JP2575586B2 - 外科用装置位置付けシステム - Google Patents
外科用装置位置付けシステムInfo
- Publication number
- JP2575586B2 JP2575586B2 JP5090989A JP9098993A JP2575586B2 JP 2575586 B2 JP2575586 B2 JP 2575586B2 JP 5090989 A JP5090989 A JP 5090989A JP 9098993 A JP9098993 A JP 9098993A JP 2575586 B2 JP2575586 B2 JP 2575586B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- image
- surgical
- surgeon
- camera
- patient
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B1/00—Instruments for performing medical examinations of the interior of cavities or tubes of the body by visual or photographical inspection, e.g. endoscopes; Illuminating arrangements therefor
- A61B1/00163—Optical arrangements
- A61B1/00193—Optical arrangements adapted for stereoscopic vision
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B1/00—Instruments for performing medical examinations of the interior of cavities or tubes of the body by visual or photographical inspection, e.g. endoscopes; Illuminating arrangements therefor
- A61B1/00002—Operational features of endoscopes
- A61B1/00004—Operational features of endoscopes characterised by electronic signal processing
- A61B1/00009—Operational features of endoscopes characterised by electronic signal processing of image signals during a use of endoscope
- A61B1/000094—Operational features of endoscopes characterised by electronic signal processing of image signals during a use of endoscope extracting biological structures
-
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- A61B1/00163—Optical arrangements
- A61B1/00194—Optical arrangements adapted for three-dimensional imaging
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B1/00—Instruments for performing medical examinations of the interior of cavities or tubes of the body by visual or photographical inspection, e.g. endoscopes; Illuminating arrangements therefor
- A61B1/04—Instruments for performing medical examinations of the interior of cavities or tubes of the body by visual or photographical inspection, e.g. endoscopes; Illuminating arrangements therefor combined with photographic or television appliances
- A61B1/05—Instruments for performing medical examinations of the interior of cavities or tubes of the body by visual or photographical inspection, e.g. endoscopes; Illuminating arrangements therefor combined with photographic or television appliances characterised by the image sensor, e.g. camera, being in the distal end portion
-
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- A61B90/10—Instruments, implements or accessories specially adapted for surgery or diagnosis and not covered by any of the groups A61B1/00 - A61B50/00, e.g. for luxation treatment or for protecting wound edges for stereotaxic surgery, e.g. frame-based stereotaxis
-
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- A61B90/11—Instruments, implements or accessories specially adapted for surgery or diagnosis and not covered by any of the groups A61B1/00 - A61B50/00, e.g. for luxation treatment or for protecting wound edges for stereotaxic surgery, e.g. frame-based stereotaxis with guides for needles or instruments, e.g. arcuate slides or ball joints
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B25—HAND TOOLS; PORTABLE POWER-DRIVEN TOOLS; MANIPULATORS
- B25J—MANIPULATORS; CHAMBERS PROVIDED WITH MANIPULATION DEVICES
- B25J17/00—Joints
- B25J17/02—Wrist joints
- B25J17/0258—Two-dimensional joints
- B25J17/0275—Universal joints, e.g. Hooke, Cardan, ball joints
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B25J—MANIPULATORS; CHAMBERS PROVIDED WITH MANIPULATION DEVICES
- B25J9/00—Program-controlled manipulators
- B25J9/02—Program-controlled manipulators characterised by movement of the arms, e.g. cartesian coordinate type
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-
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-
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-
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- A61B90/39—Markers, e.g. radio-opaque or breast lesions markers
- A61B2090/3937—Visible markers
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- A61B90/36—Image-producing devices or illumination devices not otherwise provided for
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- A61B90/36—Image-producing devices or illumination devices not otherwise provided for
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- G05B2219/00—Program-control systems
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- G05B2219/37—Measurements
- G05B2219/37074—Projection device, monitor, track tool, workpiece form, process on display
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Landscapes
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Description
処置に関するものである。より具体的には、患者の体内
の解剖学的構造について正確な情報を得ることと、その
情報を用いて患者体内で内視鏡カメラ及び外科用器具を
正確な位置へ合わせることに関するものである。
の解剖学的構造を内部で処置する画像を外科医が見られ
るようにし、外科医の能力を増補してきた。一般的に、
これらのシステムは、特殊化された形状のカメラもしく
は医療用テレスコープで構成される。更に、内視鏡また
は腹腔鏡の器具を含む、これらのシステムにより、多く
の外科的処置につきものの健康な組織を冒す病菌の侵入
を減少させてきた。
著な共通の特徴がある。第一に、これらのシステムを使
用している外科医は、患者の解剖学的組織を直接手で扱
うことが出来ない。第二に、外科医は自分が行っている
ことを直接に見られない。そのかわりとして、外科医
は、套管針もしくは内視鏡の管を通して体内へ挿入され
る器具に頼らざるを得ない。しばしば、外科医の手も注
意も処置を行うことで一杯であるため、外科的処置中、
内視鏡のカメラを操作してくれる助手に頼らなくてはな
らない。
視鏡検査用のロボティック増強装置が開発された。その
種の装置の1つは、同時係属の米国特許出願第714,
816号(1991年6月13日出願)の”外科医療増
強のためのシステムと方法”に詳細に記載されている。
この特許出願の内容は、必要な部分を本明細書中に参照
するものとする。
を大いに助ける能力を秘めている。ロボティック装置
は、疲労することがない。医療用テレスコープ及び外科
用器具を非常に正確に位置合わせ可能であり、正確な再
位置合わせや反復的機能を行える見込みがある。しか
し、ロボティック装置のこれらの長所を実現するために
は、数々の問題を解決する必要がある。外科医は、ロボ
ティック装置に取らせる動作を決定する必要があり、ロ
ボットを制御しているコンピュータとの通信手段を必要
とする。装置の動作を前もって決定できるのは、整形用
機械による骨の整形や、前もって医療用画像機器(CT
スキャンもしくはMRIスキャン等)により切除量を決
定されている、計画的な組織の切除など、少数の場合で
ある。しかし、その他の場合においては、外科医が患者
の組織を直接観察し、解剖学的組織構造及び医療用テレ
スコープに対して取るべき動作を指定する必要がある。
これらの場合、必要となるのは、解剖学的組織構造及び
外科器具を医療用テレスコープに対して、さらに、お互
いに対して、正確に配置させることと、これらの情報を
用いてロボティック増強を制御することである。
前立腺閉塞の切除用内視鏡を動作させる特殊化ロボティ
ック装置が開発されている。しかしながら、このシステ
ムは、内視鏡装置で見られる視野を制御するのに便利な
手段を外科医に提供したり、体内での操作状況の画像及
びその他の知覚情報に応じて、外科用器具を対話手法的
に操作する手段を外科医に提供したり必要がある、とい
う問題に応えるものではない。
みが、一例あった。これは、市販のフレキシブルな内視
鏡の制御用ツマミに直接取り付けたサーボモータが、外
科医の命令の声に反応して活性化されるものである。こ
の試みには、以下のような難点がある。(a)外科医
(もしくは助手)が必要な視野を得るために内視鏡の先
端を向ける方向を決定する必要が依然としてある。その
結果、内視鏡先端と、観察される解剖学的組織との間隔
を一定に保持しなくてはならない。(b)上述した調整
を連続的に行わねばならず、外科医の注意をより重要な
ことから反らせてしまう。(c)内視鏡制御の目的で音
声命令を使用することは、外科医の注意を反らせる可能
性があり、過失につながり易い。また、外科医と、オペ
レーティングルーム要員との間の声による意志疎通を、
より困難にしかねない。
ズムについて、いくつかの研究例がある。しかしなが
ら、必要な視野を得るために、外科医自身が熟練したオ
ペレータに指示することによって内視鏡を制御しなくて
はならない、という問題を、これらの装置では簡単にす
る事が出来ない。
におさえた外科的処置で使用される医療用テレスコープ
の視界は、不幸なことに限られている。その結果、一度
に見られるのは、患者体内に隠れている解剖学的組織構
造の小さい部分のみである。どんな時にも、一度に1つ
の観測点からしか観測できず、必要な視野を得るのは困
難である。
めに、外科の助手がテレスコープを操作し、向きを変え
て、解剖学的組織構造を様々な視野で捉える。この操作
の間も、助手は、テレスコープと解剖学的組織構造との
相対的な方向を保持し、外科医の要求に合わせてテレス
コープのねらいを素早くかつ正確に定められるようにし
ていなくてはならない。また、助手は、外科医が口にす
る言葉からは明白とは限らないような外科医の要望を、
正しく解釈しなくてはならない。
外科的処置には、医療用テレスコープを操作するのに外
科医を補助する、高度な技術を持った助手がさらに必要
となっている。外科医は、他の仕事で両手がふさがって
いるからである。外科医と助手との間のやりとりによっ
て、外科手術中の過失の可能性が増大してしまう。テレ
スコープは、患部組織全体の画像を捉えられない。その
ため、外科医(及び助手)は、見られない患部組織全体
の様子を頭の中に描いて保持しておかねばならない。フ
レキシブルであれ、固定型であれ、多くのテレスコープ
の与える視野は、傾いている。つまり、視野の方向は、
テレスコープの主軸と一致しないのである。このこと
は、必要な視野を見るために、テレスコープを正しくね
らい定めることの難しさをより悪化させる。また、外科
医若しくは助手が、示された画像を誤解したり、患部組
織に対するテレスコープの指向も失ったりする確率を高
めることになる。肉体的疲労は、テレスコープの位置合
わせ及び(若しくは)テレスコープの転送する画像を解
釈する能力を劣化させる。
て、正確かつ信頼できる情報を得る手段が必要である。
また、体内で、外科器具の位置と向きを正確に合わせ
て、隠れている解剖学的組織に対するそれらの正確な位
置情報を与える装置も必要である。さらに、外科医と使
用する外科器具との間に正確なインタフェースを提供し
て、器具から手を離さずに、それらを体内の解剖学的組
織に対して正確に位置合わせできるようにする必要もあ
る。
の位置について、正確な情報を得かつ表示する、改善さ
れた方法を提供することである。
カメラ及びその他の外科器具の位置を決定する、改善さ
れた方法を提供することである。
ら手を離すことなく、患者体内で内視鏡カメラ及びその
他の外科器具の位置を正確に決定するためのインタフェ
ースを提供することである。
情報を決定し、その情報を用いて器具を目標物に関して
位置合わせする方法及び装置である。本発明は、様々な
適用が可能だが、特に目標物が視野から隠れていたり接
近し難い位置にある場合に有効である。好ましい実施例
の1つは、内視鏡による外科的処置で使用されるものだ
が、患者体内に隠されている指定した解剖学的組織につ
いて、位置情報を決定できる。この情報は、体内で外科
器具を解剖学的組織に対して位置合わせするのに使用さ
れる。
器具、例えば外科器具を、目標物(解剖学的組織)に関
して望ましい位置に合わせる。この器具は、目標物の画
像をコンピュータへ伝達する能力があり、次いで、コン
ピュータが、様々な型の画像処理を用いて目標物に関す
る位置情報を決定する。その後、情報は、ロボティック
装置を制御する人間(例:外科医)もしくはコンピュー
タへ与えられる。この位置情報を用いて、伝達装置や他
の器具を、指定した目標物に関して位置合わせもしくは
再位置合わせする。
像用装置及びコンピュータからオペレーティングルーム
要員へ情報伝達用に多数の異なった出力モードを提供し
ている。
ーザが器具を操作しながら同時にシステムへの要求を入
力できるように、体内へ挿入される器具へ入力装置が組
み込まれている。音声認識システムのようにな、要求を
システムへ入力する他の方式も組み込むことができ、シ
ステムとのやりとりによって器具の操作を妨害しないよ
うにしている。
診療のコンピュータによる増強システムを示している。
このシステムは、一般的に、マニピュレータ装置もしく
はロボット242、コンピュータ243、ドライブ・モ
ニタ・インタフェース244、モノスコーピック・モニ
タ247とそれに適合する画像プロセッサ245、グラ
フィック・アダプタ246、ステレオスコーピック・モ
ニタ272とそれに適合するステレオ表示システム27
1、付加的な入力装置をコンピュータ243へ連結する
端子248とから構成される。
ュレータ242と類似のマニピュレータは、米国特許出
願第714,816号の明細書に詳述されている。
タ242は、基部に近い方の直線的なマニピュレータ6
と、離れた位置に動作の中心点を持つ先端部のマニピュ
レータ240とから構成される。マニピュレータ6は、
互いに直角にスライドする部分1、2、3から構成さ
れ、その各々がX,Y,Z方向へ移動する。部分1、
2、3には、モニタ・インタフェース244へ接続され
ている、コンピュータ制御のモニタ用ドライブ4が装備
されている。また、手動ロック・クランプ51が付いて
いる。マニピュレータ240は、回転運動θp、θx、θ
y、及び離れた位置での回転θzを与える回転部分25
0、251、252と、軸状のスライド装置254へ取
り付けたスライド・モータ253とから構成される。こ
れらの部分に装備されたコンピュータ制御のモータ式・
ドライブ249は、モータ・インタフェース244へ接
続されており、手動式ロック・クランプ255が付いて
いる。マニピュレータ242の各可動部分は、手動でも
コンピュータ制御によってでも作動されることができ、
手動式ロック装置で随意にロックすることもできる。モ
ータ式装置4及び249は、モータ・インタフェース2
44を介して、コンピュータ243に制御される。
回転型マニピュレータ240と、切開部から患者の体内
へ差し込まれた装置241である。この実施例では、末
端のマニピュレータ240は、自由度5(θp、θx、θ
y、θz、d)で、離れた位置に動作の中心点を持つ手首
の役目を果たし、これを、互いに直交する直線的運動の
自由度3を持つ、前述の基部に近い方の位置合わせシス
テムが支持している。この基部に近い直線的運動の自由
度を利用して、離れた位置に動作の中心点を持つ手首部
分の動作中心点Mを、患者体内への挿入点Pへ合わせ
る。他にも、十分な自由度を持つ機械(SCRAマニピ
ュレータなど。製造及び販売はIBM)であれば、マニ
ピュレータ6の代用になる。
由度4とスライド動作の自由度1により、外科医は、挿
入点Mを中心とした自由度5の球状の作業領域を得られ
る。これらの自由度のいずれかを選択的にロックした
り、独立に動かしたり(手動もしくはコンピュータ制御
による)することで、外科医が必要な正確なアラインメ
ントを取る助けとなる。さらに、独立な個々の軸方向へ
わずかに動かすだけで、作業領域内での微小動作を得ら
れる。末端のマニピュレータ240がどのように動いて
も、その影響が点M(外科用装置を患者体内へ挿入する
点)に及ぶことはない。それ故に、このマニピュレータ
を作業領域内で動かすために、患者体内への挿入点を移
動したり、その大きさを拡大したりする必要はない。
い限り、基部に近い方のマニピュレータ6を動作させる
必要がないことである。そのため、好ましい実施例の1
つでは、装置が患者体内へ挿入されている時はいつも、
手動ロックでマニピュレータ6の動作を止め、かつ(も
しくは)ドライブ・モータを停止させておく。この状態
で、制御コンピュータ243は、マニピュレータ242
の動作を要求する命令を、以下のように解釈する。ある
動作が要求されると、制御コンピュータ243は、末端
のマニピュレータ240の動作のみで要求に応えようと
する。その動作を実現する方法が幾つかある場合には、
一番中央に近い回転動作部分7の動きが最小となる(つ
まりθpの動きが最小となる)ような動作を選択する。
装置241の先端の位置のエラー、方向のエラー、及び
それらが様々に合わさったエラーを最小に抑えるため
に、いろいろな方法がある。このエラーがあらかじめ指
定されているしきい値より大きい場合、制御コンピュー
タは、合成音声、アラーム音その他の方法で外科医に知
らせ、外科医が音声認識その他の入力方式を用いて明確
に動作続行を命令しない限り、動作を停止している。代
わりの実施例では、まっったんマニピュレータに支持さ
れた外科用装置が患者体内に挿入されている時は、爪
に、基部よりのマニピュレータ6の動作を禁じて、末端
マニピュレータ240の総動作量を最小にすることを目
的としている。しかし、他の実施例では、動作の中心点
Mが、指定したしきい値の距離以内(例えば3ミリメー
トル)に留まっている限りは、基部よりのマニピュレー
タの微小な動作を許している。
シブルな先端部を取り付けて、更に動作の自由度を得る
ことができる。装置254のような表示用装置を使用す
る場合は、再度調整可能な鏡やプリズムを、その装置の
末端へ取り付けて、観察する方向を調整するための自由
度を得ることができる。
254には、ビデオカメラ259及びファイバースコー
プ・ケーブル278を介して光源277が接続されてい
る。カメラ259のビデオ信号出力は、グラフィック・
アダプタ246へ入力され、ここでコンピュータ243
からのグラフィック出力と自由に混合でき、モニタ24
7上に表示される。カメラのビデオ出力は、画像処理シ
ステム245へも随意に入力されて、ここでカメラの画
像を分析し、外科用装置とカメラと解剖学的組織との相
対的な位置情報をコンピュータ243へ送信する。カメ
ラのビデオ出力は、また、ステレオ表示システム271
へも随意に入力できる。ここで、それぞれ異なる点で得
られた2個以上の画像から、解剖学的組織のステレオス
コープ画像を組立、ステレオスコーピック・モニタ27
2上に表示することができる。
システムは、StereoGraphics Crys
talEyes(StereoGraphics,In
cの登録商標)である。この場合、2このビデオ信号
が、ステレオスコーピック・モニタに表示されるが、モ
ニタは左目の画像と右目の画像を周波数120Hzで交
互に表示し、それぞれの目のビデオ情報を1秒間に60
回ずつ更新している。外科医の着用するステレオスコー
プ用液晶(LC)ゴーグル273は、モニタと同調され
ていて、左及び右の目から入射する光を交互に遮ること
で、左目は左側のカメラからのビデオ信号のみを受取
り、右目は右側のカメラからのビデオ信号のみを受取る
ようにしている。左及び右からの画像を交互に切り換え
る周波数は、外科医がちらつきを覚えることなく解剖学
的組織の連続的なステレオスコープ画像を知覚するの
に、十分な高さである。ステレオ表示技術は他にもあ
り、それらを使用しても良い。
科用装置260を患者体内で使用している。これには、
目に見える標識が付いている。これらの標識は、装置上
につけられた印であり、カメラ259が供給する画像中
で、画像処理システム245により容易に位置を確認で
きるように選ばれている。
タフェース248へ取り付けられている入力/出力装置
のセットは、コンピュータ音声認識及び合成システム2
67、外科用装置に取り付けられた制御用スティック2
68、モニタ247上の滅菌されたタッチスクリーン2
69を含む。この実施例では、制御用スティックは、2
Dもしくは3Dのマウスと同等の機能を持つ小さい装置
である。しかし、外科用装置に直接取り付けられるよう
に、また、スティックの小さい突起に圧力を加えて運動
の自由度を最低2個は指定できるように設計されてい
る。このような装置のある実現例では、歪みゲージを用
いて加えられた圧力もしくは力を変位量や速度情報へ変
換している。他の例では、Spaceball(Spa
ceball Technologies,Incの登
録商標)のような自由度6の入力装置を用いて、6個の
自由度のうちいずれに関する動作でも指定できる。この
種の装置は、外科用装置やマニピュレータ上、あるいは
他の便利な位置にでも取り付けることができる。小さい
制御用スティックのような入力装置を外科用装置に取り
付けることの利点は、一つに、外科医が外科用装置から
手を離すことなく、容易に制御用スティックを操作でき
ることである。それゆえ、外科医は、医師としての仕事
を中断しないで、コンピュータに必要な情報(例えば医
療用テレスコープを動かしたい方向)を与えることがで
きる。
クロフォン275(できれば頭に装着するもの)のよう
なシステムへの情報入力手段と、スピーカ274のよう
な外科医への情報伝達手段とを含む。音声認識システム
267は、外科医の話す指示用語を理解することがで
き、また、受け取った指示に関する情報をコンピュータ
243へ伝えることができる。外科医は、これらの方式
を、別々にでも組み合わせてでも使用してよく、それに
より、モニタ247に映る物体の位置を合わせたり、メ
ニュから指示もしくは動作モードを選択したり、マニピ
ュレータ242の動作を指示したりする。
は類似の外科的処置のコンピュータによる増強システム
の、別の実施例が示されている。この実施例では、外科
用装置254aは医療用ステレオスコープカメラであ
り、2個の独立なレンズシステムもしくは光ファイバー
を合体させたもので、患者体内の同一時の画像を2個一
緒に伝送する事ができる。2個のレンズは、既知のわず
かな距離だけ離されて、ステレオスコープ画像を与えて
くれる。このような装置の一例は、2個の並行したファ
イバーオプティック・バンドルもしくはレンズシステム
と、1個のファイバーオプティック光チャネルとから構
成される。このアッセンブリは、適当な円筒状の覆いを
かぶせてある。2個のカメラ259a及び259bから
のビデオ信号は、ステレオ表示システム271へ入力さ
れていて、外科医へ向けてステレオスコープ表示モニタ
272上に表示される。この分野で知られているインタ
フェース・ハードウェアを用いて、ビデオ信号の両方
を、画像処理システム245及びブラフィック・アダプ
タ246へも随意に入力している。
たが、このシステムは、2個のマニピュレータ240a
及び240bで構成され、各々が外科用装置241a及
び241bを持っている。一実施例としては、一方の外
科用装置は医療用テレスコープであり、もう一方の装置
は鉗子のようは外科用装置である。両装置ともロボティ
ック装置へ取り付けられているので、コンピュータ制御
により位置合わせが可能である。この場合、マニピュレ
ータの腕が一つなので、接合軸を一度に一個ずつ緩めた
り調整したり再ロックしたりすることで、ロボットの片
方もしくは両方を手動でも制御できる。外科用装置24
1a及び241bの両方が、医療用テレスコープ、もし
くは画像を患者の体外へ伝送する他の手段で構成され
る。このような実施例では、一方の装置(例えば241
a)は小型化した鉗子のような外科用装置をも含むこと
がある。この場合、2つの観測点から捉えた画像情報を
組み合わせて、外科用装置を解剖学的組織のねらった部
分へ据える助けとなる、正確な3D情報を提供できる。
245を用いて、解剖学的組織上の関心ある構造を外科
医に示すことができる。外科医は、以下に説明する数々
の手段のいずれかによって、関心ある構造を指摘する。
端子248へ取り付けられた適切な入力装置を介して外
科医の指示が与えられると、コンピュータ243は、画
像処理システム245へ命令を与えて、画像をとらえ指
摘された組織の位置を正確に示させる。ある実施例で
は、外科医の指示に応じて、指摘された構造のリファレ
ンス画像がとらえられ、記憶される。外科的処置の間
中、画像相関技術を用いてその位置を示している。これ
に代わる実施例では、以前の操作で得た医療用画像及び
モデルのコンピュータによる再構築から、合成リファレ
ンス画像を作成する。構造の位置が確認されたら、マニ
ピュレータ242を動かして、その構造をカメラの視界
中のどんな位置にでも置くことができる。必要ならば、
更に画像をとらえて、その構造の位置を再度確認し、さ
らに調整を加えてカメラのは位置を改善することができ
る。その構造に要求される精度でねらいが定まるよう
に、この処置が何度も繰り返される。
中では、2次元(2D)及び3次元(3D)での位置に
ついて書かれている。単独のモノスコープ・カメラのと
らえる画像について書くときは、”画像中の位置”と
は、2次元の位置とする。図5aを参照して示すと、位
置A(2D画像800における)は、座標の組(x,
y)で与えられる。画像がステレオスコープでとらえら
れた場合は、”画像中の位置”は、3Dの位置とする。
図5bを参照して示すと、位置Bは、3個の座標の組
(x,y,z)で記述される。また、解剖学的組織構造
の位置についても言及する。このような構造は患者体内
の解剖学的組織の一部であり、”構造の位置”という場
合は全て、問題にしている構造の3D位置情報のことで
ある。
には、まず、画像をとらえなくてはならない。図1を参
照して説明すると、これは、カメラ259から、最低1
個ビデオ・デジタイザで構成される画像処理システム2
45へ、生のビデオ信号を送ることでなされる。ビデオ
・デジタイザは、アナログビデオ信号をデジタル信号へ
変換することが可能な装置であり、変換後のデジタル信
号はコンピュータメモリ内に記憶され、コンピュータが
随意に修正を加える。逆に、ビデオ・デジタイザは、デ
ジタル化された(さらにおそらくは修正された)ビデオ
信号を、標準的なモニタ上に表示するために、アナログ
信号へ変換し直すこともできる。
から位置情報が引き出されたならば、画像中の点(カメ
ラの画像平面上の点)を対応する空間の点(実環境中に
おける3D位置)へ相関付けるために、カメラやレンズ
を表す数学的モデルが必要である。よい近似としては、
図6に示すピンホール・システムで、カメラ/レンズシ
ステムを完全にモデル化できる。図では、画像平面60
1から距離fのところにレンズ600を持つカメラを描
いている。距離fは、レンズの焦点距離と呼ばれる。レ
ンズの手前距離d=−zにある平面602上の点W=
(x,y,z)は、画像平面601上の位置C=
(x’,y’)へ映るが、ここでx/d=x’/fかつ
y/d=y’/fが成り立つ。
y’)が与えられると、上述の関係式から、3個の未知
数(x,y,z)に対して2個の等式が得られるが、対
応する実空間中の点Wの3D座標を再現するには不十分
である。図7を参照して説明すると、最初の観測点60
0aでとらえた1個の画像601aから得られる情報に
より定義される放射線605aは、画像上の点Caを起
点としてレンズ中心600aを通り抜け、無限に伸びて
いる。定義から、実空間の点Wはこの直線上のどこかに
あるはずだが、その正確な位置を決定するには、さらに
情報が必要である。第2の観測点600b(第1観測点
600aに対する位置及び方向は既知とする)で第2の
画像601bがとらえられれば、第2の画像上の対応す
る点Cbと第2の観測点600bから第2の放射線60
5bが定義され、実空間の点Wは、この直線上にも存在
する。既知の数学的方式を用いて、2本の放射線につい
て同一座標で計算し、その交点をコンピュータで求めれ
ば、点Wの3D位置(x,y,z)が得られる。
込まれ、そのために、実区間の点と画像上の点の対応に
上述のピンホール・モデルからのズレが生じてしまう。
カメラ/レンズシステムの較正により、このような歪み
の性質及び量を評価することができ、その結果得られる
数学的モデルを用いて、画像上の点を歪ませないように
できる。こうして、ピンホール・モデルを歪みのない画
像へ適用できる。カメラ/レンズシステムの較正方法に
は、多数の方式がある。
剖学的組織の2D画像と相互作用する一例として、外科
医が表示された画像内の特定の位置を指示したい場合が
ある。外科医は、以下に示すいずれの手段によっても、
特定の画像上の位置を指示することができる。(a)は
っきりと目に見える標識の付いた外科用装置の位置合わ
せをする。ディスプレイ上の標識の像を、指示したい画
像上の位置に位置に一致させる。(b)外科用装置に取
り付けられた入力装置(図1および図3中の制御用ステ
ィック268もしくは類似の装置など)を用いて、スク
リーン上の物体を操作する。(c)従来のマウスを用い
て、スクリーン上の物体を操作する。方式(a)の目に
見える標識とは、装置上の既知の位置に付けられた色の
鮮やかな点、もしくはそのような点で構成されるよく知
られた幾何学パタン(例えば図1及び3中のパタン27
6)である。患者体内で本来見られる色とは異なる、鮮
やかな色を使用することにより、標識の位置を確認する
困難が大幅に簡単になり、これらの標識の位置を誤って
とらえる可能性を減少させる。外科用装置上のこれらの
点は、既知の画像処理技術で、その位置を確認できる。
画像処理技術は、しきい値処理(点を、画像のそれ以外
の部分から分離する)、及びそれにより得られた領域の
中心点の計算機による決定等を含む。方式(b)及び
(c)では、関心が持たれている解剖学的組織構造の位
置が、映像中の物体の最終的な位置とされる。
43へ指定されると、コンピュータは、画像上に何らか
のオブジェクトを重ねその位置をマークする事で、指定
された位置の確認を取る。この確認方法の具体例の一つ
として、2Dの十字線カーソルもしくは2Dの箱型カー
ソルを用いて画像中の関心ある位置を示すことができ
る。ここで言う”画像”とは、関心ある解剖学的組織
の、TVカメラによる画像でもコンピュータで生成した
グラフィック映像でもよい。
特定の2D位置を指示するための様々な方式について解
説してきた。次に、画像処理のように、患者体内の3次
元的な解剖学的組織構造や外科用装置に関する位置情報
を決定する方式について述べる。
解剖学的組織のステレオスコープ表示(生もしくは静止
画像)が可能な場合を考える。この時、外科医は、ステ
レオスコーピック・ディスプレイ272上で3Dステレ
オスコーピック・グラフィック・カーソルを操作するこ
とで、関心のある3D解剖学的組織の構造を指摘するこ
とができる。ただし、グラフィック・カーソルが解剖学
的組織構造に一致している場合に限る。画像中のステレ
オスコープによる空間でのグラフィック・カーソルの動
きを指示するには、前述した適切な入力装置及び方式2
48(制御用スティックもしくはトラックボールを取り
付けた外科用装置、音声等)のいずれを用いてもよい。
観測装置からの距離を、その物体の画像から評価するこ
とができる。解剖学的組織の構造は、図7に示すとお
り、その構造の像の中心を起点とし、観測点を通り抜け
る放射線上に乗っていると分かっているので、観測装置
に対する解剖学的組織構造の位置を計算機で算出するこ
とができる。その構造の画像上での大きさをl、実際の
大きさをs,カメラの焦点距離をfとする。カメラのレ
ンズから、対象である構造までの距離zは、z=(f×
s)/lと計算できる。
700上の目に見える標識701が利用され、以下の手
順で、3D構造(例えば外科用装置700)の位置を決
定する。外科用装置700上には最低3個の(一直線上
に並んでいない)直径がsである丸い点701が付いて
いる(図8a)。外科用装置は、一般に、カメラに対し
て任意の方向を取るので、これらの点は画像平面上に楕
円形705として現れる。これらの丸い点のレンズから
の距離をそのままにして、画像平面がカメラの向く方向
と垂直になるようにした時の、対応する円形の像の直径
は、上述の楕円の長軸lに等しい。カメラレンズから丸
い点なでの距離は、式z=(f×s)/lより、計算機
で算出できる。少なくとも3個の丸い点についてこの計
算をした後、外科用装置の先端に対する丸い点のパタン
の位置が分かれば、カメラに対する外科用装置の先端の
3D位置を計算するのに十分であろう。この分野で既知
の他の方式を用いると、5個の点より成るパタンのカメ
ラに対する位置及び方向を、画像上のそれらの点の重心
の2D位置情報から計算できる。同様に、他のパタン
や、他の視覚的な標識を用いることもできる。続いて、
カメラに対する外科用装置の先端の3D位置を、既知の
標識に対する外科用装置先端の位置から、計算すること
ができる。
解剖学的組織構造の位置を正確に決定してもよい。一実
施例として、画像処理をステレオスコープカメラと合わ
せて使用し、解剖学的組織構造の位置を決定することが
できる。図3に示した外科用装置254aは医療用ステ
レオスコープカメラであり、2個の独立なレンズシステ
ムもしくは光ファイバーで構成され、同一時の2個の画
像を患者体内から伝送する能力がある。図9に示す通
り、これらのレンズは、わずかな(既知の)距離dだけ
離れている。カメラ先端に対する解剖学的組織構造の3
D位置は、ピンホール・カメラ・モデル(図6)から計
算される。特に、関心のある構造の中心の、2個の画像
平面上での位置を、図9に示すように、それぞれf1=
(x1,y1)、f2=(x2,y2)とすると、カメラの
レンズからその構造の中心までの距離は、z=(f×
d)/cと計算できる。ここで、
像相関方式もしくはこの分野で既知の他の画像処理方式
を用いて、画像中の解剖学的組織構造の位置を定めるこ
ともできる。
るが、単眼カメラのみを使用しても、以下の手順で画像
処理技術を用いて、3次元での解剖学的組織構造の位置
を決定することができる。解剖学的組織構造の第1の画
像601aをとらえ、リファレンス表示(画像処理技術
の分野で既知の多重解像度画像ピラミッド表示等)を記
憶させる。マニピュレータ242を用いて、カメラレン
ズの先端を横へ既知の距離dだけ移動させ、第2の画像
601bが得られる。第2の画像上での解剖学的組織構
造の中心Wの位置は、その構造のリファレンス表示と相
関方式(この分野では既知の多重解像度正規化相関方式
など)を用いて決定され、上述の場合における構造のカ
メラ先端からの3D変位量を計算することができる。特
に、画像601a及び601b上における、関心のある
構造の中心の位置Wをそれぞれf1=(x1,y1)、f2
=(x2,y2)とすると、カメラ先端からその構造の中
心までの距離は、z=(f×d)/cと計算できる。こ
こで、
するテレスコープの移動を最小に抑えるような物理的束
縛を加えて、上述したような、第2の画像を得るための
テレスコープの横への移動を防いでいる。図7を参照し
て説明すると、この実施例では、まず、第1観測点から
第1の画像をとらえ、関心のある構造の中心Wのその画
像上での位置Caを決定する。その後、テレスコープ
を、体内への挿入口を中心に、わずかに(既知の量だ
け)回転させる。この時、解剖学的組織構造は、依然テ
レスコープの視界以内に入っているようにし、第2の画
像601bを得る。第2観測点は、第1観測点と位置も
方向の異なることに注意されたい。構造の中心Wの、第
2の画像上の位置Cbが決定される。そうすると、構造
の中心Wの3D位置が、前述の通り、放射線605aと
605bの交点を計算することで求められる。以上のよ
うに、画像相関方式もしくはその他の既知の画像処理方
式を用いて、画像上での構造の位置を決定できる。代わ
りに、外科医が、前述した画像の位置を指し示す手段の
いずれかを用いて、2個の画像上における構造の中心の
位置を指摘してもよい。
D位置を計算できると、コンピュータ243は、画像上
に何らかのステレオスコーピック・グラフィック・オブ
ジェクトを重ねその位置をマークする事で、指定された
位置の確認を取る。この確認方法の具体例の一つとし
て、3Dの十字線カーソルもしくは3Dの箱型カーソル
を用いてステレオスコープで見る空間内の関心ある位置
を示すことができる。ここで言う”画像”とは、関心あ
る解剖学的組織の、TVカメラによる画像でもコンピュ
ータで生成したグラフィック映像でもよい。
タ243に記憶されると、この情報を利用して、その構
造に対するカメラ先端の位置及び方向を制御し、どのよ
うな視界でも望み通りに得ることができる。
医は、2D位置を指摘する前述の手段のいずれかを用い
て、画像中の第1及び第2の2D位置を指示することが
できる。外科医は、マニピュレータ242へ(前述の適
切な入力装置を用いて)命令を与えてカメラ先端266
を再度位置合わせし、カメラの移動前は第1の2D位置
にあった構造f1の像が、カメラ移動後は第2の2D位
置へ来るようにする。解剖学的組織構造f1からカメラ
先端266までの距離は、この動作中一定に保持され
る。この方法の特別な場合として、第2の2D位置が画
像の中心にあたる場合がある。この場合は、解剖学的組
織構造が表示される画像の中心に来るように、カメラを
再度位置合わせする。つまり、カメラを解剖学的組織構
造の中心に合わせる。
D位置を指定し、マニピュレータ242に命令を与えて
カメラ先端266を一定の高さに保持したまま移動さ
せ、画像中の一連の2D位置で定義される軌跡をカメラ
が辿るようにする。一つの実施例では、この一連の2D
位置は、カメラの視界中で際だって見える、小さい解剖
学的組織構造の像の位置である。他の実施例では、この
一連の2D位置は、血管のように大きい解剖学的組織構
造の境界の像の位置に相当する。このカメラの再位置合
わせは、解剖学的組織構造の、画像に対する、望ましい
見かけ上の運動を指定する(指定された一連の2D位置
中の最後の位置に相当する)。”解剖学的組織構造の見
かけ上の運動”という言い方をするのは、解剖学的組織
構造が物理的には動かないが、カメラの動きのために、
画像に対して動いて見えることを強調するためである。
この方法の実行は、以下のように進められる。コンピュ
ータ243が、一連の2Dの像の位置を処理して、内挿
法により連続的な軌跡にする。次いで、以前の段落で述
べたように、第1の指定された2Dの像の位置に相当す
る解剖学的組織構造に、カメラの中心を合わせる。カメ
ラは、さらに、視野内で、連続している内挿で求められ
た2D位置の各々に中心が合うように、繰り返し、位置
合わせされ、外科医が定めた軌跡上を実際に辿ってい
く。外科医は、外科用装置に取り付けられた制御用ステ
ィックその他の適切な入力手段により、カメラの動作の
方向及び速度を直接制御する。
軸に沿った動きの増分を指定し、この軸に沿ってカメラ
を指定した距離だけ再度位置合わせする。ここで言う”
視軸”とは、カメラレンズの中心と、そのカメラの画像
の中心に見える解剖学的組織上の点pとを結ぶ直線のこ
とである。この方法が実現しているのは、3D解剖学的
組織構造に対するズーム機能であり、そのズーム因子
(解剖学的組織構造の画像の、要求される拡大もしくは
縮小率)は、外科医が対話方式で指定する。この方法を
実現するには、特に、外科医が対話方式でスクリーン上
のグラフィック・カーソルを操作できるようにすればよ
い。外科医は、カーソルをリファレンス・カーソルに対
して拡大もしくは縮小することで、望みのズーム因子を
指定する。リファレンス・カーソルの大きさは、ズーム
因子の指定中、変化しない。このカーソル操作には、何
らかの適切な入力装置248を用いる。次いで、コンピ
ュータ243が、これら2個のカーソルの相対的な位置
関係を用いて、カメラ動作の増分の方向及び大きさを計
算する。これは、ズーム因子で指定したズーム機能の実
現に必要な量である。カメラ動作の増分が計算されと、
コンピュータ243はマニピュレータ242へ命令を与
えて、カメラ先端266を視軸に沿って計算された量だ
け(ゆっくりと)移動させ、望みのズーム因子を達成す
る。以前に定義した点pは、ズーム処理中も、画像の中
心に留まっていることに、留意されたい。
測点の動く方向を、入力装置に取り付けた装置から、直
接制御できる。この実施例では、この入力装置は、自由
度6の制御用スティックである。このような制御用ステ
ィックを用いて、外科医は6個の全自由度に関して、同
時にカメラを再度位置合わせし、再度方向を定める個と
ができる。6個の全自由度の中から異なる組み合わせを
選択して、数々の有益な制御モードを実現できる。特
に、自由度6の制御用スティックの制御能力が効かなく
なったり、自由度3の入力装置しか手に入らなかったり
した場合に実現できるカメラ動作制御モードでは、カメ
ラ先端の動きは、現在対象としている解剖学的組織構造
を中心とし、その構造からカメラ先端の現在位置までの
距離を半径とする、仮想的な球面上に限られる。自由度
2の入力装置しか得られない場合の、別の実施例では、
その装置で、6個の自由度のうち、どの2個の自由度で
も、任意の時に制御可能である。例えば、自由度2の制
御用スティックを、それが取り付けられている装置の先
端へ向けて押し下げることで、”ズーム・イン”を意味
し、先端とは逆のほうへ押し上げることで”ズーム・ア
ウト”を意味することができる。制御用スティックから
手を離せば、”ストップ”の意味になる。同様にして、
自由度2の制御用スティックに対して、カメラの長軸と
垂直な方向へ圧力もしくは力を及ぼすと、コンピュータ
243により、カメラを現在の高さのまま、加えられた
圧力の方向へと横に移動させる意味に解釈される。更
に、カメラの動作の速度を、制御用スティックに加えら
れた圧力の大きさに比例させることも、可能である。
の画像上に重ねたグラフィック・オブジェクトを操作し
て、関心のある組織構造の入った望ましい視野を指定で
きる。すると、カメラが自動的に位置合わせされて、望
ましい視界を得られる。この方法の一実現例は、以下の
通りである。まず、解剖学的組織の画像をとらえ、外科
医に向けてモニタ上に表示する。次いで、外科医が、2
Dもしくは3D画像上で、関心のある組織構造を指摘す
る。但し、その構造が既に指摘されていず、よく見られ
ない場合に限る。次に外科医は、対話方式で、解剖学的
組織の画像上に重ねたグラフィック・オブジェクト(カ
ーソル、スライダ等)を操作して、関心のある組織構造
の入った望ましい視野を指定できる。例えば、この視野
の指定により、カメラの観測点を、関心ある構造を中心
とし、与えられた半径をもつ球面上の任意の点に指定で
きる。続いて、コンピュータ243が、カメラの適切な
変位量を計算し、マニピュレータ242に命令してカメ
ラの移動を実行させ、関心ある組織構造の入った望まし
い視野が得られる。
に、2個の独立に制御されるロボティックシステムによ
り構成される場合は、解剖学的組織構造に関する3D位
置情報を用いて、外科用装置を再度位置合わせする方法
がある。この場合、再度位置合わせされる装置は、外科
用テレスコープではなく、第2の外科用装置である。本
発明のある実施例では、この第2外科用装置は、外科用
鉗子でよく、その顎部が、現在の3D解剖学的組織構造
に一致し、その顎部を閉じると、その構造の組織標本を
採取できるように、位置合わせされる。
すぐ前方(α=0°)でなく、側面の視界をとらえる状
況で、特に重要なのは、関心のある特定の3D構造の入
る視界を指定して、コンピュータに医療用テレスコープ
の新たな位置を計算させる能力である。腹腔鏡による外
科的処置及び類似の外科的処置では、通常は、30°か
ら135°(装置の長軸に対して)の範囲の方向の視界
を持つテレスコープが使用される。図10に示したテレ
スコープは、視界の方向α=45°である。このような
テレスコープを手動で位置合わせして、望ましい視界を
得ることは、熟練したカメラのオペレータにとっても非
常に難しい。テレスコープ、解剖学的組織、及び画像間
の座標変換が複雑で直観的でないからである。しかし、
剛体変換一つをコンピュータソフトウェア中の計算に加
えることで、視界の方向が0°でないことを解決してい
る。ある特定の実現例では、座標型Fcは、視界方向が
0°のテレスコープと一緒になっていて、コンピュータ
は、マニピュレータ、カメラ、様々な解剖学的組織構造
間の剛体変換の軌跡を保持している。剛体変換の数学的
手法は、ロボティックス及びコンピュータグラフィック
の分野では、よく知られている。特定のズーム因子を実
現するのに必要なカメラの動きが、このカメラの座標系
Fcに関して計算される。図10に示されるように、真
っ直ぐでないテレスコープの場合、新しい座標系F
c^は、座標系Fcを、レンズ先端を通りFcのX軸に平
行な直線に対して−α回転させることで、定義される。
新しいカメラの座標系Fc^を、元の0°のカメラの座標
系Fcと関係付ける剛体変換cTc^を用いて、視界の方向
が0°でないことを解決している。特定の視界を得るた
めに、テレスコープの新位置を計算する際に、座標系F
c^をFcの代わりに用いる結果、テレスコープの視界方
向に関わりなく、正しい再位置合わせができる。
ピュータグラフィックにより自由に増補された視覚情報
を外科医へ表示するには、数々の方法がある。
法では、解剖学的組織の画像は、外科医に対して、生の
画像と静止画像の組み合わせとして表示される(生の画
像とは、カメラのとらえる画像で、新しい情報に次々と
更新され続けるものであり、一方、静止画像は更新され
ない)。この方法の一実施例では、モノスコーピック・
モニタ247に表示される画像は、以下のように生成さ
れる。外科用装置254を使用して解剖学的組織の広角
モノスコープ画像をとらえ、静止画像としてモニタ24
7上へ表示する。次いで、カメラがズーム・インして、
関心のある組織の構造により接近した視界を得て、この
生のTV画像の一部を、静止した広角画像の上に重ねて
表示する。それゆえ、関心のある領域全体の静止したモ
ノスコーピック視界の方は、観察している解剖学的組織
の周囲状況の情報を与え、生の画像の方は、現在関心の
ある構造周辺を拡大して詳細に示してくれる。
画像情報は、解剖学的組織のコンピュータグラフィック
表示である。このグラフィック情報は、事前のイメージ
ング及び走査的検査で収集した情報に基づき構築された
解剖学的組織のコンピュータ・モデルから、作成したも
のである。前例のように、現在関心のある解剖学的組織
構造周辺の画像の一部が、この領域を拡大した生のTV
画像で置き換えられる。この時、コンピュータで作成し
た画像と、実際の生のTV画像は、一つの表示画像へ組
み合わされ、重ね合わされねばならない。画像を揃えて
重ね合わせる多数の技術が、この分野では知られてい
る。最も簡単な実施令として、コンピュータ・モデル中
で、目印となる幾つかの既知の組織の3D位置を、3D
画像処理技術を用いて識別する。次いで、これら目印の
3D位置を用いて、グラフィック・モデルを表示するた
めに適切な透視図を、計算で得ることができる。
の例のように、静止広角画像情報は、解剖学的組織のコ
ンピュータグラフィック表示である。同様に、現在関心
のある解剖学的組織構造周辺の画像の一部が、この領域
を拡大した生のTV画像で置き換えられる。さらに、詳
細部分の生のTV画像は、静止したエッジ情報を重ねる
ことで、増補され得る。このエッジ情報は、コンピュー
タグラフィック・モデルからでも、TV画像の画像処理
(エッジ検出)の結果としても得ることができる。この
表示方法の利点は、エッジを重ね合わせることにより、
生のTV画像に映る詳細部分の進行中の変化が、その部
分の以前の(静止した)状況に対して、強調されるとい
うことである。
では、関心ある領域全体の静止した広角視野を静止ステ
レオスコープ画像として表示することができる。図1を
参照して、この方法が以下のように実現できることを示
す。外科用装置254とカメラ259を用いて、第1観
測点から関心ある領域全体の静止画像をとらえる。次い
で、カメラ先端266を、既知の微小量だけ変位させ、
その変位後の観測点から、関心のある領域の第2の静止
画像をとらえる。この2個の画像を、ステレオ表示シス
テム271へ入力し、関心ある領域全体の静止ステレオ
スコープ広角画像として、ステレオスコーピック・モニ
タに表示させる。末端の方のマニピュレータ240だけ
が動いてカメラを変位させるような場合には、上述の方
法で得た2個の画像には、わずかな角度の不一致が生じ
得る。実験の示すところでは、人間の視覚システムは、
わずかにずれた画像を非常に巧みに融合させられるの
で、このような不一致は無視できる。また、代わりに、
この分野で既知の画像変換方式を用いて、この不一致を
大幅に補償することもできる。次に、前述の通り、カメ
ラがズーム・インして、関心ある構造により接近した視
界を得て、静止広角画像の一部を、関心のある解剖学的
組織構造の拡大した生のモノスコープ画像で置き換え
る。この結果の画像では、全体的な周囲の情報は静止ス
テレオスコープ画像で、外科医に、視界中の全体的な3
次元的関係を与えてくれる。一方、外科医の注意が集中
する、関心のある解剖学的組織構造のあたりの領域は、
拡大され表示されるモノスコープ画像である。
生のTV画像は、静止したエッジ情報を重ねることで、
増補され得る。このエッジ情報は、コンピュータグラフ
ィック・モデルからでも、TV画像の画像処理(エッジ
検出)の結果としても得ることができる。前述のよう
に、この表示方法の利点は、エッジを重ね合わせること
により、生のTV画像に映る詳細部分の進行中の変化
が、その部分の以前の(静止した)状況に対して、強調
されるということである。
覚情報の表示に関する他の実施例では、ステレオスコー
プ・カメラ254aを用いて、関心のある解剖学的組織
の領域全体の、静止ステレオスコープ広角画像をとらえ
ている。前述の通り、カメラがズーム・インして、関心
ある構造により接近した視界を得て、静止広角画像の一
部を、関心のある解剖学的組織構造の拡大した生のステ
レオスコープ画像で置き換える。このTV画像は、カメ
ラ259aと259bにより、患者体内から伝送され
る。
前述のように、その部分の以前の状態に相当するエッジ
情報を、生のステレオスコープ画像へ重ね合わせる。
では、ステレオスコープ医療用カメラ254aをステレ
オスコーピック・コンピュータグラフィックと共に用い
て、解剖学的組織を表示している。この実施例では、関
心のある解剖学的組織の領域全体の、静止ステレオスコ
ープ画像を、その組織のコンピュータ・モデルから作成
し、ステレオ表示システム271を介して、モニタ27
2上に3Dステレオスコーピック・グラフィック画像と
して表示している。次いで、前述の通り、ステレオスコ
ープ・カメラがズーム・インして、関心ある3D構造に
より接近した視界を得て、静止グラフィック画像の中の
関心のある構造周辺の部分を、拡大した生のステレオス
コープTV画像で置き換える。このTV画像は、カメラ
259aと259bにより、患者体内から伝送される。
前述のように、その部分の以前の状態に相当するエッジ
情報を、生のステレオスコープ画像へ重ね合わせる。
情報を表示する方法では、モノスコープ・カメラ254
を用いて、外科医に患者の解剖学的組織の生のステレオ
スコープ画像を提供している。この方法では、外科医の
片目に供給される情報は、解剖学的組織のコンピュータ
・モデルから得たもので、外科用装置254の現在の観
測点から既知の微小な距離だけ横へ変位した観測点で計
算されるグラフィック画像である。もう片方の目へ供給
される情報は、解剖学的組織の生の画像で、外科用装置
254へ取り付けられたカメラ259により得られる。
それゆえ、この方法では、片目は、コンピュータが生成
した患者の身体の画像を受取り、一方の目は、わずかに
変位した観測点からカメラが伝送してくる生の画像を受
け取る。コンピュータグラフィック・モデルが、実際の
解剖学的組織と正しく重ね合わせられれば、人間の脳
は、2個の画像を正しい3Dステレオスコープ画像へと
融合する。
法の別の実施例では、画像処理を、生のビデオ情報と共
に用いて、外科医へ生のステレオスコープ表示を与え
る。図1を参照すると、この実施例では、解剖学的組織
の第1の画像をとらえると、画像処理システム245へ
伝送する。次いで、カメラ先端266を既知の微小量だ
け横へ変位させて、第2の観測点から第2の画像をとら
え、画像処理システム245へ転送する。この画像処理
システムと既知の画像処理方式を用いて、2個の画像か
らエッジ情報を検出する。ステレオ表示システム271
に対し、一方の入力チャネル(左/右目用)にはエッジ
情報のみを、もう一方のチャネル(右/左目用)にはエ
ッジ情報をかぶせた生のビデオ信号を与えて、ステレオ
スコープ表示を生成する。引続き、片方の目への情報の
み、カメラ259の伝送する生のビデオ情報に更新され
る。これにより、人間の脳が、欠けている情報の分を埋
め合わせて画像を正しいステレオスコープ3D画像と解
釈するのに十分な、情報を与えることができる。
ではなく、解剖学的組織のコンピュータグラフィック・
モデルから得る場合でも、上述の表示方式を使用でき
る。
やシステム全般の状態に関して、非視覚的情報も受け取
ることができる。外科医とシステムとをつなぐ非視覚的
チャネルの一つが、音声認識及び音声合成サブシステム
(図1の267)である。例えば、システムが合成音声
のメッセージを発して、外科医に、関心のある解剖学的
組織構造に対する外科用装置の正確な位置を知らせるこ
とができる。同様に、合成音のメッセージにより、声の
命令を受け取れたことを確認して、外科医に対し、彼の
命令をシステムが正確に解釈したことを保証することが
できる。システム全般の状態やその変化も、同様に合成
音声を用いて外科医に伝えることができる。この例とし
て、合成音声のメッセージが外科医へ、ズーム動作中の
カメラの正確な移動距離を告げることが考えられる。
法として、触覚へのフィードバックがある。一実施例で
は、手に握られている、もしくは、器具に取り付けられ
ている入力装置(制御用スティック等)を通じて外科医
の触覚へフィードバックを与えて、外科医がグラフィッ
ク・オブジェクトもしくは外科用装置を、関心のある解
剖学的組織構造付近に位置合わせしていることを知らせ
ることができる。触覚へのふぃー度バックを、外科医の
手指(制御用スティックへ触れているもの)へ引き起こ
すには、制御用スティックに、コンピュータ制御式バイ
ブレータを装着すればよい。バイブレータがコンピュー
タにより活性化すると、制御用スティックは、適切な振
動数と振幅で振動を始める。その振動数は、外科医が容
易に気付くが、彼の位置合わせ作業を妨害せず、影響を
与えない程度のものである。
の位置について、正確な情報を得かつ表示することがで
きる。また、外科医が器具から手を離すことなく、患者
体内で内視鏡カメラ及びその他の外科器具の位置を正確
に決定することができる。
ステムの図である。
小動作をする回転可能なマニピュレータを示している。
発明の一実施例を示す図である。
れる、本発明の一実施例を示す図である。
説明する図である。
る。
とで、3次元の位置を計算する方式を示す図である。
定する方式を示す図である。
で、3次元の位置を計算する方式を示す図である。
を示す図である。
Claims (7)
- 【請求項1】少なくとも1の自由度を有するロボティッ
ク・マニピュレータと、 当該ロボティック・マニピュレータを制御するコントロ
ーラと、 第1の外科用装置を前記ロボティック・マニピュレータ
に付けておく装置保持体と、 外科医によって保持される第2の外科用装置と、 当該第2の外科用装置に取付けられて、外科医が前記コ
ントローラに第1の外科用装置の所望の動きを指定する
ことを許容して、ロボティック・マニピュレータが前記
第1の外科用装置を外科医によって特定された患者の体
に関しての位置に移動する、外科用入力装置とを有する
ことを特徴とする、 患者の体に対して外科用装置を位置づけるシステム。 - 【請求項2】前記ロボティック・マニピュレータが、遠
隔動作中心となる末端を有しており、かつ、 前記装置保持体が前記第1の外科用装置を保持して、前
記第1の外科用装置が前記患者の体内に入る位置が前記
ロボティック・マニピュレータの前記動作中心に位置付
けられるようにされている、 請求項1記載のシステム。 - 【請求項3】前記外科用入力装置が、制御用スティック
を有している, 請求項1記載のシステム。 - 【請求項4】前記外科用入力装置が、外科医へ触覚によ
るフィードバックを与える、 請求項1記載のシステム。 - 【請求項5】前記第2の外科用装置が前記患者の体に挿
入され、かつ、前記外科用入力装置が前記患者の体の外
側にあって前記第2の外科用装置の一部分に取付けられ
ていることを特徴とする、 請求項1記載のシステム。 - 【請求項6】第1の外科用装置が、外科用ツール、鉗
子、前記患者の体内に位置づけられて患者の体外へ画像
を伝送する手段、腹腔鏡、または、医療用テレスコー
プ、の何れかである、請求項1記載のシステム。 - 【請求項7】各々が少なくとも1の自由度を有してい
る、2以上のロボティック・マニピュレータと、 前記ロボティック・マニピュレータの各々を制御するコ
ントローラと、 前記ロボティック・マニピュレータの各々に接続され
て、第1の外科用装置を取付ける、装置保持体と、 外科医によって保持される第2の外科用装置と、 前記第2の外科用装置に取付けられて、外科医が前記各
コントローラに前記第1の外科用装置の各々の所望の動
きを指定することを許容して、ロボティック・マニピュ
レータが前記第1の外科用装置の各々を外科医によって
特定された前記患者の体に関しての位置に移動する、外
科用入力装置とを有することを特徴とする、 患者の体に関して2以上の外科用装置を位置付けるシス
テム。
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US07/889,215 US5417210A (en) | 1992-05-27 | 1992-05-27 | System and method for augmentation of endoscopic surgery |
| US889215 | 1992-05-27 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPH0630896A JPH0630896A (ja) | 1994-02-08 |
| JP2575586B2 true JP2575586B2 (ja) | 1997-01-29 |
Family
ID=25394715
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP5090989A Expired - Lifetime JP2575586B2 (ja) | 1992-05-27 | 1993-04-19 | 外科用装置位置付けシステム |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (6) | US5417210A (ja) |
| EP (1) | EP0571827B1 (ja) |
| JP (1) | JP2575586B2 (ja) |
| AT (1) | ATE173596T1 (ja) |
| DE (1) | DE69322202T2 (ja) |
| ES (1) | ES2123586T3 (ja) |
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| WO2021214977A1 (ja) | 2020-04-24 | 2021-10-28 | リバーフィールド株式会社 | 手術システム |
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| WO2021214977A1 (ja) | 2020-04-24 | 2021-10-28 | リバーフィールド株式会社 | 手術システム |
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| US5749362A (en) | 1998-05-12 |
| US5572999A (en) | 1996-11-12 |
| DE69322202D1 (de) | 1999-01-07 |
| ATE173596T1 (de) | 1998-12-15 |
| EP0571827B1 (en) | 1998-11-25 |
| US5417210A (en) | 1995-05-23 |
| US6201984B1 (en) | 2001-03-13 |
| ES2123586T3 (es) | 1999-01-16 |
| EP0571827A1 (en) | 1993-12-01 |
| US8123675B2 (en) | 2012-02-28 |
| US7447537B1 (en) | 2008-11-04 |
| JPH0630896A (ja) | 1994-02-08 |
| US20090048611A1 (en) | 2009-02-19 |
| DE69322202T2 (de) | 1999-07-01 |
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