IL24541A - Chemical game - Google Patents

Description

CH EM I C AL GAME The chemistry game described below is based on the elementary rules and principles o^^ chemistry, and it is intended both for children and for adults. The aim of the chemistry game here described is double: a) to supply all the entertaining aspects which are necessary in every social game, and b) to supply the educational aspects, whose primary purpose is to give or deepen the knowledge of the players in chemistry.

The proposed game is based principally on the ability of the players to acquire separate atoms (in the first stage), to utilise these atoms in the synthesis of new molecules (in the second stage), and also to break up existing molecules and to construct new ones in their place (in the third stage).

These three stages, which in fact constitute the framework of the game, are in accordance with the elementary rules of chemistry, and also upon various financial "transactions" (buying, selling, profit and loss), which the player must perform during the various courses of the game.

It may therefore be said that the game is played on two planes. On the first plane there are concentrated the educational aspects, which are expressed in the many and varied possibilities of constructing chemical compounds (molecules), while on the second plane there are concentrated the entertainment aspects, which are expressed in the various financial transactions.

It is, of course, clear that during the course of the game, there exists a strong unbreakable bond between these two planes and therefore there is no practical possibility of drawing a clear line which can distinguish between these parts of the game having an entertaining nature, and those having an educational nature.

Below, we shall try to illustrate the proposed game, and we shall point out the many possibilities of modifications which are intended to simplify the game (so that it will be suitable also for players whose knowledge of chemistry is.fairly limited), or which are intended to complicate the game (so that it will be suitable also for players whose knowledge and understanding of chemistry are above average). Of course, we shall try to bring also examples which will show directly the many entertaining aspects of the game; this is in addition to its educational aspects.

The game itself comprises a number of components, some of which may be considered as basic (or primary), while others are considered as auxiliary components (or secondary components).

The basic components of the game are: 1. The Main Board The board according to which the playing procedure is determined, is the Main Board. In 2. The Atoms (or Elements) The various atoms are represented by means of bodies which are characterised by: a) the ability to be transferred from place to place; and b) the ability to be reversibly combined with each other in order to form molecules. 3. Money The various transactions which are carried out during the course of the game are done by means of monetary notes (or any other means which represent money). 4. Devices for directing the Game There are various devices for directing the course of the game.

The auxiliary components of the game may include: (i) Auxiliary Board The common function of the various Auxiliary Boards is to assist in the positioning and arrangement of the acquired atoms and of the constructed molecules. (ii) Instruction Cards The Instruction Cards contain various instructions whichmust be fulfilled by the players. These cards are located on the Main Board in appropriate squares. (iii) Explanatory Booklet It is advisable that some of the basic rules of chemistry be mentioned in this handbook, together with detailed description of the various different forms, possibilities, characteristics and rules of the proposed game.

Below we describe in detail the various parts of the game.

TH E M A IN B O A R D Diagram 1 shows an example of the Main Board. The board is divided into squares. The squares signify atoms, arranged according to their position in the periodic table. The various atoms are denoted by their accepted symbols in chemistry. Each square represents one atom alone. On the second line of the board (from above) and on the bottom line there are squares marked by the leters 'a' to 'f (on the second horizontal row) and by 'g' to 'p' (on the bottom row). On these squares are cards containing various instructions for the players. The squares signifying atoms also are marked with the atomic number and weight (for technical reasons r in ia ram 1 but the are clearl indicated in Dia rams 2 3 and 4 . Dia facilitate explanation. Diagram 2 shows an enlarged section of the left-hand (upper) part of ίιβΙΙ, board. Diagram 3 shows an enlarged section of the left hand (center) part of the board, and Diagram 4 shows a section of the lower (right-hand) part of the board. These diagrams also give illustrations of Instruction Cards) whose part in the game will be explained in detail in the following). Every square signifying an atom contains, in addition to the symbol of the atom that it represents, two numbers — one in the lower left-hand corner, and the other in the upper right-hand corner. The lower number is the Atomic Number and the upper number is the Atomic Weight. These numbers are very significant, and will be discussed in greater detail in the description of the course of the game.

The cards shown in squares 'a' to 'f (second row from above) and from 'g' to 'p' (bottom row of the board) — see Diagram 1) are, as stated, cards containing various instructions for the players. These Instruction Cards will be discussed at a later stage.

The Main Board may be made of cardboard, tin plate, plastic, or any other suitable material. Usually, boards having suitable arrangements for holding atoms and Instruction Cards are preferable. For example, if atoms are represented by small plastic rods (with wide heads and pointed ends), the board must contain appropriate holes in each square, so that the rods representing a given atom (say, X) will be held in the appropriate square, (that is, the square representing K) by being inserted into the holes in this square (see, for example, Diagrams 5 and 6).

If the atoms are represented by magnetised blocks, the board should be made of tin plate. If the atoms are represented by cards, the board should have squares with or without borders between them.

If the atoms are represented by cards with holes in them, the board should have in each square a pin or knob made so that the card representing the appropriate atom can fit on it. It may be pointed out here that when the atoms remain in thier box (until they are acquired by the player) and are not placed on the Main Board, the board can then be of a type - as illustrated in Diagrams 1 and 9.

The Main Board can be simplified and made suitable for beginners at the game also. This board is in principle the same as the board so far described, except that some of the atoms are omitted. Diagram 9 illustrates this simplified board. The board here contains fewer atoms (but the principle of the arrangement of the atoms according to the Periodic Table remains as before). the letters τχ to z12 — may have Instruction Cards placed upon them. !¾c* It is advisable that the squares on the Main Board (which represent the atoms) be coloured by several colours in order to show up more clearly the differences between the various types of atoms. For example, the squares representing metals may be coloured red, the squares representing the non-metals may be coloured blue, and the squares representing the inert elements may be coloured yellow.

It is possible to varify the colouring even further; for example, the metal elements themselves may be coloured with different shades of red according to the number of electrons which they carry in the outer shell. In this way squares representing metals carrying one electron in the outer shell will be coloured a deep red, those carrying two electrons will be coloured pink, and those carrying three electrons will be coloured pale pink.

In the same way the squares representing the non-metals may be coloured thus: the non-metals with seven electrons in the outer shell will be coloured deep blue, those carrying six electrons will be coloured blue, and those carrying five electrons will be coloured pale blue. Every square representing an atom carrying four electrons in its outer shell will be coloured half blue and half red.

These shades, of course, will demonstrate more clearly the various differences existing between the various atoms represented on the Periodic Table.

A U XILIA R Y B O A R D The main purpose of the Auxiliary Board is to make it easy for players to arrange the single atoms that they have acquired and the various molecules that they have constructed. Diagrams 10 and 1 1 illustrate the-'Auxiliary Board.

Diagram 10 shows an example of an Auxiliary Board suitable for the arrangement of atoms in the form of rods of plastic (or other material) with broad heads and pointed ends. This board has in it many holes, into which the atoms may be inserted. The board is divided into 4 major areas and each player (defined as "partner") receives one of.these areas according to his choice. Each of the major areas is divided into two secondary areas. In one of the secondary areas (designated by "elements") there are arranged the single atoms acquired by the player (who controls the major area) and in the second secondary area (designated by "molecules") there are arranged the molecules which the player has constructed. Diagram 1 1 demonstrates one of the major are arranged (P, Ca, CI, S, Fe, Li, and 0), and in the other secondary area the molecules are ,5"^» arranged (KC1 and H20).

The Auxiliary Boards may be of various shapes and kinds and are made suitable to the various kinds of atoms which are used in the game, for example: a. If the atoms are represented by cards, the auxiliary board may contain a large number of squares, so every card may be placed in the appropriate square. b. If the atoms are represented by cards with perforations in them, the Auxiliary Boards may contain squares in each of which there is a pin or protuberance suitable for holding the card. c. If the atoms are represented by magnetic blocks, the Auxiliary Board may be made of tin plate in order to hold them. d. If the atoms are represented by balls (made of plastic or wood) the auxiliary board may contain suitable protuberances (or depressions) on (or in) which the spherical atoms may be attached to.

The Auxiliary Board may be made of cardboard, wood, tin plate, plastic, or any other suitable material convenient for the players. It may be mentioned here that it is possible to do a common Auxiliary Board for all the players. In such a case each player may have an Auxiliary Board of his own which is kept next to him throughout the course of the game. Another alternative is to do without the Auxiliary Board entirely. In such a case, each player arranges his single atoms and molecules in the way most convenient for him.

In any case, it must be emphasized that the Auxiliary Boards, where they are used in the game, should preferably always be an aid to the player, and easy to use and utilise.

TH E A T O M S (O R E L E M E N T S ) The atom is the basic unit of the game. The primary aim of the player is to acquire atoms and construct molecules from them. For every atom which he acquires, the player pays a sum of money equal to the Atomic Number of the atom, while for every molecule which he succeeds in constructing he receives from the bank a sum of money based on the Molecular Weight of that molecule.

The atoms must be so made as to be easily movable during the game (transferable from place to place), and must be "physically" capable of being reversibly connected with each other for the f v r i ha e and (e.g. between metallic and non-metallic atoms, between an "active" atom and an inert atom) and even between atoms belonging to various groups (i.e. their division according to the number of electrons which they carry in their outer shell).

Below are illustrated a few of the many and varied kinds both of structures and of types which it is possible to utilise for a suitable representation of atoms in the game.

A. Atoms represented by Cards Every card represents one atom only. The accepted chemical symbol of that atom is clearly marked on the card (e.g. an oxygen atom is marked as O, a bromine atom is marked as Br, etc.). Of course, it is advisable that the Atomic Number and Weight be marked on the card also.

Where possible, it is advisable to mark on the card also the number of electrons that the atom carries in its outer shell (the valency of the atom). The cards can be coloured in various colours so as to distinguish between the various types of atoms (e.g. between "active" and inert atoms, between metallic and non-metallic atoms, and between the atoms belonging to the different groups on the Periodic Table). It is advisable that the colours correspond with the colours of the squares of the various atoms on the Main Board (see, in this connection, the detailed example of shading and colouring of the various types of atoms in the section dealing with the Main Board).

The cards may have various forms: 1. See Diagram 7.

The cards illustrated in this diagram are rectangular (or square). Every card represents a different atom. The accepted symbol of that atom which the card represents is marked clearly in the centre of the card. The Atomic Number is marked on the left (lower) corner of the card, and Atomic Weight is marked on the right (upper) corner of the card. Along the left edge of the card is marked the number of electrons which the atom has in its outer shell.

Thus, in Diagram 7 there can be seen an example of a card representing the metal potassium (K) and also an example of a card representing a non-metal, chlorine (CI). Diagram 8 gives an example of how a molecule of potassium chloride (KC1) is constructed with these two cards. 2. See Diagram 14.

The cards illustrated in this diagram have various geometrical shapes. A distinction must be made between cards representing metal atoms (these cards have tongues) and between cards representing non-metal atoms (these cards have cut-outs in them).

The number of tongues (or cut-outs) which are on every card is equal to the number of el^(? trons (in the outer shell) of the atom which the card represents.

Thus, for example, the cards A and C represent the metal atoms potassium (K) and calcium (Ca). Since potassium is monovalent its card has one tongue only. Calcium is divalent and therefore its card has 2 tongues.

Similarly, the cards B and D represent the non-metal atoms chlorine (CI) and oxygen(O). Chlorine is monovalent, and therefore its card has one cut-out only. Oxygen is divalent, and therefore its card has two cut-outs. When the valency of an atom is higher than 1, the tongues (or cut-outs) of its card may be arranged in various shapes and directions. Thus, for example, oxygen is divalent and may therefore be represented both by card D and card D! . In this way, oxygen represented by card D may be utilised for the purposes of constructing molecules of the type CaO, while oxygen represented by card D! may be utilised for constructing molecules of the type HOH.

In E is shown a concrete example of utilisation of cards described in A and for the purposes of constructing the molecule KC1. 3. Atoms represented by cards of a simpler type may be seen in Diagram 15. The atoms chlorine, potassium, oxygen, and calcium are represented by cards A, B, C and D. In E is shown an example of the construction of a molecule of KC1.

The cards also are based on the principle of showing up the valency of the atom. That is, a card which represents a monovalent atom is concave (or convex) along one of its edges, while a card representing a divalent atom is concave (or convex) along 2 of its edges, and so on.

Metal atoms are represented by convex cards while non-metal atoms are represented by concave cards.

B. Atoms represented by solid blocks, (as, for example, boxes, cubes, spheres, prisms, cyclinders, cones, etc.) The atom can be represented by various stereometrical shaped bodies, as, for example, atoms represented by boxes, spheres, cubes, cylinders, prisms, cones, etc.

Below we deal in detail with atoms represented by cubes and spheres only. This is in order to simplify the explanation.

To make a distinction, the non-metal atoms will be represented by cubes, and the metal have holes in them or rods extending from them in such a way that a rod of one cube (or sphere) may be inserted into the hole of another sphere (or another cube) and thus make a physical union between cubes, or between spheres, or between cubes and spheres. The following gives concrete examples: I. Both the cubes and the spheres have holes in them, into which the ends of rods (which have been specially shaped) may be inserted. In this case, in order to join two atoms together, one end of the rod is inserted into the hole of one atom (represented, for example, by a sphere) and the other end of the rod is affixed to the other atom (represented, for example, by a cube). In this way, the rod acts as the chemical bond between the two atoms.

II. The rods may be permanently fixed at one of their ends to cubes (or spheres), and have only the other end free. In this way they constitute a permanent extension to the spheres (or cubes) to which they are attached. An atom (represented by a sphere or cube with extensions) is attached to another atom (represented by a sphere or cube with holes) by the insertion of the free end of the extension into the hole of the other atom.

In the two cases described above the sole function of the rods (or extensions) is to create a physical connection between the various atoms.

The number of holes (or extensions) in the spheres (or cubes) is determined according to the valency of the atom. The exact positioning of the holes (or extensions) is determined according to the ability of the atom to be compounded, and according to the kind of molecule it is desired to construct. Actually, there are very many possibilities, and therefore spheres (or cubes) should be prepared with holes (or extensions) in various modes, for example: This cube represents oxygen of the type 0= and is therefore suitable for the construction of a molecule of CaO (for example).

Each of these cubes represents oxygen of the type — O— and is therefore suitable for the construction of a molecule of H2 O (for example).

When a trivalent atom (e.g. trivalent iron) is represented by a cube, the cube should be made so as to include 3 holes in the one side, two holes in one side and the third hole in the other side or each of the three holes are in each different side. Thus, all of the following four cubes represent trivalent iron.

This cube represents iron of the type ≡ Fe and is therefore suitable for the construction of a molecule of the type P≡Fe (for example).

These cubes represent iron of the type — Fe= and are or therefore suitable for the construction of a molecule of the type — Fe=0 (for example).

I . .

This cube represents iron of the type -Fe— and is therefore suitable for the construction of a molecule of the type FeCl3 (for example.

And so on. The above-stated applies also to atoms represented by spheres (where the spheres contain holes or extensions). The spheres or the cubes can be painted in various colours in order to distinguish between the various atoms (e.g. between atoms belonging to various groups in the periodic table, or between inert and "active" atoms, etc.) It is advisable that the shades of the colours be made identical with those of the squares representing the various atoms on the Main Board (the Periodic Table board). See, in this connection,, the detailed example of shades of colours, according to the various types of atoms, in the section dealing with the Main Board.

The spheres and the cubes and the rods (or extensions) which join them may be made of various materials, for example: plastics, wood, various metals (iron, aluminium, etc.) bakelite, etc. The cubes (or spheres) may be solid and/or hollow, large and/or small, heavy and/or light, flexible and/or rigid. The rods (or extensions) may, in addition to this, be elongated or short and made of "springy" or elastic material (contractible or stretchable).

The spheres and the cubes may include extra parts for all kinds of additional purposes (for example, for attaching to the Main Board or the Auxiliary Board). Clearly, if such extra parts are missing, there is no way of arranging the atoms on the Main Board or on the Auxiliary Board. In such a case the cubes and spheres are kept in the "bank" until they are bought. The player 1. See Diagram 13.

The various atoms are represented by spheres and cubes. The non-metals are represented by cubes, while the metals are represented by spheres. In every cube there are holes representing the valency of the non-metal, and in the spheres there are extensions (or protuberances) whose function is to join the spherical atoms to them.

In A, B. Bj , C, and Ct , there are illustrated spheres representing the atoms of potassium, calcium, and iron. Each sphere has a number of extensions in accordance with its valency. Thus, the spheres representing potassium have one extension, and those representing calcium have two extensions. (In B is shown a sphere representing calcium and suitable for the construction of a compound of the type CaCl2 (for example), while in Rj the calcium sphere is suitable for the construction of molecules of the type CaO (for example). The spheres representing trivalent iron have three extensions: (In C is shown a sphere representing trivalent iron and suitable for the construction of molecules of the type FeCl3 (for example). In C1 the sphere of trivalent iron is suitable for the construction of compounds of the type — Fe=0 (for example) ).

In D, K, Ej and F, and Ft are illustrated cubes representing atoms of chlorine, oxygen, and phosphorus. Each cube contains a number of holes according to its valency. Thus, the cubes representing chlorine have one hole, and those representing oxygen have two holes. (In E is shown a cube representing oxygen and suitable for the construction of a molecule of the type HOH (for example), while in Ej the oxygen cube is suitable for the construction of a molecule of the type CaO (for example)). The cubes representing trivalent phosphorus have three holes (see F) and those representing 5-valent phosphorus have 5 holes (see Ft ).

Similarly there are illustrated various ways of constructing molecules — as follows: In Diagram 13 is shown the construction of a molecule of KC1 (see G) and in 13 a' are shown illustrations of construction of the following molecules: CaO (see A; H20 (see B); FeCl3 (see C); and H3 P04 (see D).

The inert atoms, such as Helium, may be represented by cubes having no holes (see, for example, cube E in Diagram 13 a').

The size of the sphere (or cube), its shape, or colour may vary, and may be as described above. metals, for example, may be represented by polygonal discs, the metals by round discs.

The discs for metals may have extensions, while the discs for non-metals may have holes or depressions. Thus, the metal potassium will be represented by a disc of the type while the non-metal chlorine will be represented by a bored disc of the type The molecule KC1 will therefore be constructed thus: The size of the discs, their shape and colour may vary, and may accord with the description given above. 3. Atoms represented by magnetic blocks.

In this case the atoms may be represented by blocks of various stereometric shapes (as, for for example, boxes, spheres, cubes, cylinders, etc.). which may have upon them a limited number of magnetic regions (according to the valency of the atom) or whose magnetic field will not be limited to precisely specific regions, but will be spread along the surface of the block representing the atom. The size of the magnetic blocks, their shape and colour may vary, and may accord with the description given above.

C. Atom s represented by bodies having a broad, concave, flat or convex, upper part carried on a narrow elongated lower part.

The atoms may be also represented by bodies having a broad, concave, flat or convex upper part (called "head" in the following) and a narrow, short or elongated lower part (called "foot" in the following). The lower part of the foot is made so that it may be inserted into the holes on the AuxiUary Board and/ or on the Main Board (for this purpose, both the Auxiliary and Main Boards are made especially suitable for holding atoms of this sort; see, for example, Diagram 10).

The non-metal atoms may be represented by bodies having a polygonal head, while the metal atoms may be represented by bodies with a round head. The accepted symbol of the atom is clearly marked on the head of the body.

Diagram 6 illustrates the bodies representing the non-metal atom chlorine and the metal atom potassium.

Diagram 6 also shows the method of insertion of these bodies, representing, for example, the atoms chlorine and potassium, into the appropriate squares on the Main Board, the latter con Diagram 1 1 above shows how it is possible to insert these bodies in the Auxiliary Board when they represent, for example^ single atoms (in the part for elerrients ) Fe; S; Ca; CI; P; O; Li, or to arrange them as molecules (in the part for molecules) KC1, H20).

These bodies may be painted in various colours. This is in order to distinguish between the various types of atoms - as already described above. In every case, it is of course desirable that the shading be appropriate and identical with the shading of the squares representing the various atoms on the Main Board, In this connection also see the detailed description given in the section dealing with the Main Board.

The bodies described may be made of various materials, such as plastics, wood, various metals, bakelite, etc.

Clearly, the size, circumference, and shape of these bodies may vary, and in every case they may be made according to various specific requirements.

IN ST R U C TIO N CA R D S The primary function of these Instruction Cards, which contain various instructions, is to make the game more interesting. These cards, are placed in appropriate squares on the Main Board (see, for example, Diagram 1, the squares marked a to f and g to p; Diagram 9, the squares marked also Z j to z12, and Diagram 2 and 4).

These cards may be made of cardboard, paper, card-^paper, Bristol paper, plastic materials, or any other suitable material. Their size and shape are also variable and usually depend on the size of the squares on the Main Board, where they are placed.

The cards may be divided into the types of instructions which they contain, as follows: - 1. Ordinance Cards: These contain various orders, which must be fulfilled. A player who acquires an ordinance card must carry out the instruction written on it.

Examples: A. Miss one turn.

B. Pay the sum of 100 to the player on your right.

C. Pay a fine of 500 to the bank.

D. Return to the bank one of the cards that you have (you may choose which one).

E. Pay the sum of 500 to each player who has a molecule of water. a h l er s n le chlorin t 2. Surprise Cards These contain instructions and are to be used without the other players' knowing their content until they are utilised. In other words, a player who acquires a surprise card may keep it (without the other players' knowing its content) until he wishes to utilise it to his advantage. When the player decides to utilise the surprise card he has acquired, he turns it up and shows the the other players the instructions on it, and carries them out, After the surprise card has been utilised, it is returned to the bank and removed from the game.

Examples: A. You may receive one chlorine atom B. You may receive an anion(non-metal) C. You may break up one molecule (of your choice) of the player on your right.

D. You may break up one molecule (of your choice) of one of the players.

E. You may take from the Main Board the radical OH.

F. You may take from the Main Board the radical S04.

G. You may take from the Main Board the radical P04. 3. Immediate-Privilege Cards: These cards are acquired by the players during the course of the game, and must be utilised immediately. Cards acquired and utilised are removed from the game immediately afterwards. In other words, a player who acquires an immediate-privilege card must carry out what is written on the card in the same turn as that in which the card was acquired.

If there is no possibility of carrying out the instruction on the card in the same turn as that in which it is acquired, the card is nevertheless returned to the bank, and removed from the game. Examples: A. You may break up one of the molecules of one of the players (according to your choice), on condition that the molecule contains oxygen.

B. You may break up one molecule belonging to the player on your right, on condition that you can utilise for the synthesis of a new molecule at least part of the atoms contained in the molecule intended to be broken up.

C. You may break up one molecule of water (belonging to any player you choose).

D. You may take from the Main Board an atom of a monovalent metal (containing one electron in its outer shell), on condition that you can construct a new molecule with it. 4. Post oned-Privile e Cards: poned-privilege card may keep it until the most opportune moment for him and then utilise it. ^ For every turn in which the player postpones the utihsation of the card, he pays the bank the sum of money marked on the card. These cards also are removed from the game after their use. Examples: A. You may take an additional turn (if you postpone the privilege you must pay the sum of 100 to the bank for every postponement).

B. You may acquire an iodine atom (if you postpone the privilege, you must pay the sum of 500 to the bank for every postponement).

C. You may break up a molecule containing uranium belonging to another player (if you postpone the privilege, you must pay the sum of 1000 to the bank for every postponement).

D. You may break up a molecule of water belonging to any one of the players you choose, and transfer the atoms to yourself (if you postpone the privilege, you must pay to the bank 500 for every postponement). .

. Compensation Cards: These cards give the player who acquires them the opportunity of improving his position in the game.

Examples: A. If you have not succedded so far in buying a bromine atom, you are now permitted to acquire one.

B. If you have not succeeded so far in constructing any oxide molecule, you can do so now. In order to construct such molecule, you can acquire one atom of oxygen.

C. If you have not succeeded so far in constructing any sulphide's molecule, you can do so now. In order to construct such molecule, you can acquire one atom of sulphur.

D. If you have not succeeded so far in constructing a phosphate's molecule, you can do so now. To this end you may acquire one atom of phosphorus and two atoms of oxygen.

After use, the compensation card is reutrned to the bank and removed from the game. 6. Penalty and Reward Cards: These cards seemingly are for the purposes of "penalising" or "rewarding" players, but in fact they teach several aspects of chemistry.

Examples: - - A. Hydrogen is a gas which is easily inflammable. You have not been sufficiently cautious, and as a result, all your hydrogen has burnt up. Therefore, return to the bank all the hydrogen you have (single atoms).

B. Chlorine is an extremely poisonous gas. The chlorine which you have has poisoned you. You have lost the game, and you are not permitted to continue.

C. The compound NaCl is cooking salt derived from the sea. If you have this molecule, then for every turn you take in which the molecule is still in your possession, you receive profits from the bank of 100.

D. Phosphate salts are used as fertilisers in agriculture. If you have any phosphate salt compounds, you can receive from the bank a single profit of 1000 for every phosphate molecule.

E. The compound HC1 is a strong acid. You have not been sufficiently cautious, and have been severely burnt. Pay 2000 to the bank to defray costs of treatment. (This is, of course, only on condition that you have now or have had in your possession an HC1 molecule), TH E V A R IO U S M E A N S O R D E V IC E S F O R D I R E C TIN G T H E CO U R S E O F T H E G A M E The game includes various devices or means whose only purpose is to determine the playing procedure of the players. In other words, the player works the devices, and they instruct him as to his next move. The activation of the devices in fact indicates the exact square on the Main Board to which the player moves (the player is the one who has used the device in his turn). This square may represent a certain atom (in this case the player acquires it), or it may contain an instruction card (in this case the player carries out the instruction written on it), or it may be empty (in this case, the player loses the right to buy new atoms).

The means or devices needed for this purpose may be of various kinds. Below, the "Three Dial" device is described in detail — (see Diagram 12).

This is a flat board containing three dials, A, B, C, at each of whose centres is an arrow which is freely moving around its axis. Each dial is divided into several sections, which are numbered. Dial A indicates the Periods. It contains sectors numbered from 1 to 7, and, clearly, each number represents the appropriate Period on the board of the Periodic Table (the Main Board).

Dials B and C both indicate the Groups. Dial C is divided into sectors numbered I to VIII. These numbers represent the Groups on the Board of the Periodic Table. These Groups are marked I; II; III; IV ;V ; VI, VII ; VIII t ; VIII2 ; VIII 3 ; lb ; ■ ; lib ; IHb ; IVb ; Vb ; VIb ; Vllb ; VHIb ; These sections represent the Sub-Groups which are shown on the board of the Periodic Table. These Sub-Groups are marked on the Main Board in row 5 (from above) by the same enumeration.

Each player, in his turn, works the devices. The player spins the arrow on dial A. When the arrow ceases spinning, the player is arriving at the Period which it indicates )or at which it stopped). The dial to be worked next — that for Groups or that for Sub-Groups — is determined according to the Period indicated. The decision on this point is simple: if the arrow of dial A points to either Period, 1, or 2, or 3, then the next dial chosen will be that for Groups (dial C); if the arrow of dial A points to Period 4, or 5, or 6, or 7, then the dial chosen will be that for Sub-Groups (dial B).

Clearly, the dial for Groups (dial C) or for Sub-Groups (dial B) is worked in exactly the same way as is dial A (for Periods). In this way, the two dials A and C, or A and B, show the exact square on the Main Board to which the player is arriving.

From the above description, it is clear that although there are three dials on the board, each player in his turn, works only two of them, A and B, or A and C. It is clear, therefore, that the first dial to be worked will always be the dial which determines the Periods, that is, dial A.

The form of the dials may vary. They may be round, or polygonal, or columnar, etc. The areas on all dials (those representing the Periods, the Groups, and the Sub-Groups) may be equal or unequal. An example of equal-areas may be seen in dial B, and/or non-equal-areas in dials A and C.

Clearly, the determining of the area of sectors on the various dials is arbitrary, and may be be adjusted. For example, if it is desired to increase the chances of the arrow stopping at some specific sector, the area of that sector may be enlarged compared with the area of other sections marked on the same dial. For example, on dial A the areas of the sections for Periods 1 , 2, 3 and 4 may be specially enlarged since they include some very important atoms, such as N, O, CI, Ca, K, etc., which are necessary for the construction of abundant molecules (such as KCl, water, etc.) The dials may all be fixed on one board, or they may be separate. The board on which they are fixed may be made of various materials, such as wood, cardboard, plastic, metal, etc. The external dial, that showing the Groups may be the central dial, and that showing Sub-Groups may be the internal dial), and in this case every dial may have its own arrow, or the same arrow may serve jointly for all three dials. It is, of course, possible for additional arrangements to be made whereby the dials alone or the arrows alone or both the arrows and dials will be capable of spinning (around their axis). Clearly, the possibilities are many and varied, and there is no need to describe them in detail here. The dials may be attached to the Auxiliary Board (if there is one), to the Main Board, or to any other board. There may, of course, be other means and devices for indicating the square on the Main Board to which the player moves in his turn (after working the device). To do this, dice may be thrown, or the players may use cards piled in a separate pile (at the beginning of the game), and every player in his turn takes the uppermost card. The card indicates the square on the Main Board to which the player moves. The card may indicate the square in various ways, for example: Period 2 Period 6 or Group VI Sub-Group Vila Or, for example, by means of orders, thus: 1. Move to the square containing a nitrogen atom, and buy it. 2. Move to the square containing Instruction Cards, take the top card and perform the instructions. 3. Move to the square containing Surprise Cards, take the top card and perform the instructions. 4. Move to the square containing Compensation Cards, take the top card and perform the instructions.

. Move to an empty square, lose a turn. and so on.

Of course, there are innumerable possible ways of determining the square on the Main Board to which the player moves in his turn, and therefore they cannot all be presented here.

M O N E T A R Y N O T E S The various financial transactions which are carried out during the game are performed by means of a note representing money. The notes represent various sums of money (for example, notes may be made of cardboard, discs, pieces of cloth Bristol paper, plastic, celluloid, or any other suitable material.

They must be able to be passed from hand to hand. The amount of money which is represented must be marked and shown clearly on the notes.

The notes may be shaded in different colours according to the amount of money which they represent.

For example, a note representing IL. 1 can be coloured red IL. 5 " " " green IL. 50 " " " white IL.100 " " " grey IL.500 " " " yellow, etc.

The shape of the notes may also vary. They may either be polygonal or round, or some of them polygonal and some of them round, etc.

T H E PR IN C IPA L C O U R SE S O F TH E G A M E Each player receives an equal sum of money.

The players determine who plays first. The second player is the one sitting on the left of the first player, and so on (clockwise).

The first player spins the arrow on the dial (see Figure 12) displaying the Periods, and the position to which the arrow points on dial A indicates which arrow the player must spin on one of the other dials in order to determine the Groups. (If the arrow on dial A points to positions 1, 2, or 3, then the dial used to determine the Group will be dial C. If the arrow on dial A points to positions 4, 5, 6 or 7, then it will be dial B that will be used to decide the Sub-Group). The two arrows — one indicating the Period, one indicating the Group (or the Sub-Group) — determine the square on the Main Board to which the player moves. If the square represents a certain atom the player buys the atom, and pays its value to the bank (the Atomic Number). If the square does not contain an atom, but instruction cards, the player takes the first card and carries out the instructions contained upon it. Should he be unable to carry them out, he ignores them. The card is placed at the bottom of the pile and the next player takes his turn.

The first player to reach a square on the Main Board representing an atom enjoys a double benefit. is reserved only for the players who first reach squares representing atoms (on the Main Board).

The Priority Atoms are marked with special signs so that they may be distinguished from the other identical atoms belonging to the same square. For example, Diagrams 5 and 6 show that the Priority Atoms of chlorine and potassium are marked by a special circle around their accepted chemical symbols. (Thus, the atoms of chlorine and potassium are marked CI and K, while their Priority Atoms are marked CI and K).

The various Priority Atoms which are acquired by the players during the progress of the game may not be taken by or transferred to other players as long as they are held as single atoms by the players who acquired them. On the other hand, Priority Atoms which are contained in molecules lose this right and become ordinary atoms in every respect. In other words, a Priority Atom which is utilised for the synthesis of a molecule (or compound)does not enjoy again the privileges of a Priority Atom, and it becomes an ordinary atom. b. He acquires the square: The right to buy the squares which represent atoms (on the Main Board) is reserved only to those players who reach those squares first. The price of the square is equal to the Atomic Number (of the atom which is represented) X 10. The player who first reaches the square (of a certain atom) and acquires it will receive from each player who reaches that square during the course of the game certain sums of money.

The value of the acquired square increases during the course of the game as the player who owns the square succeeds in acquiring additional atoms belonging to that square, and in "building", for example, ores. For example, a player who succeeds in acquiring a square representing manganese will receive the following sums every time a player reaches that square: — If he holds one atom of manganese (as a single atom), he will receive a sum equal to the value of the Molecular Weight of manganese times 10.

If he has succeeded in acquiring two atoms of manganese, he can construct an ore molecule (whose symbol is Mn2).

If he holds a molecule of Mn2 he receives from any player who reaches the maganese square (on the Main Board) a sum equal to the Molecular Weight of manganese X 20.

If he holds three atoms of manganese he can build an ore molecule (whose symbol in Mn3 ).

If he holds a molecule of Mn3, he receives from any player who reaches the manganese The rules for the ore molecules (such as Mn2 , Mn3 , etc.) and Nuclear pile molecules (such as Ur2 , Ur3 , etc.) are the same as the rules for any other molecules (such as NaCl, HC1, etc.) Below there are described the various incomes due to each player who acquires squares belonging to each one of the above groups. 1. The squares on the Main Board which represent ores are: Manganese, Iron, Nickel, Copper, Zinc, Silver, Gold, Lead, Mercury, Platinum, Osmium, Palladium, Strontium, Molybdenum, Zirconium, Rubidium, and Cobalt.

The profit due to the players who own the squares (which represent the above atoms) is fixed in accordance with the number of identical atoms which they have succeeded in acquiring and the ability to construct ores from them.

Every ore comprises, as stated, at least two identical atoms. The value of the ores increases as the number of atoms they are composed of becomes larger. In this connection, see the description of the profits of the manganese square in this section. The profits due to the other ores are calculated exactly according to this principle. 2. Squares on the Main Board which represent nuclear piles: Uranium, Thorium and Plutonium.

The profit due to the players who succeed in acquiring squares on the Main Board representing Uranium, Thorium and/or Plutonium is also fixed in accordance with the number of similar atoms which have been acquired and the ability to build nuclear piles from them. Each nuclear pile comprises at least two similar atoms representing Plutonium, Thorium or Uranium. The value of the piles increases as the number of similar atoms they are composed of becomes greater.

A player who owns Plutonium, Thorium or Uranium square will receive from other players arriving at this square the following sums: If he holds one atom of Plutonium, Thorium or Uranium he will receive a sum equal to the Atomic Weight X 10.

If he holds two atoms of Plutonium, Thorium or Uranium he will receive a sum equal to the Atomic Weight X 30 X 2.

If he holds three atoms of Plutonium, Thorium or Uranium he will receive a sum equal to the Atomic Wieght X 30 X 3 ; and so on. 3. Squares representing inert atoms.

These are squares representing helium, neon, argon, etc.

The profit due to players who have acquired squares of this kind is as follows: a. A player who has acquired only one inert gas (let us say helium) receives the following sums.: If he owns one helium atom, he receives from players reaching the helium square a sum equal to the Atomic Weight (of helium) X 1.

If he has two helium atoms he receives a sum equal to the Atomic Weight of helium X 2; and so on. b. A player who has acquired two different squares of inert atoms will receive sums fixed in accordance with the number of identical atoms which he has and in accordance with the number of squares which he has acquired. Thus, a player who has acquired, for example, the squares of helium, argon, and neon, and holds, amongst others, two helium atoms will receive from a player who reaches the helium square the following sum: The Atomic Weight of helium X 2 (since he holds two helium atoms) X 3 (since he holds three squares of inert atoms); and so on. 4. Squares which represent other atoms (which have not been included in sections 1 - 3.) These squares represent usually the various non-metal atoms, the various gaseous atoms, and the metal atoms which cannot be used to construct ores or nuclear piles. (This is, of course, only in accordance with and subject to the rules of the game).

A player who has acquired one of the squares belonging to this heterogenous group will receive the following sums: If he holds only one atom belonging to a square which he has acquired he will receive from a player reaching his square the sum equal to the atomic weight X 1.

If he holds two identical atoms belonging to a square which he has acquired he receives from a player who reaches his square a sum equal to the atomic weight X 2 ; and so on. player according to the various squares which he has acquired on the Main Board. In any event, we have attempted to illustrate in this section only a small part of the total number of various possibilities of increasing interest in the game.

The game continues in this way until one of the players, when his tum comes round, finds that he can "combine" its atoms to build a molecule.

A molecule can be constructed under the following conditions: A. The player utilises only the single atoms which he has bought during the game. In this case he receives from the bank a sum to the value of the constructed molecule (the sum total of Atomic Weights, i.e. the Molecular Weight).

B. The player utilises both his own atoms and those of the other players. Let us assume that one player has an oxygen atom (O), another player has a single hydrogen atom (H), and a third player also has a single hydrogen atom(H). In this case, the one player may buy the atoms of the other two players, paying their value (their atomic number) for them, and thus he constructs a molecule of water (H2Q).

The player is usually permitted to buy from other players only single atoms (i.e. not yet contained in molecules); the player buys atoms only in his turn. He may buy atoms only on condition that he is able to utilise them to construct a molecule.

C. A player may break up his molecules in his turn, and construct other molecules from them.

The bank pays monetary prizes (premiums) to every player who succeeds in constructing certain molecules relating to very well defined groups in chemistry.

For example: 1. For the synthesis of a molecule of an oxide containing 1 oxygen atom, the bank pays 100. 2. For the synthesis of a molecule of an oxide containing 2 oxygen atoms, the bank pays 1000. 3. For the synthesis of a molecule of an oxide containing 3 oxygen atoms, the bank pays 2000. 4. For the synthesis of a molecule of a phosphate containing the radical of P0 the bank pays 3000.

. For the synthesis of a molecule of sulphide containing 1 atom of sulphur the bank pays 200. 6. For the synthesis of a molecule of a sulphide containing 2 atoms of sulphur the bank pays 7. For the synthesis of a molecule of a carbide the bank pays the sum of 1000. 8. For the synthesis of a molecule of a sulphate containing the radical S04 the bank pays 3000. 9. For the synthesis of a molecule of an acid containing 1 atom of hydrogen the bank pays 100.

. For the synthesis of a molecule of an acid containing 2 atoms of hydrogen the bank pays 1000. 1 1. For the synthesis of a molecule of an acid containing 3 atoms of hydrogen the bank pays 2000. 12. For the synthesis of a molecule of a base containing 1 hydroxyl radical the bank pays 200. 13. For the synthesis of a molecule of a base containing 2 hydroxyl radicals the bank pays 2000. 14. For the synthesis of a molecule of a base containing 3 hydroxyl radicals the bank pays 3000.

. For the synthesis of a molecule being a complex the bank pays 4000. 16. For the synthesis of a molecule of a salt containing water of hydration the bank pays 8000 etc.

Clearly, these amounts of money are paid to players in addition to the normal profit which they receive (according to the Molecular Weight of the molecule) in each and every case.

Molecules may be broken up in the following cases: A. Every player is permitted to break up in his turn one or more of the molecules which belong to him, but only on condition that he is able to utilise at least part of the atoms from the broken-up molecules for the synthesis of new molecules.

It is clear that the player who breaks up his own molecules receives no money from the bank for this action. On the other hand, he receives the profits which are due to him for the new molecules which he has built. The profits due to him are of course conditional upon the nature of the molecules which he has constructed.

B. A player is permitted to break up in his turn molecules belonging to the other players only if the following conditions pertain: 1. He has succeeded in acquiring during the game Instruction Cards permitting him to break 2. He can utilise the molecules of the other players for a chemical reaction. For example, (I) Player A who holds the molecule of HQ, is permitted to utilise the molecule NaOH of player B in the following reaction:— HCl + NaOH > NaCl + H20 (II) Player A who holds the molecule of NaOH is permitted to utilise the molecule NaOH of Player B and the molecule H2 S04 of Player C in the following reaction: 2 NaOH + H2 S04 = Na2 S04 + 2H20.

(III) Player A who holds the molecule AgN03 is permitted to utilise the molecule NaCl of player B in the following reaction: AgN03 + NaCl ► AgCl + NaN03 . . . and so on.

The ability itself of utilising molecules of other players in chemical reactions is subject to the following conditions: a. The player can carry out in his turn only one reaction. b. The player who carries out the reaction is permitted to utilise only one molecule from any other player. Thus, when the reaction has three components (as for example (a) + (b) + (c) — ► products) there in fact exist only the following two possibilities of constructing it: I. The player who carries out the reaction contributes the molecule (a) and the player B contributes the molecule (b), while the player C contributes the molecule (c).

II. The player who carries out the reaction contributes two molecules (a) and (b), or (a) and (c), or (b) arid (c); while Player B contributes the remaining molecule, (c) The player who carries out the reaction must always contribute at least one of its molecules. 3. The player may break up molecules containing identical atoms (such as 02 , N2 ,ores, or nuclear piles) which other players have, only if he has obtained during the course of the game an Instruction Card which permits him to do this. 4. A player who is in financial difficulties may break up the molecules he has and sell them to another player (or to the bank) on the clear condition that he has acquired an appropriate Instruction Card which permits him to do so. The players who agree to buy these molecules transfer them to their areas, and pay for their value (the Molecular Weight) to the player who is selling.

The player receives no money for the act of carrying out the reaction. On the other hand, he may receive all the profits due to him in accordance with the number and the nature of the molecules which he builds by means of the reaction.

It should be pointed out here that in these games suitable for beginners, this part which relates to the possibility of carrying out chemical reactions may be omitted, since the carrying out of reactions in itself requires a more advanced knowledge of chemistry.

The game may be concluded in one of the following ways, for example: a. The players fix at the beginning of the game a time limit for the game. The time is fixed arbitrarily and depends upon the wishes of the players alone. We recommend a time period of between two and five hours, the most preferable time being from three to four hours. When the game ends, each player totals the money in cash which he has in his possession. For the purposes of estimating the amount of money which the player has, he calculates the single atoms, the moleculesj the ores, the piles, etc. which he has. The value of the single atoms and molecules (including ores, piles, etc.) is fixed in accordance with their atomic or molecular weight. For example, a player, at the end of the game, has monetary notes to the value of 10,000; also single atoms of sodium, hydrogen, and' lithium; and molecules of water, common salt, and phosphoric acid; and ores of zinc (consisting of three atoms), and copper (consisting of two atoms); and also a nuclear pile of Uranium (composed of two atoms); he will calculate the money which he has in the following way: Money in notes 10,000 Weight of single atoms: Sodium 23 Hydrogen 1 Lithium 7 The Weight of the molecules: Water 18 Common salt 58 Phosphoric Acid 98 The molecular weight of the ores: Zinc (3 atoms) 195 Copper (2 atoms) 128 As stated, the sum which the player has at the end of the game is 1 1 ,004.

Clearly, the winner is the player who has the highest sum of money. b. It is possible also to terminate the game at that moment when one of the players succeeds in accumulating a given sum of money (in notes), fixed by the players at the beginning of the game. For example, we assume that the players have decided at the beginning of the game that the first player who succeeds in accumulating the sum of 10,000 (in notes) will be declared winner. The game continues, therefore, until one of the players succeeds in accumulating the above sum. c. It is possible also to play the game without any time limit, that is, until only one player is left. In other words, during the course of the game, those players who cannot withstand the financial burden will lose their property.and dropped out.It is clear that the player who succeeds in sustaining his position and remains last (after all the other players have dropped out) is declared winner. d. The players can agree at the outset that the game will continue until one of the players succeeds in constructing a nuclear pile of uranium (for example). In such a case, it may be decided that the first player who succeeds in constructing a nuclear pile of uranium (including for example two atoms) will be declared winner. e. It may be decided that the game will continue until an Instruction Card to the effect that at that moment the game ends is turned up (or acquired). It is clear that the player who at that moment has the largest amount of money, is declared winner. In such a case the amount of money that every player has is calculated, as described in section (a) above.

NOTE: Concerning sections (a) and (d), it may be decided that the winner will be the player who, at the time of the cessation of play, has the molecule containing the largest number of atoms, or the molecule whose Molecular Weight is the highest. It is clear that any decision of this kind relating to possible ways of concluding the game, or fixing the winner (or both of these) may be altered by the players and carried out according to their wishes and decisions.

It is possible to include in the game (after certain modifications) organic molecules also. In other words, a player may construct organic molecules and even use them in the various only; (b) a game played with inorganic molecules only; and (c) a game played at the same time both with organic and inorganic molecules.

It is clear that games which are played with organic compounds will be fairly complicated and will require a high level of knowledge in chemistry from the players.

Clearly, the amount of possibilities of increasing the interest in the game is extremely high.

However, it is necessary to mention also those games which in spite of the fact that they markedly differ, are still based on the principles of our game as described here.

Example: It is possible to play the proposed chemistry game as an ordinary card game also. For example, it is possible to have a game which will be analogous to the game of Rummy. In such a game, the atoms will be represented by cards which are arranged in one pile. The players receive from this pile an equal number of cards. Each player (in his turn) may exchange one card of those which he has in his hand for a card on the pile. When the player succeeds in "building" a certain molecule, he lays down the cards representing it. The player who first succeeds in getting rid of all his cards is declared winner. It is clear that chemistry games of this kind, which are based on the various forms of card games, still do not differ in principle from the chemistry game given here, and therefore they must be seen as belonging to the scope of the present invention entirely.

This game was tried out both with children aged 8 (and over) and with adults. It may be stated with certainty that both children and adults found great interest in the game, and it is clear that it afforded them much knowledge of chemistry and that the enjoyment of the players was in no way lessened even after a large number of games. In addition to this, it became clear that the more they played the game, the more did their interest in and knowledge of chemistry increase. Similarly, we discovered that the game was particularly interesting to the younger players. They enjoyed playing both with other youngsters of their own age and with their parents and teachers. It is clear that the very interest of the players in the game brings about a growing interest in chemistry, and this interest increases of course, in direct proportion to the number of games that they play. It is worth mentioning that with time, the players may be expected to achieve a high level of skill and will be able to play in more complicated and extended ways. In any event, it should be remembered that as the game becomes more are arranged (P, Ca, CI, S, Fe, Li, and O), and in the other secondary area the molecules are i arranged ( C1 and H2 0).

The Auxiliary Boards may be of various shapes and kinds and are made suitable to the various kinds of atoms which are used in the game, for example: a. if the atoms are represented by cards, the au iliary board may contain a large number of squares, so every card may be placed in the appropriate square. b. If the atoms are represented by cards with perforations in them, the Auxiliary Boards may contain squares in each of which there is a pin or protuberance suitable for holding the card. c. If the atoms are represented by magnetic blocks, the Auxiliary Board may be made of tin plate in order to hold them.

I d. If the atoms are represented by balls (made of plastic or wood) the auxiliary board may contain suitable protuberances (or depressions) on (or in) which the spherical atoms may be attached to. , The Auxiliary Board may be made of cardboard, wood, tin plate, plastic, or any other suitable material convenient for the players. It may be mentioned here that it is possible to do a common Auxiliary Board for all the players. In such a case each player may have an Auxiliary Board of his own which is kept next to him throughout the course of the game. Another alternative is to do without the Auxiliary Board entirely. In such a case, each player arranges his single atoms and molecules in the way most convenient for him. '. ' .. ■ ■ · ί .

In any case, it must be emphasized that the Auxiliary Boards, where they are used in the . game, should preferably always be an aid to the player, and easy to use and utilise.

T H E A T O M S (O R E L E M E N T S ) j l The atom is the basic unit of the game. The primary aim of the player is to acquire atoms and construct molecules from them. For every atom which he acquires, the player pays a sum of money equal to the Atomic Number of the atom, while for every molecule which he succeeds in constructing he receives from the bank a sum of money based on the Molecular Weight of ! ' ■ ' ■ / that molecule, j The atoms, must be so made as to be easily movable during the game (transferable from place to place), and must be "physically" capable of being reversibly connected with each other for the (e.g. between metallic and non-metallic atoms, between an "active" atom and an inert atom) and even ibet een atoms belonging to various groups (i.e. their division according to the number of ¾is$*?s»rt WKteU iHsy ??jf ¾u¾ mx : Below are illustrated a few of the many and varied kinds both of structures and of types which it is possible to utilise for a suitable representation of atoms in the game.

A . Atoms represented " t , Every card represent . „ Jm only. The accepted chemical symbol of that atom is clearly marked on the card (e.g. an oxygen atom is marked as O, a bromine atom is marked as Br, etc.). Of course, it is advisable that the Atomic Number and Weight be marked on the card also.

Where possible, it is advisable to mark on the card also the number of electrons that the atom carries in its outer shell (the valency of the atom). The cards can be coloured in various colours so as to distinguish between the various types of atoms (e.g. between "active" and inert atoms, between metallic and non-metallic atoms, and between the atoms belonging to the different groups on the Periodic Table). It is advisable that the colours correspond with the colours of the squares of the various atoms on the Main Board (see, in this connection, the detailed example of shading and colouring of the various types of atoms in the section dealing with the Main Board).

The cards may have various forms: 1. See Diagram 7.

The cards illustrated in this diagram are rectangular (or square). Every card represents a different atom. [The accepted symbol of that atom which the card represents is marked clearly in the centre of the card. The Atomic Number is marked on the left (lower) corner of the card, and Atomic Weight is marked on the right (upper) corner of the card. Along the left edge of the card is marked the number of electrons which the atom has in its outer shell.

Thus, in Diagram 7 there can be seen art example of a card representing the metal potassium (K) and also an example of a card representing a non-metal, chlorine (CI). Diagram 8 gives an example of how a molecule of potassium chloride (KC1) is constructed with these two cards. 2. See Diagram 14. ^ The cards illustrated in this diagram have various geometrical shapes. A distinction must be made between cards representing metal atoms (these cards have tongues) and between cards repre The number of tongues (or cut-outs) which are on every card is equal to the number of ie? trons (in the outer shell) of the atom which the card represents.

Thus, for example, the cards A and C represent the metal atoms potassium (K) and calcium (Ca). Since potassium is monovalent j|s card has Qn§ tongue, onjy, Calciym is divalent and there* fere m card ha§ 2 .engu@§, . / . ' .

Similarly, the cards B and D represent the non-metal atoms chlorine (CI) and oxygen(O). Chlorine is monovalent, and therefore its card has one cut-out only. Oxygen is divalent, and therefore its card has two cut-outs. When the valency of an atom is higher than 1 , the tongues (or cut-outs) of its card may be arranged in various shapes and directions. Thus, for example, oxygen is divalent and may therefore be represented both by card D and card Ό1 . In this way, oxygen represented by card D may be utilised for the purposes of constructing molecules of the type CaO, while oxygen represented by card Dx may be utilised for constructing molecyles of the type HOH.

In E is shown a concrete example of utilisation of cards described in A and for the purposes of constructing the molecule KC1. 3. Atoms represented by cards of a simpler type may be seen in Diagram 15. The atoms chlorine, potassium, oxygen, and calcium are represented by cards A, B, C and D. In E is shown an example of the construction of a molecule of KC1.

The cards also are based on the principle of showing up the valency of the atom. That is, a card which represents a monovalent atom is concave (or convex) along one of its edges, while a card representing a divalent atom is concave (or convex) along 2 of its edges, and so on.

Metal atoms are represented by convex cards while non-metal atoms are represented by concave cards.

B . Atoms represented by solid blocks, (as, for example, boxes, cubes, spheres, prisms, cyclinders, cones, etc.) The atom can be represented by various stereometrical shaped bodies, as, for example, atoms represented by boxes, spheres, cubes, cylinders, prisms, cones, etc.

Below we deal in detail with atoms represented by cubes and spheres only. This is in orddr to simplify the explanation. 1 · To make a distinction, the non-metal atoms will be represented by cubes, and the metal have holes in them or rods extending from them in such a way that a rod of one cube (or sphere) may be inserted into the hole of another sphere (or another cube) and thus make a physical union between cubes, or between spheres, or between cubes and spheres. The following gives Gonerete exam les? I. Both the cubes and the spheres have holes in them, into which the ends of rods (which have been special^ shaped) may be inserted. In this case, in order to join two atoms together, one end of the rod is inserted into the hole of one atom (represented, for example, by a sphere) and the other end of the rod is affixed to the other ftom (represented, for example, by a cube). In this way, the rod acts as the chemical bond between the two atoms.

I i II. The rods may be permanently fixed at one of their ends to cubes (or spheres), and have only the other end free. In this way they constitute a permanent extension to the spheres (or cubes) to which they are attached. An atom (represented by a sphere or cube with extensions) is attached to another atom (represented by a sphere or cube with holes) by the insertion of the free end of the extension into the hole of the other atom.

In the two cases described above the sole function of the rods (or extensions) is to create a physical connection between the various atoms.

The number of holes (or extensions) in the spheres (or cubes) is determined according to the valenc , of the atom. The exact positioning of the holes (or extensions) is determined accord ing to the ability of the atom to be compounded, and according to the kind of molecule it is de-sired to construct. Actually, there are very many possibilities, and therefore spheres (or cubes) should be prepared with holes (or extensions) in various modes, for example: This cube represents oxygen of the type 0= and is therefore suitable for the construction of a molecule of CaO (for example).

Each of these cubes represents oxygen of the type — O— and is *hsref@»¾ flw s !e fsr t ¾ ee strnetisn ©f p. mslfeewte , of H20 (for example).

When a trivalent atom (e.g. trivalent iron) is represented by a cube, the cube should be made so as to include 3 holes in the one side, two holes in one side and the third hole in the other side or each of the three holes are in each different side. Thus, all of the following four cubes represent trivalent iron. .

This cube represents iron of the type ≡ Fe and) is therefore suitable for the construction of a molecule of the type P≡Fe (for example). | ^ These cubes represent iron of the type — Fe= and are or . therefore suitable for the construction of a molecule of the type — Fe=0 (for example). / Thisicube, represents iron of the type -Fe— and- is therefore suitable [for the construction of a molecule of the type FeCl3 (for example.

And so on. The above-stated applies also to atoms represented byj spheres (where the spheres contain holes or extensions). The spheres or the cubes can be painted in various colours in order to distinguish between the various atom ί s (e.g. between atoms belonging to various groups in the periodic table, between inert and "active" atoms, etc.) It is advisable that the shades of the colours be made identical with those of the squares representing the various atoms on the Main Board (the Periodic Table board). See, in this connection, the detailed example of shades of colours, according to the various types of atoms, in the section dealing with the Main Board.

The spheres and the cubes and the rods (or extensions) which join them may be made of various materials, for example: plastics, wood, various metals (iron, aluminium, etc.) bakelite, etc. The cubes (or spheres) may be solid and/ or hollow, large and/ or small, heavy and/or light, flexible and/or rigid. The rods (or extensions) may, in addition to this, be elongated or short and made of "springy" or elastic material (contractible or stretchable). i The spheres and the cubes may include extra parts for all kinds of additional purposes (for example, for attaching to the Main Board or the Auxiliary Board). Clearly, if such extra parts are missing, there is no way of arranging the atoms on the Main Board or on the Auxiliary Board. In such a case the cubes and spheres are kept in the "bank" until they are bought. The player l . i See Diagram 13. - 'V' . : ί ' ■ i The various, atoms are represented by spheres and cubes. The non-metals are represented by cubes, while the metals are represented by spheres. In every cube there are. holes representing the valency of the non-metal, and In the spheres there are extensions (or protuberances) whose function is to join the spherical atoms to them.

In A, B. Bj , C, and Cx , there are illustrated spheres representing the atoms of potassium, calcium, 'and iron. Each sphere has a number of extensions in accordance with its val- i / I · . ency. Thus, the spheres representing potassium have one extension, and those representing calcium have two extensions. (In B is shown a sphere representing calcium and suitable for the construction of a compound of/the type CaCl2 (for example), while in Rj the calcium sphere is suitable for the construction of molecules of the type CaO (for example). The i spheres representing trivalent iron have three extensions: (In C is shown a sphere representing trivalent iron and suitable for the construction of molecules of the type FeCl3 (for example). In Cj the sphere of trivalent iron is suitable for the construction of compounds of the type -Fe=0 (for example) ).

In D, K, Ex and F, and F: aredllustrated cubes representing atoms of chlorine, oxygen, and phosphorus. Each cube contains a number of holes according to its valency . Thus, the cubes representing chlorine have - J, " "anting oxygen havej two holes.

(In E is shown a cube representing o /^-,. „„.. ^e /or the construction of a molecule of the type HOH (for example), while in Ej the oxygen cube is suitable for the construction of a molecule of the type CaO (for example)). The cubes representing trivalent phosphorus have three holes (see F) and those representing 5-valent phosphorus have 5 holes (see ).

I Similarly there are illustrated various ways of constructing molecules — as follows: In Diagram 13 is shown the construction of a molecule of KC1 (see G) and in 13a' are shown illustrations of construction of the jollowing molecules: CaO (see A; H20 (see B); FeCl3 (see C); and H3 P04 (see D).

The inert atoms, such as Helium, may be represented by cubes having no holes (see, for example, cube E in Diagram 13 a').

The size of the sphere (or cube), its shape or colour may vary, and may be as described above: metals, for example, may be represented by polygonal discs, the metals by round discs. Ί The discs for metals may have extensions, while the discs for non-metals may have holes I ■ : ·.' or depressions. Thus, the metal potassium will be represented by a disc of the type while the non-metal chlorine will be represented by a bored diss Sf t g \v I The molecule KC1 will therefore be constructed thus: The size of the discs, their shape and cojour may vary, and may accord with the description given above. i ■ - '■ ' · ■ . ·. ■ ■ ■ 3.| Atoms represented by magnetic blocks. ! in this case the atoms may be represented by blocks of various stereometric shapes (as, for foir example, boxes, spheres, cubes, cylinders, etc.). which may have upon them a limited number of magnetic regions (according to the valency of the atom) or whose magnetic field will not be limited to precisely specific regions, but will be spread-along the surface of the block represent-ing the atom. The size of the magnetic blocks, their shape and colour may vary, and may accord with the description given above. ; ( C. Atoms represented by bodies having a broad, concave, flat or convex , upper part carried on a narrow elongated lower part.

The atoms may be also represe ted by bodies having a broad, concave, flat or convex upper part (called "head" in the following) and a narrow, short or elongated lower part (called "foot" in the following). The lower part of the foot is made so that it may be inserted into the holes on the Auxiliary Board and/or on the Main Board (for this purpose, both the Auxiliary and Main Boards are made especially suitable for holding atoms of this sort; see, for example, Diagram 10).

The non-metal atoms may be represented by bodies having a polygonal head, while the metal atoms may be represented by bodies with a round head. The accepted symbol of the atom is clearly marked on the head of the body.

Diagram 6 illustrates the bodies representing the non-metal atom chlorine and the metal / atom potassium.

Diagram 6 also shows the method of insertion of these bodies, representing, for example, atoms chlorine and potassium, into the appropriate squares on the Main Board, the latter con- ; Diagram 1 1 above shows how it is possible to insert these bodies in the Auxiliary Board ! Ί ' · ' ■' . · ■ ■ when they represent, for example, Ismgle atoms (in the part for elements ) Fe; S; Ca; CI; P- O Li ■ ■ ! - ' ! · · · -or to arrange them as molecules (in the part for molecules) KC1, H20).

! These bodies may be painted in various eoleurs. This is in order to distinguish between the Viirious types of atoms — as already described above. In every case, it is of course desirable that the shading be appropriate and identical with the shading of the squares representing the various atoms on the Main Board. In this connection also see the detailed description given in the sec-tibn dealing with the Main Board. · ! ,;· ' ' ■ The bodies described may be made of various materials, such as plastics, wood, various metals, bakelite, etc.

'Clearly, the size, circumference, and shape of these bodies may vary, and in every case they may be made according' to various specific requirements.

IN ST R U C TIO N CA RD S / The primary function of these Instruction Cards, which contain various instructions, is to make the game more interesting. These cards, are placed in appropriate squares on the Main Board (see, for example, Diagram 1/ the squares marked a to f and g to p; Diagram 9, the squares marked also Z i to Z j 2 , and Diagram 2 and 4).

These cards may be made of cardboard, paper, card^paper, Bristol paper, plastic materials, or any other suitable material. Their size and shape are also variable and usually depend on the size of the squares on the Main Board, where they are placed.

The cards may be divided into the types of instructions which they contain, as follows: — i 1. Ordinance Cards: These contain various orders, which must be fulfilled. A player who acquires an ordinance card must carry out the instruction written on it. j Examples: A. Miss one turn.

B. Pay the sum of 100 to the player on your right.

C. Pay a fine of 500 to the bank..

D. Return to the bank one of The cards that you have (you may choose which one).

E. Pay the sum of 500 to each player who has a molecule of water. 2. Surprise Cards These contain instructions and are to be used without the other Dlayers' knowing their con-tent until they are utilised. In other words, a player who acquires a surprise card may keep it (without the other players' knowing its cgntent) until he wishes to utilise it to his advantage. When the player decides to utilise the surprise card he has acquired, he -turns it up and shows the the other players the instm.ctions on it, and carries them out. After the surprise card has been utilised, it is returned to the bank and removed from the game.

Examples: . | A. You may receive one chlorine atom B. You may receive an anion( non-metal) C. You may break up one molecule (of your choice) of the player on your right.

D. You may break up one molecule (of your choice) of one of the players.

E. You may take from the Main Board, the radical OH.

F. You may take from the Main Board the radical S0 .

G. You may take from the Main Board . the radical P04. 3. j ImmediateTPrivilege Cards: ! These cards are acquired by the players during the course of the game, and must be utilised i '. immediately. Cards acquired and utilised¾are removed from the game immediately afterwards. In other words, a player who acquires an immediate-privilege card must carry out what is written on the card in the same turn as that in which the card was acquired.

If there is no possibility of carrying out the instruction on the card in the same turn as that in which it is acquired, the card is nevertheless returned to the bank, and removed from the game. Examples: j A. You may break up one of the molecules of one of the players (according to your choice), on condition that the molecule contains oxygen.

B. You may break up one molecule belonging to the player on your right, on condition that you can utilise for the synthesis of a new molecule at least part of the atoms con- tained in the molecule intended to be broken up.

C. You may break up one molecule of water (belonging to any player you choose). / D. You may take from the Main Board an atom of a monovalent metal (containing one electron in its outer shell), on condition that you can construct a new molecule with it. 4. Post oned-Privile e Cards: poned-privilege card may keep it until the most opportune moment for him and then utilise it. ^ For every turn in which the player postpones the utilisation of the card, he pays the bank the sum of money marked on the card. These cards also are removed from the game after their use. Examples: A. You may take an additional turn (if you postpone the privilege you must pay the sum of 100 to the bank for every postponement).

B. You may acquire an iodine atom (if yo i postpone the privilege, you must pay the sum of 500 to the bank for every postponement).

C. You may break up a molecule containing uranium belonging to another player (if you postpone the privilege, you must pay the sum of 1000 to the bank for every postponement).

D. You may break up a molecule of water belonging to any one of the players you choose, and transfer the atoms to yourself ' (if you postpone the privilege, you must pay to the bank 500 for every postponement). 1 r > . | Compensation Cards: These cards give the player who acquires them the opportunity of improving his position in the game.

Examples: A. If ^ ou have not succedded so far in buying a bromine atom, you are now permitted to acquire one.

B. If you have not succeeded so far in constructing any oxide molecule, you can do so now. In order to construct such molecule, you can acquire one atom of oxygen.

C. If you have not succeeded so far in constructing any sulphide's molecule, you can do I so now. In order to construct such molecule, you can acquire one atom of sulphur.

! S. If you have not succeeded so far in constructing a phosphate's molecule, you can do i ■- .. · ■ j so now. To this end you may acquire one atom of phosphorus and two atoms of . j · oxygen.

..' After use, the compensation' card is reutmed to the bank and removed from the game. 6. Penalty and Reward Cards: . These cards seemingly are for the purposes of "penalising" or "rewarding" players, but in fact they teach several aspects of chemistry.

Examples: A. Hydrogen is a gas which is easily inflammable. You have not been sufficiently caut- ious, and as a result, all yodr hydrogen has burnt up'. Therefore, return to the bank all the hydrogen you have (single atoms).

Bs Chlorine js an e^tfgmely poisonous gas. The cjiloxjne. wliigh'yQu hayg h § ρο ¾,.'· -j yo : ou have 1Θ§Ι t e game, ana you a»¾ net- psmi m && , C. The compound NaCl is co Ίoking salt derived from the sea. If you have this molecule, then- for every turn you take in which the molecule is still in your possession, you receive profits from the bank of 100.

D. Phosphate salts are used as fertilisers in agriculture. If you have any phosphate salt ( compounds, you can receive from the bank a single profit of 1000 for every phosphate molecule.

E. The compound HC1 is a strong acid. You have not been sufficiently cautious, and have been severely burnt. Pay 2000 to the bank to defray costs of treatment. (This is, of course, only on condition that you have now or have had in your possession an HC1 molecule).

( ' TH E V A R IO U S M E A N S O R D E V IC E S F O R DIR E C TIN G TH E CO U R S E O F .T H E G A M E The game includes various devices or means whose only purpose is to determine the playing procedure of the players. In other words, the player works the devices, and they instruct him as to his next move. The activation of the devices in fact indicates the exact square on the Main Board to which the player moves (the player is the one who has used the device in his turn). This square may represent a certain atom (in this case the player acquires it), or it may contain an instruction card (in this case the player carries out the instruction written on it), or it may be empty (in this case, the player loses the right to buy new atoms).

The means or devices needed for this purpose may be of various kinds. Below, the "Three Dial" device is described in detail — (see Diagram 12).

This is a flat board containing three dials, A, B, C, at each of whose centres is an arrow which is freely moving around its axis. Each dial is divided into several sections, which are numbered. Di l A indicates the Periods. It contains sectors numbered from 1 to 7, and, clearly, each number represents the appropriate Period on the board of the Periodic Table (the Main Board): Dials B and C both indicate the Groups. Dial C is divided into sectors numbered I ΐο VIII. These numbers represent the Groups on the Board of the Periodic Table. These Groups are marked ·" ' I; II; III; IV ;V; VI, VII; VIII, ; VIII2 ; VIII3 ; lb; .■; lib; Illb; IVb; Vb; Vib;'VIIb; VHIb; These sections represent the Sub-Groups which are shown on the board of the Periodic Table. These SybTQrgups, are rnarked gn the Main goard in row 5 (from above) by the same enumeration. 1 ■ I ' I Each player, in his turn, works the devices. The player spins the arrow on dial A. When the arrow ceases spinning, the player is arriving at the Period which it indicates )or at which it stopped). The dial to be worked next j- that for Groups or that for Sub-Groups — is determined according to the Period indicated. The decision on this point is simple: if the arrow of dial A points to either Period, 1, or 2, or 3, then the next dial chosen will be that for Groups (dial C); if the arrow of dial A points to Period 4, or 5, or 6, or 7, then the dial chosen will be that for Sub-Groups (dial B).

Clearly, the dial for Groups (dial C) or for Sub-Groups (dial B) is worked in exactly the same way as is dial A (for Periods). In this way, the two dials A and C, or A and B, show the exact square on the Main Board to which the player is arriving.

From the above description, it is clear that although there are three dials on the board, ■ I each player in his turn, works only two of them, A and 3, or A and C. It is clear, therefore, that the first dial to be worked will'always be the dial which determines the Periods, that is, dial A.

The' form of the dials may vary. They may be round, or polygonal, or columnar, etc. The areas on all dials (those representing the Periods, the Groups, and the Sub-Groups) may be equal or unequal. An example of equal-areas may be seen in dial B, and/or non-equal-areas in dials A and C.

Clearly, the determining of the area of sectors on the various dials is arbitrary, and may be be adjusted. For example, if it is desired to increase the chances of the arrow stopping at some specific sector, the area of that sector may be enlarged compared with the area of other sections marked on the same dial. For example, on dial A the areas of the sections for Periods 1, 2, 3 and 4 may be specially enlarged since they include some very important atoms, such as N, O, CI, Ca, K, etc., which are necessary for the construction of abundant molecules (such as KC1, water, etc.

The dials may all be fixed on one board, or they may be separate. The board on which they are fixed mayibe made of various materials, such as wood, cardboard, plastic, metal, etc. The external dial, that showing the Groups may be the central dial, and that showing Sub-Groups may be the' internal dial), and in this case every dial may have its own arrow, or the same arrow may serve jointly for all three dials, it i§, gf CQujSS, possible for additional arr gements to be ' ! · ... made whereby the dials alone of the arrows alone or both the arrows and dials will be capable of spinning (around their axis). Clearly, the possibilities are many and varied, and there is no need to describe them in detail here. The dials may be attached to th'e Auxiliary Board (if there is one), to the Main Board, or to any other board. There may, of course, be other means and devices for indicating the square on the Main Board to which the player moves in his turn (after working the device). To do this, dice may be thrown, or the players may use cards piled in a separate pile (at the beginning of the game), and every player in his turn takes the uppermost card. The card indicates the square on the Main Board to which the player moves. The card may indicate the square in various ways, for example: Period 2 \ · Period 6 or Group VI Sub-Group Vila Or, for example, by means of orders, thus: " '■ t . 1. Move to the square containing a nitrogen atom, and buy it. ' 2. Move to the square, containing Instruction Cards, take the top card and perform the instructions. 3. Move to the square containing Surprise Cards, take the top- card and perform the instructions. 4. Move to the square containing Compensation Cards, take the top card and perform the instructions.

. Move to an empty square, lose a turn. and so on.

Of course, there are innumerable possible ways of determining the square on the Main Board to which the player moves in his turn, and therefore they cannot all be presented here.

/ M O N E T A R Y N O T E S The various financial transactions which are carried out during the game" are performed by means of a note representing money. The. notes represent various sums of money (for example, ■ -is- ¾" notes may be made of cardboard, discs, pieces of cloth Bristol paper, plastic, celluloid, or any ■■ ' ί I I I other suitable material. ■ ■ _ j They must bfc.&ble to be passed from hand to hand. The amount of money which is repre- i sented must be marked and shown' clearly on the notes.

The notes may be shaded in different colours according to the amount of money which they represent.

!: For example, a note representing IL. 1 can be coloured red IL. 5 " " " green ; ! The shape of the n some of them polygonal and som ' ■ ' T H E P R IN C IP A L Each player receives an equal sum of money.

The players determine who plays first. The second player is the one sitting on the left of the first player, and so on (clockwise).1 I The first pla/er spins the arrow on the dial (see Figure 12) displaying the Periods, and the position to which the arrow points on dial A indicates which arrow the player must spin on one ; of the other dials in order to determine the Groups. (If the arrow on dial A points to positions 1, 2, or 3,. then the dial used to determine the Group will be dial C. If the arrow on dial A points to positions 4, 5, 6 or 7, then it will be dial B that will be used to decide the Sub-Group). The two arrows — one indicating the Period, one indicating the Group (or the Sub-Group) — determine the square on the Main Board to which the player moves. If the square represents a certain atom the player buys the atom, and pays- its value to the bank (the Atomic Number). If the square does not contain an atom, but instruction cards, the player takes the first card and cames out the instructions contained upon it. Should he be unable to carry them out, he ignores them. The card is placed at the bottom of the pile and the next player takes his turn.

The first player to reach a square on the Main Board representing an atom enjoys a double benefit. · ' - 19- ' ! is reserved only for the players who first reach squares representing atoms (on the .

Main Board). .

·' The Priority Atoms are marked with special signs so that they may be distinguished from tlie other iisntisal a^ffi§ feitenging ia tiie same- §qu§r¾. For gxa pie, Diagrams 5 and 6 show that the Priority Atoms of chlorine and potassium are marked. by a special circle around their accepted chemical symbols. (Thus, the atoms of chlorine and potassium are marked CI and K, while their Priority Atoms are marked CJ and K).

■ I 1 The various Priority Atoms which are acquired by the players during the progress of the game may not be taken by or transferred to. other players as long as they are held as single atoms by the players who acquired them. On the other hand,' riority Atoms which are contained in molecules lose this right and become ordinary atoms in every respect. In other words, a Priority Atom which is utilised for the synthesis of a molecule (or compound)does not enjoy again the privileges of a Priority Atom, and it becomes an ordinary atom. b. He acquires the square :. The right to buy the squares which represent atoms (on the Main Board) is reserved only to those players who reach those squares first. The price • of the square is equal to the Atomic Number (of the atom which is represented) X 10.

The player who first reaches the square (of a certain atom) and acquires it' will receive from each player who reaches that square during the course of the game certain sums of money. / The value of the acquired square increases during the course of the game as the player who owns the square succeeds in acquiring additional atoms belonging to that square, and in "building", for example, ores. For example, a player who succeeds in acquiring a square representing man- • ganese will receive the following sums every time a player reaches that square:- If he holds one atom of manganese (as a single atom : ), he will receive a sum equal to the value of the Molecv'ir Weight of manganese times 10.

If he has succeeded in acquiring two atoms of manganese, he can construct an ore molecule (whose symbol is Mn2 ). ! If he(holds a molecule of Mn2 he receives from any player who reaches the maganese square (on the Main Board) a sum equal to the Molecular Weight of manganese X 20.

If he holds three atoms of manganese' e can build an ore molecule (whose symbol in Mn3 ).

If he holds a molecule of Mn3 ,- he receives from any player who reaches the manganese The rules for the ore molecules (such as Mn2 , Mn3 , etc.) and Nuclear pile molecules (such as Ur2 ,: Ur3 , etc.) are the same as the rules for any other molecules (such as NaCl, HC1, etc.) Below there are described the various ineomes due to each player who acquires squares belonging to each one of the above groups. 1, ' The squares on the Maih Board which represent ores are: Manganese, Iron, Nickel, Copper,; Zinc, Silver, Gold, Lead, Mercury, Platinum, Osmium, Palladium, Strontium, Molybdenum, Zirconium, Rubidium, and Cobalt.

The profit due to the players who own the squares (which represent the above atoms) is fixed in accordance with the number of identical atoms which they have succeeded in acquiring and the ability to, construct ores from th/em.

I Every ore comprises, as stated, at least two identical atoms. The value of the ores increases ! · ! as the number of atoms they are composed of becomes larger.- in this connection, see the de- . ! , · ■ . ' · ■ · ' - / scription of the profits of the manganese square in this section. The profits due to the other ores are calculated exactly according to this principle. 2. Squares on the Main Board which represent nuclear piles: Uranium, Thorium and Plutonium.

The profit due to the players who succeed in acquiring squares on the Main Board repre-sen ting Uranium, Thorium and/or Plutonium is also fixed |in accordance with the number of 1 ! . i " ' similar atoms which have been acquired and the ability to build nuclear piles from them. Each nuclear pile comprises at least two similar atoms representing Plutonium, Thoriunvor Uranium.

The value of the piles increases as the number of similar atoms they are composed of becomes ί ' ■ greater. ' \ A player who owns Plutonium, Thorium or Uranium square will receive from other players arriving at this square the following sums: I If he holds one atom of Plutonium, /Thorium or Uranium he will receive a sum equal to the Atomic Weight X / Q.

If he holds two atoms of Plutonium, Thorium or Uranium he will receive a sum equal to the Atomic Weight X 30 X 2.

I · If he holds three atoms of Plutonium, Thorium or Uranium he will receive a sum equal to the ktomic Wieght X 3.0 X 3 ; .and so on.

I · - ■ 3, j lquit;!es npiofttntliig ifterf aio.ms.- .

: These are squares representing helium, neon, argon, etc.

I ■ . ■ - ■ The profit due to players who have acquired squares of this kind is as follows: a. . A player who has acquired only one inert gas (let us say helium) receives the following 1 sums.: If he owns one helium atom, he receives from players reaching the helium square a sum equal to' the Atomic Weight (of helium) X I .

If he has two helium atoms he receives a sum equal to the Atomic Weight of helium X 2; and so on. b. A player who has acquired' two d!ifferent squares of inert atoms will receive sums fixed in accordance with the number of identical, atoms which he has and in accordance with the number of squares which he has acquired. Thus, a player who has acquired,; for example, the squares of helium, argon, and neon, and holds, amongst others, two helium atoms will receive from a player who reaches the helium square the following sum: The Atomic Weight of helium X 2 (since he holds two helium atoms) X 3 (since he holds three squares of inert atoms); and so on. 4. Squares which represent other atoms (which have not been included in sections 1 - 3.) These squares represent usually the various non-me|tal atoms, the various gaseous atoms, ' ■ ' " . ί -and the metal atoms which cannot be used to construct ores or nuclear piles. (This is, of course, only in accordance with and subject to the rules of the game). j j A player who has acquired one of the squares belonging to this heterogenous group will receive the following sums: f If he holds only one atom belonging to a square which he has acquired he will receive I from a player reaching his square the sum equal to the atomic weight X 1. f If he holds two identical atoms belonging to a square which he has acquired he receives from a player w1-o reaches his square a sum equal to the atomic weight X 2 ; and so on. . .22- player according to the various squares which he has acquired on the Main Board. In any event, we have attempted to illustrate in this section only a small part of the total number of YgriQVis, pg§sjbjliti§s of increasing interest in the game.

The game continues in this way until one of the players, when his turn comes round, finds that he can "combine" its atoms to build a molecule.

A molecule can be constructed under the following conditions: ■ A. The player utilises only the single atoms which he has bought during the game. In this case he receives from the bank a sum to the value of the constructed molecule (the sum total / of Atomic Weights, i.e. the Molecular Weight). j / I B. The player utilises both his own atoms and those of the other players. Let us assume that one player has an oxygen atom (O), another player has a single hydrogen atom (H), and a third player also has a single hydrogen atom(H). In this case, the one player may buy the atoms of the other two players,. paying their value (their atomic number) for them, and thus he constructs a molecule of water (H2Q).

The player is usually permitted to buy from other players only single atoms (i.e. not yet contained in molecules); the player buys atoms only in his turn. He may buy atoms only on condition that he is able to utilise them to construct a molecule.

C. A player may break up his molecules in his turn, and construct othe : „ J.or.i them.

The bank pays monetary prizes (premiums) to every player who succeeds in constructing certain molecules relating to very well defined- groups in chemistry.

For example: 1.. For the synthesis of a molecule of an oxide containing 1 oxygen atom, the bank pays 100. 2. For the synthesis of a molecule of an oxide containing 2 oxygen atoms, the bank pays 1000. 3. For the synthesis of a molecule of an oxide containing 3 oxygen atoms, the bank pays 2000. 4. For the synthesis of a molecule of a phosphate containing the radical of P0 the bank / pays 3000.

. For the synthesis of a molecule of sulphide containing 1 atom of sulphur the bank pays 200. 6. For the synthesis of a molecule of a sulphide containing 2 atoms of sulphur the bank pays 7. Fdr the synthesis of a molecule of a carbide the bank pays the sum of 1000. ■ 8. . For the synthesis of a molecule of a sulphate containing the radical S04 the bank pays I 3000. ■ 9: For the synthesis of a molecule of an acid containing 1 atom of hydrogen the bank pays 100.

. For the synthesis of a molecule of an acid containing 2 atoms of hydrogen the bank pays- 1000. i I / - 1 1 : For the synthesis of a molecule of an acid containing 3 atoms of hydrogen the bank pays 2000. 12. For the synthesis of a molecule of a base containing 1 hydroxyl radical the bank pays 200. 13. For the'synthesis of a molecule of a base containing 2 hydroxyl radicals the bank pays 2000. : ' 14. For the synthesis of a- molecule of a base containing 3 hydroxyl radicals the bank pays . 3000.

. For the synthesis of a molecule being a complex the bank pays 4000. 16. For the synthesis of a molecule of a salt containing water of hydration the bank pays 8000. etc. i ! Clearly, these amounts of money are paid to players in addition to the normal profit which they receive (according to the Molecular Weight of the molecule) in each' and every case. ' 1 - ■ ί Molecules may be broken up in the following cases: Ί A. Every player is permitted to break up in his turn one or more of the molecules which belong to him, but only on condition that he is able to utilise at least part of the atoms from the broken-up molecules for the synthesis of new molecules.

It is clear that the player who breaks up his own molecules receives no money from the bank for this action. On the other hand, he receives the profits ' wh 1ich are due to him for the f new molecules which he has built. The profits due to him are of course conditional upon the nature of the -nolecules which he has constructed.

/ B. A player is permitted to break up in his turn molecules belonging to the other players only if the following conditions pertain: 1. I He has succeeded in acquiring during the game Instruction Cards permitting him to break 2. He can utilise the molecules of-the other players for a chemical reaction. For example, (I) Player A who holds the molecule of HQ, is permitted to utilise the molecule NaOH j HCl + NaOH — > NaCl + H20 I ! . .

(II) Player ' A who holds the molecule of NaOH is permitted to utilise the molecule NaOH I ■ ■ of Player B and the molecule H2 S0 of Player C in the following reaction: 2 NaOH + • H2 SoJ = Na2 S04 + 2H20. '' (III) Player A who holds the molecule AgN03 is permitted to utilise the molecule NaCl . of player B in the following reaction: A.gN03 ÷ NaCl ► AgCl + NaN03 . . . and so on.

! The ability itself of utilising molecules of other players in chemical reactions is subject to the following conditions: ■ I- . . - . · ' · . ■ ■ ' a. - The player can carry out in his turn only one reaction. b. The player who carries out the reaction is permitted to utilise only one molecule from ' . i any other player. Thus,. when the reaction has three components (as for example (a) + (b) + : i ■ (c) ► products) there in fact exist only the following two possibilities of constructing it: I. The player who carries out the reaction contributes the molecule (a) and the player B contributes the molecule (b), while the player C contributes the molecule (c). j I II. The player who carries out the reaction contributes two molecules (a) and (b), or (a) and (c), or (b) and (c); while Player B contributes the remaining molecule, (c) The player who car- . ries out the reaction must always contribute at least one of its molecules. 3. The player may break up molecules containing identical atoms (such as 02 , N2 ,o'res, or nuclear piles) which other players have, only if he has obtained during the course of the game an Instruction Card which permits him to do this. 4. A player who is in financial difficulties may break up the molecules he has and sell them to another player (or to the bank) on the clear condition that he has acquired an appropriate Instruction Card which permits him to do so. The players who agree to buy these molecules transfer them to their areas, and pay for their value (the Molecular Weight) to the player who is selling. ' ■· ■ I The player receives no money for the act of carrying out the reaction. On the ot hand, he may receive all the profits cue to him in accordance with the number and the nature It should be pointed out here that in these games suitable for beginners, this part · which relates to the possibility of carrying out chemical reactions may be omitted, since the carrying out of reactions in itself requires a more advanced knowledge of chemistry.

The game may be concluded in one of the following ways, for example: a. The players fix at the beginning of the game a time limit for the game. The time is fixed arbitrarily and depends upon the wishes of the players alone. V/e recommend a time period of between two and five hours, the most preferable time being from three to four hours. When the game ends, each player totals the money in cash which he has in his possession. For the purposes of estimating the amount of money which the player has, he calculates -the single atoms, the molecules,' the ores, 'the piles, etc. which he has. The value of the single atoms and molecules (including ores, -piles, etc.) is fixed in accordance with their atomic or molecular weight. For example, a player, at the end of the game, has monetary notes to the value of 10,000; also single atoms of sodium, hydrogen, . and lithium; and molecules of water, common salt,' and phosphoric acid; and ores of zinc (consistin of three atoms), , and copper (consisting of two atoms); and also a nucle?" · " - of Uranium (composed of two atoms); he will calculate the money which he has in the following way: · Money in notes 10,000 Weight of single atoms: Sodium 23 Hydrogen Lithium 7 The Weight of the molecules: Water / The molecular eight of the ores: ._ Zinc (3 atoms) 195 - Copper (2 atoms) 128 1 I -26- I i . ■ ! ■ As stated, the sum which the player has at the end of the game is 1 1 ,004.

Clearly, the winner is the player who has the highest sum of money.

I in accumulating a given sum of money (in notes), fixed by the players at the beginning of the game. For exa.-.iple, we assume that the players have decided at the beginning of the game that the first player who succeeds in accumulating the sum of 10,000 (in notes) will be declared winner. The game continues, therefore, until one of the players succeeds in accumulating the above sum./ c. It is possible also to play the game without any time limit, that is, until only one player is left. In other words, during the course of the game, those players who cannot withstand the financial burden will lose their property,and dropped out.It is clear that the player who succeeds in sustaining his position and remains last (after all the other players have dropped out) 1 / · is declared winner. d. · The players can agree at the outset that the game will continue until one of the players succeeds in constructing a nuclear pile of uranium (for example). In such a case, it may be decided that the first player who succeeds in constructing a nuclear pile of uranium (including for example two atoms) will be declared winner. e. It may be decided that the game will continue until an Instruction Card to the effect that at that moment the game ends is turned up (or acquired). It is clear that the player who at that moment has the largest amount of money, is declared winner. In such a case the amount of money that every player has is calculated, as described. in section (a) above.

NOTE: Concerning sections (a) and (d), it may be decided that the winner will be the player who, at the time of the cessation of play, has the molecule containing the largest number of atoms, or the molecule whose Molecular Weight is the highest. It is clear that any decision of this kind relating to possible ways of concluding the game, or fixing the winner (or both of ^ these) may be altered by the players and carried out according to their wishes and decisions.

It is possible to include in the game (after certain modifications) organic molecules also. In other words, a player may construct organic molecules and even use them in the various

Claims (12)

f versed and increase their knowledge in chemistry. In view of this, we may mention with satisfaction that those who played outstandingly well succeeded in constructing fairly complicated molecules, such as molecules of complexes and organic compounds. WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:

1. A game adapted to increase the players' knowledge of chemistry which comprises a main board having a plurality of spaces thereon, a plurality of said spaces having chemical elements designated thereon, means operating by chance to select one of said spaces, a plurality of pieces designating atoms of said chemical elements, and a plurality of instruction cards containing various instructions which must be fulfilled by the players, said cards being adapted to be placed on said spaces which contain no designation of an element thereon.

2. A game according to claim 1 , wherein said spaces on said main board are arranged in columns and rows and said selecting means comprises a plurality of dials having pointers freely rotatable thereon to indicate a selected column and row on said main board.

3. A game according to claim 2, wherein said spaces on said main board are arranged in the form of the Periodic Table of the elements.

4. A game according to claim 1 further comprising at least one auxiliary board adapted to receive said chemical element pieces.

5. A game according to claim 1 , wherein said chemical element pieces are in the form of cards each having an element, its atomic number and its atomic weight designated thereon.

6. A game according to claim 1 , wherein said chemical element pieces are in the form of cards, said cards designating metal atoms having protuberances thereon, the number of said protuberances on each card being equal to the valence of said metal atom, said cards designating non-metal atoms having cut-outs therein adapted to receive said protuberances, the number of said cut-outs on each card being equal to the valence of said non-metal atoms, said metal and non-metal atom cards being adapted to be connected to each other.

7. A game according to claim 1 , wherein said chemical element pieces are in the form of cards each having an element designated thereon, said cards representing metal atoms each 4 -29- shape being equal to the valence of said metal atom, said cards designating non-metal atoms having at least one edge thereof of a distinctive shape complementary to that of said metal atom cards and being adapted to fit together, the number of edges containing said shape being equal to the valence of said non-metal atom, said metal and non-metal atom cards being adapted to be connected to each other.

8. A game according to claim 1 , wherein said chemical element pieces are in the form of solid blocks each having an element designated thereon, the blocks representing metal atoms being of a shape different than the blocks representing non-metal atoms, said blocks having bores therein, the number of said bores corresponding to the valence of the element represented, and means fitting into said openings adapted to connect said metal atoms to said non-metal atoms.

9. A game according to claim 1 , wherein said chemical element pieces are in the form of solid bodies having an element designated thereon, a protruding foot being attached to each said solid body, at least one bores opening in each of the spaces on said main board designating a chemical element, said opening being of such shape and size as to receive the protruding foot of one of said element pieces.

10. A game according to claim 9, further including at least one auxiliary board having a plurality of openings therein each opening adapted to receive the protruding foot of one of said element pieces.

11. 1 1. A game according to claim 9 wherein the chemical element piece designating metals atoms are of a shape differing from the shape of the element piece'designating non-metal atoms.

12. A game according to claim 1 , wherein said spaces on said main board having chemical elements designated thereon also contain the atomic number and the atomic weight of the element designated thereon, and a plurality of monetary notes of various units designating sums of money.