HUE026204T2

HUE026204T2 - Construction element intended for building a wall

Info

Publication number: HUE026204T2
Application number: HUE11305056A
Authority: HU
Inventors: Fernand Jordan; Germain Virelizier; Christian Nys; Robert Giraud; Antonin Toupillier
Original assignee: Algamat Compania Int De Distribucion Soc Ltda
Priority date: 2010-01-20
Filing date: 2011-01-20
Publication date: 2016-05-30
Also published as: PT2354346E; EP2354346B1; ES2553227T3; FR2955339B1; FR2955339A1; PL2354346T3; FR2955340A1; EP2354346A1; FR2955340B1

Description

Construction element Infonded for Mildiftg» wall Ä« present invention relates to ifecJbii oftfob&teciihö. írná tíxísldiísg;

More particularly, lie invention mmtrm ite: improvement öt the energy pæfermàfcee· of a:-bWMmg: Übÿ pteanrofr :ühe production of a wall unit.

In a known manner, in order to improve the thermal insulation of dwellings, when they are constructed different 'matei*ls.:»r® jiae«id -wÄ'i« the walls, on the facade focing: and/or on the itmer lace. or within the walls. This is why the Idea has been conceived of producing separate wail units i.e>: which are eonrtihded by an phier -wall ash stm Inner wail which, are rendered integral with one atjother, hat spaced mck. as to maintain: a gap which is designed to be frlled with an insulating tpaterial.

The form of these walls is such that it prevents therms! bridges st the joins between the different vértjéül and horizontét walls, as well as at the door frames.

Thus, the invention proposes a building element which is designed for production of a wail anti Is constituted by at least an outer wail and an inner wail which are separate and rendered integral with one another, for the purpose Of maximum limitation of thermal structural bridges, i!h: foe field of building:, teclaiifps alreads exist using walls which ere separate, based os rigid limer and outer insulators,: and: are rendered MegrM <&&* .âi :.exatnpi|e f$ deseríbed in dochmpt FR 2 91h 3;95 relating: to elements Which are designed ter fort« a wall unit: of the sandwich wail type. Efetaems of ibis type ore: p the form of plates which on the exterior form thoSteads and m the infodor form a wall. Said plates are connected nod secured to one another by metal angle Irons which form a space between the facade and the inner wail. This space is then filled with concrete which is designed felly to fonder foe loser and outer plate: integral, and secondly to form a foil support wall, since said plates are ant in any way structural support elements, Recording to the number of plates, it is possible to determine the dimensions of the wall unit required.

In addition, said inner and outer plates are supported directly at their lower edge which rests ott a sfogla flooring piece, with metal angle Irons once again connecting said edges of these plats®. It will he noted that those angle Irons are used to maintain the regular spacing of the Inner and outer plates, im order fo east the concrete wall in the space thus provided.

This technique is therefore suitable for lost easing, and limits only partially the losses of heat, in Partien ist at the therrhal bridges which are sltaatsd at their connection whit the flooring piece m which the wails are placed, as well as at the; ifoors and tames of the openings.

In addition, flat wall building elemofos can be produced by means of a device snch ns described in document Ft 2 i|l S23, said device comprising at least one table provided with a platform which makes it possible te cast a wall, said table being Sited in a manner which is articulated by hydraulic jacks, SO: as rn go from a flat position to a raised position, and conversely. A cotiser known solution is described Síi document WO 00·:Ό ! 904 relating so a device; which sen implement the production of a building element, said device comprising ai least one table which is forsssd eompfomentsnly to said pater wad, and Is fitted in an; articulated; mart nor, so as to go fond ; a Hat position to a raised position, and converse;), under the action of lifting means, said table being constituted by a pia? form in the form of at least one flat plate.

However, a device this type makes it possible to produce only flat walls.

The elective of the present Invention is to eliminate the disadvantages of the prior art: fey proposing a bnildlng: Piebftsb which limits tits thermal bridges solely to the structural conheetióhS: of the building- In feet, said element makes it possible to provide emímmm instdatios between the walls and the floors and ceilings, for this purpose, a building element of this type is designed for the production of a wall osait, add is; constituted by at least : an buter wall and an inner wall which are separate; sod rendered integral with: one soother. It Is characterised! in that; said outer wall comprises; in its lower part; a: base which protrudes towards She interior and is in the shape of an "If, such as to receive the low«? part of said inner wail, said obier wail and said hasuk const bbting one and the same htdldihg'block,

Aecnrdlng; to öfter ehdfaeterisiies, said base extends orthogonally at the lo wer edge of the enter wall.

Advantageously, said: inner wall comprises at its lower edge supports which arelocuted bn seid base.

Preferably, said supports are in the form of protruding lower bosses leaving a gap with the surface of said base, la particular, said inner and outer walls are connected to each other by means of fastening means with ah adjustable length..

According to a particular embodiment, said inner wall comprise» upper bosses which proftodé relative to Its upper edge in the upper portion.

Thus, the budding element according to the invention also makes It pdsslbfe to improve the acoustics and comfort m the summer period, without additional air conditioning means, by means of an increase in the thermal inertia of the inner wall

The Invention also relates to a method tor production of a building element of this type, which method is characterised in thaï it consists of casting said outer walls flat Od complerneniadly shaped matrix tables, then, after drying, of raising said tables so as to erect said outer walls on their base.

The invention also relates to the device for implementing the production of a building element according to the invention, said device comprising; at least one table shaped cotnplementarlly to said outer waft nád Atted lit an articolated fessoher m. as to gsc feom a flat position, to braised position, and conversely, under the action .oflifling means,. ;said table being constituted by a platform In tie;: form ofàt least one fial plate, characterised in that said platform comprises, st its iower end, a set-back so as to ferm a groove :for casting; lb It of the material which will form sgld base.

Advantageously, said H king means e in ike form of at least one jack which is integral in pivoting with said table and a support frame* said table feeing fitted such as to rotate pa; said Same.

Thus, ifee production of an element of this typo reduces considerably tfee costs associated with the bnlldisgr ifeiPstrficoiar :ly means: of establishment of production workshops: In the vicinity of the building locations, In addition, tfee decrease: is the disfonces between the locations of production and mstallatfob limits the impact on the corresponding environment.

Other characteristics and advantages: of the invention will become: apparent fftun foe following: detailed description of ooa-ilintitsg embodiments of if with reference to tfee appended: figures in which; - figure ! represents a side view according to a vortical aroisstesetkm of a femldmg clement according to the invention implemented within a budding with a single level; - figure 2 is a view from above in transverse cross-section of a construction detail at tfee junction between two elements according to lise invention; - figure 3 represents a view fc shove in transverse erOss-seefom of a construction detail: at the angle Junction between two elements; - figure 4 is a front view front lie Interior of a building element according to the inventioa; - figure 5 represents a side view according to a vertical cross-section of a plurality of building elements according to the invention implemented within a building with a plurality of levels;; - figure 6 represents m exploded vie# in perspective of tfee device for itttplemesfoíion of the production of tfee building element aeeerdfetg to tfee Invent ion; and - figure ^represents three steps of tfee production of a building element according so she invemlom

The present invention relates to she production of a wall unit, such as to 'mptbH the thermal parformadee, in particular in terms of insulation and mhrimlsatlon of the thermal bridges.

For this purpose, the invention, relates to a building element which is designed, for the production of a wall bnif to : temesd pf this type consists of at least mte outer® ali 1 and an inner wall 2, which are -vpssrate and tendered fotegral With one another. In other words* the wails I and 2 are spaced relative to •»η,· another.

Said odter wall I comprises In its lower part a base 3 which protrudes towards foe interior. Consequently, in lateral cross-section, as can be seen in figure I, an outer wall has foe form of as 'Is1' which foees towards the Inferior of the hutldmg. Said outer wall 1 and-said base 3 constitute one and the same building block.

In particular, said base 3 can extend orthogonally os the lower edge of the outer wail 1. If can extend along the entire length of the lower edge of foe outer wall 1, thus forming a longitudinal beam which constitutes a reinforced beam. A base 3 of ibis type ears be interrupted as jjs ends, such as to permit its: connect lot) xrifh the foundations. ®a particular:,. iastenmg of this type is earned out by kefm$ hr other to ensure: continuity of anchorage with connection to the foundation plates.

More particularly. this base 3 is formed suck as to recede the knves pass of she inner wait 2. In other words,: fop base 3 , Is puftlbninr fo lie 1res end, 1$: designed 1«: act as a »apport for the: héttőm of foe Inner was! 2. in particular, the base 3 receives the lower edge of the sneer wad 2, in addition, »aid base 3 makes it possible to improve the stabHity of the outer wail ! and of the wall unit as a whole on the foundation plate», in particular daring, the laying before keying.

Furthermore, accord mg to the width of the base 3, it is possible to increase or decrease t he thickness of the wail unit by plating the inner wail 2 more or less close to it. ίο .addition, the Inner wall 2: can comprise at it» lower edge supports on said base A. In particular, foe supports are on a part of the length of said lower edge of the muer svaii 2, forming a space relative to the surface of said base 3 and: the lower «tige. A »pace of this type creates a rupture of the thermal hridp: between foe edge of foe wall 2 npd the base 3S with foe: insulator passing between the edge of the wal i 2 and the has«: 3.

According to the preferred embodiment of the invention, said supports are la fop form of protruding lower bosses 4. Ás can be seen in figure 4. said 4 bosses ate positioned at the bottom of the inner wall 2, such as to constitute gaps between each of them, lit the case of a building with a single stprey, for example with a simple ground door, as can be seen In figure 1:, the support surfoce of the inner wall % is reduced: mm to obtain only approalntately !d% of a conventional auppori surfoee without a Mud, where foe lower edge of foe inner wail 2 would he supported directly on the base 3.

In the case of a building wifo a plurality of storeys, shown In Spare 5. by increasing lhe sise of the studs, nod it fsahieular foelr iongfo, foe support sorfa«« represents only approximately 2#|. in comparison with a support along the entire length. Thus, the inner walls 2 ca«.become supports for the floors, whereas foe outer walls 1 constitute only the outer envelope of foe building, connected at foe leveling course below each floor, la particular by rnsaus of metal fastenings.

Since said studs hnve a limited surface area, they constitute only struoturai foormaf bridges. Thus, these bridges are limited io foe junction between the base 3 and the bosses 4.. However, the thermal ruptnre cap be limited by fo© addition of m Inflating: material placed between said bosses 4 and the h»m % such as to provide negligible thermal conduction: and therefore provide better insulation.

In addition, by being arranged fouá relative to one another, said walls 1 and 2 make it possible, through the var ious spaces provided: itetween them, to ensure -continuity of the insulating material: 5:, In particular between the grout',d insulation and the insulation inside the wall unit.

Further®»!«, m insulating mater®! h placed b&tmm said eater | ρ*·$ ipner 2 wals* before the ioier waO 2 !» lard on she hasa 3, or preferably said mamnai can he blown in after putting into place of the two «alls i sasd: 2 and the frames ofthe opeokpg whÄ, ,tefera% MfetsyddMhe Openmp, eh>se; the gap between tie two walls tyíüi4%. iforneworks Ä & particolax ta made of wood, fee, affef dome sod covering.

Similarly, said inner wait 2 cm comprise openings (nut fepi«seeiedj: In The fop: part helpψtip celling, m particular below the plate Which institutes: lb Openings of this type can he provided: if the Insulation between the wails mast be 1« continuity with that between the false celling sad the floor.

According to another characteristic, said Inner 2 and oaten i walls are connected to ms another by ffibasts df fastening «maps With an atHastabie length, based on f|fsâded rods; or angle irons (not reptesentedf These means extend transversely within the; space between the wails I and 2, thus connecting their faces: which, are situated opposite one another,: hr the hollow of the wall tipih

In addition, m prevhmsly stated, the nd|nshnent of these fested Ing Means males it possible to vary the thickness of the wall unit. in addition, a preferred embodiment of the invention is represented ip figure 2 at the junction between two Wall units, such as an angle, At this level, two ho tiding elements: are placed perpendicularlyrelative to one another, connected together by means of an angle elenmnt which forms an outer corner Ç

The wail unit is produced firstly by laying and alignment with one another of fb« «hier walls 1, then by closure and ipfidefipg integral Of an outer corner C The bases 3 of each of the outer walls 1.. are then connected to one another. In particular by keying, so as to have continuity of anchorage and, on the surface, a continuous: fiat levelling: course,

In fact, tbc design of the wall unit by means of fee: building: element according to the invention makes it possible to position, a plurality of inner wells 2 sf reddling: a single base 3 of a single: enter wall1 !.. This Is also the ease at an apglp· where: two linger walls: 2 overlap, supported m the levelled hpSsJ:,

In addition, according to the embodiment which eas. be seen In figures 2 and 3, the outer walls 1 and the outer corner 6 can have a vertical: lateral edge which is fbrrned such as to permit Mocking of the elements relative to one another by keying, bbf this purpose a groove b Is provided within said edge, in partletilat In order to pour into it a bonding agent, thus forming keying with the reinfbmemsnts which are waiting:.

In addition, according to an embodiment -not represented, an edge of the outer wall 1 or of the outer corner d can have a similar groove d, whereas the Opposite edge has a complementary form to order to co-operate by Interlocking. The connection between the parts of wails can he ensured by flat metal parts on the inner gap side, thus forming finished prefabricated panels with sealed joints between them. fhuvthe spacing is maintained between: the outer I and inner 2 waits, even at an angle,: ami continuity is ensured at the levs! of the insulating materials 1, T&8S« te building element: according to the fcivemkm permits placing of as insulator in complet» continuity with the Insulators of th*; ground, fibOfs aod ceilings, fehl also between two lateral waits· to ;faet, the gap: between the: outer t mê inner % watts is maintained: at the; angles, This: ο©»φ.ο%; ο I insulation is limited: ott tv at the supports below tbe: bosses 4 of the jotter walls 2 on: the: bases: 3, As· a result, the tfeeraml tosses between the outer walls on the ground mid: the timer waits or« |le|tl|ifel«·

Ik addition* the present invention also: relates to the creation of a &* paMiébíar of the outer wall I with its hase 3 in the form of an ‘Ί.",

Is fact, the invention eoseepss fbeiMtatad production of a watt eknneni; of this type, at a tower eost| and with limitation of the transport by means: of a workshop which is %mck to establish, and simple prodoefton to be implemented sa the geographical vicinity of the place of building. :fer this. peddle* &«: method Étr production of the buildtog elements according to the invention consists of casting said outer wafts fist on the matrix tables, designed such as to obtain the forms· of the building elements.

Tberg after drying, the tables are raised snob as to erectsaid opterwalls; î on their base 3. Two steps of lifting of an outer waif i are represented in figure 7.

In order to carry opt these operations, the invention indndes a device for implementation of the production of said building elemem, in particules· Of the outer wall 1 and its base 3.

Ayottp. he seen: in figure k, s device of this type comprises at least one matrix table id which Is formed cOmplomepterily with said Pater walls I, and is fitted art leni at ed so as lb go from a fiat position to a raised, position, and: conversely, odder the action of lifting means.

According to-Heg |$ç$grçed' said lifting means are in the form ©f at least one jack 11 which is Integral in pivoting with, said table 10, and a support frame 12. said table HI being Sited such: as to rotate on said fixed frame 12 relative to she ground.

In: particular* a pivoting point ft is connected to the: arm of the jack f t, spaced from the point of rotation:: 14 with the: Saine 12, Thus, the activation of the jack 1 ! makes It possible to lift and lower said •t&hîé, as weil as to block If in the intern) edlafe position.

It will be noted that said support frame 12 acts as a retainer on the ground for the device as a whole. In addition, it comprises fastmkngs no the ground or means 15 for eoereachlng in the form of bases or feet, its order to allow the outer wall | to he ifled wilbout any risk of tiling of the cable 18,

If will be noted that said kante 12 can have any Mm- Mitabíe tbc acting as a support and; base for the table Ik According to the preferred embodiment represented in figures ê and 7, said frame 12 bas a flat rectangular praflelepiped Ibrun beidw which the feet 15 extend vertically.

In addition, said kante 12 can bn constituted by metal profîtes, in: particular standard profiles with a cross-section in the form of an "1” which are rendered Integral with one another, In particular by welding. such as to form a rigid trait«, in particular, two cross-rnerobets I? join in parallel iwa longitud inal me mbers Ui at their respective ends.

It will be noted that said frame 12 can receive an additional ctoss-tnember 16 in order to receive the point of rotation 14 in the form of a cradle 19 which is integral with said additional erossrmedtbgríh. The tatter can rhea be rendered Integra! at ils Pads with said frame 12 or two of its lest id .

As previously .stated, said, fern». 12: receives on its upper part said table 10 in; an articulated manner, for this purpose, said table 18 receives: at lesrst one articulation Shaft: 28 at an end 2! .. ln partiealar, the end 21 Is situated oh the side of the: table 10 which is designed to ion® the base 3 of the bdiMing element according: id the invention, in the raised position, this end121 is thus situated in the: low part of the tabic 18.

According to the preferred embodiment, said Instate 12 receives two cylindrical shafts 28 at the end 21, which pass through artleaiation behrlngs 22 which are festened ph: each longitudinal member IS,

Each sh:aÉ:2ö also passes through a® pjtßhd$3Jtro-Vll&do»'8Ä.älfe of th® table 18 al Its;end21. Said orifice: 23; has a circular cross-scction: with a diameter equal to the eross-sectioa of said shaft 20, such as to penult insertion of the latter attd that» rotation of the table 18 relative to the frame i2.

In áÜé| said table 18 consists df hi piatfttrfe: 24 in the form, Of ht least one liai plate. The dimensions of the height hat also of the width of said; plätten 24 can he selected according: to the: dimensions of the budding elemem to be produced. in addition, said plailorm. M is surrhoutilsd by edges which protrude: .relative to its: upper face. Combined % ithth«: plttttei* 24, these edges thus: ten: & mould for casting: of the. building element.

It; will he notedAifef the: height; of said edges; can bo; designed to increase of decrease the thicktsess of the building element to be produced.

Id: particular, edges of this; type cart he: designed to fed idoMie in translation, so äs to adapt; lie dimensions. in particular by reducing the surface eres of the: platform: 24, thus snaking the dimensions of the snored vary, fn addition* the displacemnm: of said edges peren its spacing ©ufsftie the surlaee area of issld pisiform 24, thus: feeliltisting removal of the feuildiag element from the mould.

According to the preferred embodiment represented in figure ft, the upper edge 25 is fitted on said platform 24 at its upper edge. Thus, the height of tire table 18 dspéhds on the height of its platform 24,

According to another embodiment, the upper edge 25 eat? he fitted such as to be mobile hi trattslatton along and above said platform: 24, so as to adjust the dimeusions of the height: of the building element to be prod treed .

According to said preferred embodiment, said table 10 comprises lateral edges 26 which are designed to he mobile id translation, in order to: adapt the dimensions but also facilitate removal frdm the mould. fheforsbiy, tiùxxtfebMty » egsured ly mesas of sliding of cash lateral edge 36. This sliding Is carried oat by means s€ ams-W- which are fitted integrally ahd seed as to protrude on the lateral edge of said platform 24.

There can be two of these arms 23 fastened on each lateral edge of said platform 24, Thus, each lateral edge 26 is fitted in trasslstlon on these two: arms 29 by means of screws, thus foeilitatlhg in partieuhre the opextiog of the mould, without difficulty for the workman.

It? addition, lateral edges 26 of this type cad he constituted fey a profile with a particular form. In fact, towards the interior of the platform 24, each profile of lateral edge 26 has a pfetruslott 27, sach as a male part, along Its entire length, such as to provide an Indentation along the lateral edges of the molding element tints produced. As previously stated, an mdextlation of this ty pe will permit securing of two eohilguous elements and their keying: to uhe another in the hollow thus femed. for this purpose, said profile· «a» haw at regular intervals along its length slots 28 which permit fee passage of the armatures inside said elemen?, and protruding Wiflih said indentation:. More specifically, each armature is placed at cash of its cuds within two slots situated wife offset spacing opposite the two opposite lateral edges 26, greferafely during easing of the material for production of said budding element. M its lower -sod 21, said platform 24 comprises a set-back 30, such as to fern a groove for pouring info it pi fee material which will form the base 3, for this purpose, a platóid Ik fastened vertiCsly ott fee lower edge of the platform 24 on Its lower face side. This plate 31 receives a boncomat wall 32 in Its lower part.

In order to close fids sgffeagk 30 at the tree end of fee wall 32, t support 33 is positioned: vertically; dv gïffpiiM -il"fels :%*p4i Ä 1)0 fitted la a manner which is detachable relative to said platform 24, so as: to· vary the width of the groo ve of the set-back 3S,:fey increasing or decreasing the width of the base d, ft?: addition, after epsflpg and partial drying of the fethlding element, a support 33 of this type permits removal from the mould, after a reduced interval of time which optimises the dally use of said table 10. Said support 33 is also used for handling for the purpose of storage during the complete drying time.

It will he noted thaf a support 33 of this type oan comprise at least ehe elongate bar 34 which protrudes at its lower face and is designed to be supported on the ground, so as to improve the stability of said building dement once it Is placed on the ground, and prevent iä fron- being overturned, particularly when feere is strong wind, A bar 34 of this type is extended opposite the base 3, thus providing said budding element with greater stability. in additloh, said setfeaeh: 30 receives di Its lateral ends cheeks 35 which are fitted s ued as to slide inside the groove thus formed. This sliding of fee cheeks makes It possible to adapt the lengfe of said base 3, or fo obtain a base 3 with d ieh^li wlÄ is larger or smaller than that of said outer wall I.

According to the preferred ertfeddimen| each cheek 35 is to the form of a plate in the shape of an “L”.

Claims

TM table i0 aecording to «ne »tetttlsm Ös«s sänke»ü possible to prsdnoe the balldittg eletsont flat, W©?#· it :ls fifed after a porttal drying period, than to transport sad: hoodie it so dm ft can be stored, M Méiifon, the btrilding element according: to the present invention t.hos makes it possible to ensure the cbatmuity of the mstlfation,: is: partietdar between the ground and the wails, whilst eohsagmmtly limiting: thé thermal straetsthl bridges:, and therefore improving donsidertlbiy the thermal periMmsoce: of the baldin g assembly, Építőelem egy falazat építéséhez Szshad sí ml igénypontok

1, Építőelem egy falazat építéséhez, amely Mázát legalább Mg egymástól különválasztott külső faiból (l) és belső falból (2) áll, amelyek szilárdan össze vannak kötve egymással, mzaljéÉemmm, bogy a kai# M £3) az álsó részen egy befelé kinyőld és Lmteküan kiképzett alapot p) tartalmaz;, oly módost, hogy az a belső fal (2) alsó részér megtámasztva felveszi, alsói a külső fal (1) és az alap (31 egyetlen épháblokkot képez,

2. Az 1, igénypont szerinti építőelem, ezzel jellemezve, hogy az alap 0 } a külső I f i} aisé szélének tartományában merőlegesen biződlk. $, Az 1, vágy 2, igénypont szerinti építőelem, mmí jelfemmsy begy a belső fa? (2) m. also szélének tartományában: az alapon:

(3) Mitévő fémászokat tartalmaz, 4 A3, igénypont szerinti építőelem, azzal jellemezve, hogy a támsszok Málló also kiefnelkedésekfeént: |4) vannak kialakítva, amelyek az alap (3) felső feiületéset terét: hagynak szabados, 51 Az előző igénypontok bármelyike szerinti építőelem, azmlj&llmiezm, hogy a belső laf (£j és a külső fal f !} beállítható hosszúságii rögzitőeszkőzőkön kérésztől van egymással összekötve. Ő, Az előző: sgétsyposfok bármelyike szerinti építőelem, mz&l jellemezve, hogy a belső Ibi (2) a belső részében a felső széléltez képest kiálíö felső: kiemelkedésekét: fartalmaz, 7, E|ázás egy az előző: igénypontok bármelyiké széf inti építőéléín gyártására, mzel jellemezve, hogy m eljárás abból áll, hogy s külső falakét ( I) laposan kiegészítő áldkl sabionpaneiekre (10) Öntjük rá, majd & mégszáradás után a sablonpanelekeí (10) felemeljük oly médop,ibogy & külső falakat ti > az alapjaira: p> felállítsak.

4 Szerkezet egy az f-b, Igény pontok bármelyike szerinti építőelem gyártási eljárásának megvalósításához,; amely szerkezet tartalmaz legalább egy sablonpanelt (10). amely s külső fai (1) alakját: kiegészítő módon van kialakítva és esakíösan tan lelszerelve^lgy emelőeszközők hatására egy: laposán fekvő helyzetből égy ïeMneft stozdlthatő' #··.& ahoi a sabíenpanéf (10) egy vagy több lapos lemez formájában kialakított lapbői (24) áll, szzei jellemesœ, hogy a lap (24) az alsó végérték (21) tartományában egy lépcsős vállal (30) rendelkezik, bogy egy hornyot képezzen az alapot (3) képező: anyag kiöntéséhez.