JP2019019082A - 誤りがちdna修復経路の抑制によるがんの治療 - Google Patents
誤りがちdna修復経路の抑制によるがんの治療 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
[1]白金製剤を用いた化学療法又は放射線療法と併用される、SSA阻害剤を含むがん細胞増殖抑制剤であって、ここで前記がん細胞増殖抑制剤が、対象への前記白金製剤の投与後、又は前記放射線の照射後、前記対象におけるがん細胞中のSSAの活性化前、又は活性化時に投与される、増殖抑制剤。
[2]前記SSA阻害剤が、Rad52阻害剤である、[1]に記載のがん細胞増殖抑制剤。
[3]前記Rad52阻害剤が、(−)エピガロカテキン、又は5-アミノ-1-((2R,3R,4S,5R)-3,4-ジヒドロキシ-5-(ヒドロキシメチル)-テトラヒドロフラン-2-イル)-1H-イミダゾール-4-カルボキサミドである、[2]に記載のがん細胞増殖抑制剤。
[4]前記白金製剤が、オキサリプラチン、カルボプラチン、シスプラチン、及びネダプラチンからなる群から選択される、[1]〜[3]のいずれか1つに記載のがん細胞増殖抑制剤。
[5]前記がん細胞増殖抑制剤が、前記白金製剤の投与後、又は前記放射線の照射後、2日以内に投与される、[1]〜[4]のいずれか1つに記載のがん細胞増殖抑制剤。
[6]前記がん細胞が、Rad52因子を含むSSA活性が増加するがん細胞である、[1]〜[5]のいずれか1つに記載のがん細胞増殖抑制剤。
[7]前記Rad52因子を含むSSA活性が増加するがん細胞が、RECQL4欠損がん細胞、BRCA1及び/又はBRCA2欠損がん細胞、並びにAPC欠損がん細胞からなる群から選択される、[6]に記載のがん細胞増殖抑制剤。
[8]白金製剤を用いた化学療法又は放射線療法と併用される、SSA阻害剤を含む、前記化学療法又は放射線療法に起因する晩期障害低減剤であって、ここで前記晩期障害低減剤が、対象への前記白金製剤の投与後、又は前記放射線の照射後、前記対象におけるがん細胞中のSSAの活性化前、又は活性化時に投与される、晩期障害低減剤。
[9]前記晩期障害が二次性発がんである、[8]に記載の晩期障害低減剤。
[10]前記SSA阻害剤が、Rad52阻害剤である、[8]又は[9]に記載の晩期障害低減剤。
[11]前記Rad52阻害剤が、(−)エピガロカテキン、又は5-アミノ-1-((2R,3R,4S,5R)-3,4-ジヒドロキシ-5-(ヒドロキシメチル)-テトラヒドロフラン-2-イル)-1H-イミダゾール-4-カルボキサミドである、[10]に記載の晩期障害低減剤。
[12]前記白金製剤が、オキサリプラチン、カルボプラチン、シスプラチン、及びネダプラチンからなる群から選択される、[8]〜[11]のいずれか1つに記載の晩期障害低減剤。
[13]前記晩期障害低減剤が、前記白金製剤の投与後、又は前記放射線の照射後、2日以内に投与される、[8]〜[12]のいずれか1つに記載の晩期障害低減剤。
[14]前記がん細胞が、Rad52因子を含むSSA活性が増加するがん細胞である、[8]〜[13]のいずれか1つに記載の晩期障害低減剤。
[15]前記がん細胞が、RECQL4欠損がん細胞、BRCA1及び/又はBRCA2欠損がん細胞、並びにAPC欠損がん細胞からなる群から選択される、[14]に記載の晩期障害低減剤。
[16]白金製剤とSSA阻害剤とを組み合わせてなる併用剤であって、ここで前記SSA阻害剤が、対象への前記白金製剤の投与後、前記対象におけるがん細胞中のSSAの活性化前、又は活性化時に投与される、がん細胞増殖抑制剤。
[17]さらに放射線療法と併用される、[16]に記載のがん細胞増殖抑制剤。
[18]白金製剤とSSA阻害剤とを組み合わせてなる併用剤であって、ここで前記SSA阻害剤が、対象への前記白金製剤の投与後、前記対象におけるがん細胞中のSSAの活性化前、又は活性化時に投与される、前記白金製剤の投与に起因する晩期障害低減剤。
[19]前記晩期障害が二次性発がんである、[18]に記載の晩期障害低減剤。
[20]がんを治療し、且つ化学療法及び/又は放射線療法に起因する晩期障害を低減するための方法であって、前記方法が、それを必要とする対象に、以下:
(i)治療有効量の白金製剤を投与し、及び/又は放射線を照射し、及び
(ii)前記白金製剤の投与後、及び/又は放射線の照射後、前記対象におけるがん細胞中のSSAの活性化前、若しくは活性化時に、治療有効量のSSA阻害剤を投与する
ことを含む、方法。
[21]前記治療有効量のSSA阻害剤が、前記白金製剤の投与後、及び/又は放射線の照射後、2日以内の間に投与される、[20]に記載の方法。
[22]前記がん細胞が、RECQL4欠損がん細胞、BRCA1及び/又はBRCA2欠損がん細胞、並びにAPC欠損がん細胞からなる群から選択される、[20]又は[21]に記載の方法。
[23]前記がんが、大腸がん、卵巣がん又は乳がんである、[20]〜[22]のいずれか1つに記載の方法。
本明細書における用語の定義を以下に記すが、以下の定義は本発明の範囲を限定するものではない。
本発明は、(1)白金製剤を用いた化学療法又は放射線療法と併用される、SSA阻害剤を含むがん細胞増殖抑制剤、及び(2)白金製剤を用いた化学療法又は放射線療法と併用される、SSA阻害剤を含む、該化学療法又は放射線療法に起因する晩期障害低減剤を提供する。
本発明のがん細胞増殖抑制剤、及び晩期障害低減剤は、対象への白金製剤の投与後、又は放射線の照射後、該対象におけるがん細胞中のSSAの活性化前、又は活性化時に投与されることを特徴とする。
本発明の併用剤は、白金製剤とSSA阻害剤とを合剤として単一の製剤に製剤化することもできるが、白金製剤とSSA阻害剤とが別々に製剤化されることが好ましい。
本発明の併用剤は、がん細胞増殖抑制剤、又は白金製剤の投与に起因する晩期障害低減剤として適している。
滑沢剤としては、例えば、ステアリン酸マグネシウム、ステアリン酸カルシウム、タルク、コロイドシリカ等が挙げられる。
結合剤としては、例えば、結晶セルロース、ショ糖、D−マンニトール、デキストリン、ヒドロキシプロピルセルロース、ヒドロキシプロピルメチルセルロース、ポリビニルピロリドン、デンプン、ゼラチン、メチルセルロース、カルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウム等が挙げられる。
崩壊剤としては、例えば、デンプン、カルボキシメチルセルロース、カルボキシメチルセルロースカルシウム、カルボキシメチルスターチナトリウム、L−ヒドロキシプロピルセルロース等が挙げられる。
溶剤としては、例えば、注射用水、アルコール、プロピレングリコール、マクロゴール、ゴマ油、トウモロコシ油、オリーブ油等が挙げられる。
溶解補助剤としては、例えば、ポリエチレングリコール、プロピレングリコール、D−マンニトール、安息香酸ベンジル、エタノール、トリスアミノメタン、コレステロール、トリエタノールアミン、炭酸ナトリウム、クエン酸ナトリウム等が挙げられる。
懸濁化剤としては、例えば、ステアリルトリエタノールアミン、ラウリル硫酸ナトリウム、ラウリルアミノプロピオン酸、レシチン、塩化ベンザルコニウム、塩化ベンゼトニウム、モノステアリン酸グリセリン等の界面活性剤;例えばポリビニルアルコール、ポリビニルピロリドン、カルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウム、メチルセルロース、ヒドロキシメチルセルロース、ヒドロキシエチルセルロース、ヒドロキシプロピルセルロース等の親水性高分子等が挙げられる。
等張化剤としては、例えば、ブドウ糖、D−ソルビトール、塩化ナトリウム、グリセリン、D−マンニトール等が挙げられる。
緩衝剤としては、例えば、リン酸塩、酢酸塩、炭酸塩、クエン酸塩等の緩衝液等が挙げられる。
無痛化剤としては、例えば、ベンジルアルコール等が挙げられる。
防腐剤としては、例えば、パラオキシ安息香酸エステル類、クロロブタノール、ベンジルアルコール、フェネチルアルコール、デヒドロ酢酸、ソルビン酸等が挙げられる。
抗酸化剤としては、例えば、亜硫酸塩、アスコルビン酸、α−トコフェロール等が挙げられる。
実施例1:細胞培養
HCT116細胞を、56℃、30分間の処理で熱不活性化させたウシ胎児血清(FBS)(Sigma, Cat. No. 172012)を10%、及び100U/ml ペニシリン+0.1mg/ml ストレプトマイシン(Wako, Cat. No. 168-23191)を1%含んだダルベッコ改変イーグル培地(Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium)(Wako, Cat. No. 043-30085)培養液中で、加湿37℃インキュベーターを用いて培養した。
RecQL4タンパク質の493番目のアミノ酸部位にストップコドンを導入して、RECQL4ノックインベクターを構築した(Kohzakiら, Carcinogenesis, 2012, 33, 1203-1210)。全長RecQL4cDNAを、pApuroベクターのEcoRI部位に挿入し、RecQL4タンパク質発現ベクターを作製した(Takataら, EMBO J, 1994, 13, 1341-1349)。RecQL4タンパク質の発現に関しては、Amaxa nucleofector 2bによるトランスフェクション(Lonza, Nucleofector kit V, Cat. No. VCA-1003; program, D-032)、X‐tremeGENE HP DNA(Roche, Cat. No. 6366244001)、及びLipofectamine LTX with PLUS Reagent(Thermo Fisher Scientific, Cat. No. 15338100)を用いて一過性に発現させて、発現量をウェスタンブロッティング法によって定量した。
Cas9‐CRISPR技術を用いて(Congら, Science, 2013, 339, 819-823)、RECQL4遺伝子exon6を標的としたsgRNA1と、exon9を標的としたsgRNA2作製用のプライマー対を用いた。
薬剤や放射線の感受性を、コロニー形成法で決定した。HCT116細胞を、3ml(6穴プレート)、1ml(12穴プレート)、及び0.5ml(24穴プレート)の培養液が入ったプレートに播種し、接着させた。翌日、接着させた細胞に、シスプラチン/CDDP/cis‐ジアミンジクロロ‐白金(II);CAS 15663‐27‐1(10〜20g/ml)(Wako, Cat No. 033-20091)を添加し、2時間、37℃インキュベーターで培養し、PBSで洗浄した後、通常培地を加えた。放射線照射を、137Cs Gammacell 40 Exactor (0.7Gy/分;MDS Nordion)を用いて行った。いずれも約2週間程度培養後に、コロニーをメタノールで固定した後、ギムザ染色し、コロニーの数をカウントした。
従来のウェスタンブロッティング法を用いて(Laemmli, Nature, 1970, 227, 680-5)、以下の抗体:mouse anti‐α‐Actinin(1/2000, Millipore, clone AT6/172, Cat. No. 05-384)、mouse anti‐β‐Tubulin(1/2000, Wako, Cat. No. 014-25041)、rabbit anti‐Rad51(1/2000, Bioacademia, Cat. No. 70-001)、mouse anti‐Rad51(1/1000, GeneTex, 14B4, Cat. No. GTX70230)、mouse anti‐phospho‐Histone H2A.X(Ser139)(1/2000, Millipore, clone JBW301, Cat. No. 05-636)、rabbit anti‐Rad52(1/1000, SantaCruz, H-300, Cat. No. sc-8350)、rabbit anti‐Rad52(1/1000, Abcam, Cat. No. ab103067)、rabbit anti‐RPA32(1/1000, GeneTex, Cat. No. GTX70258)、rabbit anti‐RecQL4(1/1000, Novus, Cat. No. 25470002)、rabbit anti‐Histone H3(1/2000, Cell Signaling, Cat. No. 9715)を使用して、それぞれのタンパク質量を定量した。
カバーガラス(Matsunami Glass, Cat. No. C015001)を入れた12穴プレートに、野生型とRECQL4欠損HCT116細胞を播種し、2日以上培養して接着させた。接着した細胞に放射線を照射して、2、8、及び20時間後に、2%スクロース(Wako, Cat. No. 193-00025)と3%パラホルムアルデヒド(Wako, Cat. No. 160-16061)をPBSで調整した溶液で、室温で15分間固定した。室温で5分間、0.5%Triton‐X100(Wako, Cat. No. 160-24751)PBS溶液で処理して細胞膜を透過させ、30分間以上、1%BSA(Roche, Fraction V, Cat. No. 10735078001)含有PBS溶液で、ブロッキング処理を行った。蛍光免疫染色法で用いた一次抗体は、以下:rabbit anti‐Rad51(1/1000, Bioacademia, Cat. No. 70-001)、mouse anti‐Rad51(1/500, GeneTex, 14B4, Cat. No. GTX70230)、mouse anti‐phospho‐Histone H2A.X(Ser139)(1/1000, Millipore, clone JBW301, Cat. No. 05-636)、rabbit anti‐Rad52(1/500, SantaCruz, H-300, Cat. No. sc-8350)、rabbit anti‐Rad52(1/500, Abcam, Cat. No. ab103067)、rabbit anti‐RPA32(1/500, GeneTex, Cat. No. GTX70258)である。これらの一次抗体を室温で1時間反応させた後、0.05% Tween20(MP Biomedicals, Cat. No. 103168)含有PBS(以下、PBSTと略記する場合がある)で、5分間で3回洗浄した。次に、Alexa Fluor 594‐conjugated goat anti‐mouse IgG(1/2000, Thermo Fisher, Cat. No. A11037)と、Alexa Fluor 488‐conjugated goat anti‐mouse IgG(1/2000, Thermo Fisher, Cat. No. A11001)の二次抗体で、室温で45分間反応させた後に、PBSTで、5分間で2回洗浄した。最後に、DAPI(Dojindo, Cat. No. 342-07431)で染色し、PBSTで、5分間で1回洗浄した後、Fluoromount‐G(Southern Biotech, Cat. No. 0100-01)で封入した。作製したサンプルを、Zeiss AxioObserver蛍光顕微鏡で観察し、各タンパク質のfociをカウントして解析した。
ホルムアルデヒドによるクロスリンク処理を行わずに、クロマチン分画の濃縮方法を行った(Mendez及びStillman, MCB, 2000, 20, 8602-12; Petermannら, Mol Cell, 2010, 37, 492-502)。2×107個のHCT116細胞を集めて、該細胞を含む低張緩衝液(10mM HEPES(pH7)(Wako, Cat. No. 340-08233)、50mM NaCl(Wako, Cat. No. 191-01665)、0.3Mスクロース、0.5% Triton X‐100、プロテアーゼ インヒビター カクテル(Roche, Cat. No. 05892791001))を、氷上で10分間処理して、1500gで5分間遠心して細胞質タンパク質を除いた。
誤りがち修復経路であるsingle‐strand annealingを計測するために、hprtSAGFPベクターを用いた(Addgene, Plasmid No. 41594)。野生型とRECQL4欠損HCT116細胞に、KpnI/SacIで直線化したhprtSAGFPベクターをAmaxaで導入し(Starkら, MCB, 2004, 24, 9305-9316)、24時間後に、96穴プレートにおけるピューロマイシン(Wako, Cat. No. 160-23151)含有培地で培養し、安定的にベクターを保持している数クローンを得た。その後、pCBASceIベクター(Addgene, Plasmid No. 26477)で、I‐SceIを発現させてGFP陽性になるクローンを樹立し、これらの数クローンを用いて修復効率を定量した。
AllStars Negative Control siRNA(Qiagen, Cat. No. SI03650318)を、対照として用いた。Rad52のsiRNAの配列情報は、siRNA#1;5'-GGAGUGACUCAAGAAUUAATT-3'(配列番号5)と、siRNA#2;5'-GGCCCAGAAUACAUAAGUATT-3'(配列番号6)であり、これら2つのsiRNAを等量混合し、HiPerFect Transfection Reagent(Qiagen, Cat. No. 301704)で細胞に導入し、36時間〜48時間後に実験に用いた。Rad52阻害剤は、(−)エピガロカテキン(EGC);CAS 970‐74‐1(Tokyo Chemical Industry, Cat. No. E1084)と、5-アミノ-1-((2R,3R,4S,5R)-3,4-ジヒドロキシ-5-(ヒドロキシメチル)-テトラヒドロフラン-2-イル)-1H-イミダゾール-4-カルボキサミド(AICAR);CAS 2627‐69‐2(Wako, Cat. No. 011-22533)を用いた。AICAR以外のAMPK活性化剤は、直接活性化剤としてサリチレート(salicylate);CAS 54‐21‐7(Wako, Cat. No. 191-03142)、間接活性化剤として2-デオキシ-D-グルコース(以下、2DGと略記する場合がある);CAS 154‐17‐6(Wako, Cat. No. 040-06481)を使用した。それぞれの薬剤についてPBS溶液を作製し、分注後に−30℃で保存し、使用時に解凍することで、同じ条件の阻害剤溶液として用いた。
HCT116細胞間のゲノムの不均一性を排除するために、96穴プレートを用いて一細胞が一穴に入るように細胞を播種し、3週間培養して一つの細胞を1x106まで増やし、この細胞を対照ゲノムとして使用した。この対照細胞に対して、シスプラチン処理有/無を行い、96穴プレートを用いて一細胞が一穴に入るように細胞を播種し、EGC含有培地又は通常培地にて2週間培養した。2週間目にEGC含有培地を通常培地と交換し、計3週間培養して一つの細胞を1x106まで増やし、これらの細胞を標的ゲノムとして用いて、対照ゲノムとの比較解析を行った(図7A)。アレイCGH(comparative genomic hybridization; array)を、Affimetrix社のCytoScan(登録商標)HD Arrayを使用し(徳島大学大学院 医歯薬学研究部 総合研究支援センター)、Affimetrix社の解析ソフトCytoScan(登録商標)HD Chromosome Analysis Suite(ChAS)を用いて、一色法による比較解析を行った(図7B)。
マウス実験を、産業医科大学によって承認された動物実験計画承認申請書(AE15‐016)に基づいて行った。対数増殖している3×106個の野生型、RECQL4欠損、及びp53欠損HCT116細胞を、それぞれ遠心分離して回収し、PBSで洗浄後、100μl PBSで細胞ペレットを氷上で充分懸濁した。氷上のまま等量の100μl マトリゲル(Matrigel)(登録商標)(Corning, Cat. No. 356234)を加えて充分懸濁し、1:1の投与用細胞溶液を作製した。6〜8週齢の雌BALB/cAJcl‐nu/nuマウス(CLEA Japan)の左右の横腹に計2か所、氷上に置いておいた投与用細胞溶液を皮下投与した(Buzzaiら, Cancer Res, 2007, 67, 6745-52)。マウスの体重を1週間に1回計測し、がん容量(mm3)を1週間に2回計測した。がん容量(mm3)を、dを最小直径、Dを最大直径として、d2×D/2(≒6/π)の計算式を用いて計算した。
Nalm‐6などのBリンパ球は、放射線に高感受性であることがよく知られている。そこで、RECQL4欠損細胞の放射線やシスプラチン高感受性が、がん細胞で一般的な表現型であることを確認するために、大腸がん細胞HCT116と、非がん細胞である不死化乳腺上皮細胞MCF10Aに対して、Cas9‐CRISPR技術を用いてRECQL4欠損細胞を樹立した(図1A及びC)。その結果、RECQL4欠損大腸がん細胞もシスプラチンに高感受性であることを確認したが(図1B)、興味深いことに、RECQL4欠損MCF10A非がん細胞では高感受性を示さなかった(図1D)。これらの結果から、がん細胞でRECQL4機能が欠損すると、放射線やシスプラチンに高感受性となることを見出した。
上記の結果から、抗がん剤処理後や放射線照射後に生存するために、SSAが活性化し易い特殊ながん細胞、具体的には、例えば、BRCA1遺伝子とBRCA2遺伝子に変異をもつ乳がんや卵巣がんの細胞や、APC遺伝子変異による家族性大腸腺腫症の細胞に対して、抗がん剤処理後や放射線照射後に遅延的にタイミング良くSSA阻害剤で処理することで、抗がん剤処理や放射線照射に起因する副作用を低減し且つ相乗的にがん細胞の増殖を抑制することができることが、分子レベルから個体レベルまでを通して明らかになった。
また特殊ながんとは言っても世界全体でのこれらのがん患者数は、大腸がんの1%がAPC変異によるものと考えても毎年数千人単位で発症しており(Kinzler及びVogelstein, Cell, 1996, 87, 159-70)、乳がんでは毎年100万人以上が乳がんと診断されて40万人以上が亡くなっている現状を考えると(Parkinら, CA Cancer J Clin. 2005, 55, 74-108)、該治療手段が有効であるがん患者数は、数万人単位で存在し、十分に産業上の利用可能性がある。
Claims (9)
- 白金製剤を用いた化学療法又は放射線療法と併用される、SSA阻害剤を含むがん細胞増殖抑制剤であって、ここで前記がん細胞増殖抑制剤が、対象への前記白金製剤の投与後、又は前記放射線の照射後、前記対象におけるがん細胞中のSSAの活性化前、又は活性化時に投与される、増殖抑制剤。
- 前記SSA阻害剤が、Rad52阻害剤である、請求項1に記載のがん細胞増殖抑制剤。
- 前記Rad52阻害剤が、(−)エピガロカテキン、又は5-アミノ-1-((2R,3R,4S,5R)-3,4-ジヒドロキシ-5-(ヒドロキシメチル)-テトラヒドロフラン-2-イル)-1H-イミダゾール-4-カルボキサミドである、請求項2に記載のがん細胞増殖抑制剤。
- 前記白金製剤が、オキサリプラチン、カルボプラチン、シスプラチン、及びネダプラチンからなる群から選択される、請求項1〜3のいずれか1項に記載のがん細胞増殖抑制剤。
- 前記がん細胞増殖抑制剤が、前記白金製剤の投与後、又は前記放射線の照射後、2日以内の間に投与される、請求項1〜4のいずれか1項に記載のがん細胞増殖抑制剤。
- 前記がん細胞が、Rad52因子を含むSSA活性が増加するがん細胞である、請求項1〜5のいずれか1項に記載のがん細胞増殖抑制剤。
- 前記Rad52因子を含むSSA活性が増加するがん細胞が、RECQL4欠損がん細胞、BRCA1及び/又はBRCA2欠損がん細胞、並びにAPC欠損がん細胞からなる群から選択される、請求項6に記載のがん細胞増殖抑制剤。
- 白金製剤を用いた化学療法又は放射線療法と併用される、SSA阻害剤を含む、前記化学療法又は放射線療法に起因する晩期障害低減剤であって、ここで前記晩期障害低減剤が、対象への前記白金製剤の投与後、又は前記放射線の照射後、前記対象におけるがん細胞中のSSAの活性化前、又は活性化時に投与される、晩期障害低減剤。
- 前記晩期障害が二次性発がんである、請求項8に記載の晩期障害低減剤。
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| JP7665526B2 (ja) | 2019-11-21 | 2025-04-21 | 中外製薬株式会社 | ヘリカーゼ阻害剤に対するがん細胞の感受性を予測する方法 |
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| JP2021132577A (ja) * | 2020-02-27 | 2021-09-13 | 学校法人産業医科大学 | Ssa阻害活性を有する化合物の試験方法 |
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