226 |