JP2012507153A - 磁性ナノ粒子を用いた水の浄化 - Google Patents
磁性ナノ粒子を用いた水の浄化 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2012507153A JP2012507153A JP2011533423A JP2011533423A JP2012507153A JP 2012507153 A JP2012507153 A JP 2012507153A JP 2011533423 A JP2011533423 A JP 2011533423A JP 2011533423 A JP2011533423 A JP 2011533423A JP 2012507153 A JP2012507153 A JP 2012507153A
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- nanoparticles
- magnetic
- magnetic nanoparticles
- solution
- water
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Abstract
【選択図】 図1
Description
ここでは,スピネルはA2+B2 3+O4 2の一般式からなる鉱物であり,立方最密格子中に酸素イオンを配置でき,陽イオンAとBが格子中で8面体や4面体の一部又は全てを占有する等軸晶系の結晶構造をもつ。AとBは二価,三価,四価の陽イオンになりうる。この陽イオンにはマグネシウム,亜鉛,鉄,マンガン,アルミニウム,クロム,チタン,シリコンを含む。
多くの種類の磁性ナノ粒子は開示された方法で使用可能であり,既知の方法やここに開示された新規な方法により合成される。常磁性ナノ粒子が好ましいが超常磁性ナノ粒子を用いることが最も好ましい。超常磁性マグネタイト(Fe3O4)ナノ粒子と超常磁性マグネタイト(Fe3O4)及び/またはマグヘマイト(y−Fe2O3)は超常磁性ナノ粒子のとして好ましい。
共沈法の合成式を以下に示す。
磁性ナノ粒子はコーティングによって表面が官能基化したものも用いられる。磁性ナノ粒子は特定のターゲットへの選択性及び/または親和性を増強させるためにコーティングされる。デキストラン,糖,PEG,PEG−OHや他の修飾されたPEGの一部,ポリビニルアルコール,金,アジド,カルボキシル基,活性炭,ゼオライト,アミン,ポリアクリル酸,荷電ポリマーなどが表面が官能基として用いられる。
磁性ナノ粒子はコーティングされ,及び/または,ターゲットとする特異的レセプターとの複合体として使用することができる。磁性ナノ粒子は特異性を高めるため,及び/または,磁性ナノ粒子と特異的なターゲットとの親和性を高めるためまたは,ターゲットとの結合を促進させるためにコーティングされる。
淡水化に関するある実施例においては,生成されたアミン官能化磁性ナノ粒子は選択的にナトリウムイオンや塩化物イオンに結合する合成されたイオンレセプターにクロスリンクする。イオンレセプターはさらにカルボン酸などの官能基を持ち,それは磁性ナノ粒子のアミノ基とペプチド結合する。
一つのイオンレセプターは,個々に磁性ナノ粒子に結合しており、アミド結合をもつ陽イオンレセプターやトリアジン結合をもつ陰イオンレセプターとつながっている。この結合技術では,磁性ナノ粒子はアミノ基と、アジド陰イオンで官能化される。それらはナトリウム陽イオンレセプターとアミド結合を形成し,塩化物陰イオンレセプターとトリアジン結合を形成する(図13)。
磁性ナノ粒子は直接イオンレセプターに結合するか,または,様々な長さをもつPEGスペーサーによって結合する。PEGスペーサーは水溶液中での良好な溶解性,非特異的結合の削減,安定性の向上,単分散性のために,ナノ粒子のコーティングに用いられる。最適なPEG鎖の長さは,充填密度と複雑さを緩和し,水和エネルギーの最適化をする。異なるPEG鎖の長さは4〜24ユニット以上で(18.lA−108.6A)で,特定のレセプターに応じて変化する場合がある。
この二重PEG化を用いた方法では,水溶液中での良好な溶解性,非特異的結合の削減,そして,最適な充填密度と実現できることがわかった。
本発明の実施形態において,食塩水から塩化物イオンを取り除く場合カルボキシ化した塩化物レセプターはアミン反応性のN−ヒドロキシスルホスチニミドエステルと置き換わる。その反応は,カルボキシ化した塩化物レセプターと1−エチル−3−(3−ジメチルアミノプロピル)カルボジイミドハイドロクロライド(EDC)とN−ヒドロキシスルホスチニミドエステル,電化を持たないN−ヒドロキシスルホスチニミドエステルを混合し,激しい撹拌条件下で10〜30分反応させることで起こる。反応はジチオスレイトールによって抑えられる。得られたアミン反応性の塩化物レセプターは次に,アミンが結合した磁性ナノ粒子と15〜30℃,好ましくは17.5〜25℃で75〜150分,好ましくは100〜135分間混合される。塩化物レセプターに結合している得られた官能化磁性ナノ粒子を脱イオン水で洗浄し,取り出し,そして,水溶液から塩化物分離/抽出をし,乾燥をする。
レセプターが官能基として官能化された表面や,何も結合していない剥き出しのナノ粒子は相互作用のターゲットを含む溶液に混合され,ターゲット分子はターゲットを磁性ナノ粒子に結合させ,ターゲット−ナノ粒子複合体を形成する。水溶液は特に開示された方法に適している。液体は,任意で浄化プロセスの効率を落とさないようにするために,限外濾過や精密濾過を用いた前処理工程を設けることができ,大きな分子や他の物質を取り除くことができる。
磁性ナノ粒子(もしくはターゲットが結合した分子)がターゲット分子と結合すると,結合したナノ粒子複合体は磁場を使って液体から分離される。結合したナノ粒子複合体(同様に,結合していない磁性ナノ粒子)を分離するために使用される磁場は既知の方法で供給される。磁場は磁場フラックスを生み出すために一つ以上の外部の磁石によって作られ,磁場フラックスは100ガウス〜150000ガウス,好ましくは100ガウス〜60000ガウス,より好ましくは5000ガウス〜30000ガウスである。
抽出工程には,外部の磁界を用いることが必要とされる。液体はそのままで一部またはすべてのナノ粒子がターゲットと結合し,複合体である磁性ナノ粒子は分離される。抽出はバッチ式または連続方法でなされる。外部磁場をつくるためには十分な磁力をもっている磁石であればどんな種類のものでもよい。
浄化された水は次いで,重力やポンプによる力,または他の力を使って浄化水タンクに集められる。ナノ粒子が残っている混合タンクでは,磁気遮蔽ケージの蓋をし,磁気を遮り,2.0MのNaOHやHClや他の洗浄液が混合タンクに加えられ,1分〜24時間撹拌しながら混合される。十分に混合され平衡状態となったら,磁気遮蔽蓋は再びはずされ,ナノ粒子はタンクの底に静かに移動する。そこに残った水には,元の水から取り除かれたイオンや,分子,他の混入物が入っている。廃水は浄化水タンクが集める方法と同様の方法で,廃水タンクに集められる。
(磁性ナノ粒子の合成)
この実施例においては,超常磁性酸化鉄(マグネタイト)ナノ粒子を合成した。この合成は表面活性物質として安定化リガンドの存在下においてなされ,金属前駆体の熱分解の行程を含んだ。合成では,鉄(III)アセチルアセトン,ベンジルエーテル1,2―ヘキサデカンジオール,オレイン酸,アルゴンガスの条件下で混合されたオレイン酸を150℃で1時間,そして,その後に300℃で2時間加熱し成長させた。生成物はエタノールで洗浄され,常磁性体の上に置かれた。
ナノ粒子は結合分子と結合させた。結合分子は,検体,陽イオン,陰イオン,及び/または分子のような,一つ以上の特異性をもつターゲット分子に対して選択的なものである。この実施例においては,マグネタイトナノ粒子は超音波処理され,3−アミノプロピル−トリエトキシシラン,トルエン,アセチル酸と72時間激しく撹拌し、アミンと結合した。生成物はトルエンによって洗浄され,真空条件下において乾燥させた。アミンが結合したナノ粒子はフーリエ変換赤外分光法(FTIR)により同定した(図7)。
結合,または非結合ナノ粒子は,磁性ナノ粒子が結合−ナノ粒子複合体を形成することによりターゲット分子と結合するよう,水と混合される。ターゲット分子には過塩素酸,セレン,ナトリウム,あるいは塩化物のようなものがあげられる。磁性ナノ粒子(または,ターゲット結合分子)がターゲット分子と結合すると,結合−ナノ粒子複合体は磁場を利用して水から分離される。希土類磁石及び/または電磁石は磁場を提供し,その磁場は結合−ナノ粒子複合体(結合していない磁性ナノ粒子も同様に)を取り除くことに使われた。
(磁性ナノ粒子の合成)
ある実施例においては,超常磁性酸化鉄(マグネタイト)ナノ粒子を合成した。ここの合成は表面活性物質として安定化リガンドの存在下においてなされ,金属前駆体の熱分解の行程を含んだ。合成では,鉄(III)アセチルアセトン,ベンジルエーテル1,2−ヘキサデカンジオール,オレイン酸,アルゴンガスの条件下で混合されたオレイン酸を150℃で1時間,そして,その後に300℃で2時間加熱し成長させた。生成物はエタノールで洗浄され,常磁性体の上に置かれた。得られた名の粒子はフィルターにかけられ,次いで,トルエンに再懸濁し,動的光散乱法(DLS)と透過型電子顕微鏡(TEM)により同定された(図5A−6)。この例においては,生成物の割合と量は20mlのベンジルエーテル,0.706gの鉄(III)アセチルアセトン,2.58gの1,2−ヘキサデカンジオール,1.89mlのオレイン酸,1.97mのオレイルアミンであった。
ナノ粒子は表面が荷電をもつポリマーで官能化されている。荷電をもつポリマーは検体,陽イオン,陰イオン,及び/または分子のような,一つ以上の特異的ターゲット分子に対して選択的に結合するように,ナノ粒子の表面を官能化する。表面の官能化はまた,ナノ粒子が単分散しやすくさせる。ナノ粒子の表面の割合が増加するほど,表面のイオン結合が増加する。特異的な表面の官能基は結合するターゲットよって選ばれる。
(超常磁性酸化鉄ナノ粒子,磁性ナノ粒子の合成)
ある実施例においては,超常磁性酸化鉄(マグネタイト)ナノ粒子を合成した。ここの合成は表面活性物質として安定化リガンドの存在下においてなされ,金属前駆体の熱分解の行程を含んだ。合成では,鉄(III)アセチルアセトン,ベンジルエーテル1,2−ヘキサデカンジオール,オレイン酸,アルゴンガスの条件下で混合されたオレイン酸を150℃で1時間,そして,その後に300℃で2時間加熱し成長させた。生成物はエタノールで洗浄され,常磁性体の上に置かれた。得られたナノ粒子はフィルターにかけられ,次いで,トルエンに再懸濁し,動的光散乱法(DLS)と透過型電子顕微鏡(TEM)により同定された(図5A−6)。この例においては,生成物の割合と量は20mlのベンジルエーテル,0.706gの鉄(III)アセチルアセトン,2.58gの1,2−ヘキサデカンジオール,1.89mlのオレイン酸,1.97mのオレイルアミンであった。
ナノ粒子は表面が水酸基をもつポリエチルグリコールで官能化されている。水酸基をもつポリエチルグリコールは検体,陽イオン,陰イオン,及び/または分子のような,一つ以上の特異性をもつターゲット分子に対して選択的に結合するように,ナノ粒子の表面を官能化する。表面の官能化はまた,ナノ粒子が単分散しやすくさせる。ナノ粒子が表面の割合が増加するほど,表面のイオン結合が増加する。特異的な表面の官能基は結合するターゲットよって選ばれる。
リガンドセレプターが結合したもの,表面が官能化したもの,または,剥き出しのナノ粒子は水と混合され,ターゲット分子と混合される。ターゲット分子には過塩素酸,セレン,ナトリウム,あるいは塩化物のようなものがあげられ,それらは磁性ナノ粒子と結合し,結合−ナノ粒子複合体を形成する。磁性ナノ粒子(または,ターゲット結合分子)がターゲット分子と結合すると,結合−ナノ粒子複合体は磁場を利用して水から分離される。
(第1段階)
15mgのPEG−OHが表面に官能化された酸化鉄ナノ粒子は15mlのコニカル瓶に加えられた。濃度が234.6μg/Lであるセレン酸ナトリウム5mlがこのコニカル瓶に添加され,瓶の中の試料は平衡状態になるために,72時間以上かかった。
もとの瓶には残ったセレン酸塩溶液が含まれている。この残ったセレン酸塩溶液はNaOHの希釈溶液(0.015gのNaOHを45mlの脱イオン水に加えてつくられた)を加え,脱イオン水で3回洗浄することにより,磁性ナノ粒子からセレン酸塩を取り除いた。2μlのNaOH溶液は、上記のように5mlの脱イオン水に加えることで調製した。このNaOHの量と同等の量のセレンイオンが粒子に結合した。
ガラクトース官能化酸化鉄ナノ粒子,0.2:1と2:1の各々の割合のデキストラン/ガラクトース官能化酸化鉄ナノ粒子,表面が官能化していないか。安定剤を使用していない剥き出しの酸化鉄ナノ粒子が調製された。
15mg(±3mg)の各種表面が官能化されたナノ粒子や剥き出しの酸化鉄ナノ粒子を15mlのコニカル瓶に添加した。782μg/Lのセレン酸ナトリウム3mlをその瓶に添加した。試料はボルテックス/超音波処理し,オーバーナイトの撹拌機で撹拌した。その15ml瓶は6485ガウスの磁場の強さをもつ磁石の上に粒子が落ちるまでの間,約5分置かれた。2mlの溶液(上澄み)は取り除かれ,新しい15mlのコニカル瓶に入れられた。この新しい瓶は磁場の強さをもつ磁石の上に粒子が落ちるまで,約5分置かれた。この新しい瓶から1mlの溶液(上澄み)が50mlのコニカル瓶中の45mlの脱イオン水に加えられた。浄化されたサンプルのセレンの濃度は標準的な方法であるEPA 200.8の方法,IPC−MS分析を使って分析した。装置の検出限界は0.0004mg/L(ppm)であった。
Claims (21)
- 溶液中に存在する対象ターゲットと反応し,前記対象ターゲットと結合する分子団から選択された分子団により官能化された表面を有する,磁性ナノ粒子を含む組成物。
- 前記磁性ナノ粒子は,常磁性体または超常磁性体である,請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 前記磁性ナノ粒子は,マグネタイト,ウルボスピネル,ヘマタイト,イリメナイト,マグヘマイト,ヤコブサイト,トレボライト,マグネシオフェライト,ピロータイト,グレイジャイト,トロイライト,ゲーサイト,レピドクロサイト,フェロキシハイト,鉄,ニッケル,コバルト,アワルアイト,ワイラウアウト,鉱物様の合成類似体,及びその混合物からなる群から選択される,請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 前記磁性ナノ粒子は,マグネタイトまたはマグヘマイトである,請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 前記分子団は,デキストラン,糖,ポリエチレングリコール,水酸基で置換されたポリエチレングリコール,他の基で置換されたポリアルキレングリコール,金,アジド,カルボキシル基,活性炭,ゼオライト,アミン,ポリアクリル酸,及び荷電ポリマーからなる群から選択される,請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 前記分子団は,アミンである,請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 前記磁性ナノ粒子は,デキストラン,糖,ポリエチレングリコール,水酸基で置換されたポリエチレングリコール,他の基で置換されたポリアルキレングリコール,ポリビニルアルコール,金,アジド,カルボキシル基,活性炭,ゼオライト,アミン,ポリアクリル酸,荷電ポリマー,ポリエーテル,ポリアルキレングリコール,クラウンエーテル,ポリアクリル酸,マクロサイクル,及びその混合物からなる群から選択された第2分子団を更に含む,請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 前記第2分子団は,水酸基で置換されたポリエチレングリコールである,請求項7に記載の組成物。
- 3−アミノアルキル−トリエーテルアルキルシラン存在下において,シラン接合反応により,磁性ナノ粒子と反応性アミン基を反応させる工程を含む,組成物の製造方法。
- 磁性ナノ粒子を溶液に,または,溶液を磁性ナノ粒子に接触させる工程と;
前記磁性ナノ粒子とターゲット分子の複合体を形成する工程と;
前記磁性ナノ粒子と前記ターゲット分子の複合体を溶液の一部に偏在させるために,前記磁性ナノ粒子と前記ターゲット分子の複合体を含む溶液を磁場にさらす工程と;
前記磁性ナノ粒子と前記ターゲット分子の複合体を含まない第一部分と,前記磁性ナノ粒子と前記ターゲット分子の複合体を含む第二部分を分離する工程と;
を含む,前記ターゲット分子を含む溶液から前記ターゲット分子を取り除く方法。 - 請求項10に記載の方法であって,前記磁性ナノ粒子と前記ターゲット分子の複合体を含まない溶液の前記第一部分が請求項10に記載の工程を1回以上再循環する,請求項10に記載の方法。
- 前記溶液には,水が含まれる,請求項10に記載の方法。
- 前記ターゲット分子は,セレン,または,セレン酸塩を含む化合物である,請求項10に記載の方法。
- 前記磁性ナノ粒子は,常磁性体または超常磁性体である,請求項10に記載の方法。
- 前記磁性ナノ粒子は,オレイン酸とオレイルアミンを用いて合成されるマグネタイトナノ粒子であり,前記マグネタイトナノ粒子の表面がポリエチレングリコールにより官能化されるマグネタイトナノ粒子である,請求項10に記載の方法。
- 前記ターゲット分子は,塩化物イオンである,請求項10に記載の方法。
- 前記ターゲット分子は,ナトリウムイオンである,請求項10に記載の方法。
- 表面活性物質が前記磁性ナノ粒子の表面に添加されることにより,前記磁性ナノ粒子と溶液が混合される前に,前記磁性ナノ粒子が官能化される,請求項10に記載の方法。
- 前記磁性ナノ粒子と前記ターゲット分子の複合体が塩基性水溶液,又または,酸性水溶液によって洗浄されることにより,前記ターゲット分子は前記磁性ナノ粒子−ターゲット複合体から脱着される,請求項10に記載の方法。
- 前記磁性ナノ粒子は,デキストラン,糖,ポリエチレングリコール,水酸基で置換されたポリエチレングリコール,他の基で置換されたポリアルキレングリコール,ポリビニルアルコール,金,アジド,カルボキシル基,活性炭,ゼオライト,アミン,ポリアクリル酸,荷電ポリマー,ポリエーテル,ポリアルキレングリコール,クラウンエーテル,ポリアクリル酸,マクロサイクル,及び,その混合物からなる群から選択される,請求項10に記載の方法。
- 磁性ナノ粒子を溶液に,または,溶液を磁性ナノ粒子に接触させる工程と;
前記磁性ナノ粒子とターゲット分子の複合体を形成する工程と;
前記磁性ナノ粒子と前記ターゲット分子の複合体が溶液の一部に偏在させるために,前記
磁性ナノ粒子と前記ターゲット分子の複合体を含む溶液を磁場にさらす工程と;
を含む前記ターゲット分子を溶液の一部として分離する方法。
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| CN102264631B (zh) | 2015-09-02 |
| RU2591248C2 (ru) | 2016-07-20 |
| US20140305874A1 (en) | 2014-10-16 |
| IL212515A (en) | 2017-11-30 |
| RU2011121238A (ru) | 2012-12-10 |
| BRPI0920075A2 (pt) | 2018-09-11 |
| WO2010062586A3 (en) | 2010-07-22 |
| US20120018382A1 (en) | 2012-01-26 |
| JP6494468B2 (ja) | 2019-04-03 |
| EP2349919A4 (en) | 2015-04-08 |
| CN102264631A (zh) | 2011-11-30 |
| IL212515A0 (en) | 2011-06-30 |
| AU2009320152A1 (en) | 2010-06-03 |
| CA2741778C (en) | 2018-05-01 |
| EP2349919A2 (en) | 2011-08-03 |
| CA2741778A1 (en) | 2010-06-03 |
| JP2016019976A (ja) | 2016-02-04 |
| JP5844156B2 (ja) | 2016-01-13 |
| WO2010062586A2 (en) | 2010-06-03 |
| US8636906B2 (en) | 2014-01-28 |
| AU2009320152B2 (en) | 2015-01-29 |
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