JP2017123285A - Composite electric contact - Google Patents

Composite electric contact Download PDF

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Publication number
JP2017123285A
JP2017123285A JP2016002194A JP2016002194A JP2017123285A JP 2017123285 A JP2017123285 A JP 2017123285A JP 2016002194 A JP2016002194 A JP 2016002194A JP 2016002194 A JP2016002194 A JP 2016002194A JP 2017123285 A JP2017123285 A JP 2017123285A
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Prior art keywords
contact
type
rivet
silver
head
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Inventor
大槻 真人
Masato Otsuki
真人 大槻
吉田 明
Akira Yoshida
明 吉田
康弘 関野
Yasuhiro Sekino
康弘 関野
正幸 渋田
Masayuki Shibuta
正幸 渋田
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Nidec Material Corp
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Nidec Sankyo CMI Corp
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Priority to JP2016002194A priority Critical patent/JP2017123285A/en
Priority to PCT/JP2016/088846 priority patent/WO2017119356A1/en
Publication of JP2017123285A publication Critical patent/JP2017123285A/en
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01HELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H1/00Contacts
    • H01H1/02Contacts characterised by the material thereof
    • H01H1/021Composite material
    • H01H1/023Composite material having a noble metal as the basic material
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01HELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H1/00Contacts
    • H01H1/02Contacts characterised by the material thereof
    • H01H1/021Composite material
    • H01H1/025Composite material having copper as the basic material
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01HELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H11/00Apparatus or processes specially adapted for the manufacture of electric switches
    • H01H11/04Apparatus or processes specially adapted for the manufacture of electric switches of switch contacts

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Composite Materials (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Contacts (AREA)
  • Manufacture Of Switches (AREA)

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a compound electric contact that enables integration with a pedestal section at a higher bonding strength compared with conventional levels even when a high-oxide-based silver alloy is used as a contact material.SOLUTION: A compound electric contact includes: a contact section at which contact opening/closing is performed; and a pedestal section which is integrated with the contact section to form a portion to be fixed to a base metal. In the compound electric contact, silver or a silver alloy is used as a contact material for forming the contact section, and brass is used as a pedestal material for forming the pedestal section.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1

Description

本発明は、各種のリレーやスイッチにおいて電気的接点として用いられる複合電気接点に関するものである。   The present invention relates to a composite electrical contact used as an electrical contact in various relays and switches.

従来から、リレーやスイッチ等においては、台金に固定されて電気的接点となる各種の複合電気接点が用いられている。
例えば、リレーやスイッチ等においては、図7(a)、(b)に示すようなリベット型の複合電気接点(以下、リベット型接点と略す。)10が用いられ、サーモスタットやサーマルリレー等においては、図8(a)、(b)に示すようなディスク型の複合電気接点(以下、ディスク型接点と略す。)15が用いられている。
2. Description of the Related Art Conventionally, various composite electrical contacts that are fixed to a base metal and serve as electrical contacts are used in relays, switches, and the like.
For example, in relays and switches, rivet-type composite electrical contacts (hereinafter abbreviated as rivet-type contacts) 10 as shown in FIGS. 7A and 7B are used, and in thermostats and thermal relays, etc. 8A and 8B, a disk-type composite electrical contact (hereinafter abbreviated as a disk-type contact) 15 is used.

このリベット型接点10は、接点開閉が行われる端面が凸曲面や平面の円板状の頭部11と、この頭部11よりも小径な円柱状の台座部12とからなるものであり、台座部12が図示されない台金に形成された孔部に挿入されて先端面12aが加締められることにより当該台金に取り付けられるものである。   The rivet-type contact 10 includes a disk-shaped head 11 having a convex curved surface or a flat end surface on which the contact is opened and closed, and a columnar pedestal portion 12 having a smaller diameter than the head 11. The portion 12 is inserted into a hole formed in a base metal (not shown) and the distal end surface 12a is crimped to attach to the base metal.

一般的に、上記構成からなるリベット型接点10においては、直接的に接点開閉が行われる頭部11の接点部11aに、導電性および放熱性に優れる銀やAg−Ni系等の銀合金が用いられ、台金と接触する頭部11の基端部11bおよび台座部12に、導電性や展延性に優れる銅が用いられている(下記特許文献1参照)。   In general, in the rivet-type contact 10 having the above-described configuration, silver or Ag-Ni-based silver alloy having excellent conductivity and heat dissipation is formed on the contact portion 11a of the head 11 where contact opening / closing is performed directly. Copper having excellent conductivity and spreadability is used for the base end portion 11b of the head 11 and the pedestal portion 12 that are used and contact the base metal (see Patent Document 1 below).

また、上記ディスク型接点15は、接点開閉が行われる端面が凸曲面の円板状頭部16と、この頭部16の他端面に一体成形されて溶接部となる複数(図では7個)のプロジェクション17とからなるもので、図示されない台金(バイメタル)にプロジェクション17がスポット溶接(抵抗溶接)されることにより取り付けられるものである。   The disk-type contact 15 includes a disc-shaped head 16 having a convex curved end surface and a plurality of (seven in the figure) that are integrally formed with the other end surface of the head 16 to form a welded portion. The projection 17 is attached to the base metal (bimetal) (not shown) by spot welding (resistance welding).

このようなディスク型接点15にあっても、直接的に接点開閉が行われる頭部16の接点部16aには、同様に導電性および放熱性に優れる銀やAg−Ni系等の銀合金が用いられ、頭部16の基端部16bおよび台金にスポット溶接されるプロジェクション17には、導電性および溶接性に優れる銅ニッケル合金が用いられている。   Even in such a disk-type contact 15, the contact portion 16 a of the head 16 that is directly opened and closed is similarly made of silver or Ag—Ni-based silver alloy having excellent conductivity and heat dissipation. For the projection 17 that is used and spot welded to the base end portion 16b of the head 16 and the base metal, a copper nickel alloy having excellent conductivity and weldability is used.

特開平11−162276号公報JP-A-11-162276

ところで、近年、上記リベット型接点10やディスク型接点15にあっては、各種リレーやスイッチ等の高性能化に伴い、接点部11a、16aを構成する銀合金として、高耐久性に優れるAg−Sn系、Ag−Zn系、Ag−Sn−In系等の高酸化物系を採用することが主流になるとともに、頭部11、16の基端部11b、16bとの接合強度を高めることが要請されている。   By the way, in recent years, the rivet-type contact 10 and the disk-type contact 15 have a high durability as a silver alloy constituting the contact portions 11a and 16a as the performance of various relays and switches increases. Adopting high oxides such as Sn, Ag—Zn, Ag—Sn—In, etc. has become mainstream, and the bonding strength with the base end portions 11b, 16b of the heads 11, 16 can be increased. It has been requested.

そこで、本発明者等は、接点材として従来の銀やAg−Ni系等の銀合金の他、特に上述した高酸化物系の銀合金を用いた場合にも、頭部11、16の基端部11b、16bとの接合強度を高めることができる複合電気接点を開発すべく鋭意研究を行った結果、頭部11、16の基端部11b、16b等を構成する固定部として黄銅(銅亜鉛合金)を用いた場合に、リベット型接点として容易に台金に加締めることができ、またディスク型接点としての溶接性を有するとともに、所望の導電性が得られ、かつ従来よりも高い接合強度が得られるとの知見を得るに至った。   Therefore, the present inventors have used the heads 11 and 16 as a base material in the case where the above-described high oxide silver alloy is used in addition to the conventional silver or Ag-Ni silver alloy. As a result of earnest research to develop a composite electric contact capable of increasing the bonding strength with the end portions 11b and 16b, brass (copper) is used as a fixing portion constituting the base end portions 11b and 16b of the head portions 11 and 16. Zinc alloy) can be easily crimped to the base metal as a rivet-type contact, has weldability as a disk-type contact, provides desired conductivity, and has a higher joining than before. It came to the knowledge that intensity was acquired.

本発明は、上記知見に基づいてなされたもので、接点材として高酸化物系の銀合金を用いた場合においても台座部と従来よりも高い接合強度で一体化させることができる複合電気接点を提供することを課題とするものである。   The present invention has been made on the basis of the above knowledge, and even when a high oxide silver alloy is used as a contact material, a composite electrical contact that can be integrated with a pedestal portion with higher bonding strength than conventional ones. The issue is to provide.

上記課題を解決するため、請求項1に記載の発明は、接点開閉が行われる接点部と、この接点部と一体化された台金への固定部とを備えた複合電気接点において、上記接点部を形成する接点材として銀または銀合金を用い、上記固定部を形成する台座材として黄銅を用いたことを特徴とするものである。   In order to solve the above-mentioned problem, the invention according to claim 1 is a composite electric contact comprising a contact portion for opening / closing a contact and a fixing portion to a base metal integrated with the contact portion. Silver or a silver alloy is used as the contact material for forming the portion, and brass is used as the base material for forming the fixed portion.

また、請求項2に記載の発明は、請求項1に記載の発明において、上記接点部と上記固定部とは、冷間圧造加工により接合されていることを特徴とするものである。   According to a second aspect of the present invention, in the first aspect of the present invention, the contact portion and the fixed portion are joined by cold heading.

接点部と固定部とを接合一体化するに際して、接合強度を向上させるためには接点材と台座材との材種の相性が重要な要素となる。そして、請求項1または2に記載の発明によれば、台座材として黄銅(銅亜鉛合金)を用いることにより、接点材として高酸化物系の銀合金を用いた場合においても従来よりも高い接合強度で接合一体化させることが可能になる。   When the contact portion and the fixed portion are joined and integrated, the compatibility of the material types of the contact material and the base material is an important factor for improving the joining strength. According to the invention described in claim 1 or 2, by using brass (copper zinc alloy) as a base material, even when a high oxide silver alloy is used as a contact material, higher bonding than in the past is possible. It becomes possible to join and integrate with strength.

しかも、固定部を形成する黄銅は、所望の展延性および溶接性を有しているために、リベット型接点とした場合においても容易に台金に加締めることができるとともに、ディスク型接点とした場合にも容易に台金にスポット溶接によって固定することができる。   Moreover, since the brass forming the fixed portion has the desired spreadability and weldability, it can be easily crimped to the base metal even when it is a rivet type contact, and it is a disk type contact. Even in this case, it can be easily fixed to the base metal by spot welding.

本発明に係る複合電気接点をリベット型接点に適用した実施形態を示すもので、(a)は一部断面視した正面図、(b)は底面図である。BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Embodiment which applied the composite electrical contact which concerns on this invention to a rivet type | mold contact is shown, (a) is the front view which carried out the partial cross section view, (b) is a bottom view. 本発明に係る複合電気接点をディスク型接点に適用した実施形態を示すもので、(a)は一部断面視した正面図、(b)は底面図である。1 shows an embodiment in which a composite electrical contact according to the present invention is applied to a disk-type contact, wherein (a) is a front view in partial cross section, and (b) is a bottom view. 図1のリベット型接点の製造方法を説明するための工程図である。It is process drawing for demonstrating the manufacturing method of the rivet type | mold contact of FIG. 図2のディスク型接点の製造方法を説明するための工程図である。It is process drawing for demonstrating the manufacturing method of the disk type contact of FIG. 実施例におけるせん断試験の方法を説明するための模式図である。It is a schematic diagram for demonstrating the method of the shear test in an Example. 実施例の結果を示す図表である。It is a graph which shows the result of an Example. 従来のリベット型接点を示すもので、(a)は一部断面視した正面図、(b)は底面図である。The conventional rivet type | mold contact is shown, (a) is the front view which carried out the partial cross section view, (b) is a bottom view. 従来のディスク型接点を示すもので、(a)は一部断面視した正面図、(b)は底面図である。1 shows a conventional disk-type contact, where (a) is a front view with a partial cross-sectional view, and (b) is a bottom view.

図1(a)、(b)は、本発明に係る複合電気接点を図7に示した従来のものと同形状のリベット型接点1に適用した一実施形態を示すもので、同様に接点開閉が行われる端面が凸曲面または平面の接点部2aを備えた円板状の頭部2と、この頭部2よりも小径な円柱状の台座部(固定部)3とからなるものである。   FIGS. 1A and 1B show an embodiment in which the composite electrical contact according to the present invention is applied to a rivet-type contact 1 having the same shape as the conventional one shown in FIG. The end face to which the above is performed is composed of a disk-shaped head portion 2 having a convex curved surface or a flat contact portion 2a, and a columnar pedestal portion (fixed portion) 3 having a diameter smaller than that of the head portion 2.

このリベット型接点1も、台座部3が図示されない台金に形成された孔部に挿入されて先端面3aが加締められることにより当該台金に取り付けられるものである。   The rivet-type contact 1 is also attached to the base metal by inserting the pedestal part 3 into a hole formed in the base metal (not shown) and crimping the distal end surface 3a.

そして、このリベット型接点1においては、接点開閉が行われる頭部2の接点部2aに、導電性および放熱性に優れる銀(Ag)またはAg−Ni系、Ag−Sn系、Ag−Zn系、Ag−Sn−In系等の銀合金が用いられ、台金側と接触する頭部2の基端部2bおよび台座部3に、黄銅(銅亜鉛合金)が用いられている。   And in this rivet type contact 1, silver (Ag) or Ag-Ni type, Ag-Sn type, Ag-Zn type excellent in conductivity and heat dissipation are provided on the contact part 2a of the head 2 where the contact is opened and closed. A silver alloy such as Ag-Sn-In is used, and brass (copper zinc alloy) is used for the base end portion 2b of the head 2 and the pedestal portion 3 that are in contact with the base metal side.

また、図2は、本発明に係る複合電気接点を図8に示した従来のものと同形状のディスク型接点5に適用した一実施形態を示すもので、このディスク型接点5も、接点開閉が行われる端面が凸曲面の接点部6aを備えた円板状頭部6と、この頭部6の他端面に一体成形されて溶接部となる複数(図では7個)のプロジェクション7とからなるもので、図示されない台金(バイメタル)にプロジェクション7がスポット溶接(抵抗溶接)されることにより取り付けられるものである。   FIG. 2 shows an embodiment in which the composite electrical contact according to the present invention is applied to a disk-type contact 5 having the same shape as the conventional one shown in FIG. And a plurality of (seven in the figure) projections 7 which are formed integrally with the other end surface of the head 6 and become welded portions. Therefore, the projection 7 is attached to a base metal (bimetal) (not shown) by spot welding (resistance welding).

上記ディスク型接点5も、直接的に接点開閉が行われる頭部6の接点部6aには、同様に導電性および放熱性に優れる銀(Ag)またはAg−Ni系、Ag−Sn系、Ag−Zn系、Ag−Sn−In系等の銀合金が用いられ、頭部6の基端部(固定部)6bおよび台金にスポット溶接されるプロジェクション7には、黄銅(銅亜鉛合金)が用いられている。   The disk-type contact 5 also has silver (Ag) or Ag-Ni, Ag-Sn, Ag, which is also excellent in conductivity and heat dissipation, in the contact portion 6a of the head 6 that is directly opened and closed. Brass (copper-zinc alloy) is used for the projection 7 spot-welded to the base end portion (fixed portion) 6b of the head 6 and the base metal, using a silver alloy such as -Zn or Ag-Sn-In. It is used.

ここで、上記台座部3および頭部6の基端部6bに用いられる黄銅としては、合金番号C2400(Cu:78.5%〜81.5%)、C2600(Cu:68.5%〜71.5%)、C2700(Cu:63.0%〜67.0%)、C2720(Cu:62.0%〜64.0%)、C2800(Cu:59.0%〜63.0%)などを用いることが好適である。なお、同種材には、微量ながら環境負担物質の一つである鉛(Pb)が含有されているが、昨今、鉛(Pb)レスの代替材も開発されており、当該代替品を用いてもよい。   Here, as the brass used for the base part 3 and the base end part 6b of the head part 6, alloy numbers C2400 (Cu: 78.5% to 81.5%), C2600 (Cu: 68.5% to 71.5%), C2700 (Cu : 63.0% to 67.0%), C2720 (Cu: 62.0% to 64.0%), C2800 (Cu: 59.0% to 63.0%), and the like are preferably used. Although the same material contains lead (Pb), which is one of the environmentally burdensome substances in a small amount, an alternative material that does not contain lead (Pb) has been developed recently. Also good.

また、頭部2、6の接点部2a、6aに、銀(Ag)またはAg−Ni系(Ni:10%未満)の銀合金のように比較的軟質の接点材を用いた場合には、上記黄銅のうち亜鉛の含有量が比較的少ないものを用いることが好ましく、Ag−Sn系、Ag−Zn系、Ag−Sn−In系の銀合金のように高酸化物系の比較的硬質の接点材を用いた場合には、上記黄銅のうち亜鉛の含有量が比較的多いものを用いることが好ましい。   Further, when a relatively soft contact material such as silver (Ag) or Ag-Ni (Ni: less than 10%) silver alloy is used for the contact portions 2a and 6a of the heads 2 and 6, It is preferable to use a brass with a relatively small zinc content, such as Ag-Sn, Ag-Zn, and Ag-Sn-In silver alloys. When a contact material is used, it is preferable to use the brass having a relatively high zinc content.

上記構成からなるリベット型接点1を製造するには、図3に示すように、先ず銀または銀合金からなる接点用丸線材から、リベット型接点1の接点部2aを形成するための長さ寸法を切り出して、冷間圧造ヘッダー機の加工軸へ移送して型内に挿入する。これと併行して、黄銅からなる台座用丸線材から、リベット型接点1の頭部2の基端部2aおよび台座部3を形成するための長さ寸法を切り出して、同様に加工軸へ移送して型内に挿入する。   In order to manufacture the rivet type contact 1 having the above configuration, as shown in FIG. 3, first, a length dimension for forming the contact portion 2a of the rivet type contact 1 from a round wire for contact made of silver or a silver alloy. Is cut out, transferred to the processing axis of the cold heading header machine, and inserted into the mold. At the same time, the length for forming the base end 2a of the head 2 and the base 3 of the rivet type contact 1 is cut out from the round wire for the base made of brass, and similarly transferred to the machining axis. And insert it into the mold.

次いで、上記冷間圧造ヘッダー機によって、順次一次成形(予備成形)および二次成形(本成形)を行って、上記接点用丸線材および台座用丸線材を接合するとともに、リベット型接点1に形状に加工し、型から排出する。   Next, the cold forging header machine sequentially performs primary molding (preliminary molding) and secondary molding (main molding) to join the round wire for contact and the round wire for pedestal, and to form a rivet type contact 1 And then discharged from the mold.

また、図2に示したディスク型接点5を製造するには、図4に示すように、先ず銀または銀合金からなる接点用丸線材から、ディスク型接点5の接点部6aを形成するための長さ寸法を切り出して、冷間圧造ヘッダー機の加工軸へ移送して型内に挿入する。これと併行して、黄銅からなる台座用丸線材から、ディスク型接点5の頭部6の基端部6bおよびプロジェクション7を形成するための長さ寸法を切り出して、同様に加工軸へ移送して型内に挿入する。   In order to manufacture the disk-type contact 5 shown in FIG. 2, as shown in FIG. 4, first, a contact portion 6a of the disk-type contact 5 is formed from a round wire for contact made of silver or a silver alloy. The length is cut out, transferred to the processing shaft of the cold heading header machine, and inserted into the mold. At the same time, a length dimension for forming the base end portion 6b of the head 6 of the disk-type contact 5 and the projection 7 is cut out from the round wire for the pedestal made of brass, and similarly transferred to the machining axis. Insert into the mold.

次いで、同様に上記冷間圧造ヘッダー機によって、順次一次成形(予備成形)および二次成形(本成形)を行って、上記接点用丸線材および台座用丸線材を接合するとともに、ディスク型接点の頭部6およびプロジェクション7の形状に加工し、型から排出する。   Next, in the same manner, the cold forging header machine sequentially performs primary molding (preliminary molding) and secondary molding (main molding) to join the round wire for contact and the round wire for pedestal. It is processed into the shape of the head 6 and the projection 7 and discharged from the mold.

本発明に係るリベット型接点(複合電気接点)として、接点材にAg−Sn−In系銀合金(Mx0:6〜18%、Ag:Bal)を用い、台金材に黄銅(合金番号2700)を用いたリベット型接点を10個製造した。また、比較例として、接点材に同一のAg−Sn−In系銀合金(Mx0:6〜18%、Ag:Bal)を用い、台座材に従来の銅を用いたリベット型接点を10個製造した。   As a rivet-type contact (composite electrical contact) according to the present invention, an Ag-Sn-In-based silver alloy (Mx0: 6 to 18%, Ag: Bal) is used for the contact material, and the base metal material is brass (alloy number 2700). Ten rivet-type contacts were used. As a comparative example, the same Ag-Sn-In silver alloy (Mx0: 6-18%, Ag: Bal) is used as the contact material, and 10 rivet-type contacts using conventional copper as the base material are manufactured. did.

そして、これらのリベット型接点について、図5に示すせん断測定器を用いて、固定ダイ20の凹部20a内に各々のリベット型接点を挿入してせん断刃21により接合部分Cのせん断強度を測定した。   And about these rivet type | mold contacts, each rivet type | mold contact was inserted in the recessed part 20a of the fixed die | dye 20 using the shear measuring device shown in FIG. .

図6は、その結果を示すものである。
同図から、台座材に黄銅を用い本発明に係るリベット型接点においては、台座材に従来の銅を用いた比較例のリベット型接点と比較して、接合強度が大幅に向上していることが判る。
FIG. 6 shows the result.
From the figure, in the rivet type contact according to the present invention using brass for the base material, the bonding strength is greatly improved compared to the rivet type contact of the comparative example using the conventional copper for the base material. I understand.

以上説明したように、上記リベット型接点1またはディスク型接点5によれば、台座材として黄銅(銅亜鉛合金)を用いることにより、接点材として高酸化物系の銀合金を用いた場合においても、従来よりも高い接合強度で接点材2a、6aを頭部2、6の基端部2b、6bに接合一体化させることができる。   As described above, according to the rivet-type contact 1 or the disk-type contact 5, the use of brass (copper-zinc alloy) as the pedestal material makes it possible to use a high-oxide silver alloy as the contact material. The contact materials 2a and 6a can be joined and integrated with the base end portions 2b and 6b of the heads 2 and 6 with higher joint strength than conventional.

加えて、黄銅は所望の展延性および溶接性を有しているために、リベット型接点1においては台座部3の端面3aを加締めて容易に台金に加締めることができるとともに、ディスク型接点5においては、容易にプロジェクション7におけるスポット溶接によって台金に固定することができる。   In addition, since brass has the desired spreadability and weldability, the rivet type contact 1 can be easily crimped to the base metal by crimping the end surface 3a of the pedestal portion 3, and the disk type The contact 5 can be easily fixed to the base metal by spot welding in the projection 7.

1 リベット型接点(複合電気接点)
2 頭部
2a 接点部
2b 基端部
3 台座部(固定部)
3a 先端面
5 ディスク型接点(複合電気接点)
6 頭部
6a 接点部
6b 基端部(固定部)
7 プロジェクション
1 Rivet contact (composite electrical contact)
2 Head part 2a Contact part 2b Base end part 3 Base part (fixed part)
3a Tip 5 Disc type contact (composite electrical contact)
6 Head 6a Contact 6b Base end (fixed part)
7 Projection

Claims (2)

接点開閉が行われる接点部と、この接点部と一体化された台金への固定部とを備えた複合電気接点において、
上記接点部を形成する接点材として銀または銀合金を用い、上記固定部を形成する台座材として黄銅を用いたことを特徴とする複合電気接点。
In a composite electrical contact comprising a contact part that is opened and closed and a fixing part to a base metal integrated with the contact part,
A composite electrical contact using silver or a silver alloy as a contact material for forming the contact portion and brass as a base material for forming the fixed portion.
上記接点部と上記固定部とは、冷間圧造加工により接合されていることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の複合電気接点。   The composite electrical contact according to claim 1, wherein the contact portion and the fixed portion are joined by cold forging.
JP2016002194A 2016-01-08 2016-01-08 Composite electric contact Pending JP2017123285A (en)

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