JP2012105669A - マイクロrnaによるオンコジーンの調節 - Google Patents
マイクロrnaによるオンコジーンの調節 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
【解決手段】本明細書中に記載される方法および組成物に使用するのに適切な核酸としては、プリmiRNA、プレmiRNA、成熟miRNA、成熟miRNAの生物学的活性を保持するフラグメントまたはそれらの改変体および、プリmiRNA、プレmiRNA、成熟miRNA、それらのフラグメントもしくは改変体をコードするDNA、またはmiRNAの調節エレメントが挙げられるが、これらに限定されない。核酸を含む組成物は、癌の少なくとも1つの症状もしくは発現の処置または予防を必要とする患者に投与される。1つの実施形態において、その組成物は、1種以上のオンコジーンの遺伝子発現を阻害するのに有効な量で投与される。癌の少なくとも1つの症状もしくは発現の処置または予防のための方法もまた、記載される。
【選択図】なし
Description
本願は、Frank J.Slack、Steven M.Johnson、Kristy L.Reinert、およびHelge Grosshansによる発明の名称「Regulation of Oncogenes by MicroRNAs」である米国特許出願第60/606,855号(2004年9月4日出願)に基づく優先権を主張する。
連邦政府は、National Institute of HealthからFrank J.Slackに対する助成金番号1R01GM062594−01A1および助成金番号1R01GM064701−01の効力により、本発明において特定の権利を有する。
癌は、異常細胞の制御されていない増殖および拡散によって特徴付けられる疾患の群である。癌は、外部要因(タバコ、化学物質、放射線、および感染生物体)および内部要因(遺伝的変異、ホルモン、免疫の状態、およびDNAの損傷)の両方によって引き起こされる。これらの因子は、同時か、または連続的に作用して、発癌をイニシエート(initiate)し、そして/または促進する。癌は、米国において、4人に1人の死因であり、そして85歳未満の人々の死の主な原因である。米国において、全男性の約半分および全女性の少なくとも3分の1が、その人生の間に癌を発症する。現在、数百万人の人々が、癌と共に生きているか、または癌を有している。より早期に癌が発見され、そして処置が開始されるほど、長い年数を生きる可能性が高くなる。
細胞の分化および発達を制御する遺伝子は、ヒトの癌において頻繁に変異される。これらとしては、RAS、c−mycおよびbcl−2のようなオンコジーンが挙げられるが、これらに限定されない。天然に存在するマイクロRNA(特に、let−7)は、ヒトにおいてこれらのオンコジーンをダウンレギュレートすることが見出されている。let−7遺伝子のいくつかは、特定の癌において欠失される染色体領域に位置する。従って、これらの特定のマイクロRNAをアップレギュレートすること、または類似の薬学的化合物を外因的に提供することは、これらのオンコジーンの活性化または過剰発現によって生じる腫瘍に対する、有効な癌療法であるはずである。プリmiRNA、プレmiRNA、成熟miRNA、成熟miRNAの生物学的活性を保持するフラグメントまたはそれらの改変体および、プリmiRNA、プレmiRNA、成熟miRNA、それらのフラグメントもしくは改変体をコードするDNA、またはmiRNAの調節エレメントを含むmiRNAの核酸(特に明記しない限り、まとめて「miRNA」と称される)、が、記載される。1つの実施形態において、上記miRNAの大きさの範囲は、21ヌクレオチド〜170ヌクレオチドであり得るが、2000ヌクレオチドまでのmiRNAが、利用され得る。好ましい実施形態において、上記miRNAの大きさの範囲は、70ヌクレオチド長〜170ヌクレオチド長である。別の好ましい実施形態において、21ヌクレオチド長〜25ヌクレオチド長の成熟miRNAが、使用され得る。
例えば、本願発明は以下の項目を提供する。
(項目1)
一種以上のオンコジーンの発現を阻害するための方法であって、以下:
miRNAを提供する工程、または該miRNAの発現を増加させる工程を包含し、該miRNAは、生物体の細胞中のオンコジーンに結合し、そして該オンコジーンの発現を示す、
工程を包含する、方法。
(項目2)
上記miRNAは、プリmiRNA、プレmiRNA、成熟miRNA、およびそれらのフラグメントまたはそれらの改変体からなる群より選択される、項目1に記載の方法。
(項目3)
前記miRNAは、核酸によってコードされる、項目2に記載の方法。
(項目4)
上記核酸は、ベクター上に配置される、項目3に記載の方法。
(項目5)
上記ベクターは、プラスミド、コスミド、ファージミド、ウイルス、およびウイルスの供給源または細菌の供給源に由来する他のビヒクルからなる群により選択される、項目4に記載の方法。
(項目6)
前記ベクターは、1つ以上のインビボ発現エレメントをさらに含む、項目4に記載の方法。
(項目7)
前記インビボ発現エレメントは、プロモーター、エンハンサー、およびそれらの組み合わせからなる群より選択される、項目6に記載の方法。
(項目8)
前記miRNAは、21ヌクレオチド長〜170ヌクレオチド長である、項目1に記載の方法。
(項目9)
前記miRNAは、21ヌクレオチド長〜25ヌクレオチド長である、項目8に記載の方法。
(項目10)
前記miRNAは、癌の処置もしくは予防のために患者に投与されるか、または該miRNAは、癌の処置もしくは予防のために発現が、該患者の細胞において増加される、項目1に記載の方法。
(項目11)
前記癌は、肺癌、膵臓癌、皮膚癌、血液学的新生物、乳癌、脳の癌、結腸癌、濾胞性リンパ腫、膀胱癌、子宮頚癌、子宮内膜癌、食道癌、胃癌、頭部および頚部の癌、多発性骨髄腫、肝臓癌、リンパ腫、口腔癌、骨肉腫、卵巣癌、前立腺癌、精巣癌、および甲状腺癌からなる群より選択される、項目10に記載の方法。
(項目12)
前記オンコジーンは、NRAS、KRAS、HRAS、MYC、MYCL1、MYCN、BCL2、BCL2L1、BCL2L2、TERT、VEGF、EGF、EGFR、ERBB3、GRB2、RAF1、ARAF、MAP2K2、MAPK1、MAPK3、MET、KIT、TP73L(AIX)、CCND1、CDK4、MDM2、FES、FURTN、INSL3、CSFIR、MYBL2、MYB、PIK3CD、PIK3C2B、PIK3CG、PIK3R5、AKT1、HLIN−41、VDR、PXR、FOXA1、FOXA2、ASH1L、ARID1B、GR、GLI2、14−3−3ζ、MO25、SMG1、FRAP1、PER2およびAKT3からなる群より選択される、項目1に記載の方法。
(項目13)
上記miRNAは、eor−1、had−1、let−60、lin−3、lin−9、lin−11、lin−36、lin−39、lin−45、mpk−1、およびsem−5からなる群より選択されるオンコジーン上の部位に結合する、項目12に記載の方法。
(項目14)
上記患者は、外科手術、化学療法、放射線療法、温熱療法、免疫療法、ホルモン療法、およびレーザー療法からなる群より選択される1つ以上の癌療法を受容する、項目10に記載の方法。
(項目15)
上記生物体は、ヒトである、項目1に記載の方法。
(項目16)
miRNAに対する癌の感受性を決定するための方法であって、該方法は、miRNAを提供する工程、または該miRNAの発現を増加させる工程であって、該miRNAは、該癌性細胞もしくは形質転換細胞または癌性細胞もしくは形質転換細胞を有する生物体中のオンコジーンに結合する工程、および該オンコジーンの発現が阻害される場合に、癌性細胞もしくは形質転換細胞の増殖または生存が阻害されるか否かを決定する工程を包含する、方法。
(項目17)
1種以上のオンコジーンの発現を阻害するための治療的組成物であって、該組成物は、生物体中の形質転換細胞または癌性細胞におけるオンコジーンの発現に結合し、そして該オンコジーンの発現を示すmiRNAの有効な量、および薬学的に受容可能なキャリアを含有する、組成物。
(項目18)
上記miRNAは、プリmiRNA、プレmiRNA、成熟miRNA、およびそれらのフラグメントまたはそれらの改変体からなる群より選択される、項目17に記載の組成物。
(項目19)
上記miRNAは、プラスミド、コスミド、ファージミド、ウイルス、および他のウイルスの供給源または細菌の供給源からなる群より選択されるベクター上に配置される核酸によってコードされ、該核酸は、プロモーター、エンハンサー、およびそれらの組み合わせからなる群より選択される一種以上のインビボ発現エレメントを含む、項目17に記載の組成物。
(項目20)
前記miRNAは、21ヌクレオチド長〜170ヌクレオチド長である、項目17に記載の組成物。
(項目21)
前記miRNAは、21ヌクレオチド長〜25ヌクレオチド長である、項目20に記載の組成物。
(項目22)
前記癌は、肺癌、膵臓癌、皮膚癌、血液学的新生物、乳癌、脳の癌、結腸癌、濾胞性リンパ腫、膀胱癌、子宮頚癌、子宮内膜癌、食道癌、胃癌、頭部および頚部の癌、多発性骨髄腫、肝臓癌、リンパ腫、口腔癌、骨肉腫、卵巣癌、前立腺癌、精巣癌、および甲状腺癌からなる群より選択される、項目17に記載の組成物。
(項目23)
上記オンコジーンは、NRAS、KRAS、HRAS、MYC、MYCL1、MYCN、BCL2、BCL2L1、BCL2L2、TERT、VEGF、EGF、EGFR、ERBB3、GRB2、RAF1、ARAF、MAP2K2、MAPK1、MAPK3、MET、KIT、TP73L(AIX)、CCND1、CDK4、MDM2、FES、FURTN、INSL3、CSFIR、MYBL2、MYB、PIK3CD、PIK3C2B、PIK3CG、PIK3R5、AKT1、HLIN−41、VDR、PXR、FOXA1、FOXA2、ASH1L、ARID1B、GR、GLI2、14−3−3ζ、MO25、SMG1、FRAP1、PER2およびAKT3からなる群より選択される、項目17に記載の組成物。
(項目24)
上記miRNAは、eor−1、had−1、let−60、lin−3、lin−9、lin−11、lin−36、lin−39、lin−45、mpk−1、およびsem−5からなる群より選択されるオンコジーン上の部位に結合する、項目23に記載の組成物。
(定義)
本明細書中で使用される場合、用語「核酸」とは、複数のヌクレオチド(すなわち、リン酸基および置換ピリミジン(例えば、シトシン(C)、チミジン(T)またはウラシル(U))または置換プリン(例えば、アデニン(A)またはグアニン(G))のいずれかである交換可能な有機塩基に連結される糖(例えば、リボースまたはデオキシリボース)を含む分子)をいう。この用語はまた、ポリヌクレオシド(すなわち、ポリヌクレオチドからリン酸を引いたもの)および任意の他の有機塩基含有ポリマーを含むものとする。プリンおよびピリミジンとしては、アデニン、シトシン、グアニン、チミジン、イノシン、5−メチルシトシン、2−アミノプリン、2−アミノ−6−クロロプリン、2,6−ジアミノプリン、ヒポキサンチン、ならびに他の天然に存在する核酸塩基(nucleobase)および天然に存在しない核酸塩基、置換および非置換の芳香族部分が挙げられるが、これらに限定されない。他のこのような改変は、当業者に周知である。従って、用語「核酸」はまた、塩基および/もしくは糖におけるような置換または改変を有する核酸を包含する。
細胞の分化および発達を制御する遺伝子は、ヒトの癌において頻繁に変異される。これらとしては、RAS、c−mycおよびbcl−2のようなオンコジーンが挙げられるが、これらに限定されない。天然に存在するマイクロRNA(特に、let−7)は、ヒトにおいてこれらのオンコジーンをダウンレギュレートすることが見出されている。let−7遺伝子のいくつかは、特定の癌において欠失される染色体領域中に位置する。従って、これらの特定のマイクロRNAをアップレギュレートすること、または類似の薬学的化合物を外因的に提供することは、これらのオンコジーンの活性化または過剰発現によって生じる腫瘍に対する、有効な癌療法であるはずである。
異なる研究室からの最近の研究は、ヒトの癌におけるmiRNAの役割を示す(McManus、Seminars in Cancer Biology、(2003)、13:253−258)。ヒトのmiRNA(mir−15およびmir−16)は、成人の白血病、B細胞慢性リンパ性白血病の一般的な形態を有する患者において、優先的に欠失されるかまたはダウンレギュレートされる(Calinら、Proc Natl Acad Sci USA、(2002)、99(24):15524−9)。この研究は、miRNAが癌抑制遺伝子として機能し得ることを示唆する。mir−155 miRNAをコードするbic遺伝子座は、c−mycと協同的に機能し、そしておそらくプロトオンコジーンとして作用してB細胞リンパ腫を誘導する(Haasch,D.ら、Cell Immunol、(2002)、217(1−2):78−86)。miR142は、慢性リンパ性白血病において腫瘍抑制因子として作用する(Calin,G.A.ら、Proc Natl Acad Sci USA、(2002)、99(24):15524−9;Lagos−Quintana,M.ら、Curr Biol、(2002)、12(9):735−9)。His−1は、B細胞リンパ腫においてオンコジーンとして作用する(Haasch,D.ら、(2002);Lagos−Quintana,M.ら、(2002);Lagos−Quintana,M.ら、Science、(2001)、294(5543):853−8;Liら、Am J Pathol、(1997)、150:1297−305)。mir−142遺伝子座へのmycの転座は、B細胞リンパ腫を引き起こす(Lagos−Quintana,M.ら、(2002);Gauwerky,C.E.ら、Proc Natl Acad Sci USA、1989.86(22):8867−71)。mir−143およびmir−145は、結腸直腸癌において十分に発現されない(Michael、M.Z.ら、Mol Cancer Res、(2003)、1(12):882−91)。mir−17遺伝子座、mir−18遺伝子座、mir−19遺伝子座、mir−20遺伝子座の過剰発現は、マウスモデルにおいてリンパ腫を引き起こし得、そしてMYCによってアップレギュレートされる(He,L.ら、Nature、(2005)、435(7043):828−33;O’Donnell,K.A.ら、Nature、(2005)、435(7043):839−43)。
Cell、(2003)、4(5):625−37;ならびにOlsen,P.H.およびV.Ambros、Dev Biol、(1999)、216(2):671−80)。lin−41 3’UTRからのlet−7 miRNA相補部位(LCS)の欠失(図2)は、L4段階および成虫段階の間の、lin−41の正常なダウンレギュレーションの抑止を示し、そして最近の研究は、これらの相補部位が、単独で、lin−41の調節に十分であることを示した(Reinhart,B.ら、Nature、(2000)、403:901−906;Slack,F.J.ら、Molec.Cell、(2000)、5:659−669;Vella,M.C.ら、Genes Dev、(2004)、18(2):132−7)。
Shin−Yi,J.ら、Dev.Cell、2003、(4):1−20)およびlet−60(C.elegansのRASオンコジーンホモログが挙げられる(実施例1を参照のこと)。表2に示されるように、let−60/RASは、その3’UTR中に複数のlet−7相補(complimentary)部位を含み、そしてlet−60(lf)は、let−7変異を抑制する。let−60/RASは、C.elegansの陰門形成においてその役割が最も理解され、そしてlet−60/RASの3’UTRは、絶対的にlet−60/ras活性を必要とする陰門前駆細胞(VPC)(一次誘導細胞、1°細胞またはP6.p細胞)だけにlet−60/RAS発現を制限するのに十分である。正常な動物において、let−7ファミリーメンバー(mir−84)は、一次誘導細胞を除く全てのVPCにおいて発現され、そしてこれらの細胞におけるlet−60/ras発現を抑制する。
ヒトのオンコジーン調節する天然に存在するマイクロRNA(プリmiRNA、プレmiRNA、成熟miRNA、または成熟miRNAの生物学的活性を保持するそれらのフラグメントもしくは改変体をコードするDNA、それらのフラグメントもしくは改変体、およびプリmiRNA、プレmiRNA、成熟miRNA、またはそれらのフラグメントもしくは改変体をコードするDNAあるいは上記miRNAの調節エレメント)が、同定されている。上記miRNAの大きさは、代表的に、21ヌクレオチド〜170ヌクレオチドであるが、2000ヌクレオチドまでのヌクレオチドが、利用され得る。好ましい実施形態において、上記プレmiRNAの大きさの範囲は、70ヌクレオチド長と170ヌクレオチド長との間であり、成熟miRNAは、21ヌクレオチド長と25ヌクレオチド長との間である。
(一般的技術)
分子生物学的技術を記載する一般的な教科書としては、Sambrook、Molecular Cloning:a Laboratory Manual(第2版)、第1巻〜第3巻、Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory、(1989);Current Protocols in Molecular Biology、Ausubel編、John Wiley & Sons,Inc.、New York(1997);Laboratory Techniques in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology:Hybridization With Nucleic Acid Probes、Part I.Theory and Nucleic Acid Preparation、P.Tijssen編、Elsevier,N.Y.(1993);BergerおよびKimmel、Guide to Molecular Cloning Techniques Methods in Enzymology volume 152 Academic Press,Inc.、San Diego、Califが挙げられる。これらの教科書は、例えば、let−7または任意の他のmiRNA活性をコードする遺伝子の生成および発現に関する、変異誘発、ベクターの使用、プロモーター、ならびに多くの他の関係のある話題を記載する。核酸、遺伝子の単離、精製および操作のための技術(例えば、ライブラリーの生成、発現ベクター中へのサブクローニング、プローブの標識、ならびにDNAハイブリダイゼーションもまた、上記の教科書において記載され、そしてそれらは、当業者に周知である。
nucleic acid probe assays」、(Elsevier,N.Y.)、およびAusubel、前出に見出される。HamesおよびHiggins、(1995)、Gene Probes 1 IRL Press at Oxford
University Press、Oxford、England、(HamesおよびHiggins 1)ならびにHamesおよびHiggins、(1995)、Gene Probes 2 IRL Press at Oxford University Press、Oxford、England(HamesおよびHiggins
2)は、オリゴヌクレオチドを含むDNAおよびRNAの合成、標識化、検出ならびに定量化についての詳細を提供する。
1つの実施形態において、miRNA分子をコードする上記核酸は、ベクター上にある。これらのベクターは、成熟マイクロRNAおよびインビボ発現エレメントをコードする配列を含む。好ましい実施形態において、これらのベクターは、上記プレmiRNAが発現され、そしてインビボで成熟miRNAへとプロセシングされるように、プレmiRNAおよびインビボ発現エレメントをコードする配列を含む。別の実施形態において、これらのベクターは、上記プリmiRNA遺伝子およびインビボ発現エレメントをコードする配列を含む。この実施形態において、一次転写物は、最初にプロセシングされて、ステム−ループ前駆体miRNA分子を生成する。次いで上記ステム−ループ前駆体はプロセシングされて、成熟マイクロRNAを生成する。
「インビボ発現エレメント」は、上記マイクロRNAを生成するために上記核酸の効率的な発現を容易にする、任意の調節ヌクレオチド配列(例えば、プロモーター配列またはプロモーターとエンハンサーとの組み合わせ)である。上記インビボ発現エレメントは、例えば、哺乳動物プロモーターまたはウイルスプロモーター(例えば、構成的プロモーターもしくは誘導性プロモーターまたは組織特異的プロモーター)であり得る。これらプロモーターの例は、当業者に周知である。構成的哺乳動物プロモーターとしては、ポリメラーゼプロモーターおよび以下の遺伝子についてのプロモーターが挙げられるが、これらに限定されない:ヒポキサンチンホスホリボシルトランスフェラーゼ(HPTR)、アデノシンデアミナーゼ、ピルビン酸キナーゼ、およびβ−アクチン。真核生物細胞において構成的に機能する例示的なウイルスプロモーターとしては、シミアンウイルス、パピローマウイルス、アデノウイルス、ヒト免疫不全ウイルス(HIV)、ラウス肉腫ウイルス、サイトメガロウイルス、モロニー白血病ウイルスおよび他のレトロウイルスの長い末端反復配列(LTR)由来のプロモーター、ならびに単純ヘルペスウイルスのチミジンキナーゼプロモーターが挙げられるが、これらに限定されない。他の構成的プロモーターは、当業者に公知である。誘導性プロモーターは、誘導剤の存在下において発現され、そして上記誘導性プロモーターとしては、金属誘導性プロモーターおよびステロイド調節型プロモーターが挙げられるが、これらに限定されない。例えば、メタロチオネインプロモーターは、特定の金属イオンの存在下において転写を促進するように誘導される。他の誘導性プロモーターは、当業者に周知である。
上記miRNAは、当業者に周知である種々の技術によって、細胞または組織から単離されても、組換え的に生成されても、インビトロで合成されてもよい。
上記組成物は、癌の少なくとも1つの症状もしくは発現(疾患が、症状の非存在下で発生/進行し得ることに起因する)の処置または予防を必要とする患者に投与される。オンコジーンの異常な発現は、癌の特徴である。好ましい実施形態において、上記癌は、肺癌である。1つの実施形態において、上記組成物は、1種以上のオンコジーンの発現を阻害するのに有効な量で投与される。好ましい実施形態において、これらの組成物は、RAS、MYC、および/またはBCL−2の発現を阻害するのに有効な量で投与される。
(投与の方法)
一般的に、核酸を投与する方法は、当該分野において周知である。特に、現在使用している処方物に従って、核酸治療薬について既に使用されている投与の経路は、上に記載される核酸についての投与および処方物の好ましい経路を提供する。
癌の処置は、腫瘍細胞増殖を阻害し、新脈管形成(腫瘍の増殖を補助するのに必要である新しい血管の増殖)を阻害し、そして/または腫瘍細胞の移動度または侵襲性を減少させることで転移を制止することによって腫瘍の後退を促がす。本明細書中に記載される治療的処方物は、以下を含む成人および小児の腫瘍学において有効であり得る:固形腫瘍/悪性腫瘍、局所で進行した腫瘍、ヒト軟部組織肉腫、リンパ行性転移を含む転移性癌、多発性骨髄腫、急性白血病および慢性白血病、ならびにリンパ腫を含む血液細胞の悪性腫瘍、口の癌、喉頭癌および甲状腺癌を含む頭部および頚部の癌、小細胞癌および非小細胞癌を含む肺癌、小細胞癌および腺管癌を含む乳癌、食道癌、胃癌、結腸癌、結腸直腸癌および結腸直腸の新形成に関するポリープを含む胃腸癌、膵臓癌、肝臓癌、膀胱癌および前立腺癌を含む泌尿器の癌、卵巣癌、子宮癌(子宮内膜癌を含む)、および卵胞における固形腫瘍を含む女性生殖管の悪性腫瘍、腎細胞癌を含む腎臓癌、内因性の脳腫瘍を含む脳の癌、神経芽細胞腫、星状細胞の脳腫瘍、神経膠腫、中枢神経系における転移性腫瘍細胞の侵襲、骨腫を含む骨癌、悪性黒色腫を含む皮膚癌、ヒトの皮膚ケラチノサイトの腫瘍の進行、有棘細胞癌、基底細胞癌、血管周囲細胞腫およびカポジ肉腫。治療的処方物は、単独か、または補助の癌療法(例えば、外科手術、化学療法、放射線療法、温熱療法、免疫療法、ホルモン療法、およびレーザー療法)と組み合わせて、治療的に有効な投薬量で投与されて、例えば、腫瘍の大きさを減少させるか、腫瘍増殖速度を遅くするか、腫瘍の細胞増殖を減少させるか、癌細胞の死を促進するか、新脈管形成を阻害するか、転移を阻害するか、あるいは他の方法で必ずしも癌を根絶せずに全体的な臨床状態を改善する有益な効果を提供し得る。
C.elegansのlet−7、mir−48、mir−84およびmir−241は、let−7ファミリーを構成する4種の発生学的に調節されたmiRNAをコードする(Lauら、(2001)、Science、294、858−862;Limら、(2003)、Genes Dev、77、991−1008;Reinhartら、(2000)、Nature、403、901−906)。このファミリーは、その成熟miRNAの5’末端における特定の保存を伴う高い配列同一性を提示する(図10A、図10B)。C.elegansのlet−7ファミリーmiRNA(mir−84)は、陰門形成(RAS/MAPキナーゼシグナル伝達を分析するためのモデル)に関与する(WangおよびSternberg、(2001)、Curr Top Dev Biol
51、189−220)。C.elegansのlet−60/RASは、上記let−7ファミリーのメンバーによって調節され、let−7およびmir−84は、let−60/RASの3’UTRにおける複数の部位と相補的である。let−7およびmir−84は、それぞれ、皮下組織および陰門においてlet−60/RASについて逆の様式で発現される。
プラスミド構築。PSJ840(mir−84::gfp)を、プライマーMIR84UPおよびMIR84DN(全てのプライマー配列は必要な際に入手可能である)を用いたポリメラーゼ連鎖反応(PCR)使用して、N2ゲノムDNA由来の成熟mir−84配列の上流の2.2kbのゲノム配列(塩基対−2201〜−9)を増幅し、そしてSmaI部位およびAgeI部位を、それぞれ5’末端および3’末端に付加することによって作製した。この産物を、SmaIおよびAgeIによって消化し、次いでSmaIおよびAgeIによって消化したpPD95.70ベクターにクローニングした。mir−84の上流のDNAは、let−7の上流のDNAにも見出される種々の配列エレメントを含んだ。PSJo84(mir−84(+++))を、プライマーMIR84UPおよびMIR84DN2を用いたPCRを使用して、N2ゲノムDNA由来の上記mir−84配列自体を含む成熟mir−84配列の上流および下流の3.0kbのゲノム配列(塩基対−2201〜+792)を増幅し、そしてSmaI部位を5’末端および3’末端の両方に付加することによって作製した。この産物を、製造業者(Invitrogen)によって記載される通り、TOPO TA Cloning Kitを使用してpCR4−TOPOベクターに連結した。空のTOPOコントロールベクターを、EcoRIによってPSJo84を消化し、4kbのベクターバンドを抽出し、そしてそれを自己連結させることによって作製した。miR−84欠失プラスミド(o84Δ84(Δmir−84(+++)))を、プライマーMIR84UPと共にDEL84DNを使用し、プライマーMIR84DN2と共にDEL84UPを使用し、そしてテンプレートとしてPSJo84プラスミドを使用した2つの別個のPCR反応によって開始する、オーバーラップ伸長PCRによって作製した。2つのPCR産物を精製し(QIAGEN)、次いでプライマーMIR84UPおよびMIR84DN2を使用した最終的なPCRのためのテンプレートとして一緒に使用した。この最終産物(75ntのプレmiR84をコードする配列の欠失を除いてPSJo84と同一)を、TOPO TA Cloning Kit(Invitrogen)を使用してpCR2.1−TOPOベクターに連結し、そしてo84Δ84と称した。GFP60を、プライマー3LET60UPおよび3LET60DNを用いたPCRを使用して、N2ゲノムDNA由来のlet−60 3’UTRをコードする819bpのゲノム配列を増幅し、そしてEcoRI部位およびSpeI部位を、それぞれその5’末端および3’末端に付加することによって作製した。この産物を、EcoRIおよびSpeIによって消化し、次いでEcoRIおよびSpeIによって消化したpPD95.70ベクター(Fire Lab)にクローニングし、それによってlet−60 3’UTRによってpPD95.70において見出されるunc−54 3’UTRを置換した。次いでlet−60 3’UTRが続く緑色蛍光タンパク質遺伝子(GFP)を、プライマーBGLGFPおよび3UTRNOTを用いたPCRを使用して、このプラスミドから増幅し、そしてBglII部位およびNotI部位を、それぞれその5’末端および3’末端に付加した。このPCR産物を、BglIIおよびNotIによって消化し、そしてBglIIおよびNotIによって消化したPB255に連結して、上記let−60 3’UTRによってGFPを駆動するlin−31プロモーターおよびエンハンサーを含むプラスミドGFP60を得た。GFP54を、プライマーBGLGFPおよび3UTRNOTを用いたPCRを使用して、unc−54 3’UTRが続くgfpをpPD95.70から増幅することによって作製した。このPCR産物を、消化し、そしてBglIIおよびNotIによって消化したPB255に連結し、unc−54 3’UTRによってGFPを駆動するlin−31プロモーターおよびエンハンサーを含むプラスミドGFP54を得た。pGL3−NRAS SおよびpGL3−NRAS
Lを、IMAGE cDNAクローン(アクセッション番号AI625442)からのH.s.NRAS 3’UTRの1140bpの短い形態全体、またはH.s.ゲノムDNA由来のH.s.NRAS 3’UTR(最初の43bpを除く)の3616bpの長い形態全体を増幅し、そしてそれぞれ、プライマーSMJ100およびSMJ101またはプライマーSMJ102およびSMJ103を用いたPCRによってその末端にNheI部位を付加することによって作製した。これらの産物を、NheIによって消化し、そしてXbaIによって消化したpGL3−Control(Promega)に連結し、そしてCIPを用いて処理し、H.s.NRAS 3’UTRの短い形態全体または長い形態全体を含むRrluc発現プラスミドを得た。col−10−lacZ−let−60 3’UTRレポーター遺伝子を含むpFS1047を産生するために、let−60
3’UTR全体を、プラスミドB29(Wightman,B.、Ha,I.、およびRuvkun,G.、(1993)、Cell、75、855−862)のSacII部位およびNcoI部位にサブクローニングした。
NRAS(BC005219)。NRASは、2Kb形態および4.3Kb形態として存在することが公知である。BC005219は、1151ntのポリアデニル化3’UTRを有する短い形態を示す。2種のヒトESTクローン(Genbank BU177671およびBG388501)を配列決定して、さらなるNRAS 3’UTR配列を得た。これは、上記NRAS 3’UTRが、代替的なポリアデニル化および切断部位(最初の2491nt下流)を利用する3642ntのポリアデニル化3’UTRバージョンで存在することを示した。このバージョンは、おそらく長いNRAS形態に対応する。その配列を、アクセッション番号AY941100およびAY941101を用いて示した。
C.elegansにおけるlet−7 miRNAのlet−60/RASを含むさらなる標的。上記let−7 miRNAは、それが少なくとも2つの標的遺伝子(lin−41(Slackら、(2000)、Molec Cell、5、659−669)およびhbl−1(Abrahanteら、(2003)、Dev Cell、4、625−637;Linら、(2003)、Dev Cell、4、639−650))をダウンレギュレートする場合(シーム細胞の早発性の末端への分化を生じる変異)、C.elegansにおいて時間的に発現される(Johnsonら、(2003)、Nature、426、845−849;Pasquinelliら、(2000)、Nature、408、86−89;Reinhartら、(2000)、Nature、403、901−906)。C.elegansのシーム細胞分化におけるlet−7の役割およびヒトにおけるその潜在的な役割を十分に理解するために、let−7のさらなる標的を同定した。C.elegans遺伝子についてのコンピューターによるスクリーニングを、let−7ファミリーの3’UTRにおけるlet−7ファミリー相補部位(LCS)(Grosshans,H.ら、Dev Cell、(2005)、8(3):321−30)を用いて行った。最高スコアの遺伝子の1つは、ヒトのオンコジーンRASのC.elegansオルソログをコードするlet−60であった。8種のLCSを、確認されたLCSのような特徴(Linら、(2003)、Dev Cell、4、639−650;Reinhartら、(2000)、Nature、403、901−906;Slackら、(2000)、Molec Cell、5、659−669;Vellaら、(2004)、Genes Dev、18、132−137)を有するlet−60の3’UTRにおいて同定した(図4A)。その同定した部位の多くを、近縁の線虫C.briggsae由来のlet−60の3’UTR(Steinら、(2003)、PLoS Biol、1、E45)において見出した(図4A、図11および図12)。このことは、それらの部位が生物学的に重要であるらしいことを示唆する。さらなる3つの部位を、let−60/RASをコードする配列、およびlet−7ファミリーmiRNAも結合し得る10個の他の適合しない3’UTR部位に見出した(図11)。
elegans.、Nature、426、845−849)。let−60 3’UTRを、皮下組織に発現するcol−10プロモーターによって駆動されるEscherichia coliのlacZ遺伝子の後方に融合した。レポーター遺伝子活性がL4段階付近でダウンレギュレートされ(図5A)、ほぼ同時に、let−7がシーム細胞において発現されることを見出した(Johnsonら、(2003)、Nature、426、845−849)。対照的に、未調節のコントロール3’UTRに融合された同じレポーター遺伝子は、全ての段階において発現した(図5A)(Reinhartら、(2000)、Nature、403、901−906;Slackら、(2000)、Molec Cell、5、659−669;Vellaら、(2004)、Genes Dev、18、132−137;Wightmanら、(1993)、Cell、75、855−862)。ダウンレギュレーションがlet−7(n2853)変異体において失敗した(図5B)ことに起因して、let−60 3’UTRによって指揮されるレポーターのダウンレギュレーションが野生型let−7遺伝子に依存することを見出した。従って、複数の傾向の証拠は、let−60がlet−7によって負に調節されることを強力に示唆する。第1に、let−60 3’UTRは、let−7と相補的な複数のエレメントを含み;第2に、let−60 3’UTRは、let−7依存的な様式でレポーター遺伝子のダウンレギュレーションを指揮し;第3に、このダウンレギュレーションは、上記皮下組織におけるlet−7のアップレギュレーションと相反的であり;そして最後に、let−60の機能喪失型は、let−7致死表現型を部分的に抑制する。
USA、99、15524−15529;Calinら、(2004)、Proc Natl Acad Sci USA、101、2999−3004;Michaelら、(2003)、Mol Cancer Res、1、882−891;Tamら、(2002)、J Virol、76、4275−4286)、そして3種の最もよく認識されれいるmiRNA、lin−4(Leeら、(1993)、Cell、75、843−854)、let−7(Reinhartら、(2000)、Nature、403、901−906)およびbantam(Brenneckeら、(2003)、Cell、113、25−36)の全ては、細胞増殖および細胞分化を調節する。let−7およびmir−84の最も近縁のヒトホモログは、H.s.let−7ファミリーmiRNA(Lagos−Quintanaら、(2002)、Curr Biol、12、735−739;Pasquinelliら、(2000)、Nature、408、86−89)である。let−60/RASは、ヒトHRAS、ヒトKRAS、およびヒトNRAS(肺癌を含むヒトの癌において一般的に変異される(MalumbresおよびBarbacid、(2003)、Nat Rev Cancer、3、459−465))のC.elegansオルソログである(図13A〜図13B)。3種全てのヒトのRAS 3’UTRが、確認されたC.elegansのLCSの特徴を有する、複数の推定let−7相補部位を含むことを見出した(図4B〜図4D)。これらの多くは、げっ歯類、両生類および魚類において保存され(図14および図15)、このことは、機能的な関連性を示唆する。ヒトのRAS 3’UTRにおける推定LCSの存在は、哺乳動物のlet−7ファミリーメンバーが、let−7およびmir−84がC.elegansにおいてlet−60/RASを調節するのと同様の様式で、ヒトRASを調節し得ることを示す。
USA、101、2999−3004)。
let−7およびmir−125の両方、lin−4ホモログが、肺および脳における顕著な発現と共に、成人の種々の組織において発現されることを見出した。興味深いことに、それらの両方は、膵臓および精巣において低いレベルで発現される。過去の研究は、C.elegansのlin−4 miRNAおよびlet−7 miRNAが、時間的に発現されることを示している(Reinhart,B.ら、(2000)、403:901−906ならびにFeinbaum,R.およびV.Ambros、(1999)、Dev Biol、210(l):87−95)。同様に、これらのmiRNAの哺乳動物ホモログもまた、マウスの発生の間に時間的に発現されることが示されている。ノーザンブロットは、let−7およびmir−125が、非常に類似した発現を有することを示す。それらの両方は、約E9.5日目で発現し始めた。興味深いことに、これは、肺の器官形成の時期、および他の主要な器官が発生し始めるときとほぼ一致する。
トランスフェクション(抗let−7分子を用いた)を介したA549肺癌細胞におけるlet−7機能の阻害は、A549肺癌細胞の細胞分裂の増加を引き起こし(図18A)、一方で、let−7過剰発現(トランスフェクトしたプレlet−7による)は、A549の細胞数の減少を引き起こした(図18B)。これらの結果は、let−7の腫瘍を抑制する活性と一致する。さらに、let−7過剰発現の表現型は、MYCのダウンレギュレーションによってもたらされる表現型と共通し(図18A)、このことは、細胞増殖に対するlet−7の効果もまた、MYCの抑制を介し得ることを示唆した。予備的証拠は、MYCがまた、ヒト細胞においてlet−7の直接の標的であるを示す。従って、これらの結果は、let−7が、MYCの異常な発現を有する癌において有力な治療薬であり得ることを示す。
let−7は、RASタンパク質レベル、MYCタンパク質レベルおよびBCL−2タンパク質レベルを調節し、それらの3つ全ては、主要な癌のオンコジーンである。HepG2細胞(let−7を内因的に生成しない)に対するlet−7の添加は、これらの3つの重要な腫瘍性タンパク質の全ての発現を減少させる(図20、図7A、および図8)。内因性let−7を生成するHeLa細胞は、抗let−7インヒビターによってトランスフェクトされる場合に、3つ全ての腫瘍性タンパク質の増加したレベルを発現する(図20A、図20Bおよび図7B)。これらの結果は、let−7がこれらの遺伝子の発現を抑制することを示す。複数のmir−125相補部位およびmir−143相補部位は、ヒトのKRAS 3’UTRおよびBCL2 3’UTRにおいて同定されており、そしてこれらのオンコミル(oncomir)がまた、let−7によって見られる様式と類似する様式でこれらのオンコジーンを調節し得ることが、予期される。この結果は、let−7が、増殖経路(RASおよびMYC)および生存経路(BCL2)を調節する、癌経路の優れた調節因子であることを示す。let−7はまた、テロメラーゼ経路(TERT)および新脈管形成経路(VEGF)を調節することが可能である(表1)。癌は、複数の遺伝子突然変異の結果であるので、これらの結果は、癌患者に対するlet−7の導入が、複数のオンコジーンの発現を抑制し得、そして有効な療法(事実上、1つの薬物のカクテル)を提供し得ることを示す。
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| WO2006028967A3 (en) | 2007-02-22 |
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| JP2008511678A (ja) | 2008-04-17 |
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