HK7395A - Fibers capable of spontaneously transporting fluids - Google Patents

Fibers capable of spontaneously transporting fluids Download PDF

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Publication number
HK7395A
HK7395A HK7395A HK7395A HK7395A HK 7395 A HK7395 A HK 7395A HK 7395 A HK7395 A HK 7395A HK 7395 A HK7395 A HK 7395A HK 7395 A HK7395 A HK 7395A
Authority
HK
Hong Kong
Prior art keywords
fiber
mtext
mrow
fibers
absorbant
Prior art date
Application number
HK7395A
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Mal Phillips Bobby
Bagrodia Shriram
Alston Haile William
Probert Hall Harry
Augustus Casey David
Original Assignee
Clemson University Research Foundation
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Clemson University Research Foundation filed Critical Clemson University Research Foundation
Publication of HK7395A publication Critical patent/HK7395A/en

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F13/00—Bandages or dressings; Absorbent pads
    • A61F13/15—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators
    • A61F13/53—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators characterised by the absorbing medium
    • A61F13/534—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators characterised by the absorbing medium having an inhomogeneous composition through the thickness of the pad
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    • A61F13/53708—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators characterised by the absorbing medium having an inhomogeneous composition through the thickness of the pad characterised by a layer facilitating or inhibiting flow in one direction or plane, e.g. a wicking layer the layer having a promotional function on liquid propagation in at least one direction
    • A61F13/53717—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators characterised by the absorbing medium having an inhomogeneous composition through the thickness of the pad characterised by a layer facilitating or inhibiting flow in one direction or plane, e.g. a wicking layer the layer having a promotional function on liquid propagation in at least one direction the layer having a promotional function on liquid propagation in the horizontal direction
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L15/00—Chemical aspects of, or use of materials for, bandages, dressings or absorbent pads
    • A61L15/16—Bandages, dressings or absorbent pads for physiological fluids such as urine or blood, e.g. sanitary towels, tampons
    • A61L15/42—Use of materials characterised by their function or physical properties
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
    • D01D—MECHANICAL METHODS OR APPARATUS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS
    • D01D5/00—Formation of filaments, threads, or the like
    • D01D5/22—Formation of filaments, threads, or the like with a crimped or curled structure; with a special structure to simulate wool
    • D01D5/23—Formation of filaments, threads, or the like with a crimped or curled structure; with a special structure to simulate wool by asymmetrical cooling of filaments, threads, or the like, leaving the spinnerettes
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
    • D01D—MECHANICAL METHODS OR APPARATUS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS
    • D01D5/00—Formation of filaments, threads, or the like
    • D01D5/253—Formation of filaments, threads, or the like with a non-circular cross section; Spinnerette packs therefor
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
    • D01F—CHEMICAL FEATURES IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF CARBON FILAMENTS
    • D01F6/00—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of synthetic polymers; Manufacture thereof
    • D01F6/88—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of synthetic polymers; Manufacture thereof from mixtures of polycondensation products as major constituent with other polymers or low-molecular-weight compounds
    • D01F6/92—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of synthetic polymers; Manufacture thereof from mixtures of polycondensation products as major constituent with other polymers or low-molecular-weight compounds of polyesters
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
    • D01F—CHEMICAL FEATURES IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF CARBON FILAMENTS
    • D01F6/00—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of synthetic polymers; Manufacture thereof
    • D01F6/96—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of synthetic polymers; Manufacture thereof from other synthetic polymers
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D02—YARNS; MECHANICAL FINISHING OF YARNS OR ROPES; WARPING OR BEAMING
    • D02G—CRIMPING OR CURLING FIBRES, FILAMENTS, THREADS, OR YARNS; YARNS OR THREADS
    • D02G1/00—Producing crimped or curled fibres, filaments, yarns, or threads, giving them latent characteristics
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    • A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F13/00—Bandages or dressings; Absorbent pads
    • A61F13/15—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators
    • A61F13/53—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators characterised by the absorbing medium
    • A61F13/538—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators characterised by the absorbing medium characterised by specific fibre orientation or weave
    • A61F2013/5383—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators characterised by the absorbing medium characterised by specific fibre orientation or weave by the fibre orientation in the x-y plane

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Claims (31)

  1. Synthetische Faser, die befähigt ist, spontan Wasser auf ihrer Oberfläche zu transportieren, wobei die Faser folgender Gleichung genügt: <formula-text> &lt;formula-text&gt; &lt;formula-text&gt; &lt;formula-text&gt; &lt;formula-text&gt; &lt;formula-text&gt; &lt;formula-text&gt; &lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;(1-X cos ϑ&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;a&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;) &lt; 0,&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt; &lt;/formula-text&gt; &lt;/formula-text&gt; &lt;/formula-text&gt; &lt;/formula-text&gt; &lt;/formula-text&gt; &lt;/formula-text&gt; </formula-text> worin    ϑa der vorstehende Kontaktwinkel des Wassers ist, gemessen an einer flachen Folie, hergestellt aus dem gleichen Material wie die Faser und mit der gleichen Oberflächenbehandlung, falls überhaupt,    X ist ein Formfaktor des Faserquerschnitts, der der folgenden Gleichung genügt: worin    Pw der befeuchtete Umfang der Faser und r der Radius desjenigen umschriebenen Kreises ist, der den Faserquerschnitt umschreibt, und D ist die kleinere Achsendimension über den Faserquerschnitt.
  2. Faser nach Anspruch 1, wobei <formula-text> &lt;formula-text&gt; &lt;formula-text&gt; &lt;formula-text&gt; &lt;formula-text&gt; &lt;formula-text&gt; &lt;formula-text&gt; &lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;(1-X cos ϑ&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;a&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;) &lt; -0.3&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt; &lt;/formula-text&gt; &lt;/formula-text&gt; &lt;/formula-text&gt; &lt;/formula-text&gt; &lt;/formula-text&gt; &lt;/formula-text&gt; </formula-text> ist.
  3. Faser nach Anspruch 1, wobei <formula-text> &lt;formula-text&gt; &lt;formula-text&gt; &lt;formula-text&gt; &lt;formula-text&gt; &lt;formula-text&gt; &lt;formula-text&gt; &lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;(1-X cos ϑ&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;a&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;) &lt; -0.9&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt; &lt;/formula-text&gt; &lt;/formula-text&gt; &lt;/formula-text&gt; &lt;/formula-text&gt; &lt;/formula-text&gt; &lt;/formula-text&gt; </formula-text> ist.
  4. Faser nach Anspruch 1, worin <formula-text> &lt;formula-text&gt; &lt;formula-text&gt; &lt;formula-text&gt; &lt;formula-text&gt; &lt;formula-text&gt; &lt;formula-text&gt; &lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;(1-X cos ϑ&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;a&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;) &lt; -1.2&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt; &lt;/formula-text&gt; &lt;/formula-text&gt; &lt;/formula-text&gt; &lt;/formula-text&gt; &lt;/formula-text&gt; &lt;/formula-text&gt; </formula-text> ist.
  5. Faser nach Anspruch 1, wobei 2 r D zwischen 1,5 und 5 ist.
  6. Faser nach Anspruch 1, welche der folgenden Gleichung genügt: worin γLA die Oberflächenspannung des Wassers in Luft in Dyn/cm ist, ρ die Faserdichte in Gramm/cm³, und dpf der Denier-Wert der einzelnen Faser.
  7. Faser nach Anspruch 1, wobei X von etwa 1,2 bis etwa 5 ist.
  8. Faser nach Anspruch 1 mit einem Denier-Wert der einzelnen Faser von zwischen 10 und 70.
  9. Faser nach Anspruch 1, umfassend ein Material ausgewählt aus der Gruppe bestehend aus: Einem Polyester, Polypropylen, Polyethylen, einem Celluloseester und einem Nylon.
  10. Faser nach Anspruch 9, die mit einer Schicht eines hydrophilen Schmierstoffes beschichtet ist.
  11. Faser nach Anspruch 1, wobei die Breite jeder Vertiefung im Faserquerschnitt bei beliebiger Tiefe der Vertiefung gleich oder geringer der Breite der Vertiefung an dessen Öffnung ist.
  12. Absorbierender Gegenstand, umfassend zwei oder mehrere Fasern nach Anspruch 1, wobei wenigstens ein Teil der Fasern nahe dem Zentrum des absorbierenden Gegenstands angeordnet ist und wenigstens ein Teil der Fasern jenseits des Zentrums des absorbierenden Gegenstands angeordnet ist; und wobei die Fasern fähig sind, in Kontakt mit einer wäßrigen Flüssigkeit über wenigstens 10 Sekunden nahe dem Zentrum des absorbierenden Gegenstands zu sein; und wobei abseits von dem Zentrum des absorbierenden Gegenstands eine oder mehrere Senken in dem absorbierenden Gegenstand vorhanden sind, die in Kontakt mit den Fasern sind.
  13. Seil, umfassend eine Vielzahl der Fasern nach Anspruch 1.
  14. Absorbierender Gegenstand, umfassend eine Windel oder Inkontinenteneinlage mit einer Hauptachse und einer Nebenachse und einer Länge, die die Breite überragt, welche umfaßt: Eine obere Schicht, eine Unterschicht und einen absorbierenden Kern, der wenigstens eine absorbierende Schicht umfaßt, wobei der Gegenstand weiterhin das Seil nach Anspruch 13 umfaßt.
  15. Gegenstand nach Anspruch 14, wobei das Seil gleichförmig über die gesamte oder einen Teil der Breite des Gegenstands ausgelegt ist und die Fasern des Seils im wesentlichen parallel zu der Hauptachse des Gegenstands sind und sich von etwa 1/2 bis im wesentlichen zu der Länge des Gegenstands erstrecken.
  16. Gegenstand nach Anspruch 14, wobei die Fasern des Seiles im wesentlichen parallel zu der Hauptachse der Windel sind und sich im wesentlichen entlang der Länge der Windel erstrecken.
  17. Gegenstand nach Anspruch 14, wobei der absorbierende Kern Flaumzellstoff und superabsorbierendes Pulver umfaßt.
  18. Absorbierender Gegenstand nach Anspruch 14, der eine Windel ist, die bis zu drei Seile nach Anspruch 14 enthält, worin die Hauptachse von jedem Seil zwischen ±30° um die Hauptachse der Windel liegt und worin die Seile entweder gerade unterhalb der Oberschicht oder innig vermischt mit dem absorbierenden Kern oder benachbart zu der Unterschicht liegen.
  19. Stapelfasern, umfassend eine Vielzahl geschnittener Fasern nach Anspruch 1.
  20. Absorbierender Gegenstand umfassend eine Windel oder eine Inkontinenteneinlage mit einer Hauptachse und einer Nebenachse und einer Länge übersteigend die Breite, umfassend eine Oberschicht, eine Unterschicht und einen absorbierenden Kern, umfassend wenigstens eine absorbierende Schicht, wobei der Kern eine innige Vermischung der Stapelfaser nach Anspruch 15 mit dem Flaum-Zellstoff umfaßt.
  21. Faser nach Anspruch 1, eingearbeitet in eines oder mehrere des folgenden: Ein Tampon, ein Schweiß-absorbierendes Kopfband oder Armband, einen chirurgischer Schwamm oder eine Wundabdeckung, eine Schweiß-absorbierende und verteilende Einlage für Fußbekleidung, einen Wischer, einen Gewebeweichmacherstreifen zur Verwendung in Stofftrocknern, eine Drainage für Wunden oder für chirurgische Zwecke, ein Handtuch, eine Geotextilie, athletische Strümpfe, einen Jogging-Anzug, einen kosmetischen Applikator, einen Applikator für Möbelpolitur, einen Kleisterschmieresammler, einen Probensammler für den Hals, ein Blutanalysiertestelement, eine Tintenpatrone, einen Haushalts- und Industriedeodorisierer, ein Befeuchtungsgewebe, ein feuchtes Filtermedium, eine orthopädische Formverstärkung, oder Spunbonded-Strukturen.
  22. Spinndüse mit wenigstens einer Öffnung im wesentlichen wie in Figur 3 beschrieben, wobei W zwischen 0,064 mm und 0,12 mm ist; X₄ ist 2W ± 0.5W; ϑ₂ ist 30° ± 30°; ϑ₄ ist 45° ± 45°; ϑ₆ ist 30° ± 30°; und ϑ₈ ist 45° ± 45°.
  23. Spinndüse mit wenigstens einer Öffnung im wesentlichen wie in Figur 4 beschrieben, wobei W zwischen 0,064 mm und 0,12 mm ist; X₂₀ X₂₂ ist 3W ± W; X₂₄ ist 4W ± 2W; X₃₀ ist 2W ± 0.5W; und ϑ₁₀ ist 45° ± 15°.
  24. Spinndüse mit wenigstens einer Öffnung im wesentlichen wie in Figur 5 beschrieben, wobei W zwischen 0,064 mm und 0,12 mm ist; X₃₄ ist 2W ± 0.5W; und n = Anzahl der Beine pro 180° = 2 bis 6.
  25. Spinndüse mit wenigstens einer Öffnung im wesentlichen wie in Figur 6 beschrieben, wobei W zwischen 0,064 mm und 0,12 mm ist; X₄₄ ist 11W ± 5W; X₄₆ ist 11W ± 5W; X₄₈ ist 24W ± 10W; X₅₀ ist 38W ± 13W; X₅₆ ist 11W ± 5W; X₅₈ ist 7W ± 5W; X₆₀ ist 17W ± 7W; X₆₂ ist 28W ± 11W; X₆₄ ist 24W ± 10W; X₆₆ ist 17W ± 7W; X₆₈ ist 2W ± 0.5W; ϑ₁₈ ist 45° ± 15° und ϑ₂₀ ist 45° ± 15°.
  26. Spinndüse mit wenigstens einer Öffnung im wesentlichen wie in Figur 7 beschrieben, wobei W zwischen 0,064 mm und 0,12 mm ist; X₄ ist 2W ± 0.5W; ϑ₄ ist 45° ± 45°; ϑ₆ ist 30° ± 30°; und ϑ₈ ist 45° ± 45°.
  27. Spinndüse mit wenigstens einer Öffnung im wesentlichen wie in Figur 8 beschrieben, wobei W zwischen 0,064 mm und 0,12 mm ist; X₄ ist 2W ± 0.5W; ϑ₂ ist 30° ± 30°; ϑ₄ ist 45° ± 45°; ϑ₆ ist 30° ± 30°; und ϑ₈ ist 45° ± 45°.
  28. Spinndüse mit wenigstens einer Öffnung im wesentlichen wie in Figur 6B beschrieben, wobei W zwischen 0,064 mm und 0,12 mm ist, X₇₆ ist 12W ± 4W, X₇₈ ist 8W ± 4W, X₈₀ ist 24W ± 12W, X₈₂ ist 18W ± 6W, X₈₆ ist 16W ± 6W, X₈₈ ist 24W ± 12W, X₉₀ ist 18W ± 6W, X₉₂ ist 2W ± 0.5W, ϑ₂₂ ist 135° ± 30°, ϑ₂₆ ist 45° ± 15°, ϑ₂₈ ist 45° ± 15°, ϑ₃₀ ist 45° ± 15°, ϑ₃₂ ist 45° ± 15°, ϑ₃₄ ist 45° ± 15°, ϑ₃₆ ist 45° ± 15°, und ϑ₃₈ ist 45° ± 15°.
  29. Verfahren zur Herstellung einer Faser, die der folgenden Gleichung genügt: <formula-text> &lt;formula-text&gt; &lt;formula-text&gt; &lt;formula-text&gt; &lt;formula-text&gt; &lt;formula-text&gt; &lt;formula-text&gt; &lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;(1-X cos ϑ&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;a&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;) &lt; 0,&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt; &lt;/formula-text&gt; &lt;/formula-text&gt; &lt;/formula-text&gt; &lt;/formula-text&gt; &lt;/formula-text&gt; &lt;/formula-text&gt; </formula-text> wobei    ϑa der vorstehende Kontaktwinkel des Wassers ist, gemessen auf einer flachen Folie, die aus dem gleichen Material wie die Faser hergestellt wurde und welche die gleiche Oberflächenbehandlung hat,    X ist ein Formfaktor für den Faserquerschnitt, der der folgenden Gleichung genügt: wobei    Pw ist der befeuchtete Umfang der Faser und r ist der Radius des Kreises, der den Faserquerschnitt umschreibt und D ist die Nebenachsendimension über dem Faserquerschnitt, umfassend das Erwärmen eines Faser-bildenden Materials bei oder oberhalb dessen Schmelzpunkt und Extrudieren des erwärmten Materials durch eine Spinndüse mit wenigstens einer Öffnung, die befähigt ist, die gewünschte Faser zu bilden, und Anwendung einer geeigneten Oberflächenbehandlung.
  30. Verfahren zum spontanen Transport von wäßrigen Flüssigkeiten, umfassend das in-Kontakt-bringen wenigstens einer synthetischen Faser nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 11 mit einer zu transportierenden wäßrigen Flüssigkeit.
  31. Verfahren zum spontanen Transport einer alkoholischen Flüssigkeit, umfassend das in-Kontakt-bringen wenigstens einer synthetischen Faser nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 11 mit einer zu transportierenden alkoholischen Flüssigkeit.
HK7395A 1989-04-04 1995-01-19 Fibers capable of spontaneously transporting fluids HK7395A (en)

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CN1051813C (zh) 2000-04-26
CA2049945C (en) 1996-04-09
FI914644A0 (fi) 1991-10-03
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WO1990012130A2 (en) 1990-10-18
DE69011855D1 (de) 1994-09-29
AU639919B2 (en) 1993-08-12
BR9007264A (pt) 1991-12-10
NO913885L (no) 1991-10-03
WO1990012130A3 (en) 1991-04-04
CN1111295A (zh) 1995-11-08
SG173294G (en) 1995-04-28
ES2057554T3 (es) 1994-10-16
ATE110422T1 (de) 1994-09-15
JP2001234424A (ja) 2001-08-31
JP2004060139A (ja) 2004-02-26
CN1046361A (zh) 1990-10-24
DE69011855T2 (de) 1995-01-12
NZ233094A (en) 1992-07-28
JPH04504285A (ja) 1992-07-30
AU5404090A (en) 1990-11-05
CN1078270C (zh) 2002-01-23
FI90886B (fi) 1993-12-31
EP0466778B1 (de) 1994-08-24
DK0466778T3 (da) 1995-01-09
MX171838B (es) 1993-11-18
IE67620B1 (en) 1996-04-17
JP3193371B2 (ja) 2001-07-30
IE901215L (en) 1990-10-04
NO913885D0 (no) 1991-10-03
EP0391814A2 (de) 1990-10-10
EP0466778A1 (de) 1992-01-22

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