JP2017106295A - Tile roof and metal tile - Google Patents

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a tiled roof and a metal roof tile capable of efficiently generating electric power as a renewable energy while utilizing the advantages as a metal roof tile. SOLUTION: A metal roof tile 4 has a raised portion 6 formed so as to form a flow path 5 for air to flow from the bottom to the top of a slope of a roof 3 on the back surface side of a plurality of metal roof tiles 4. .. On the back surface of the raised portion 6 of the metal roof tile 4, the temperature of the air flowing through the flow path 5 formed between the raised portion 6 and the gap around it and the roof base material 20 and the vicinity of the raised portion 6 of the metal roof tile 4 A thermoelectric element 10 that generates electricity based on the difference from the temperature is provided. [Selection diagram] Fig. 3

Description

  The present invention relates to a tile roof and a metal tile.

  Metal tiles are about 1/6 the weight of buildings compared to traditional Japanese tiles, and are strong against earthquakes and typhoons. For example, Patent Document 1 discloses a technique related to metal roof tiles. This technology can exhibit a cooling and cooling effect by allowing ventilation by natural convection on the back side of the metal tile.

  By the way, in recent years, solar panels have been installed on the roofs of detached houses. Such solar panels are expected as a renewable energy source, but their spread has reached the end of the past few years. The reasons for this are pointed out that the weight of the roof increases, there are problems with the aesthetics and landscape, there are problems with maintenance and workability, damage due to typhoons, scattering to the surroundings, heat stroke due to sunlight reflection, and the like.

JP-A-8-82048

When solar panels are installed on the metal tiles described in Patent Document 1, the advantages of metal tiles such as being light and resistant to earthquakes and typhoons will be impaired. difficult.
In view of the circumstances as described above, an object of the present invention is to provide a tile roof and a metal tile capable of efficiently generating electric power as renewable energy while utilizing the advantages as a metal tile.

  In order to achieve the above object, a tile roof according to an embodiment of the present invention is a tile roof in which a plurality of metal tiles are spread on a slope of the roof, and air is circulated upward from below the slope of the roof. Each of the plurality of metal tiles includes a raised portion formed on the back surface side of the plurality of metal tiles, and a thermoelectric element attached to the raised portion of the metal tile.

  In the tile roof according to one aspect of the present invention, for example, by having a flow path for flowing air from below the slope of the roof, the temperature of the air flowing through the flow path and the temperature near the raised portion of the metal tile And the difference becomes larger. Therefore, by attaching the thermoelectric element to the raised portion of the metal roof, it is possible to efficiently generate power as renewable energy. Moreover, since it is not necessary to provide a large-scale facility on the roof like a solar panel, the advantage of the metal roof tile, which is lightweight and resistant to earthquakes and typhoons, is not impaired.

  In the tile roof according to an aspect of the present invention, the thermoelectric element is attached to the back surface of the raised portion of the metal tile, and the difference between the temperature of the air flowing through the flow path and the temperature in the vicinity of the raised portion of the metal tile. Generate electricity based on this. Accordingly, the thermoelectric element is not directly exposed to the natural environment without adopting a special structure, and the durability period of the thermoelectric element can be extended. In addition, the wiring for the thermoelectric element can be easily laid on the back side of the metal tile.

  The tile roof according to an aspect of the present invention is formed so that the raised portion has a trapezoidal cross section, and the thermoelectric element is attached to the upper bottom portion of the trapezoidal shape of the raised portion. Thereby, between a thermoelectric element and a protruding part can be closely approached or closely_contact | adhered, and the electric power generation efficiency by a thermoelectric element can be improved.

  The tile roof according to an aspect of the present invention further includes a holding portion that is provided on the raised portion of the metal tile and holds the thermoelectric element in a detachable manner. Thereby, replacement | exchange is easy when a thermoelectric element fails, for example.

  The tile roof according to an aspect of the present invention further includes a filler filled in a gap between the raised portion and the thermoelectric element. As a result, even if a gap is generated between the thermoelectric element and the raised portion, heat is conducted from the metal roof tile to the thermoelectric element through the filler filling the gap, thereby improving the power generation efficiency by the thermoelectric element. Can do.

  In the tile roof according to an aspect of the present invention, the thermoelectric element is a spin Seebeck thermoelectric conversion device in which an electrode for taking out electric power is made of a cobalt alloy. As a result, the cost can be greatly reduced, and the thermoelectric effect called anomalous Nernst effect, which appears by giving magnetic properties to this cobalt alloy, is used in combination with the spin Seebeck effect. The thermoelectric conversion efficiency of 10 times or more can be improved.

  A spin Seebeck thermoelectric conversion device typically has a magnetic insulator made of a flexible material such as a plastic film, a ferrite-plated magnetic film made of columnar crystal grains of about 100 nm formed on the magnetic insulator, and a magnetic film surface. And an electrode film made of a cobalt alloy.

  The ferrite-plated magnetic film can be formed at a comparatively low temperature, so a plastic film or the like can be used as a magnetic insulator, and the crystal grains can buffer stress due to deformation, so that it can be used in a deformed state. Is possible. Therefore, even when the metal roof has a curved shape or the like, the thermoelectric element can be attached to the surface having the shape so as to follow the shape. Therefore, heat can be efficiently transferred from the metal roof to the thermoelectric element, and the power generation efficiency can be increased.

  The metal roof tile according to an embodiment of the present invention is formed so as to configure a metal roof tile and a flow path for circulating air from below the slope of the roof on the back side of the tile roof. And a thermoelectric element that is attached to the protuberance and generates electricity based on a difference between a temperature of air flowing through the flow path and a temperature in the vicinity of the protuberance of the metal tile.

  The metal roof tile according to an embodiment of the present invention is formed so as to configure a metal roof tile and a flow path for circulating air from below the slope of the roof on the back side of the tile roof. A raised portion, and a holding portion for detachably holding a thermoelectric element that generates electricity based on a difference between a temperature of air flowing through the flow path and a temperature in the vicinity of the raised portion of the metal tile.

  ADVANTAGE OF THE INVENTION According to this invention, the electric power as renewable energy can be efficiently generated, utilizing the advantage as a metal roof tile.

It is a photograph showing a tiled roof with metal tiles on the slope of the roof. It is sectional drawing of the tile roof which sown several metal tiles on the slope of the roof which concerns on this invention. It is a partial cross section perspective view of the metal roof tile concerning a 1st embodiment. It is a cross-sectional view of the metal roof tile shown in FIG. It is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of the metal roof tile shown in FIG. It is a partial cross section perspective view of the metal roof tile concerning 2nd Embodiment. (Bump R + Filler + Mounting bracket) It is a partial cross section perspective view of the metal tile which concerns on 3rd Embodiment. (Raised trapezoid + filler + movable attachment) It is a partial cross section perspective view of the metal tile which concerns on 4th Embodiment. (Thermoelectric element on the surface) It is a partial cross section perspective view of the metal roof tile concerning a 5th embodiment. FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view of the metal roof tile shown in FIG. 9. It is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of the metal roof tile shown in FIG. It is sectional drawing of the thermoelectric element which concerns on this invention. It is a partial cross section perspective view of the metal tile which concerns on 6th Embodiment. It is a cross-sectional view of the metal roof tile shown in FIG. It is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of the metal roof tile shown in FIG. It is a partial cross section perspective view of the metal roof tile concerning a 7th embodiment.

Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings.
FIG. 1 is a photograph showing a tile roof with metal tiles on the slope of the roof.
As shown in FIG. 1, a tile roof 1 is configured by rolling a plurality of metal tiles 4 on the slope of a roof 3 of a building 2. Each metal roof tile 4 is formed by forming a fluororesin coating film on the surface of a galibarium steel plate, for example, and has a total length of about 2 m and a width of about 0.5 m.

(Metal roof tile according to the first embodiment)
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of a tile roof in which a plurality of metal tiles are covered on the slope of the roof according to an embodiment of the present invention.
As shown in FIG. 2, the metal tile 4 is a raised portion formed so as to form a flow path 5 through which air flows from below the slope of the roof 3 on the back side of the plurality of metal tiles 4. 6. For example, the raised portions 6 are formed at a plurality of locations at predetermined intervals in the length direction of one metal roof tile 4. Therefore, the tile roof 1 is provided with a plurality of flow paths 5 by the raised portions 6 along the slope of the roof 3 of the building 2.

  In this metal roof tile 4, when the temperatures of the front and back surfaces of the metal roof tile 4 are both 70 to 80 ° C., by providing the flow path 5 in the metal roof tile 4 by the inventors' experiment, The temperature is 40 to 50 ° C., and the temperature of the roof base material (plywood back surface) is 35 to 45 ° C., and the temperature difference between the surface of the metal tile 4 and the back surface and the air layer on the back side of the metal tile 4 is 30 ° C. The result that it has occurred is obtained.

  Further, on the back surface of the raised portion 6 of the metal tile 4, the temperature of the air flowing through the flow path 5 formed between the raised portion 6 and the gap around the raised portion 6 and the roof base material 20 and the raised portion 6 of the metal tile 4. A thermoelectric element 10 that generates electric power based on a difference from a nearby temperature is provided. A large number of thermoelectric elements 10 are arranged vertically and horizontally when the tile roof 1 is viewed from above. Although illustration is omitted, these thermoelectric elements 10 are connected to a power conditioner or the like by wiring laid on the back surface of the metal roof tile 4, and the electric power generated by the thermoelectric element 10 is supplied to the power conditioner or the like. Yes.

3 is a partial sectional perspective view of the metal roof tile 4 shown in FIG. 2, FIG. 4 is a transverse sectional view thereof, and FIG. 5 is a longitudinal sectional view thereof.
As shown in these drawings, the raised portion 6 of the metal roof tile 4 is formed so that the cross section is trapezoidal. Such a shape can be formed simultaneously with the formation of the metal roof tile 4 by, for example, pressing. The thermoelectric element 10 is attached to the upper bottom portion of the trapezoidal shape of the raised portion 6.

Various forms of attachment of the thermoelectric element 10 to the raised portion 6 can be considered, and here, one form will be described.
A movable attachment 11 as a holding part for detachably holding the thermoelectric element 10 is attached to the raised part 6 of the metal roof tile 4 by a mounting bracket 12. For example, the mounting bracket 12 fixes two portions on both sides of the movable attachment 11 to the back surface of the raised portion 6 of the metal roof tile 4.

  The movable attachment 11 accommodates the thermoelectric element 10 therein, and a set of a presser fitting 13 and a spring 14 for holding the thermoelectric element 10 inside the movable attachment 11 by elastically pressing the accommodated thermoelectric element 10 to one side. For example at two locations. Thereby, the thermoelectric element 10 is detachably held by the movable attachment 11, and can be replaced flexibly in response to future performance improvement and size change of the thermoelectric element.

  A wiring 16 accommodated in a wiring tube 15 laid on the back surface of the metal roof tile 4 is inserted into a predetermined position of the movable attachment 11, and the wiring 16 and the thermoelectric element 10 are electrically connected.

  A gap between the raised portion 6 of the metal roof tile 4 and the thermoelectric element 10 is filled with a filler 17 such as tin having good thermal conductivity, heat storage, and electrical insulation, for example. Such a filler 17 is disposed in a region surrounded by the movable attachment 11. The movable attachment 11 has, for example, a U-shape, and the upper portion is open so that the filler 17 can contact the thermoelectric element 10 directly, and the lower portion and one side are open. The thermoelectric element 10 can be attached and detached from the movable attachment 11. The thermoelectric element 10 has, for example, a heat sink 18 on the lower side.

  In the metal tile 4 according to the first embodiment, the flow of the air from below the slope of the roof 3 to the top of the metal tile 4 allows the temperature of the air flowing through the flow path 5 and the metal tile 4 to flow. The difference from the temperature in the vicinity of the raised portion 6 is 30 ° C. or more. Therefore, by attaching the thermoelectric element 10 to the raised portion 6 of the metal roof tile 4, it is possible to efficiently generate electric power as renewable energy. Moreover, since it is not necessary to provide a large-scale facility on the roof 3 like a solar panel, the advantages of the metal tiles that are lightweight and resistant to earthquakes and typhoons are not impaired. Further, by removing the light metal tile 4 having such a thermoelectric element 10 on the tile without removing the conventional tile or the like, the power generation facility can be simplified simultaneously with the renovation work of the tile without removal work. Can be added.

(Metal roof tile according to the second embodiment)
FIG. 6 is a partial cross-sectional perspective view of the metal roof tile 4 according to the second embodiment.
In 1st Embodiment, although the thermoelectric element 10 was attached to the back surface of the protruding part 6 of the metal tile 4 via the movable attachment 11, in the metal tile 4 which concerns on 2nd Embodiment, as shown in FIG. The thermoelectric element 10 is directly attached to the back surface of the raised portion 6 of the metal roof tile 4 by the mounting bracket 12 without using the movable attachment 11. For example, the mounting bracket 12 fixes two portions on both sides of the thermoelectric element 10 to the back surface of the raised portion 6 of the metal tile 4.

  The metal roof tile 4 according to the second embodiment has a simple structure and is excellent in terms of cost and construction.

(Metal roof tile according to the third embodiment)
FIG. 7 is a partial cross-sectional perspective view of the metal roof tile 4 according to the third embodiment.
In the first and second embodiments, the filler 17 is filled between the back surface of the raised portion 6 of the metal roof tile 4 and the thermoelectric element 10, but in the metal roof tile 4 according to the third embodiment, FIG. 7, the thermoelectric element 10 is in direct contact with the back surface of the raised portion 6 of the metal tile 4 without filling the filler 17 between the back surface of the raised portion 6 of the metal tile 4 and the thermoelectric element 10. .

  The metal roof tile 4 according to the third embodiment has a simpler structure and is very excellent in terms of cost. In particular, when the raised portion 6 of the metal tile 4 has a trapezoidal cross section, the back surface of the raised portion 6 of the metal tile 4 and the thermoelectric element 10 can be easily contacted. However, power generation efficiency does not fall.

(Metal roof tile according to the fourth embodiment)
FIG. 8 is a partial cross-sectional perspective view of the metal roof tile 4 according to the fourth embodiment.
In the first to third embodiments, the raised portion 6 of the metal roof tile 4 has a trapezoidal cross section. However, in the metal roof tile 4 according to the fourth embodiment, the raised portion of the metal roof tile 4 as shown in FIG. 6 has a cross-sectional R shape (kamaboko shape).

  The metal roof tile 4 according to the fourth embodiment is easy to press because the raised portion 6 has a R-shaped cross section. In particular, since the raised portion 6 has an R-shaped cross section, a gap between the back surface of the raised portion 6 of the metal roof tile 4 and the thermoelectric element 10 is likely to be formed. The power generation efficiency will not be reduced even if it is adopted.

  In addition, in the metal roof tile 4 according to the fourth embodiment, the thermoelectric element 10 is attached to the back surface of the raised portion 6 of the metal roof tile 4 via the movable attachment 11. The thermoelectric element 10 may be directly attached to the back surface of the raised portion 6.

  Further, in the metal roof tile 4 according to the fourth embodiment, the filler 17 is filled between the back surface of the raised portion 6 of the metal roof tile 4 and the thermoelectric element 10, but such a filler 17 is filled. Instead, the thermoelectric element 10 may be directly contacted with the back surface of the raised portion 6 of the metal roof 4.

(Metal roof tile according to the fifth embodiment)
9 is a partial cross-sectional perspective view of the metal roof tile 4 according to the fifth embodiment, FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view of the metal roof tile 4, and FIG. 11 is a vertical cross-sectional view of the metal roof tile 4.

  In the 1st-4th embodiment, although the thermoelectric element 10 was attached to the back surface of the protruding part 6 of the metal roof tile 4, in the metal roof tile 4 which concerns on 5th Embodiment, as shown in FIGS. 9-11. The thermoelectric element 10 may be attached to the surface of the raised portion 6 of the metal tile 4.

  In the metal roof tile 4 according to the fifth embodiment, the attachment position of the thermoelectric element 10 on the surface of the raised portion 6 of the metal roof tile 4 is recessed, and the cover member 30 is provided so as to cover the thermoelectric element 10 attached thereto. . The cover member 30 is provided with a hole 31 through which air is circulated on the surface of the metal roof tile 4. That is, in the metal roof tile 4 according to the fifth embodiment, the back surface of the thermoelectric element 10 receives heat from the metal roof tile 4 so that air is circulated on the surface of the thermoelectric element 10.

  In the metal roof tile 4 according to the fifth embodiment, maintenance such as replacement of the thermoelectric element 10 can be easily performed by removing the cover member 30.

In addition, in the metal roof tile 4 according to the fifth embodiment, the thermoelectric element 10 is directly attached to the surface of the raised portion 6 of the metal roof tile 4 without using the movable attachment 11, but the metal roof tile 4 is interposed via the movable attachment 11. The thermoelectric element 10 may be attached to the surface of the raised portion 6.
Further, in the metal roof tile 4 according to the fifth embodiment, the filler 17 is filled between the surface of the raised portion 6 of the metal roof tile 4 and the thermoelectric element 10, but such a filler 17 is filled. Instead, the thermoelectric element 10 may be brought into direct contact with the surface of the raised portion 6 of the metal tile 4.
Furthermore, in the metal roof tile 4 according to the fifth embodiment, the raised portion 6 of the metal roof tile 4 has an R-shaped cross section (kamaboko shape). However, even if the raised section 6 of the metal roof tile 4 has a trapezoidal cross section. Good.

(Thermoelectric element)
The thermoelectric element 10 according to the present invention will be described.
In the tile roof according to one embodiment of the present invention, a spin Seebeck thermoelectric conversion device in which an electrode for taking out electric power is made of a cobalt alloy can be used as the thermoelectric element 10.

  By using a cobalt alloy instead of platinum as an electrode, the cost can be significantly reduced. In addition, a thermoelectric effect called anomalous Nernst effect, which appears by giving magnetic properties to this cobalt alloy, can be used in combination with the spin Seebeck effect to improve the thermoelectric conversion efficiency more than 10 times that of a conventional element using platinum. it can.

FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a configuration of a thermoelectric element 10 including a spin Seebeck thermoelectric conversion device.
As shown in FIG. 12, the thermoelectric element 10 including the spin Seebeck thermoelectric conversion device includes a magnetic insulator 41 made of a flexible material such as a plastic film, and columnar crystal grains of about 100 nm formed on the magnetic insulator 41. And the electrode film 43 made of a cobalt alloy formed on the surface of the magnetic film 42.

  Since the ferrite-plated magnetic film 42 can be formed at a relatively low temperature, a plastic film or the like can be used as a magnetic insulator, and the crystal grains can buffer stress due to deformation. Can be used.

  Therefore, as shown in FIG. 8, even when the raised portion 6 of the metal roof tile 4 has an R shape (kamaboko shape) or the like, the thermoelectric element 10 is attached to the surface having the shape so as to follow the shape. be able to. Therefore, heat can be efficiently transferred from the metal roof tile 4 to the thermoelectric element 10, and power generation efficiency can be increased.

  Here, the magnetic insulator is typically a flexible substrate such as a plastic film. Of course, the magnetic insulator may be a rigid body such as glass or ceramics.

When the layer of the magnetic insulator 41 by coating or the like is provided on the surface of the metal roof 4, the thermoelectric element 10 having the magnetic film 42 and the electrode film 43 made of a cobalt alloy on the surface of the metal roof 4. It may be pasted directly. Or the coating material which comprises the magnetic film 42 may be apply | coated to the surface of such a metal roof tile 4, and the coating material which comprises the electrode film 43 which consists of a cobalt alloy may be further apply | coated on it.
(Metal roof tile according to the sixth embodiment)
Next, an embodiment of a metal roof using the thermoelectric element 10 composed of the spin Seebeck thermoelectric conversion device shown in FIG. 12 will be described.
13 is a partial cross-sectional perspective view of the metal roof tile 4 according to the sixth embodiment, FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional view of the metal roof tile 4, and FIG. 15 is a vertical cross-sectional view of the metal roof tile 4.
In the metal roof tile 4 according to the sixth embodiment, as shown in FIGS. 13 and 14, the raised portion 6 of the metal roof tile 4 has an R shape (kamaboko shape).

  The thermoelectric element 10 is formed of the spin Seebeck thermoelectric conversion device shown in FIG. 12 and has a cross-sectional R shape that follows the shape of the raised portion 6 of the metal roof tile 4. Thereby, one surface of the thermoelectric element 10 is in close contact with one surface of the raised portion 6 of the metal roof tile 4, so that the heat of the metal roof tile 4 is efficiently transmitted to the thermoelectric device 10. That is, as compared with the metal roof tile 4 shown in FIG. 8, the filler 17 is not necessary and the power generation efficiency is improved.

(Metal roof tile according to the seventh embodiment)
Of course, as shown in FIG. 16, the thermoelectric element 10 made of a spin Seebeck thermoelectric conversion device can be used by attaching it to the upper bottom portion even if the raised portion 6 of the metal roof tile 4 has a trapezoidal shape.
(Other)
The present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiments, and can be implemented by being modified into various forms. The scope of the embodiments also belongs to the technical scope of the present invention.
For example, in the above-described embodiment, the roof base material 20 is provided on the back surface of the metal tile 4, but the present invention is possible even if the roof base material 20 is not provided as in the roof of a large-scale building such as a factory. Is applicable.
In the above-described embodiment, the shape of the raised portion is a trapezoidal cross section or an R shape. However, other shapes may be used as a matter of course.
Furthermore, in the above embodiment, the thermoelectric element is attached to the raised portion of the metal tile via the mounting bracket, but for example, a protruding portion that sandwiches the thermoelectric element from both sides of the thermoelectric element is formed on the raised portion itself. The thermoelectric element may be directly attached to the raised portion of the metal roof by the portion.

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 Roof tile roof 2 Building 3 Roof 4 Metal tile 5 Flow path 6 Raised part 10 Thermoelectric element 11 Movable attachment 12 Mounting metal fitting 13 Holding metal fitting 14 Spring 15 Wiring tube 16 Wiring 17 Filler 18 Heat sink 18 Roof base material 30 Cover member 31 Hole 41 Magnetic insulator 42 Magnetic film 43 Electrode film

Claims (11)

A tiled roof with multiple metal tiles on the slope of the roof,
A ridge formed on each of the metal tiles so as to constitute a flow path for circulating air from below the slope of the roof on the back side of the plurality of metal tiles;
A tile roof comprising a thermoelectric element attached to the raised portion of the metal tile. The tile roof according to claim 1,
The thermoelectric element is attached to the back surface of the raised portion of the metal tile, and generates electricity based on the difference between the temperature of the air flowing through the flow path and the temperature near the raised portion of the metal tile. The tile roof according to claim 1 or 2,
The raised portion is shaped so that the cross section is trapezoidal,
The thermoelectric element is attached to an upper bottom portion of a trapezoidal shape of the raised portion. The tile roof according to any one of claims 1 to 3,
A roof tile roof further comprising a holding portion provided on a raised portion of the metal tile and detachably holding the thermoelectric element. The tile roof according to any one of claims 1 to 4,
A tile roof further comprising a filler filled in a gap between the raised portion and the thermoelectric element. The tile roof according to any one of claims 1 to 5,
The thermoelectric element is a spin Seebeck thermoelectric conversion device in which an electrode for taking out electric power is made of a cobalt alloy. The tile roof according to claim 6,
The spin Seebeck thermoelectric conversion device includes a ferrite-plated magnetic film made of columnar crystal grains formed on a magnetic insulator, and an electrode film made of a cobalt alloy formed on the surface of the magnetic film. A metal roof tile,
A raised portion formed so as to constitute a flow path for circulating air from below the slope of the roof on the back side of the tile body;
A metal roof tile, comprising: a thermoelectric element that is attached to the raised portion and generates electricity based on a difference between a temperature of air flowing through the flow path and a temperature in the vicinity of the raised portion of the metal roof tile. The metal roof tile according to claim 8,
The thermoelectric element is a spin Seebeck thermoelectric conversion device in which an electrode for taking out electric power is made of a cobalt alloy. The metal roof tile according to claim 9,
The spin Seebeck thermoelectric conversion device is a metal roof tile having a ferrite-plated magnetic film made of columnar crystal grains formed on a magnetic insulator and an electrode film made of a cobalt alloy formed on the surface of the magnetic film. A metal roof tile,
A raised portion formed so as to constitute a flow path for circulating air from below the slope of the roof on the back side of the tile body;
A metal roof comprising a holding section for detachably holding a thermoelectric element that generates electricity based on the difference between the temperature of the air flowing through the flow path and the temperature in the vicinity of the raised section of the metal roof.