JP2004285182A - Glyceride and its manufacturing process - Google Patents

Glyceride and its manufacturing process Download PDF

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Publication number
JP2004285182A
JP2004285182A JP2003078352A JP2003078352A JP2004285182A JP 2004285182 A JP2004285182 A JP 2004285182A JP 2003078352 A JP2003078352 A JP 2003078352A JP 2003078352 A JP2003078352 A JP 2003078352A JP 2004285182 A JP2004285182 A JP 2004285182A
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Prior art keywords
dpa
glyceride
fatty acid
weight
fatty acids
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JP3840459B2 (en
Inventor
Yuji Shimada
裕司 島田
Hisahiro Nagao
寿浩 永尾
Yoshi Watanabe
嘉 渡辺
Akio Sugihara
耿雄 杉原
Yoshihiro Hirata
喜洋 平田
Yasuaki Ota
康朗 太田
Yasuhisa Fuse
靖久 布施
Yasumasa Kodo
泰昌 黄堂
Hiroshi Nishigaki
広志 西垣
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KOYO FINE CHEMICAL KK
Spirulina Bio Lab Ltd
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KOYO FINE CHEMICAL KK
Spirulina Bio Lab Ltd
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  • Preparation Of Compounds By Using Micro-Organisms (AREA)
  • Acyclic And Carbocyclic Compounds In Medicinal Compositions (AREA)
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Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a glyceride containing docosapentaenoic acid as a constituent fatty acid in a high ratio. <P>SOLUTION: The manufacturing process of the glyceride which contains ≥10 wt.% docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) as a constituent fatty acid includes a step in which a raw material fat and oil containing a glyceride containing less than 5 wt.% of DPA as a constituent fatty acid is hydrolyzed using an enzyme liberating DPA preferentially over the other constituent fatty acids, a step in which the fatty acid fraction containing DPA or its ester is isolated and recovered from the hydrolyzed product obtained and a step in which the glyceride is synthesized from the recovered fatty acid fraction and glycerin. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2005,JPO&NCIPI

Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、構成脂肪酸としてドコサペンタエン酸を含有するグリセリドおよびその製造方法に関する。さらに、本発明は、構成脂肪酸としてドコサペンタエン酸を含有するグリセリドを含む医薬品、食品素材、健康食品および飼料に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
マグロ、イワシ、サバ、サンマ、アジ、サケなどの魚類、甲殻類、貝類などの海産動物の脂質(グリセリドやリン脂質など);藻類や微生物の脂質;あるいはアザラシなどの海獣の油脂を構成する脂肪酸中には、高度不飽和脂肪酸が多く含まれている。このような高度不飽和脂肪酸として、n−3系列のエイコサペンタエン酸(以下、EPAということがある)、ドコサヘキサエン酸(以下、DHAということがある)、およびドコサペンタエン酸(以下、DPAということがある)が知られている。
【0003】
このうち、EPAは、高い血管内皮細胞遊走活性を有し、動脈硬化あるいは高脂血症などの予防および症状の改善効果を示すことが知られている。このような生理活性が注目され、EPA、そのエチルエステルおよびEPAを構成脂肪酸として含有するグリセリドは、医薬品、食品素材、健康食品、飼料素材などとして広く利用されている。
【0004】
一方、DPAは、血管新生抑制活性を有し(特許文献1参照)、EPAやDHAよりも高い抗動脈硬化活性や抗ガン活性を持つ可能性があるため、食品あるいは医薬品への応用が期待されている。
【0005】
一般に、高度不飽和脂肪酸を含有する油脂には、n−3系の高度不飽和脂肪酸であるDPA、DHAおよびEPAが同時に含まれており、DHAおよびEPAは、DPAの数倍含まれている場合が多い。例えば、サケ油においてはDPA/DHA比(重量比)が約1/5であり、アザラシ油においては、DPA/DHA比が約1/2である。また、比較的DPAを多く含み、健康食品として利用されているアザラシ油やサケ油などにおいても、DPAの絶対量は少なく、グリセリドの構成脂肪酸として、3〜4重量%程度含まれるにすぎない。
【0006】
そこで、構成脂肪酸としてDPAをより多く含有するグリセリド(油脂)の開発が検討されている。例えば、特許文献2には、DPA高含有油を製造する方法として、アザラシ油脂あるいはサケ油脂に、DPAを基質として認識しにくいリパーゼを作用させて、グリセリド中のDPA以外の脂肪酸を優先的に加水分解して、この脂肪酸を除去することにより、DPAの含量が高められたグリセリドを得る方法が報告されている。現段階においては、この特許文献2の方法が最も効率よくDPA高含有油を製造する方法であると思われる。しかし、この方法では、DPAを最も多く含むアザラシやサケのグリセリドを原料としても、DPAを8重量%以上含有する油の製造は困難である。
【0007】
【特許文献1】
特開2002−308765号公報
【特許文献2】
特開2002−80887号公報
【非特許文献1】
辻 雅子他、ドコサペンタエン酸による血管新生抑制作用、血管、vol.25、No.1 p.5、2002
【0008】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
そこで、構成脂肪酸としてDPAをさらに多く含有するグリセリドが望まれている。
【0009】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明は、構成脂肪酸の10重量%以上がドコサペンタエン酸(DPA)であるグリセリドを提供する。
【0010】
また、本発明は、構成脂肪酸の10重量%以上がDPAであるグリセリドの製造方法を提供し、その方法は(1)DPAを構成脂肪酸として5重量%未満の量で含有するグリセリドを含む原料油脂を、DPAを他の構成脂肪酸よりも優先的に遊離させる酵素を用いて加水分解する工程;(2)工程(1)で得られた加水分解生成物から、DPA含有画分を分離・回収する工程;および(3)該回収したDPA含有画分とグリセリンとから、グリセリドを合成する工程;を含む方法である。
【0011】
好ましい実施態様においては、前記原料油脂が、サケ油脂またはアザラシ油脂である。
【0012】
本発明は、さらに、構成脂肪酸の10重量%以上がDPAであるグリセリドを含む、医薬品、食品素材、健康食品、または飼料を提供する。
【0013】
【発明の実施の形態】
(原料油脂)
本発明に用いられる原料油脂は、基本的にDPAを構成脂肪酸として10重量%未満の量で含む油脂であればよく、その起源は問わない。好ましくは、水棲動物(例えば、アザラシなどの海洋哺乳類、サケ、マンボウなどの魚類、海蛇など)、藻類、微生物などに由来する油脂が用いられる。好ましい原料油脂としては、例えば、サケ油(構成脂肪酸中のDPA含量:約3重量%)やアザラシ油(構成脂肪酸中のDPA含量:約4重量%)が挙げられる。
【0014】
(グリセリド)
本明細書でグリセリドというときは、モノグリセリド、ジグリセリド、およびトリグリセリドの混合物を意味する。
【0015】
(ドコサペンタエン酸を含有するグリセリドの製造方法)
本発明の、DPAを構成脂肪酸として10重量%以上含有するグリセリドの製造方法は、以下の第1〜第3工程:
第1工程:DPAを構成脂肪酸として5重量%未満の量で含有するグリセリドを含む原料油脂を、DPAを他の構成脂肪酸よりも優先的に遊離する酵素を用いて加水分解する工程;
第2工程:第1工程で得られた加水分解生成物から、DPA含有画分を分離・回収する工程;および
第3工程:回収したDPA含有画分とグリセリンとから、グリセリドを合成する工程;を含む。以下、第1工程から第3工程を詳しく説明する。
【0016】
(第1工程)
第1工程は、原料油脂を加水分解する工程である。この工程では、原料油脂から、できるだけDPAを多く遊離させる。そのために、DPAを、他の構成脂肪酸よりも優先的に、グリセリドから遊離させる酵素を用いて原料油脂を加水分解する。一般に、DPAを含有する油脂には、DPAの他にも、DHAおよびEPAなどのn−3高度不飽和脂肪酸が含有されている。しかし、原料油脂中のDPAの含有量は低く、n−3高度不飽和脂肪酸中のDPA濃度もEPA濃度に比べて非常に低いため、グリセリドからDPAを優先的に遊離させ、遊離脂肪酸中のDPA/DHA比(重量比)をできるだけ高くすることが好ましい。サケ油脂を原料とする場合は、DPA/DHA比を1/5より大きくすることが好ましく、アザラシ油脂を原料とする場合は、DPA/DHA比を1/2より大きくすることが好ましい。
【0017】
酵素としては、油脂のエステル結合を加水分解するリパーゼの使用が好ましい。従って、この第1工程では、グリセリド中のDPAを他の構成脂肪酸よりも優先的に遊離させるリパーゼを用いて、原料油脂を加水分解することが好ましい。酵素としては、DPAを最も優先的に遊離させることが好ましいが、少なくともDHAよりもDPAをグリセリドから優先的に遊離する酵素であれば、特に制限なく使用できる。
【0018】
グリセリドからDPAをDHAよりも優先的に遊離させるリパーゼとしては、起源を問わず、微生物、動・植物などいずれの起源のリパーゼであってもよい。例えば、キャンディダ(Candida)属、ゲオトリカム(Geotrichum)属、リゾプス(Rhizopus)属、リゾムコール(Rhizomucor)属、ペニシリウム(Penicillium)属、アスペルギルス(Aspergillus)属、テルモミセス(Thermomyces)属、アルカリゲネス(Alcaligenes)属などの微生物に由来するリパーゼ、あるいはブタ膵臓などの動物に由来するリパーゼなどが利用できる。
【0019】
好ましくは、リゾプス・オリゼ(R. oryzae)、リゾムコール・ミーハイ(R. miehei)、テルモミセス・ラヌギノーサ(T. lanuginosa)、キャンディダ・ルゴーサ(C. rugosa)由来のリパーゼが用いられる。最も好ましくは、キャンディダ・ルゴーサ(C. rugosa)由来のリパーゼが用いられる。
【0020】
なお、酵素は遊離型の酵素であってもよいし、イオン交換樹脂、セラミックス、活性炭、炭酸カルシウムなどの担体に固定化した酵素(固定化酵素)であってもよい。
【0021】
市販の遊離型の酵素としては、例えば、リパーゼOF(名糖産業製:キャンディダ・ルゴーサ由来)、リパーゼAY(天野エンザイム製:キャンディダ・ルゴーサ由来)、タリパーゼ(田辺製薬製:リゾプス・オリゼ由来)、ノボザイム(Novozym)388(ノボザイムズ製:リゾムコール・ミーハイ由来)、リポザイム(Lipozyme)TL100L(ノボザイムズ製:テルモミセス・ラヌギノーサ由来)、リパーゼQLM(名糖産業製:アルカリゲネス属由来)などが挙げられる。また、市販の固定化酵素としては、リポザイムRMIM(ノボザイムズ製:リゾムコール・ミーハイ由来)、リポザイムTLIM(ノボザイムズ製:テルモミセス・ラヌギノーサ由来)などが挙げられる。
【0022】
加水分解反応は、分解反応液中の水分量を5〜95重量%、好ましくは20〜70重量%とし、反応温度を10〜70℃、好ましくは20〜50℃、酵素量を分解反応液1g当たり1〜5000Uが好ましく、5〜1000Uとするのがより好ましい。なお、酵素1Uとは、オリーブ油を基質として30℃で加水分解し、1分間に1μmolの脂肪酸を遊離する活性である。
【0023】
反応時間は反応条件によって異なるが、操作性を考慮して5〜72時間に設定することが好ましい。なお、反応は、n−3系高度不飽和脂肪酸の熱や酸化に対する不安定性を考慮して、窒素気流下あるいは窒素を封入して行うことが好ましい。
【0024】
できるだけ高いDPA含有量を有する遊離脂肪酸を得るためには、DPAを優先的に遊離させ、そして、加水分解率が高くなるように、設定することが必要となる。サケ油あるいはアザラシ油を用いる場合には、DPAを優先的に遊離させて、上記DPA/DHA比をできるだけ大きくし、加水分解率を、好ましくは約50〜95%、より好ましくは約75〜95%に設定することが好ましい。DPA/DHA比および原料油の加水分解率は、使用する酵素の特性に基づいて、決定される。
【0025】
(第2工程)
第2工程は、第1工程で得られた加水分解生成物から、DPA含有画分を分離・回収する工程である。このDPA含有画分には、DPAなどの遊離脂肪酸が含まれる。DHAよりも優先的にDPAが遊離される結果、この遊離脂肪酸中のDPA含量は、原料油脂の構成脂肪酸中のDPA含量よりも大きくなる。
【0026】
また、このDPA含有画分には、DPAを始めとする遊離脂肪酸の他に、グリセリドが含まれていてもよい。グリセリドがDPA含有画分中に存在しても、グリセリドは、次の第3工程におけるDPAのエステル化反応を阻害しないうえ、グリセリド間におけるエステル交換反応に寄与する。従って、第2工程では、DPAを含有する遊離脂肪酸とグリセリドを厳密に分離しなくてもよい。
【0027】
この第2工程では、第1工程で生じた遊離脂肪酸を回収するために、当業者が一般的に用いる方法が用いられる。例えば、蒸留法、溶媒分画法、各種のクロマトグラフィー、アルカリ脱酸法などを採用することができるが、操作性と経済性を考慮すると蒸留法、あるいはヘキサン抽出法が好ましい。DPAが医薬品あるいは食品であること、コストなどを考慮すると、蒸留法、溶媒分画法(低温分別法を含む)を単独で行うか、あるいはこれらを組み合わせた方法が好ましい。
【0028】
DPA含有脂肪酸画分は、第1工程で得られた加水分解物を数段階の分子蒸留に供することによってを調製することができる。第1段階は、160〜230℃、26.6〜0.13Pa(0.2〜0.001mmHg)の条件で蒸留し、炭素数18以下の遊離脂肪酸を優先的に留出させる(第1留分)。第2段階は、第1段階の残渣を180〜250℃、26.6〜0.13Pa(0.2〜0.001mmHg)の条件で蒸留し、炭素数20以上の遊離脂肪酸(DPA、DHAなどの炭素数22のn−3系高度不飽和脂肪酸を含む脂肪酸)を留分(第2留分)として得ることができる。この第2留分には、炭素数18以下の脂肪酸が含まれる場合がある。しかし、この第2留分を再度160〜230℃、26.6〜0.13Pa(0.2〜0.001mmHg)の条件で蒸留することにより、第2留分中の炭素数18以下の脂肪酸は蒸留留分として除去され、DPA含有画分が蒸留残渣として回収される。なお、このDPA含有画分中にグリセリドが含まれていても特に問題がないことは、上記の通りである。
【0029】
(第3工程)
第3工程は、第2工程で得られたDPA含有画分とグリセリンとを反応させ(エステル化反応)、DPAを高濃度で含有するグリセリドを合成する反応である。
【0030】
この第3工程で行われるエステル化反応は、化学法あるいは酵素法のいずれの方法で行ってもよい。化学法では、アルカリ条件、高温条件下で行う必要があるので、高度不飽和脂肪酸であるDPAなどの安定性に問題がある。また、化学法においては、DPA含有脂肪酸画分中のDPA濃度が、直接的に、グリセリド中のDPAの濃度として反映されるだけである。これに対して、酵素法では、DPAなどの高度不飽和脂肪酸の熱や酸化に対する不安定性を考慮して、窒素気流下あるいは窒素を封入して、20〜50℃程度の比較的低い温度で行うことができる。さらに、DPAをDHAよりも優先的にグリセリンあるいはグリセリドに導入し得る能力を有する酵素を用いた場合には、グリセリドの構成脂肪酸中のDPA濃度を、反応に供試するDPA含有脂肪酸画分のDPA濃度よりも高くすることができる。従って、酵素法の方が好ましい。
【0031】
なお、DPA含有画分にグリセリドが混在している場合、エステル化反応の条件下で、部分グリセリド間におけるエステル交換反応も進行し、DPAを含有するグリセリドが生成する場合がある。
【0032】
この第3工程に用いられる酵素としては、脂肪酸とグリセリンを共に基質として認識する酵素、特にリパーゼであれば制限はない。このようなリパーゼの中でも、DPAを基質として優先的に認識し、DPAをグリセリンに転移しやすいリパーゼを用いることがより好ましい。
【0033】
このようなDPAを基質として優先的に認識しするリパーゼとしては、起源を問わず、微生物、動・植物などいずれの起源のリパーゼであってもよい。例えば、キャンディダ(Candida)属、ゲオトリカム(Geotrichum)属、リゾプス(Rhizopus)属、リゾムコール(Rhizomucor)属、ペニシリウム(Penicillium)属、アスペルギルス(Aspergillus)属、テルモミセス(Thermomyces)属、シュードモナス(Pseudomonas)属、ブルクホルデリア(Burkholderia)属、アルカリゲネス(Alcaligenes)属、バシラス(Bacillus)属などの微生物に由来するリパーゼ、あるいはブタ膵臓などの動物に由来するリパーゼなどが利用できる。
【0034】
好ましくは、リゾプス属、リゾムコール属、テルモミセス属、キャンディダ属、アルカリゲネス(Alcaligenes)属の微生物に由来するリパーゼが用いられる。
【0035】
より好ましくは、リゾプス・オリゼ(R. oryzae)、リゾムコール・ミーハイ(R. miehei)、テルモミセス・ラヌギノーサ(T. lanuginosa)、アルカリゲネス(Alcaligenes)属の微生物に由来するリパーゼが用いられる。
【0036】
なお、酵素は遊離型の酵素であってもよいし、イオン交換樹脂、セラミックス、活性炭、炭酸カルシウムなどの担体に固定化した酵素(固定化酵素)であってもよい。
【0037】
市販の遊離型の酵素としては、タリパーゼ(田辺製薬製:リゾプス・オリゼ由来)、ノボザイム388(ノボザイムズ製:リゾムコール・ミーハイ由来)、リポザイムTL100L(ノボザイムズ製:テルモミセス・ラヌギノーサ由来)、リパーゼQLM(名糖産業製:アルカリゲネス属由来)などが挙げられる。また、市販の固定化酵素としては、リポザイムRMIM(ノボザイムズ製:リゾムコール・ミーハイ由来)、リポザイムTLIM(ノボザイムズ製:テルモミセス・ラヌギノーサ由来)などが挙げられる。
【0038】
また、リパーゼには、トリグリセリドの1,3−位のエステル結合のみを認識する1,3−位特異的リパーゼと3つのエステル結合を全て認識する非特異的リパーゼとが存在する。DPAを効率よくグリセロール中に取りこませるためには、非特異的酵素が好ましい。しかし、酵素反応中に自発的なアシル基転移が起こるため、トリグリセリドを合成したい場合でも、1,3−位特異的酵素を利用することができる。
【0039】
遊離型酵素を用いたエステル化反応(部分グリセリド間でのエステル交換反応も含む)では、反応液中の水分ができるだけ低くなるように、できるだけ高濃度の酵素水溶液を調製して用いることが好ましい。反応液中の水分濃度は、0.1〜10重量%程度であることが好ましく、0.5〜5重量%であることがさらに好ましい。反応液中の酵素量(リパーゼ量)は、反応液1g当たり50〜20000Uであることが好ましく、50〜5000Uであることがさらに好ましい。
【0040】
固定化酵素(固定化リパーゼ)を使用するときには、固定化酵素を、反応液1g当たり、50〜20000U、より好ましくは、50〜5000Uとなるように加えることが好ましい。市販のリパーゼを用いる場合、反応液中に固定化リパーゼが1〜30重量%、好ましくは2〜15重量%含まれるようにすることが好ましい。
【0041】
第3工程のエステル化反応において、反応させる脂肪酸とグリセリンとのモル比は、以下のように決定される。DPA含有画分がグリセリドを含まない場合、DPA含有画分中の遊離脂肪酸と添加するグリセリンとのモル比が、エステル化反応系のモル比とされる。DPA含有画分がグリセリドを含む場合、遊離脂肪酸とグリセリドの構成脂肪酸とを合計した脂肪酸のモル数と、グリセリドを構成するグリセリンと添加するグリセリンとを合計したグリセリンのモル数との比率が、エステル化反応系のモル比とされる。以下、上記2つの場合を含めて、脂肪酸とグリセリンのモル比(脂肪酸/グリセリンのモル比)ということとする。
【0042】
脂肪酸とグリセリンのモル比は、最終的に取得したいグリセリドの組成を考慮して決定すればよい。遊離脂肪酸を効率よくグリセリドに取り込ませることを主目的とし、トリグリセリドの他に部分グリセリド(モノグリセリド、ジグリセリド)が生成してもよい場合は、反応液中の脂肪酸/グリセリンのモル比は、3以下とすればよい。なお、脂肪酸/グリセリンのモル比が3以下の場合、遊離脂肪酸の90%以上がグリセリンに取りこまれるので、DPA画分中のDPA含量がそのままグリセリドを構成する脂肪酸のDPA含量に反映される傾向にある。従って、グリセリドの構成脂肪酸中のDPA含量が、DPA含有画分中のDPA含量よりも上昇することはあまり期待できない。
【0043】
反応生成物中のトリグリセリドの含量をできるだけ高くする目的であれば、反応液中の脂肪酸/グリセリンのモル比は、3以上、好ましくは4以上とすればよい。この条件で、上記のDPAを基質として優先的に認識する酵素(リパーゼ)を用いると、DPAが優先的にグリセリド中に取り込まれるため、反応に用いたDPA含有画分中のDPA含有量よりも、得られるグリセリドの構成脂肪酸中のDPA含有量を高くすることができる。
【0044】
遊離型のリパーゼを触媒としてエステル化反応(部分グリセリド間でのエステル交換反応も含む)を行う場合、酵素を水に溶解して反応に用いる場合がある。また、遊離脂肪酸を基質として用いた場合、エステル化反応によって水が生成する。反応液に水が存在する場合には、この水を反応液から除去することにより、グリセリドの合成率を高めることができる。従って、エステル化反応は水を除去するために、減圧下、例えば、13.3〜4000Pa(0.1〜30mmHg)、好ましくは133〜2000Pa(1〜15mmHg)で、あるいは乾燥窒素を爆気し、攪拌しながら行うことが好ましい。このような条件は、DPAなどの高度不飽和脂肪酸の酸化防止などの点からも好ましい。
【0045】
自発的アシル基転移反応は、反応系中に存在する水分量や温度などの影響を受ける。特に1,3−位特異的リパーゼを触媒とするときには、水分量と温度の影響を考慮する必要がある。特に、遊離型酵素を用いる場合、脱水状態ではグリセリドの合成反応が阻害されることもある。したがって、用いる酵素によって、水分量と反応温度を考慮することが好ましい。一般的な条件として、水分量は、0.1〜5重量%であることが好ましい。反応温度は20〜80℃が好ましく、30〜70℃がより好ましい。
【0046】
反応時間は、反応条件によって異なるが、操作性を考慮して10時間〜4日に設定することが好ましい。なお、反応は、高度不飽和脂肪酸の熱や酸化に対する不安定性を考慮し、窒素気流下あるいは窒素を封入して行うことが好ましい。
【0047】
エステル化反応あるいはエステル交換反応が終了した後、構成脂肪酸としてDPAを10重量%以上、好ましくは15重量%以上含むグリセリドは、当業者が通常用いる方法、例えば、水洗法、蒸留法、有機溶媒(例えば、n−ヘキサンなど)による分画法、アルカリ脱酸法、イオン交換クロマトグラフィーなどの方法を単独で、あるいは組み合わせて、回収される。
【0048】
【実施例】
以下、本発明を、実施例に基づいて説明するが、本発明がこの実施例に限定されることはない。
【0049】
本発明における、加水分解率、エステル化率、グリセリド、および脂肪酸組成は、以下の方法で測定した。加水分解率は、原料油のケン化価とアルカリ(KOH)滴定によって求めた反応液の酸価をもとに算出した。エステル化率は、反応前後の反応液の酸価を求め、消費された脂肪酸量から算出した。反応液中の脂肪酸、モノグリセリド、ジグリセリド、およびトリグリセリドは、ヘキサン/酢酸エチル/酢酸(=90/10/1:容量比)の混合溶媒を用いてTLCで展開した後、TLC/FIDアナライザー(イヤトロスキャン;ヤトロン社製)で分析した。脂肪酸組成は、脂肪酸をメチル化した後、DB−23キャピラリーカラム(0.25mm×30m;J&W Scientific社製)を用いたガスクロマトグラフィーにより分析した。カラム温度は、150℃で0.5分間、150〜170℃までを4℃/分、170〜195℃までを5℃/分、195〜215℃までを10℃/分で昇温し、215℃で11分間維持した。
【0050】
(実施例1)
アザラシ油3gと水3g、および表1に記載の各種のリパーゼを、反応混液1g当たり200Uになるように加え、攪拌しながら、30℃で3時間および48時間インキュベートした。反応後、アルカリ条件下で反応液をヘキサン抽出することにより、反応液中の未反応グリセリドを除去した。脂肪酸石鹸を含んだ水層に塩酸を加えて酸性に戻し、遊離脂肪酸をヘキサン抽出して回収した。表1に加水分解率、遊離脂肪酸画分の脂肪酸組成、DPA/DHA比(重量比)、および遊離脂肪酸画分中のDPA量の、原料油脂中のDPA量に対する割合(以下、単にDPAの回収率という)を示す。
【0051】
【表1】

Figure 2004285182
【0052】
表1の結果は、キャンディダ・ルゴーサ(C. rugosa)、リゾプス・オリゼ(R. oryzae)、リゾムコール・ミーハイ(R. miehei)、テルモミセス・ラヌギノーサ(T. lanuginosa)、およびシュードモナス・アエルギノーサ(P.aeruginosa)由来のリパーゼを用いることにより、DPA/DHAの比率(重量比)がコントロール(原料油脂)よりも増加したことから、DPAのエステル結合をDHAのエステル結合よりも優先的に加水分解することを示している。
【0053】
キャンディダ・ルゴーサ(C. rugosa)由来のリパーゼは、加水分解率も高く、DPA/DHAの比率も高いうえ、DPAの回収率も高い。リゾプス・オリゼ(R. oryzae)、リゾムコール・ミーハイ(R. miehei)、およびテルモミセス・ラヌギノーサ(T. lanuginosa)由来のリパーゼは、DPAのエステル結合をDHAのエステル結合よりも優先的に分解する能力は高いが、加水分解率が高くないため、DPAを含む遊離脂肪酸の回収率は、キャンディダ・ルゴーサ(C. rugosa)の場合よりも劣る。シュードモナス・アエルギノーサ(P.aeruginosa)由来のリパーゼは、加水分解率が高いが、DPAの選択性の面では、上記リパーゼよりも劣る。Alcaligenesのリパーゼ、およびシュードモナスのリパーゼ(リパーゼPS)で高い加水分解率が得られるが、DPAを優先的に遊離させる能力に劣り、遊離脂肪酸画分のDHAに対するDPAの含量を高めることはできなかった(DPA/DHAの重量比は原料油脂とほぼ同じであった)。
【0054】
以上の結果に基づいて、以下の実施例2では、キャンディダ・ルゴーサ(C. rugosa)のリパーゼ(リパーゼOF; 名糖産業製)を触媒として用いることとした。
【0055】
(実施例2)
アザラシ油100kg、水66.7kg、および反応混液1g当たり200UのリパーゼOF(名糖産業製)からなる混液を、35℃で48時間攪拌しながらインキュベートした(加水分解率91.5%)。反応液を200℃、2.7Pa(0.02mmHg)で分子蒸留し、85.7kgの留分1と11.1kgの残渣1を回収した。残渣1を210℃、2.7Pa(0.02mmHg)で蒸留し、3.8kgの留分2と7.0kgの残渣2を得た。原料油脂であるアザラシ油、留分1および留分2の脂肪酸組成を表2に示す。
【0056】
【表2】
Figure 2004285182
【0057】
留分1には、主に炭素数18以下の遊離脂肪酸が含まれていた。留分2には、炭素数20以上の脂肪酸が多く回収されることが示された。なお、留分2には79.1重量%の遊離脂肪酸、17.0重量%のモノグリセリド、および3.9重量%のジグリセリドが含まれていた。留分2には、DPAが18.3重量%含まれ、DPA/DHA比(重量比)は、当初の0.51から0.83に増加していた。留分2をDPA含有画分として、次のエステル化反応に供した。
【0058】
(実施例3)
実施例2で得られたDPA含有画分とグリセリンとを、反応系中の脂肪酸/グリセリンのモル比が3となるように混合して、基質混液194gを調製した。この基質混液を4つ口フラスコに入れ、基質1g当たり100〜400Uのリゾムコール・ミーハイ(Rhizomucor miehei)由来の遊離型リパーゼ(ノボザイム388;ノボザイムズ製)と6mLの水を加えた。反応は665Pa(5mmHg)の減圧下、30および50℃で攪拌しながら2日間行った。反応終了後の反応液の組成を表3に示す。
【0059】
【表3】
Figure 2004285182
【0060】
表3に示すように、反応温度を30℃とした場合、リパーゼの添加量の増加とともに遊離脂肪酸量は減少し(すなわち、エステル化率は上昇し)、モノグリセリドからジグリセリド、ジグリセリドからトリグリセリドへの変換量が上昇した。一方、反応混液1g当たり400Uの酵素量で、反応温度を50℃に高めると、エステル化反応の効率は低下した。
【0061】
得られたグリセリド画分(モノグリセリド、ジグリセリドおよびトリグリセリド)の構成脂肪酸中のDPAの含量は、表3に示す通り、18.4〜19.9重量%の範囲であり、エステル化率が低いほど、グリセリド画分のDPA含量は上昇した。
【0062】
(実施例4)
実施例2で得られたDPA含有画分およびグリセリンを、表4に記載の割合で混合し、固定化リパーゼ(リポザイムRMIM:ノボザイムズ製)を、表4に記載の割合(基質混合液に対する重量%)となるように4つ口フラスコに入れ、665Pa(5mmHg)の減圧下、30〜60℃で攪拌しながら2日間反応を行った。反応後の反応液組成を表4に示す。
【0063】
【表4】
Figure 2004285182
【0064】
反応系中の脂肪酸/グリセリンのモル比を3として、50℃で、酵素量のみを変えて反応を行ったとき、酵素量の増加と共に遊離脂肪酸量は減少し(エステル化率は上昇し)、モノグリセリドからジグリセリド、ジグリセリドからトリグリセリドへの変換量は上昇した。酵素量5重量%で反応を行うと、全グリセリド画分のトリグリセリド含量は74重量%に達した。
【0065】
酵素量を5重量%とし、反応系中の脂肪酸/グリセリンのモル比を2として、50℃で反応を行ったとき、反応系中の脂肪酸はほぼ完全にエステル化されたが、グリセリドの主成分はジグリセリドであった。一方、反応系中の脂肪酸/グリセリンのモル比を3以上とすることにより、トリグリセリドを効率よく合成することができた。反応系中の脂肪酸/グリセリンのモル比を4とすることにより、全グリセリド画分のトリグリセリド含量は92重量%まで上昇した。
【0066】
また、酵素量を5重量%、反応系中の脂肪酸/グリセリンのモル比を3とし、30〜60℃の温度範囲でエステル化反応を行った。反応温度30℃で、全グリセリド画分のトリグリセリド含量は60重量%であり、温度を60℃まで高めることによりトリグリセリド含量を73重量%まで上昇させることができた。
【0067】
得られたグリセリド画分(モノグリセリド、ジグリセリド、およびトリグリセリド)の構成脂肪酸中のDPAの含量は、表4に示す通り、18.3〜19.1重量%の範囲であり、エステル化率が低いほど、グリセリド画分のDPA含量は上昇した。
【0068】
【発明の効果】
本発明の方法により、構成脂肪酸としてDPAを10重量%以上含有するグリセリドが提供される。DPAは、血管新生抑制活性を有し、EPAやDHAよりも高い抗動脈硬化活性や抗ガン活性を持つ可能性があるため、DPAを高濃度で含有するグリセリドは、医薬品、食品素材、健康食品および飼料への応用が期待される。[0001]
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a glyceride containing docosapentaenoic acid as a constituent fatty acid and a method for producing the same. Furthermore, the present invention relates to pharmaceuticals, food materials, health foods and feeds containing glycerides containing docosapentaenoic acid as a constituent fatty acid.
[0002]
[Prior art]
Lipids of marine animals such as tuna, sardines, mackerel, saury, horse mackerel, salmon, etc., crustaceans, shellfish, etc. (glycerides and phospholipids); lipids of algae and microorganisms; and fatty acids constituting marine animal fats such as seals It contains a lot of highly unsaturated fatty acids. Such polyunsaturated fatty acids include n-3 series eicosapentaenoic acid (hereinafter, sometimes referred to as EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (hereinafter, sometimes referred to as DHA), and docosapentaenoic acid (hereinafter, referred to as DPA). Is known).
[0003]
Among them, EPA is known to have a high vascular endothelial cell migration activity, and to exhibit an effect of preventing arteriosclerosis or hyperlipidemia and improving symptoms. Such physiological activities have attracted attention, and EPA, its ethyl ester, and glycerides containing EPA as constituent fatty acids have been widely used as pharmaceuticals, food materials, health foods, feed materials, and the like.
[0004]
On the other hand, DPA has angiogenesis inhibitory activity (see Patent Literature 1), and may have higher anti-atherosclerotic activity and anti-cancer activity than EPA and DHA, and is therefore expected to be applied to foods or pharmaceuticals. ing.
[0005]
In general, fats and oils containing polyunsaturated fatty acids contain n-3 type polyunsaturated fatty acids DPA, DHA and EPA at the same time, and DHA and EPA are contained several times as much as DPA. There are many. For example, salmon oil has a DPA / DHA ratio (weight ratio) of about 1/5, and seal oil has a DPA / DHA ratio of about 1/2. In addition, even in seal oil and salmon oil which contain a relatively large amount of DPA and are used as health foods, the absolute amount of DPA is small, and it is contained only as about 3 to 4% by weight as a constituent fatty acid of glyceride.
[0006]
Therefore, development of glycerides (oils and fats) containing more DPA as a constituent fatty acid has been studied. For example, Patent Literature 2 discloses a method for producing a DPA-rich oil, in which lipase, which is difficult to recognize using DPA as a substrate, acts on seal fat or salmon fat to preferentially hydrolyze fatty acids other than DPA in glycerides. There has been reported a method of obtaining a glyceride having an increased DPA content by decomposing the fatty acid to remove the fatty acid. At this stage, it seems that the method of Patent Document 2 is the most efficient method for producing a DPA-rich oil. However, in this method, it is difficult to produce an oil containing 8% by weight or more of DPA even if glycerides of seals and salmon containing DPA most are used as a raw material.
[0007]
[Patent Document 1]
JP-A-2002-308765
[Patent Document 2]
JP 2002-80887 A
[Non-patent document 1]
Masako Tsuji et al., Inhibition of angiogenesis by docosapentaenoic acid, blood vessels, vol. 25, no. 1 p. 5, 2002
[0008]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
Therefore, glycerides containing more DPA as constituent fatty acids are desired.
[0009]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
The present invention provides a glyceride in which 10% by weight or more of the constituent fatty acids is docosapentaenoic acid (DPA).
[0010]
Further, the present invention provides a method for producing glyceride in which DPA is at least 10% by weight of the constituent fatty acid, and the method comprises (1) a raw oil or fat containing glyceride containing DPA as a constituent fatty acid in an amount of less than 5% by weight. Is hydrolyzed using an enzyme that preferentially releases DPA over other constituent fatty acids; (2) separating and collecting a DPA-containing fraction from the hydrolysis product obtained in step (1). And (3) synthesizing glyceride from the collected DPA-containing fraction and glycerin.
[0011]
In a preferred embodiment, the raw material fat is salmon fat or seal fat.
[0012]
The present invention further provides a pharmaceutical, a food material, a health food, or a feed, which contains glyceride in which at least 10% by weight of the constituent fatty acids is DPA.
[0013]
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
(Raw oils and fats)
The raw material fat used in the present invention is basically a fat containing DPA as a constituent fatty acid in an amount of less than 10% by weight, and its origin does not matter. Preferably, oils and fats derived from aquatic animals (for example, marine mammals such as seals, fish such as salmon and sunfish, and sea snakes), algae, and microorganisms are used. Preferred raw material fats include, for example, salmon oil (DPA content in constituent fatty acids: about 3% by weight) and seal oil (DPA content in constituent fatty acids: about 4% by weight).
[0014]
(Glyceride)
As used herein, glyceride refers to a mixture of monoglycerides, diglycerides, and triglycerides.
[0015]
(Method for producing glyceride containing docosapentaenoic acid)
The method for producing glyceride containing DPA as a constituent fatty acid in an amount of 10% by weight or more according to the present invention includes the following first to third steps:
First step: a step of hydrolyzing a raw oil or fat containing glyceride containing DPA as a constituent fatty acid in an amount of less than 5% by weight using an enzyme that releases DPA preferentially over other constituent fatty acids;
A second step: a step of separating and recovering a DPA-containing fraction from the hydrolysis product obtained in the first step; and
Third step: a step of synthesizing glyceride from the collected DPA-containing fraction and glycerin. Hereinafter, the first to third steps will be described in detail.
[0016]
(First step)
The first step is a step of hydrolyzing the raw material fat. In this step, as much DPA as possible is released from the raw material fat. For this purpose, the raw fats and oils are hydrolyzed using an enzyme that releases DPA from glyceride with priority over other constituent fatty acids. Generally, fats and oils containing DPA contain n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids such as DHA and EPA in addition to DPA. However, since the content of DPA in the raw oil and fat is low and the DPA concentration in the n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acid is much lower than the EPA concentration, DPA is preferentially released from glyceride, and DPA in the free fatty acid is released. It is preferable to make the / DHA ratio (weight ratio) as high as possible. When salmon fat is used as a raw material, the DPA / DHA ratio is preferably larger than 1/5, and when seal fat is used as a raw material, the DPA / DHA ratio is preferably larger than 1/2.
[0017]
As the enzyme, use of a lipase that hydrolyzes an ester bond of fat or oil is preferable. Therefore, in the first step, it is preferable to use a lipase that preferentially releases DPA in glyceride over other constituent fatty acids to hydrolyze the raw material fat. As the enzyme, it is preferable to release DPA most preferentially, but any enzyme capable of releasing DPA preferentially from glyceride over DHA can be used without any particular limitation.
[0018]
The lipase that releases DPA from glyceride preferentially over DHA may be of any origin, such as microorganisms, animals and plants, regardless of the origin. For example, genus Candida, genus Geotrichum, genus Rhizopus, genus Rhizomucor, genus Penicillium, genus Aspergillus, genus Aspergillus, genus Thermos Lipases derived from microorganisms such as lipase or lipase derived from animals such as pig pancreas can be used.
[0019]
Preferably, lipases derived from R. oryzae, R. miehei, Thermomyces lanuginosa, and C. rugosa are used. Most preferably, a lipase from Candida rugosa is used.
[0020]
The enzyme may be a free enzyme or an enzyme immobilized on a carrier such as an ion exchange resin, ceramics, activated carbon, and calcium carbonate (an immobilized enzyme).
[0021]
Examples of commercially available free enzymes include lipase OF (manufactured by Meito Sangyo: derived from Candida rugosa), lipase AY (manufactured by Amano Enzyme: derived from Candida rugosa), and lipase (manufactured by Tanabe Seiyaku: derived from Rhizopus oryzae). ), Novozyme 388 (Novozymes: derived from Rhizomucor-Mehi), Lipozyme TL100L (Novozymes: Thermomyces lanuginosa), lipase QLM (Meito Sangyo: derived from Alcaligenes) and the like. Examples of commercially available immobilized enzymes include Lipozyme RMIM (manufactured by Novozymes: derived from Rhizomucor-Mehi) and Lipozyme TLIM (manufactured by Novozymes: derived from Thermomyces lanuginosa).
[0022]
In the hydrolysis reaction, the amount of water in the decomposition reaction solution is 5 to 95% by weight, preferably 20 to 70% by weight, the reaction temperature is 10 to 70 ° C, preferably 20 to 50 ° C, and the amount of enzyme is 1 g of the decomposition reaction solution. The amount is preferably 1 to 5000 U, more preferably 5 to 1000 U. The enzyme 1U is an activity of hydrolyzing at 30 ° C. using olive oil as a substrate and releasing 1 μmol of fatty acid per minute.
[0023]
The reaction time varies depending on the reaction conditions, but is preferably set to 5 to 72 hours in consideration of operability. The reaction is preferably carried out under a nitrogen stream or with nitrogen in consideration of the instability of the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid against heat and oxidation.
[0024]
In order to obtain a free fatty acid having a DPA content as high as possible, it is necessary to preferentially release DPA and to set the hydrolysis rate to be high. When salmon oil or seal oil is used, DPA is preferentially released to increase the DPA / DHA ratio as much as possible, and the hydrolysis rate is preferably about 50 to 95%, more preferably about 75 to 95%. % Is preferably set. The DPA / DHA ratio and the hydrolysis rate of the feedstock are determined based on the characteristics of the enzyme used.
[0025]
(2nd process)
The second step is a step of separating and recovering a DPA-containing fraction from the hydrolysis product obtained in the first step. This DPA-containing fraction contains free fatty acids such as DPA. As a result of the preferential release of DPA over DHA, the DPA content in the free fatty acid is greater than the DPA content in the constituent fatty acids of the raw material fat.
[0026]
In addition, the DPA-containing fraction may contain glycerides in addition to free fatty acids such as DPA. Even if glyceride is present in the DPA-containing fraction, glyceride does not inhibit the esterification reaction of DPA in the next third step and also contributes to transesterification between glycerides. Therefore, in the second step, it is not necessary to strictly separate glyceride from free fatty acid containing DPA.
[0027]
In the second step, a method generally used by those skilled in the art is used to recover the free fatty acid generated in the first step. For example, a distillation method, a solvent fractionation method, various types of chromatography, an alkali deacidification method, and the like can be employed, but a distillation method or a hexane extraction method is preferable in consideration of operability and economy. In consideration of the fact that DPA is a drug or food, cost, and the like, it is preferable to perform the distillation method and the solvent fractionation method (including the low-temperature fractionation method) alone, or to combine them.
[0028]
The DPA-containing fatty acid fraction can be prepared by subjecting the hydrolyzate obtained in the first step to several stages of molecular distillation. In the first stage, distillation is performed under the conditions of 160 to 230 ° C. and 26.6 to 0.13 Pa (0.2 to 0.001 mmHg) to preferentially distill free fatty acids having 18 or less carbon atoms (first distillation). Minutes). In the second step, the residue of the first step is distilled under the conditions of 180 to 250 ° C and 26.6 to 0.13 Pa (0.2 to 0.001 mmHg), and free fatty acids having 20 or more carbon atoms (DPA, DHA, etc.) (A fatty acid containing an n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid having 22 carbon atoms) can be obtained as a fraction (second fraction). This second fraction may contain fatty acids having 18 or less carbon atoms. However, by distilling this second fraction again under the conditions of 160 to 230 ° C. and 26.6 to 0.13 Pa (0.2 to 0.001 mmHg), the fatty acid having 18 or less carbon atoms in the second fraction is obtained. Is removed as a distillation fraction, and the DPA-containing fraction is recovered as a distillation residue. As described above, there is no particular problem even if glyceride is contained in the DPA-containing fraction.
[0029]
(3rd step)
The third step is a reaction in which the DPA-containing fraction obtained in the second step is reacted with glycerin (esterification reaction) to synthesize glyceride containing DPA at a high concentration.
[0030]
The esterification reaction performed in the third step may be performed by any of a chemical method and an enzymatic method. Since the chemical method needs to be performed under alkaline conditions and high temperature conditions, there is a problem in the stability of DPA which is a highly unsaturated fatty acid. In the chemical method, the DPA concentration in the DPA-containing fatty acid fraction is only directly reflected as the DPA concentration in glyceride. On the other hand, in the enzymatic method, in consideration of the instability of polyunsaturated fatty acids such as DPA against heat and oxidation, the reaction is performed at a relatively low temperature of about 20 to 50 ° C. under a nitrogen stream or by enclosing nitrogen. be able to. Further, when an enzyme having an ability to introduce DPA into glycerin or glyceride preferentially to DHA is used, the DPA concentration in the constituent fatty acids of glyceride is determined by measuring the DPA concentration in the DPA-containing fatty acid fraction to be subjected to the reaction. It can be higher than the concentration. Therefore, the enzymatic method is preferred.
[0031]
When glycerides are mixed in the DPA-containing fraction, transesterification between partial glycerides may proceed under the conditions of the esterification reaction, and glycerides containing DPA may be generated.
[0032]
The enzyme used in the third step is not limited as long as it is an enzyme that recognizes both fatty acid and glycerin as substrates, especially a lipase. Among such lipases, it is more preferable to use a lipase that preferentially recognizes DPA as a substrate and easily transfers DPA to glycerin.
[0033]
Such a lipase that preferentially recognizes DPA as a substrate may be a lipase of any origin, such as microorganisms, animals and plants, regardless of its origin. For example, the genera Candida, the genus Geotrichum, the genus Rhizopus, the genus Rhizomucor, the genus Penicillium, the genus Aspergillus, the genus Thermo sp. And lipases derived from microorganisms such as genus Burkholderia, Alcaligenes, and Bacillus, and lipases derived from animals such as pig pancreas.
[0034]
Preferably, a lipase derived from a microorganism belonging to the genus Rhizopus, Rhizomucor, Thermomyces, Candida, or Alcaligenes is used.
[0035]
More preferably, a lipase derived from a microorganism belonging to the genus R. oryzae, R. miehei, R. melanogaster, T. lanuginosa, or Alcaligenes is used.
[0036]
The enzyme may be a free enzyme or an enzyme immobilized on a carrier such as an ion exchange resin, ceramics, activated carbon, and calcium carbonate (an immobilized enzyme).
[0037]
Examples of commercially available free enzymes include talipase (manufactured by Tanabe Seiyaku: derived from Rhizopus oryzae), Novozyme 388 (manufactured by Novozymes: derived from Rhizomucor-Mehi), lipozyme TL100L (manufactured by Novozymes: derived from Thermomyces lanuginosa), lipase QLM (name sugar) Industrial product: derived from the genus Alcaligenes). Examples of commercially available immobilized enzymes include Lipozyme RMIM (manufactured by Novozymes: derived from Rhizomucor-Mehi) and Lipozyme TLIM (manufactured by Novozymes: derived from Thermomyces lanuginosa).
[0038]
Lipases include a 1,3-position specific lipase that recognizes only the 1,3-position ester bond of triglyceride and a non-specific lipase that recognizes all three ester bonds. In order to incorporate DPA into glycerol efficiently, a non-specific enzyme is preferable. However, since spontaneous acyl group transfer occurs during the enzymatic reaction, even when it is desired to synthesize triglyceride, a 1,3-position specific enzyme can be used.
[0039]
In an esterification reaction using a free enzyme (including a transesterification reaction between partial glycerides), it is preferable to prepare and use an aqueous enzyme solution having the highest possible concentration so that the water content in the reaction solution is as low as possible. The water concentration in the reaction solution is preferably about 0.1 to 10% by weight, more preferably 0.5 to 5% by weight. The amount of the enzyme (the amount of lipase) in the reaction solution is preferably from 50 to 20,000 U, more preferably from 50 to 5,000 U per gram of the reaction solution.
[0040]
When an immobilized enzyme (immobilized lipase) is used, it is preferable to add the immobilized enzyme in an amount of 50 to 20,000 U, more preferably 50 to 5000 U, per gram of the reaction solution. When a commercially available lipase is used, it is preferable that the reaction solution contains 1 to 30% by weight, preferably 2 to 15% by weight of the immobilized lipase.
[0041]
In the esterification reaction in the third step, the molar ratio of the fatty acid to be reacted and glycerin is determined as follows. When the DPA-containing fraction does not contain glyceride, the molar ratio of the free fatty acid in the DPA-containing fraction to glycerin to be added is determined as the molar ratio of the esterification reaction system. When the DPA-containing fraction contains glyceride, the ratio of the number of moles of the fatty acid obtained by adding the free fatty acid and the constituent fatty acid of the glyceride to the number of moles of the glycerin obtained by adding the glycerin forming the glyceride and the glycerin to be added is changed by the ester. It is the molar ratio of the chemical reaction system. Hereinafter, the molar ratio of fatty acid to glycerin (molar ratio of fatty acid / glycerin), including the above two cases.
[0042]
The molar ratio of fatty acid to glycerin may be determined in consideration of the composition of glyceride to be finally obtained. The main purpose is to efficiently incorporate free fatty acids into glyceride. When partial glycerides (monoglyceride, diglyceride) may be generated in addition to triglyceride, the molar ratio of fatty acid / glycerin in the reaction solution is 3 or less. do it. When the molar ratio of fatty acid / glycerin is 3 or less, 90% or more of the free fatty acid is taken into glycerin, and thus the DPA content in the DPA fraction tends to be directly reflected on the DPA content of the fatty acid constituting glyceride. It is in. Therefore, it cannot be expected that the DPA content in the constituent fatty acids of glyceride will increase more than the DPA content in the DPA-containing fraction.
[0043]
For the purpose of increasing the content of triglyceride in the reaction product as much as possible, the molar ratio of fatty acid / glycerin in the reaction solution may be 3 or more, preferably 4 or more. Under these conditions, if an enzyme (lipase) that preferentially recognizes DPA as a substrate is used, DPA is preferentially incorporated into glyceride, so that the DPA content is lower than the DPA content in the DPA-containing fraction used in the reaction. The DPA content in the constituent fatty acids of the resulting glyceride can be increased.
[0044]
When an esterification reaction (including a transesterification reaction between partial glycerides) is carried out using free lipase as a catalyst, the enzyme may be dissolved in water and used in the reaction. When free fatty acids are used as substrates, water is generated by the esterification reaction. When water is present in the reaction solution, the water can be removed from the reaction solution to increase the glyceride synthesis rate. Accordingly, the esterification reaction is performed under reduced pressure, for example, at 13.3 to 4000 Pa (0.1 to 30 mmHg), preferably 133 to 2000 Pa (1 to 15 mmHg), or by explosion of dry nitrogen to remove water. It is preferable to carry out while stirring. Such conditions are preferable from the viewpoint of preventing oxidation of highly unsaturated fatty acids such as DPA.
[0045]
The spontaneous acyl transfer reaction is affected by the amount of water, temperature, and the like present in the reaction system. In particular, when using a 1,3-position-specific lipase as a catalyst, it is necessary to consider the effects of water content and temperature. In particular, when a free enzyme is used, the synthesis reaction of glyceride may be inhibited in a dehydrated state. Therefore, it is preferable to consider the amount of water and the reaction temperature depending on the enzyme used. As a general condition, the water content is preferably 0.1 to 5% by weight. The reaction temperature is preferably from 20 to 80 ° C, more preferably from 30 to 70 ° C.
[0046]
The reaction time varies depending on the reaction conditions, but is preferably set to 10 hours to 4 days in consideration of operability. The reaction is preferably carried out under a nitrogen stream or with nitrogen enclosed in consideration of the instability of the polyunsaturated fatty acid against heat and oxidation.
[0047]
After completion of the esterification reaction or transesterification reaction, glycerides containing DPA as a constituent fatty acid in an amount of 10% by weight or more, preferably 15% by weight or more can be obtained by a method commonly used by those skilled in the art, for example, a washing method, a distillation method, an organic solvent ( For example, a fractionation method using n-hexane or the like, an alkali deacidification method, an ion exchange chromatography method, or the like may be used alone or in combination.
[0048]
【Example】
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described based on examples, but the present invention is not limited to these examples.
[0049]
In the present invention, the hydrolysis rate, esterification rate, glyceride, and fatty acid composition were measured by the following methods. The hydrolysis rate was calculated based on the saponification value of the raw material oil and the acid value of the reaction solution obtained by alkali (KOH) titration. The esterification rate was calculated from the acid value of the consumed fatty acid by obtaining the acid value of the reaction solution before and after the reaction. Fatty acids, monoglycerides, diglycerides, and triglycerides in the reaction solution were developed by TLC using a mixed solvent of hexane / ethyl acetate / acetic acid (= 90/10/1: volume ratio), and then TLC / FID analyzer (Eatro (Scan; manufactured by Yatron). The fatty acid composition was analyzed by gas chromatography using a DB-23 capillary column (0.25 mm × 30 m; manufactured by J & W Scientific) after methylating the fatty acid. The column temperature was raised at 150 ° C. for 0.5 minute, 4 ° C./min from 150 to 170 ° C., 5 ° C./min from 170 to 195 ° C., and 10 ° C./min from 195 to 215 ° C. C. for 11 minutes.
[0050]
(Example 1)
3 g of seal oil, 3 g of water, and various lipases shown in Table 1 were added at 200 U per 1 g of the reaction mixture, and the mixture was incubated with stirring at 30 ° C. for 3 hours and 48 hours. After the reaction, unreacted glyceride in the reaction solution was removed by extracting the reaction solution with hexane under alkaline conditions. Hydrochloric acid was added to the aqueous layer containing the fatty acid soap to make it acidic, and the free fatty acids were recovered by hexane extraction. Table 1 shows the hydrolysis rate, the fatty acid composition of the free fatty acid fraction, the DPA / DHA ratio (weight ratio), and the ratio of the amount of DPA in the free fatty acid fraction to the amount of DPA in the raw material fat (hereinafter simply referred to as DPA recovery). Rate).
[0051]
[Table 1]
Figure 2004285182
[0052]
The results in Table 1 show the results for Candida rugosa, R. oryzae, R. riehei, R. niehei, T. lanuginosa, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. aeruginosa), the ratio (weight ratio) of DPA / DHA is higher than that of control (raw material), so that the ester bond of DPA is preferentially hydrolyzed over the ester bond of DHA. Is shown.
[0053]
The lipase from Candida rugosa has a high hydrolysis rate, a high DPA / DHA ratio, and a high DPA recovery rate. Lipases from R. oryzae, R. miehei, and T. lanuginosa have the ability to preferentially degrade the ester bond of DPA over that of DHA. Although high, the recovery of free fatty acids, including DPA, is inferior to that of C. rugosa because of the low hydrolysis rate. A lipase derived from Pseudomonas aeruginosa has a high hydrolysis rate, but is inferior to the lipase in terms of DPA selectivity. Alcaligenes lipase and Pseudomonas lipase (lipase PS) provide high hydrolysis rates, but have poor ability to preferentially release DPA, failing to increase the DPA content relative to DHA in the free fatty acid fraction. (The weight ratio of DPA / DHA was almost the same as the raw material fat).
[0054]
Based on the above results, in Example 2 below, lipase (lipase OF; manufactured by Meito Sangyo Co., Ltd.) of C. rugosa was used as a catalyst.
[0055]
(Example 2)
A mixture comprising 100 kg of seal oil, 66.7 kg of water, and 200 U of lipase OF (manufactured by Meito Sangyo Co., Ltd.) per 1 g of the reaction mixture was incubated with stirring at 35 ° C. for 48 hours (hydrolysis rate: 91.5%). The reaction solution was subjected to molecular distillation at 200 ° C. and 2.7 Pa (0.02 mmHg) to recover 85.7 kg of the fraction 1 and 11.1 kg of the residue 1. Residue 1 was distilled at 210 ° C. and 2.7 Pa (0.02 mmHg) to obtain 3.8 kg of fraction 2 and 7.0 kg of residue 2. Table 2 shows the fatty acid composition of the seal oil, which is the raw material fat, fractions 1 and 2.
[0056]
[Table 2]
Figure 2004285182
[0057]
Fraction 1 mainly contained free fatty acids having 18 or less carbon atoms. It was shown that in fraction 2, a large amount of fatty acids having 20 or more carbon atoms were recovered. The fraction 2 contained 79.1% by weight of free fatty acid, 17.0% by weight of monoglyceride, and 3.9% by weight of diglyceride. The fraction 2 contained 18.3% by weight of DPA, and the DPA / DHA ratio (weight ratio) increased from 0.51 to 0.83. Fraction 2 was subjected to the next esterification reaction as a DPA-containing fraction.
[0058]
(Example 3)
The DPA-containing fraction obtained in Example 2 and glycerin were mixed so that the molar ratio of fatty acid / glycerin in the reaction system was 3, to prepare 194 g of a substrate mixture. This substrate mixture was placed in a four-necked flask, and 100 to 400 U of free lipase derived from Rhizomucor miehei (Novozyme 388; manufactured by Novozymes) and 6 mL of water were added per 1 g of the substrate. The reaction was carried out under reduced pressure of 665 Pa (5 mmHg) at 30 and 50 ° C. with stirring for 2 days. Table 3 shows the composition of the reaction solution after the completion of the reaction.
[0059]
[Table 3]
Figure 2004285182
[0060]
As shown in Table 3, when the reaction temperature was set to 30 ° C., the amount of free fatty acid decreased (ie, the esterification rate increased) with an increase in the amount of lipase added, and conversion of monoglyceride to diglyceride and conversion of diglyceride to triglyceride. The amount rose. On the other hand, when the reaction temperature was increased to 50 ° C. at an enzyme amount of 400 U per 1 g of the reaction mixture, the efficiency of the esterification reaction decreased.
[0061]
As shown in Table 3, the content of DPA in the constituent fatty acids of the obtained glyceride fraction (monoglyceride, diglyceride and triglyceride) is in the range of 18.4 to 19.9% by weight. The DPA content of the glyceride fraction increased.
[0062]
(Example 4)
The DPA-containing fraction and glycerin obtained in Example 2 were mixed at the ratio shown in Table 4, and immobilized lipase (Lipozyme RMIM: manufactured by Novozymes) was mixed with the ratio shown in Table 4 (% by weight based on the substrate mixture). ), And reacted for 2 days while stirring at 30 to 60 ° C. under reduced pressure of 665 Pa (5 mmHg). Table 4 shows the composition of the reaction solution after the reaction.
[0063]
[Table 4]
Figure 2004285182
[0064]
When the reaction was carried out at 50 ° C. while changing only the amount of the enzyme, with the molar ratio of fatty acid / glycerin in the reaction system being 3, the amount of free fatty acid decreased with an increase in the amount of enzyme (the esterification rate increased), The conversion from monoglyceride to diglyceride and from diglyceride to triglyceride increased. When the reaction was carried out with an enzyme amount of 5% by weight, the triglyceride content of the total glyceride fraction reached 74% by weight.
[0065]
When the reaction was carried out at 50 ° C. with the enzyme amount being 5% by weight and the molar ratio of fatty acid / glycerin in the reaction system being 2, the fatty acid in the reaction system was almost completely esterified, but the main component of glyceride was Was diglyceride. On the other hand, when the molar ratio of fatty acid / glycerin in the reaction system was 3 or more, triglyceride could be efficiently synthesized. By setting the molar ratio of fatty acid / glycerin in the reaction system to 4, the triglyceride content of the entire glyceride fraction was increased to 92% by weight.
[0066]
Further, the esterification reaction was carried out in a temperature range of 30 to 60 ° C., with the enzyme amount being 5% by weight and the molar ratio of fatty acid / glycerin in the reaction system being 3. At a reaction temperature of 30 ° C., the triglyceride content of the total glyceride fraction was 60% by weight, and by increasing the temperature to 60 ° C., the triglyceride content could be increased to 73% by weight.
[0067]
As shown in Table 4, the content of DPA in the constituent fatty acids of the obtained glyceride fraction (monoglyceride, diglyceride, and triglyceride) is in the range of 18.3 to 19.1% by weight. The DPA content of the glyceride fraction increased.
[0068]
【The invention's effect】
The method of the present invention provides a glyceride containing 10% by weight or more of DPA as a constituent fatty acid. Since DPA has angiogenesis inhibitory activity and may have higher anti-atherogenic and anti-cancer activities than EPA and DHA, glycerides containing DPA at a high concentration can be used for pharmaceuticals, food materials, health foods. And application to feed.

Claims (6)

構成脂肪酸の10重量%以上がドコサペンタエン酸であるグリセリド。A glyceride in which 10% by weight or more of the constituent fatty acids is docosapentaenoic acid. 構成脂肪酸の10重量%以上がドコサペンタエン酸であるグリセリドの製造方法であって、
(1)ドコサペンタエン酸を構成脂肪酸として5重量%未満の量で含有するグリセリドを含む原料油脂を、ドコサペンタエン酸を他の構成脂肪酸よりも優先的に遊離させる酵素を用いて加水分解する工程;
(2)工程(1)で得られた加水分解生成物から、ドコサペンタエン酸含有画分を分離・回収する工程;および
(3)該回収したドコサペンタエン酸含有画分とグリセリンとから、グリセリドを合成する工程;を含む、方法。
A method for producing a glyceride in which 10% by weight or more of the constituent fatty acids is docosapentaenoic acid,
(1) A raw oil or fat containing glyceride containing docosapentaenoic acid as a constituent fatty acid in an amount of less than 5% by weight is hydrolyzed using an enzyme that preferentially releases docosapentaenoic acid over other constituent fatty acids. Process;
(2) a step of separating and collecting a docosapentaenoic acid-containing fraction from the hydrolysis product obtained in the step (1); and (3) a step of separating the collected docosapentaenoic acid-containing fraction from glycerin. Synthesizing glyceride.
前記原料油脂が、サケ油脂またはアザラシ油脂である、請求項1または2に記載の方法。The method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the raw material fat is salmon fat or seal fat. 構成脂肪酸の10重量%以上がドコサペンタエン酸であるグリセリドを含む、医薬品。A pharmaceutical product comprising glyceride in which at least 10% by weight of the constituent fatty acids is docosapentaenoic acid. 構成脂肪酸の10重量%以上がドコサペンタエン酸であるグリセリドを含む、食品素材または健康食品。A food material or health food comprising glyceride in which 10% by weight or more of constituent fatty acids is docosapentaenoic acid. 構成脂肪酸の10重量%以上がドコサペンタエン酸であるグリセリドを含む、飼料。A feed containing glyceride in which at least 10% by weight of the constituent fatty acids is docosapentaenoic acid.
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