JP2014148545A - Rassf1a発現およびヒト癌細胞増殖の蛍光調節剤 - Google Patents
Rassf1a発現およびヒト癌細胞増殖の蛍光調節剤 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
【解決手段】本発明は、ダンシル−カルバゾール化合物を投与することを含む、被験体の癌の処置のための方法を提供する。一態様において、本発明は、癌の処置を必要とする被験体に、被験体の癌を処置するためのダンシル−カルバゾールKED−4−69を含む組成物の治療有効量を投与することを含む、被験体の癌を処置するための方法を提供する。一態様において、本発明は、かかる処置を必要とする被験体に、被験体の癌を処置するためのダンシル−カルバゾールKED−4−69を含む組成物の治療有効量を投与することを含む癌を有する被験体の処置のための、ダンシル−カルバゾールKED−4−69の使用を提供する。
【選択図】図1
Description
本願は、米国特許法§119(e)に基づき「FLUORESCENT REGULA
TORS OF RASSF!A EXPRESSION AND HUMAN CANCER CELL PROLIFERARION」と題された、2008年8月15日に出願された、米国仮特許出願第61/189,059号の利益を主張する。この仮特許出願の全教示は、参照により、本明細書中に援用される。
近年、前立腺癌の発生率は142%増大した。米国癌協会によれば、およそ180,000名の男性が、毎年、前立腺癌と診断される(非特許文献1)。前立腺癌腫は非常に浸潤性であり、米国では、男性の癌による死亡原因の第2位である(非特許文献2)。前立腺癌の初期段階では、前立腺癌細胞の増殖はアンドロゲン依存性であり、外科的方法または薬理学的方法のいずれかの使用によるホルモン除去によって有効に処置され得る(非特許文献3)。しかしながら、ホルモン除去療法では、前立腺腫瘍の一時的な退縮がもたらされるにすぎず、6〜18ヶ月経つと、腫瘍は必ずアンドロゲン非依存性となる(非特許文献4;非特許文献5)。したがって、アンドロゲン遮断は、前立腺癌処置の正解ではない。
一態様において、本発明は、被験体の癌の処置のための方法、細胞の増殖を抑制する方法、および被験体の1つ以上の細胞が癌細胞であるかどうかを判定する方法を提供する。
本発明は、例えば以下の項目を提供する。
(項目1)
構造:
を有するダンシル−カルバゾール化合物。
(項目2)
被験体の癌を処置するための方法であって、
かかる処置を必要とする被験体に、該被験体の癌を処置するための項目1に記載の化合物を含む組成物の治療有効量を投与すること
を含む、方法。
(項目3)
前記処置により、前記癌のさらなる増殖が抑制される、項目2に記載の方法。
(項目4)
前記処置により、前記癌の退縮がもたらされる、項目2に記載の方法。
(項目5)
前記癌が、Ras−関連ドメインファミリー1A(RASSF1A)発現が減少している癌細胞を含むものである、項目2〜4いずれか1項に記載の方法。
(項目6)
Ras−関連ドメインファミリー1A(RASSF1A)発現を、RASSF1Aのプロモーターのメチル化の増大によって減少させる、項目5に記載の方法。
(項目7)
前記組成物の投与により、Ras−関連ドメインファミリー1A(RASSF1A)発現を増大させる、項目5または項目6に記載の方法。
(項目8)
前記癌が前立腺癌である、項目2〜7いずれか1項に記載の方法。
(項目9)
細胞を、細胞の増殖を抑制するための項目1に記載の化合物を含む組成物と接触させること
を含む、細胞の増殖を抑制するための方法。
(項目10)
前記細胞は、Ras−関連ドメインファミリー1A(RASSF1A)発現が減少しているものである、項目9に記載の方法。
(項目11)
細胞を、細胞においてDNAメチルトランスフェラーゼ活性を低下させるための項目1に記載の化合物を含む組成物と接触させること
を含む、細胞においてDNAメチルトランスフェラーゼ活性を低下させるための方法。
(項目12)
DNAメチルトランスフェラーゼ活性を、DNMT−3b活性を低下させることにより低下させる、項目11に記載の方法。
(項目13)
DNAメチルトランスフェラーゼ活性を、DNMT−3bを細胞質に隔離することにより低下させる、項目11に記載の方法。
(項目14)
細胞を、細胞においてRASSF1A発現を増大させるための項目1に記載の化合物を含む組成物と接触させること
を含む、細胞においてRas−関連ドメインファミリー1A(RASSF1A)発現を増大させるための方法。
(項目15)
前記細胞が、Ras−関連ドメインファミリー1A(RASSF1A)発現が減少しているものである、項目14に記載の方法。
(項目16)
前記細胞が癌細胞である、項目9〜15いずれか1項に記載の方法。
(項目17)
前記癌細胞が前立腺癌細胞である、項目16に記載の方法。
(項目18)
前記細胞が被験体内に存在している、項目9〜17いずれか1項に記載の方法。
(項目19)
細胞を項目1に記載の化合物を含む組成物と接触させることを含み、該化合物が該細胞内に保持されている場合、該細胞は、RASSF1A発現が減少していると同定される、Ras−関連ドメインファミリー1A(RASSF1A)発現が減少している細胞を同定するための方法。
(項目20)
該細胞が被験体内に存在している、項目19に記載の方法。
(項目21)
被験体から1つ以上の細胞を採取すること、
該1つ以上の細胞を、項目1に記載の化合物を含む組成物と接触させること、
該1つ以上の細胞の蛍光を測定すること、
を含み、
該1つ以上の細胞の蛍光によって項目1に記載の化合物の存在が示された場合、該1つ以上の細胞は癌細胞であると同定される、
被験体の1つ以上の細胞が癌細胞であるかどうかを判定する方法。
(項目22)
該1つ以上の細胞の蛍光を対照細胞と比較する、項目21に記載の方法。
(項目23)
項目1に記載の化合物および薬学的に許容され得る担体を含む医薬組成物。
(項目24)
さらに、1種類以上のさらなる抗癌化合物を含む、項目23に記載の医薬組成物。
(項目25)
治療有効量の項目1に記載の化合物を含む医薬組成物、ならびに該医薬組成物の調製および/または投与のための使用説明書を備えるキット。
(項目26)
さらに、薬学的に許容され得る担体を含む、項目25に記載のキット。
(項目27)
さらに、1種類以上のさらなる抗癌化合物を含む、項目25または26に記載のキット。
本発明は、本出願書類において、以下の説明に記載または図面に図解する要素の構成および配置の詳細に限定されない。本発明は、他の実施形態が可能であり、種々の様式で実行または実施され得る。また、本明細書で用いる語句用法および用語法は、説明目的のためのものであり、限定とみなされるべきでない。本明細書における「含む(including)」、「含む(comprising)」、「有する」、「含有する」、「伴う」およびその変化形の使用は、これらの語の後に続く記載物およびその均等物ならびにさらなる物を包含することを意図する。
Biochem.Biophys.Acta.2007,1776,58−85)。染色体3p21.3上に存在しているため、RASSF1遺伝子座は7種類の異なる転写物をコードしており、RASSF1Aは、正常細胞に見られる2つの主要なアイソフォームのうちの1つである。このようなRasエフェクタータンパク質は、保存されたモチーフRalGDS/AF6 Ras関連ドメインを共有しており、そのRas媒介性の増殖およびアポトーシスに対する効果によって癌抑制因子となっていることが示されている。過剰メチル化(後成的)サイレンシングに起因するRASSF1Aタンパク質発現の減少は、細胞周期制御を破壊し、遺伝的不安定性を誘導し、細胞運動を高め、癌細胞においてアポトーシス抵抗性をもたらす。しかしながら、RASSF1Aの異所性発現により、この腫瘍形成性表現型の逆転が誘導され得る(van der Weyden,L.ら Biochem.Biophys.Acta.2007,1776,58−85;Donninger,H.ら J.of Cell Sci.2007,120,3163−3172)。
材料および方法1:化学
試薬および溶媒はすべて、市販の供給元から購入し、受領した状態のまま使用した。融点は、電熱式融点装置上の開口毛細管内で測定した。較正はしない。1Hおよび13C NMRスペクトルは、22.5℃でCDCl3またはDMSO−d6中の溶液状態の化合物に対し、Varian 400Mz分光計(Palo Alto,CA)で測定した。質量スペクトルは、Finnegan LcQ Classic(Thermo,Waltham,MA)で取得した。元素分析は、Atlantic Microlabs(Norcross,GA)によって行ない、ミクロ解析データは、特に記載のない限り、計算値±0.4%以内とした。
細胞株および細胞増殖アッセイ。ヒト前立腺癌細胞株PC−3を、American Type Cell Culture Collection(Manassas,VA)から入手した。フェノールレッド(Invitrogen,Carlsbad,CA)を含まず、10%ウシ胎仔血清、2mMグルタミン、100U/mLのペニシリンGナトリウム、および100μg/mLの硫酸ストレプトマイシン(Sigma,St.Louis,MO)を含むIMEM中で、5%CO2の存在下、37℃で細胞を増殖させた。この細胞増殖実験では、PC−3細胞を6ウェルプレート内に3連で播種し、初期密度を2×103細胞/ウェルとした。播種の24時間後、付着細胞をビヒクル(DMSO)または1、5、15、30および60μMの化合物で処理した。さらに24時間後、細胞を1×PBSで洗浄し、トリプシン処理し、完全増殖培地中に再懸濁させた。この細胞懸濁液にトリパンブルー(0.4%)を添加し、生細胞と死細胞を、ともに血球計を用いて計数した。
Technologies,Inc.(Coralville,IA)から購入した。その配列および生成物のバンドサイズは:サイクリンD1フォワードプライマー
新たなRASSF1Aインヒビターを求め、合成のチャレンジと一般的でないカルバゾール構造のため、カルバゾール骨格の修飾(modifications off)を第一焦点として選択した。合成的には、本発明者らは、ビアリール系の環化によるカルバゾール部分の形成を想定した。それぞれ官能基化した化合物3および4の変形体のクロスカップリングの、多くの典型的なカップリング反応(ネギシ、スズキ、クマダ)(不成功に終わる)を試みた後(図5)、Wang,L.らの基質特異的反応が、本発明者らのアリールハライド系に適用可能であることがわかった(化合物5;Wang,L.ら J.Org.Chem.2006,71,1284−1287)。次いで、得られたビアリール5を、Freeman,A.W.らの手順にて環化し、おそらく2つの位置異性体である化合物6と7を得た(Freemanら J.Org.Chem.2005,70,5014−5019)。本発明者らは、溶媒とトリフェニルホスフィン(PPh3)当量を変えることにより、化合物6と7が異なる比率で得られることを見い出した。1,3−ジクロロベンゼン(DCB)および2.5当量のPPh3の使用により、立体障害性が高い方の化合物6が過剰に得られた(60:40)が、1,2−DCBと3〜5当量のPPh3では、立体障害性が低い方の化合物7がわずかに過剰に得られた(45:55)。化合物6と7のベンジル基のパラジウム担持炭素媒介型脱保護により、アルコール化合物8と9を得、これをダンシル保護して蛍光類似体の化合物6aおよび7aを得た。化合物8をシトラールで環化することにより、ラセミ化合物であるマハニン類似体の化合物10を得た(図6)。化合物10では、マハニン中に存在する遊離アルコールがメチル保護され、メチル基と環状エーテル部分の相対位置がマハニンのものと入れ替わっている。
化合物6〜10を、増殖阻害について、PC−3ヒト前立腺癌細胞において既報の方法を用いてスクリーニングした(表1;Sinhaら The Prostate.2006,66,1257−1265)。化合物6ならびにその誘導体である化合物6aおよび8は、化合物7および7aと比べ、メチル基の位置しか異ならないにもかかわらず(1位と3位)、阻害の著しい改善を示す。これは、マハニンのメチル部分が3位であるため、予期しないことであった。GI50値が化合物6系列(化合物6、6a、8)のものと近く、2位に脱保護型ヒドロキシル基を有する化合物9では、2位の立体的嵩高さを低減させれば、3位のメチルによってもたらされるどのような障害も、一部解消され得ることが示唆される。実際、マハニンの構造を調べると、エーテル環の拘束によって、2位の見かけ上の嵩高さの充分な低減がもたらされ得、3位のメチルが適度になっている。また、化合物6系列で比較的低い値がもし示された場合、エーテル環系によって、1位にメチル基に相当するものが配置され、これも、マハニンの低μMの活性を補助している可能性がある。さらに、化合物10の構造を同じ基準に基づいて解析すると、1位のメチルは依然として、化合物7および7aよりも良好な活性をもたらすが、3位のエーテル環の二重結合炭素とともに2位の嵩高さ(bulk off)により、マハニンと比べて増殖阻害が低いことが説明され得る。
マハニンで処理した細胞内でのDNA合成レベルを、化合物6〜10で処理したものと比較して評価するため、24時間の処理後、培養細胞を、標準的な手順に従って5−ブロモ−2−デオキシ−ウリジン(BrdU)で処理した(図2)。3つの合成化合物:化合物6、6aおよび9のみが、マハニンと同等にDNA合成能の減少を引き起こした。DNA合成能は細胞増殖と関連しているため、化合物6および6aで処理した細胞が、5μMの化合物7または7aで処理したものよりも少ない増殖を示すことは、後者の2つの化合物の方が阻害濃度値が高いことを考慮すると、驚くべきことではなかった。しかしながら、化合物で処理した細胞でDNA合成能に変化がないことは、該細胞がなお再生性であることを示すため、化合物9と同等または低い阻害濃度を有する化合物8および10の増殖阻害は、増殖に対する効果(あれば)とは別のものであると思われることは注目に値する。
RASSF1AのmRNAレベルがそのタンパク質発現レベルと相関していることが報告されている(Rongら Oncogene,2004,23:8216−8230)。RASSF1AおよびサイクリンD1の発現に対する該合成化合物の効果を調べるため、処理細胞におけるそれぞれのmRNAのレベルを、対照と比較して解析した(図3)。化合物6と6aは、マハニンと同一のプロフィール:RASSF1Aの有意な増大とともに対応するサイクリンD1の減少を示した。この同じ増大/減少は化合物8と9でも観察されたが、程度は低かった。サイクリンD1の過剰発現は、さまざまな腫瘍(例えば、前立腺癌)における腫瘍形成性および増殖と関連しているため、この下方調節により癌処置法が提供される(Chen,Y.ら Oncogene.1998,16,1913−1920;Musgrove,E.A.ら Proc.Nati.Acad.Sci.USA.1994,91,8022−8026)。化合物7、7aおよび10は、対照との発現レベルの変化を示さない。
処理済および未処理の前立腺癌細胞におけるDNMT活性レベルを、Epigentek製のDNMTアッセイキットを用いて測定した。DNMT活性の有意な阻害が、マハニンならびに化合物6および6aで観察され、化合物6aで最も強力な阻害が引き起こされた(図7,黒色バー)。また、化合物8と9でも、わずかなDNMT活性の減少を伴った。このようなDNMT活性の低下は、上記のRASSF1A誘導パターンと相関している(図7,灰色バー)。このデータは、DNMTの阻害により、RASSF1Aプロモーター領域の過剰メチル化が抑制され、その結果、RASSF1Aが回復されることを示唆する。
化合物6a内に存在するダンシル部分は、370nmで励起すると、552nmで蛍光が見られる(図4A)。PC−3細胞を化合物6aで処理した後、多光子レーザーを用いて化合物を励起し、細胞内部からの放射を共焦点顕微鏡検査によって観察した(図4B〜D)。細胞の核のヨウ化プロピジウム染色により、化合物6aが細胞の細胞質内に存在するが、核内には存在しないことが明らかである(図4B,C)。化合物6aとDNMTとの相互作用が最終的なRASSF1Aの上方調節に重要な要素であるという仮説をさらに確認するため、細胞試料を、核と細胞質間でDNMT3aおよびDNMT3bをシャトリングさせることがわかっているDNMTアイソフォームに対する抗体で染色した(Kimら,EMBO J,2002,21:4183−4195;Majumberら,JBC,2002,277:16048−16058)。興味深いことに、DNMT3bは対照細胞の細胞質と核の両方に存在するが(図4D)、処理細胞の集団では、1時間後、DNMT3bは細胞質内のみにみられた(図4B,矢印)。6時間までは、この効果は非常に顕著であり、処理細胞の大部分はDNMT3bを細胞質のみに有する(図4C)。DNMT3aでは対応する効果は見られず(データ表示せず)、核への到達の完全な阻害であることは考えにくい。したがって、DNMT3bの細胞質内隔離が化合物6aの作用様式であることが示唆される。
急性経口毒性のアップダウン手順を用いると、化合物6aでは、野生型Balb/cマウスにおいて、550mg/kgの用量まで毒性は観察されなかった(Acute Oral Toxicity(AOT)Up−And−Down−Procedure;http://www.epa.gov/oppfeadl/harmonization)。この場合、10mg/kgの出発有効性用量で、>55という充分な治療指数が示された。ヒト前立腺腫瘍異種移植片を有する胸腺欠損Balb/cヌードマウスに、腹腔内注射によって10mg/kgの化合物6aを、1日1回、隔日で25日間投与した。対照マウスにはビヒクル単独を投与した。化合物6aでは対照と比べ、25日間で腫瘍体積がほぼ40%縮小した(図8)。この結果により、ヒト前立腺腫瘍体積を低減させるための化合物6aの使用が実証される。
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| BRPI0917411A2 (pt) | 2015-12-01 |
| EP2323982B1 (en) | 2012-02-29 |
| JP2012500197A (ja) | 2012-01-05 |
| ATE547403T1 (de) | 2012-03-15 |
| CN102186820A (zh) | 2011-09-14 |
| EP2484666A1 (en) | 2012-08-08 |
| HK1158206A1 (en) | 2012-07-13 |
| AU2009282451A1 (en) | 2010-02-18 |
| CA2734225A1 (en) | 2010-02-18 |
| US20110152339A1 (en) | 2011-06-23 |
| EP2323982A1 (en) | 2011-05-25 |
| US10457639B2 (en) | 2019-10-29 |
| WO2010019271A8 (en) | 2011-03-31 |
| AU2009282451B2 (en) | 2014-02-13 |
| CN102186820B (zh) | 2013-08-28 |
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