JP4305081B2 - Oil for carbon fiber production and method for producing carbon fiber - Google Patents

Oil for carbon fiber production and method for producing carbon fiber Download PDF

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Publication number
JP4305081B2
JP4305081B2 JP2003207822A JP2003207822A JP4305081B2 JP 4305081 B2 JP4305081 B2 JP 4305081B2 JP 2003207822 A JP2003207822 A JP 2003207822A JP 2003207822 A JP2003207822 A JP 2003207822A JP 4305081 B2 JP4305081 B2 JP 4305081B2
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carbon fiber
fiber
carbon
oil
weight
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JP2004316052A (en
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信昭 沖
泰正 山本
真 遠藤
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Toray Industries Inc
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Toray Industries Inc
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Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、強度の優れた炭素繊維を提供するための炭素繊維製造用油剤及びそれを用いた炭素繊維用前駆体繊維束及び炭素繊維に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
炭素繊維は他の繊維に比べて優れた比強度及び比弾性率を有するため、その優れた機械的特性を利用して樹脂との複合材料用の補強繊維として工業的に広く利用されている。近年、炭素繊維複合材料の優位性はますます高まり、特にゴルフ、釣竿等のスポーツ用途や航空宇宙用途においては、この炭素繊維複合材料に対する高性能化要求が強い。複合材料としての特性、中でも剛性や圧縮強度といった特性は炭素繊維そのものの特性に起因するところが大きく、この要求はとりもなおさず炭素繊維自身への高性能化要求であり、例えば弾性率の向上や高い圧縮強度の発現といった特性が求められている。
【0003】
最も広く利用されているポリアクリロニトリル系炭素繊維は、アクリル系前駆体繊維束を200〜400℃の酸化性雰囲気下で耐炎化繊維へ転換する耐炎化工程、少なくとも1000℃の不活性雰囲気下で炭素化する炭化工程を経て、工業的に製造される。これら焼成工程においては、単繊維同士の接着が発生し、得られる炭素繊維の品質、品位を低下させるという問題があった。
【0004】
この問題に対し、耐熱性の高いシリコーン油剤をアクリル系前駆体繊維束に付与する技術が多数提案され、工業的に広く適用されている。例えば、特定のアミノ変成シリコーン、エポキシ変性シリコーン、アルキレンオキサイド変性シリコーンを混合した油剤は、空気中及び窒素中での加熱時の減量が少なく、接着防止効果が高いことが開示されている(例えば、特許文献1)。しかしながら、このような従来のシリコーン油剤を用いて高性能な炭素繊維を得るために高張力で焼成を行うと、低粘度のため、耐炎化工程において単繊維間に薄く広く介在して単繊維間距離を縮め、またあるいは単繊維同士を実質的に接触させてしまうため、耐炎化反応に必須となる酸素の供給を妨げ、その結果、耐炎化反応の進行度ムラ、いわゆる焼成ムラの発生が誘起され、更にはこれが原因となって、続く炭化工程において糸切れや毛羽発生等の問題を引き起こしやすく、生産性向上の大きな障害となる。高性能な炭素繊維を生産性良く製造するためには、高張力に加えて、より表面が平滑なプリカーサーを高糸条密度で焼成することが有利であるが、このような条件においては、上記焼成ムラの悪影響がよりいっそう顕著となり、糸条密度、張力、処理速度を低下させざるを得ないのが現状である。この問題に対し、シリコーン油剤の硬化挙動を特定することにより、油剤を単繊維間に固まるようにして介在させることによって酸素が供給されるようにして焼成ムラを改善する技術(例えば、特許文献2)が開示されているが、更なる炭素繊維の高性能化については限界があった。
【0005】
【特許文献1】
特公平3−40152号公報(全体)
【0006】
【特許文献2】
特開2001−172880号公報(全体)
【0007】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
本発明の目的は、上記問題点を解決し、耐炎化工程での単繊維間接着を防ぎ、単繊維間への酸素の供給を円滑に行うことができる炭素繊維製造用油剤を提供せんとするものである。特に高糸条密度、高張力の条件下においても、耐炎化のムラを減少し、優れた性能を有する炭素繊維を製造するための炭素繊維製造用油剤及びそれを用いた炭素繊維用前駆体繊維束及び炭素繊維を提供せんとするものである。
【0008】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明は、鋭意検討した結果、特定の反応性界面活性剤を用いることによって、更に炭素繊維が高性能化するという発見に基づいてなされたもので、下記骨子によって上記課題を解決するものである。
【0009】
即ち、本発明は、反応性基がビニル基またはアリル基であり、ノニオン性である反応性界面活性剤とシリコーンを含み、前記反応性界面活性剤の配合利用がシリコーン100重量部に対して20〜40重量部である炭素繊維製造用油剤であり、また、それが付与されてなる炭素繊維用前駆体繊維束であり、また、かかる炭素繊維用前駆体繊維束を、炭化工程で1〜1.3の延伸比で延伸し焼成せしめて得られる炭素繊維の製造方法であって、広角X線により測定される炭素網面の(002)面の結晶サイズLcと配向度(π002)が式(1)を満たす炭素繊維である。
(1)y≧3*Lc+78
y:配向度(π002)(%)
Lc:炭素網面の(002)面の結晶サイズ(nm)
【0010】
【発明の実施の形態】
以下、本発明をより詳細に説明する。
【0011】
本発明の炭素繊維製造用油剤の必須成分である反応性界面活性剤とは、疎水部と親水部からなる界面活性剤に、反応性基が結合したものである。ここでいう界面活性剤とはいわゆる乳化剤や分散剤と呼ばれるものも含むものである。かかる反応性基は界面活性剤の構造の何れに含まれていてもよい。つまり、反応性界面活性剤の界面活性剤たる主骨格に対して付加した基として含まれていてもよいし、主骨格と反応性基との間になんらかの連結基を有していてもよいし、主骨格中に反応性の不飽和結合等が含まれていてもよい。ここで反応性基とは、末端が不飽和結合になるビニル基もしくはアリル基である。また、主骨格と反応性基との間になんらかの連結基を有する例としては、連結基として、エチレンオキサイド等のアルキレンオキサイドやメチレン基等のアルキレン等が一つ以上含まれていても構わない。具体的には、例えば、α−[1−[(アリルオキシ)メチル]−2−(ノニルフェノキシ)エチル]−ω−ヒドロキシポリオキシエチレン等のノニルフェノールのエチレンオキサイド付加物にビニル基やアリル基が連結基を通して結合したり、直接結合した反応性界面活性剤(例えば、旭電化工業(株)製アデカリアソープ(登録商標)のNEシリーズや第一工業製薬(株)製アクアロン(登録商標)のRNシリーズ等)、アルキルエーテルを主骨格とする化合物にビニル基やアリル基が連結基を通して結合したり直接結合した反応性界面活性剤(例えば、旭電化工業(株)製アクアロンのERシリーズ、同SRシリーズ、同KHシリーズ、Clariant社Emulsogen Rシリーズ、花王(株)製ラムテル(登録商標)シリーズ等)、アクリル酸またはメタクリル酸と、ポリエチレングリコール、またはポリエチレングリコールとポリプロピレングリコールの共重合体とのエステル物やその誘導体(例えば、日本油脂(株)製ブレンマー(登録商標)シリーズ)、イソプレンスルホン酸塩(例えば、JSR(株)製)、等が挙げられる。
【0012】
主骨格中に反応性の不飽和結合等が含まれている例としては、具体的には、ポリオキシエチレンひまし油(日本エマルジョン(株)製エマレックスC−シリーズ)、オレイン酸のような不飽和脂肪酸とポリエチレンオキサイド等とのエステル物等が挙げられる。
【0013】
本発明では、反応性界面活性剤として、付着量のコントロールが最も容易であるという点でノニオン性の反応性界面活性剤が用いられる
【0014】
本発明の炭素繊維用油剤は、かかる反応性界面活性剤を後述する主成分(油分)と混合したものであるが、反応性界面活性剤と主成分を混合した、いわゆるストレートオイル状であってもよいし、主成分および反応性界面活性剤を水等の親水性媒体に混合した、いわゆる乳化状態または分散状態であってもよい。また、いずれの場合にも反応性界面活性剤以外の通常の界面活性剤を併用してもよい。ここでいう通常の界面活性剤とは前述の反応性基を有さない界面活性剤をいう。反応性基を有さない界面活性剤としては、例えばポリエチレングリコールのアルキルエーテルやアルキルフェニルエーテル、アルキルアミンエーテルなどを挙げることができる。これら通常の界面活性剤を加えることにより、油剤全体としての反応性を制御することができる。例えば、上記具体例に挙げた日本油脂(株)製ブレンマーシリーズの反応性界面活性剤等を用いた場合には、反応性が高すぎて油剤が反応した時、繊維同士の束縛や擬似的な接着を起こしたり、繊維を痛めるまでに硬化する傾向にあるので、そのような場合に有効である。また、後述するように、主成分を親水性媒体に乳化または分散させる場合、通常の界面活性剤を乳化または分散の助剤として併用できる。
【0015】
反応性界面活性剤に通常の界面活性剤を併用する場合は、反応性界面活性剤の重量が、通常の界面活性剤と同量もしくはそれ以上であるのが好ましい。反応性界面活性剤の量が、通常の界面活性剤よりも少ないと本発明の効果が得られにくい場合がある。
【0016】
また、油剤を水等の親水性媒体に乳化または分散せしめる場合は、反応性界面活性剤の配合量は、油剤の乳化系または分散系の安定性によって適宜決められるが、後述する主成分(シリコーン)100重量部に対して、20〜40重量部である。反応性界面活性剤の配合量が主成分100重量部に対して、20重量部よりも少ないと本発明の効果が得られにくかったり、あるいは乳化または分散安定性が確保でき配合量が40重量部より多いと効果が飽和したり、もしくは後述する反応性界面活性剤の推定する作用において、反応しきれない反応性界面活性剤量が増加し、それらが前駆体繊維束の単繊維内部に浸透し、欠陥の元になって本発明の効果が損なわれる。また、反応性界面活性剤と通常の界面活性剤を併用する場合は、油剤の乳化系または分散系の安定性によって適宜決められるが、反応性界面活性剤と通常の界面活性剤との総量が主成分100重量部に対して、10〜100重量部が好ましく、10〜50重量部が更に好ましく、20〜40重量部がなかんずく好ましい。これら界面活性剤の総量が主成分100重量部に対して10重量部よりも少ないと本発明の効果が得られにくかったり、あるいは乳化または分散安定性が確保できない場合があり、100重量部より多いと効果が飽和したり、もしくは後述する反応性界面活性剤の推定する作用において、反応しきれない反応性界面活性剤量の単繊維内部に浸透し、欠陥の元になって本発明の効果が損なわれる場合がある。
【0017】
上記のごとき反応性界面活性剤を用いると、炭素繊維が高性能化する理由については、必ずしも定かではないが、次のように考えている。即ち、従来の油剤中の乳化剤または分散剤として用いられてきた界面活性剤は、界面活性剤同士あるいは後述する油剤主成分との反応性がないため、油剤を前駆体繊維束に付与した後、界面活性剤の1つ1つの分子が独立で前駆体繊維束の単繊維内部に浸透する。この単繊維内部に侵入した界面活性剤は炭素繊維の欠陥の核となり、強度低下を引き起こす原因であった。一方、界面活性剤に反応性を与えると、界面活性剤同士あるいは後述する油剤の主成分に反応して結合し、反応性界面活性剤はもはや1つ1つの分子が独立して挙動することができず、大きな分子となり、前駆体繊維束の単繊維内部に浸透することができなくなる。
【0018】
また更に、この単繊維内部への拡散による欠陥の核生成については、油剤の主成分についても同様のことが言え、反応性界面活性剤を用いると、主成分は更に巨大分子となり、単繊維内部に拡散しにくくなり、ボイド等の欠陥生成を抑制することになる。また更に、主成分が更に巨大分子化することによって油剤の水分揮発後の粘度も上昇し、繊維間にゴム的な固まり状で残りやすくなり、高糸条密度、高張力の条件下においても、単繊維間接着を防ぎ、耐炎化工程での酸素の供給が円滑に行うことができる、と考えている。
【0019】
本発明の炭素繊維製造用油剤は、上記反応性界面活性剤を必須成分とするが、油剤の役割を果たす主成分が必要である。主成分としては、240℃で2時間、空気中で熱処理した時に、その減量率が70%以下、好ましくは50%以下に抑えられるような耐熱性があるものが好ましく、本発明では特にシリコーン類を用いるものである。シリコーン類は、離型性も高く、好ましく用いられる。また、シリコーン類は、ジメチルポリシロキサン等のジオルガノポリシロキサンや、それを基本にしたアミノ変性やエポキシ変性やポリエーテル変性等の各種変性物が知られており、本発明にも用いられるが、少なくとも本発明の炭素繊維製造用油剤の主成分の一部にはアミノ変性シリコーンが含まれているのは好ましく、アミノ変性シリコーンとポリエーテル変性シリコーンを併用するのは更に好ましく、アミノ変性シリコーンとエポキシ変性シリコーンとポリエーテル変性シリコーンを併用するのが特に好ましい。ここでエポキシ変性シリコーンは耐熱性に、ポリエーテル変性シリコーンは乳化安定性に寄与する効果がある。また、アミノ変性シリコーンの含有量は、主成分中20〜100重量%が好ましく、30〜100重量%がより好ましく、40〜100重量%がなお好ましい。アミノ変性シリコーンの含有量が主成分中20重量%に満たない場合には、前駆体繊維同士の束縛や擬似的な接着が起こって、前駆体繊維を延伸しながら焼成する際に毛羽が立ったり、糸切れを起こすという場合がある。
【0020】
本発明の炭素繊維製造用油剤を前駆体繊維束に付与することにより炭素繊維用前駆体繊維束を得ることができる。前駆体繊維束としては、ピッチ系とポリアクリロニトリル系が挙げられるが、ポリアクリロニトリル系繊維は特に好ましい。
【0021】
本発明の炭素繊維製造用油剤は前駆体繊維束の製糸工程のいずれの段階で付与してもよい。例えば紡糸後、延伸前付与してもよいし、延伸後に付与してもよいし、あるいは製糸工程の最後の段階、すなわち巻取り直前に付与してもよい。延伸における単繊維間接着を防ぐという点で延伸前に付与するのがより好ましい。
【0022】
付与する様態は、上記のように必須成分としての反応性界面活性剤と主成分のみからなる、いわばストレートオイル状で付与しても構わないし、必須成分に水等の親水性媒体を加えて乳化状態もしくは分散状態として、付与しても構わない。これらは、油剤の付与量対比効果で適宜決められるが、炭素繊維製造用油剤中に固形分が1〜5重量%、より好ましくは2〜4重量%含まれた乳化または分散状態として、付与するのが好ましい。なお、固形分の含有量は、水分が蒸発しやすいように、広い底を持った容器中に少量の油剤を入れて薄く拡げた状態で、40℃で12時間オーブン処理し、その前後の重量変化から求められる。乳化または分散した時の主成分の平均粒子径は、0.001〜1μmが好ましく、0.001〜0.5μmがより好ましく、0.05〜0.2μmがなかんずく好ましい。かかる平均粒子径は光散乱等を原理とする粒度分布計で確認することができる。
【0023】
油剤を前駆体繊維束に付与した後は、かかる前駆体繊維束を加熱するのが好ましい。加熱することにより、上述した反応性界面活性剤と主成分との反応がより進行しやすくなる。加熱温度は、120〜220℃が好ましく、140〜210℃がより好ましく、160〜200℃が更に好ましい。220℃を超えると単繊維間接着を起こしやすく、120℃以下では反応に時間が掛かり、効率的ではない場合がある。加熱時間は、油剤がストレートオイルの場合は、5〜120秒が好ましく、10〜90秒がより好ましく、15〜60秒が更に好ましい。加熱時間が5秒に満たないと反応が不十分になり、本発明の効果が十分に発現しない場合があり、120秒を超えても、効果は飽和していることが多い。油剤が水等の親水性媒体を含んでいる場合は、前記の加熱時間に好ましくは5〜30秒、より好ましくは10〜20秒を加えると好ましい加熱時間となる。この時間は、水等の親水性媒体の乾燥に要する時間であるので、加熱温度や加熱の方式、例えば、接触加熱か非接触加熱か等、によって適宜決められる。加熱する形態は、電気ヒーターやスチーム等で加熱した空気の中に前駆体繊維束を通過させるテンターや赤外線加熱装置のような非接触式と、プレート式ヒーターやドラム式ヒーター等のような接触式のいずれもが用いられるが、接触式の方が熱伝達効率の点でより好ましい。
【0024】
このようにして得られた本発明の炭素繊維用前駆体繊維束は、前述のごとく油剤が単繊維間にとどまる傾向が高くなり、繊維内部の欠陥が減少するという効果を有するだけでなく、以下に述べるとおり張力や温度を従来に比べ高めに設定し焼成せしめることが可能となる。従って、本発明の前駆体繊維束を用いることで例えば高い圧縮強度や弾性率を発現する高性能な炭素繊維を得ることができる。尚、本発明でいう炭素繊維とは、黒鉛構造を有する黒鉛化繊維も含むものである。
【0025】
かかる焼成工程は、炭素繊維用前駆体繊維束を例えば200〜400℃の酸化性雰囲気下で耐炎化繊維へ転換する耐炎化工程と、500〜800℃の不活性雰囲気下で処理する前炭化工程と1000〜2000℃の不活性雰囲気下で炭素化する炭化工程を有することができる。耐炎化工程は、220〜270℃で行うのがより好ましい。
【0026】
かかる耐炎化工程を経た、いわゆる耐炎化繊維束は、従来の耐炎化繊維束に比べ、酸化ムラが減少し、酸化進行度が高い傾向にある。具体的には、かかる酸化進行度をギ酸への溶出度から求めることができる。これは、ギ酸に浸漬すると酸化不足の部分が選択的に溶出することを利用して得た指標であり、浸漬前後の耐炎化繊維束の重量差を浸漬前の重量で除すことで求められる。かかる溶出度は0〜2%が好ましく、0〜1.5%がより好ましく、0〜1.1%がなかんずく好ましい。かかる溶出度が2%を超えると酸化ムラが増加し酸化進行度が低下し、焼成ムラの発生が誘起され、前炭化工程での延伸が困難になるという場合がある。
【0027】
前炭化工程においては優れた炭素繊維の機械特性を得るため、特に複合材料において優れた圧縮強度を得るためには、高張力で処理することが好ましく、そのための延伸比1〜1.3とする。延伸比が1未満であると、所定の束状の炭素繊維のストランド弾性率を有するのに、炭化工程において高温で行わなければならなく、高温により後述する結晶サイズを成長させ、後述の式(1)を満たさず、優れた圧縮強度を得られない。また延伸比が1.3を超えると糸切れや毛羽等の発生が起こりやすく、品位の優れた炭素繊維が得られない。
【0028】
炭化工程においては、得ようとする炭素繊維に求める性能によって変わるが、処理温度を1000〜3000℃とすることが好ましい。特に束状の炭素繊維のストランド引張強度が6.5GPaを超えるような高強度炭素繊維を得ることを目的とする場合には、処理温度1200〜1500℃がより好ましい。一方、束状の炭素繊維のストランド弾性率が340GPaを超えるような高弾性率炭素繊維を得ることを目的とする場合は、処理温度1500〜3000℃が好ましく、1800〜3000℃がより好ましい。尚、処理温度が1000℃未満であると油剤に用いてシリコーン類が糸束に付着したままとなり炭素繊維の特性を損なう場合があり、処理温度が3000℃を超えると糸切れや毛羽等の発生が起こりやすく、品位の優れた炭素繊維が得られないという場合がある。
【0029】
前述のごとく本発明の油剤を用いることによって、前載炭化工程での優れた高張力化が行えるため、高性能な炭素繊維を得ることが可能となる。すなわち、本発明の炭素繊維は広角X線回析より測定される炭素網面の(002)面の結晶サイズLcと配向度(π002)が式(1)を満たすものである
(1)y≧3*Lc+78
y:配向度(π002)(%)
Lc:炭素網面の(002)面の結晶サイズ(nm)
ましくは式(2)を満たすものである。
(2)y≧3*Lc+80
y:配向度(π002)(%)
Lc:炭素網面の(002)面の結晶サイズ(nm)
ここで配向度yは炭素繊維の弾性率と相関があり、弾性率が高くなるほど配向度yも高くなる傾向にある。一方、結晶サイズは圧縮強度の発現と逆相関があり結晶サイズが小さくなるほど圧縮強度が高まる傾向にある。すなわち、配向度yと結晶サイズLcとの関係が上記式(1)を満たすことにより、高弾性率と高圧縮強度の発現の両立が可能となり、高性能な繊維強化複合材料の提供が可能となるものである。ここで結晶サイズLcは25(nm)が好ましく、2.4〜4.8(nm)がより好ましく、2.5〜4.5(nm)が更に好ましい。結晶サイズが2未満であると弾性率が低下するという場合があり、5を超えると圧縮強度が低下するという場合がある。ここでいう配向度yおよび結晶サイズLcはX線源としてCuKα(Niフィルター使用)を用いたX線回折法により求められるものである。結晶サイズLcは面指数(002)回折線のピークの半値幅から、次のScherrerの式を用いて計算して求められる。
【0030】
Lc(hkl)=Kλ/β0cosθB
但し、
Lc(hkl):微結晶(hkl)面に垂直な方向の平均の大きさ
K:1.0、λ:0.15418nm(X線の波長)
β0:(βE 2−β1 21/2
βE:見かけの半値幅(測定値)、β1:1.046×10-2rad
θB:Braggの回析角
また、配向度yは面指数(002)回析線の結晶ピークを円周方向にスキャンして得られる強度分布の半値幅から次式により求めた。
【0031】
y=(180−H)/180
但し、
H:見かけの半値幅(deg)
但し、回折強度はローレンツ因子による補正後の値を使用するものである。なかでも、これまで圧縮強度の向上が困難であった束状の炭素繊維のストランド引張弾性率が340GPaを超えるような高弾性率炭素繊維であっても、上記式(1)を満たすことが可能となり、高い弾性率と高い圧縮強度の両立が可能となるものである。
【0032】
本発明の繊維強化複合材料は上記炭素繊維と樹脂硬化物からなるものである。本発明の炭素繊維を用いることによって例えばASTM D695に準拠して測定される圧縮強度が1250MPa以上である繊維強化複合材料を得ることが可能となる。また、JIS R7601による引張弾性率が340GPa以上でかつ圧縮強度が1250MPa以上である繊維強化複合材料を得ることが可能となり、ゴルフクラブ用シャフトや釣竿に好適に用いられる。
【0033】
【実施例】
以下、実施例によって、本発明を更に詳細に説明する。なお、実施例によって本発明が制限されることはない。
【0034】
本実施例において、耐炎化繊維の特性、炭素繊維の各種特性および繊維強化複合材料の圧縮強度は下記方法により測定した。
(1)ギ酸への溶出度
120℃に設定したオーブンで十分に乾燥させた耐炎化繊維束の重量を測定した後、該耐炎化繊維束2.5重量部を100重量部のギ酸に浸漬し、25℃で100分間震盪した。その後、耐炎化繊維束を取り出して十分に水洗及び90℃で2時間湯洗し、120℃に設定したオーブンで十分に乾燥させた。得られたギ酸処理された耐炎化繊維束の重量を量り、ギ酸処理前後の耐炎化繊維束の重量差をギ酸処理前の重量で除すことでギ酸溶出度を求めた。
(2)炭素繊維束のストランド引張強度およびストランド弾性率
JIS R7601に記載の方法に準じて、次の組成の樹脂を炭素繊維束に含浸し、130℃、35分の条件で加熱硬化させ、引張試験片を作製し、引張強度、引張弾性率を測定した。
<樹脂組成>
・3,4−エポキシシクロヘキシルメチル−3,4−エポキシ−シクロヘキシル−カルボキシレート(ERL−4221、ユニオンカーバイド社製)100重量部
・3フッ化ホウ素モノエチルアミン(ステラケミファ株式会社製) 3重量部
・アセトン(和光純薬工業株式会社製) 4重量部
(3)炭素網面(002)面の結晶サイズLcおよび結晶配向度
X線回折法にて下記条件にて測定する面指数(002)の回折線より求めた。本実施例ではX線回折装置として(株)理学電機社製、4036A型(管球)を使用して、透過法により測定した。
A.測定試料の作製
被測定炭素繊維から、長さ4cmの試験片を切り出し、金型とコロジオン・アルコール溶液を用いて固め、角柱形状とし測定試料とした。
B.測定条件
X線源:CuKα(Niフィルター使用)
出力 :40kV、20mA
C.結晶サイズLcの測定
上述した透過法の2θ/θスキャンで得られた面指数(002)のピークの半値幅から、次のScherrerの式を用いて計算して求めた。
【0035】
Lc(hkl)=Kλ/β0cosθB
但し、
Lc(hkl):微結晶(hkl)面に垂直な方向の平均の大きさ
K:1.0、λ:0.15418nm(X線の波長)
β0:(βE 2−β1 21/2
βE:見かけの半値幅(測定値)、β1:1.046×10-2rad
θB:Braggの回析角
D.結晶配向度(π002)yの測定
上述した透過法を用い面指数(002)回析線の結晶ピークを円周方向にスキャンして得られる強度分布の半値幅から次式を用いて計算して求めた。
【0036】
y=(180−H)/180
但し、
H:見かけの半値幅(deg)
(4)プリプレグの作製
次に示す原料樹脂を混合し、30分攪拌して樹脂組成物を得た。
【0037】

Figure 0004305081
次に、前記樹脂組成物をシリコーンを塗布した離型紙にコーティングして得られた樹脂フィルムを円周約2.7mの60〜70℃に温調した鋼製ドラムに巻き付けた。
【0038】
この上に炭素繊維をクリールから巻きだしトラバースを介して配列する。更にその上から、前期樹脂フィルムで再度覆い、ロールで回転しながら、加圧し樹脂を繊維束内に含浸せしめ、幅300mm、長さ2.7mの一方向プリプレグを作製した。ここで、プリプレグの繊維目付はドラムの回転数とトラバースの送り速度を変化させた。
(5)繊維強化複合材料の圧縮強度
上記プリプレグを繊維方向を一方向に引き揃えて積層し、温度130℃、加圧0.3MPaで、2時間硬化させ、厚さが1mmの積層板(繊維強化複合材料)を成形した。
【0039】
かかる積層板から、被破壊部分が中心になるように、厚さ1±0.1mm、幅12.7±0.13mm、長さ80±0.013mm、ゲージ部の長さ5±0.13mmの試験片を切り出した。尚、試験片の両端(各37.5mmづつ)は補強板を接着剤等で固着させてゲージ部長さ5±0.13mmとした。
【0040】
ASTM D695に準拠し、歪み速度1.27mm/分の条件で、試験数n=6について測定し、得られた圧縮強度を繊維体積分率60%に換算して、その平均値を繊維強化複合材料の圧縮強度とした。
実施例1
下記処方の炭素繊維製造用油剤を調製した。
【0041】
アミノ変成シリコーン 50重量部
エポキシ変性シリコーン 25重量部
ポリエーテル変性シリコーン 25重量部
反応性界面活性剤 30重量部
水 4000重量部
反応性界面活性剤としては、ノニルフェノールのエチレンオキサイド付加物にビニル基を連結基を通して結合した化合物(旭電化工業(株)製、アデカリアソープNE−10)を使用した。3種のシリコーンが混合したシリコーン主成分の平均粒子径は、粒度分布計で測定した結果、0.1μmであった。
【0042】
この油剤を、アクリル系繊維(0.7dtex、3000フィラメント)に付着させ、次いで170℃×30秒で乾燥させた。その後、延伸倍率5のスチーム延伸を経て、炭素繊維用前駆体繊維束を得た。
【0043】
かかる炭素繊維用前駆体繊維束を8本合糸して単繊維数24000本とした後、250℃で延伸倍率1.05の耐炎化工程、650℃の前炭化工程、1400℃の炭化工程を経て、炭素繊維を得た。
実施例2
反応性界面活性剤としてメタクリル酸ポリエチレングリコール10mol−ポリプロピレングリコール4molのブロック共重合体を用いた以外は実施例1と同様に炭素繊維製造用油剤、炭素繊維用前駆体繊維束及び炭素繊維を製造した。
実施例3
反応性界面活性剤として、ポリオキシエチレンひまし油(日本エマルジョン(株)製エマレックスC−50)を用いた以外は実施例1と同様に炭素繊維製造用油剤、炭素繊維用前駆体繊維束及び炭素繊維を製造した。
比較例1
ノニルフェノールのエチレンオキサイド付加物にビニル基を連結基を通して結合した化合物をノニルフェノールのエチレンオキサイド10mol付加物に変更した以外は実施例1と同様に炭素繊維製造用油剤、炭素繊維用前駆体繊維束及び炭素繊維を製造した。
比較例2
ノニルフェノールのエチレンオキサイド付加物にビニル基を連結基を通して結合した化合物をポリエチレングリコール10mol−ポリプロピレングリコール4molのブロック共重合体とアクリル酸のエステル物に変更した以外は実施例1と同様に炭素繊維製造用油剤、炭素繊維用前駆体繊維束及び炭素繊維を製造した。
比較例3
ノニルフェノールのエチレンオキサイド付加物にビニル基を連結基を通して結合した化合物をポリオキシエチレン硬化ひまし油(日本エマルジョン(株)製エマレックスHC−50;ポリオキシエチレンひまし油に水素付加して不飽和結合をなくした化合物)に変更した以外は実施例1と同様に炭素繊維用油剤、炭素繊維用前駆体繊維束及び炭素繊維を製造した。
実施例4
実施例1と同様な方法で炭素繊維用前駆体繊維束を作製し、かかる前駆体繊維束を4本合糸して単繊維数12000本とした後、延伸倍率1.00、温度230〜260℃で耐炎化処理した。
【0044】
この耐炎化処理した繊維束を最高温度700℃の前炭化炉で延伸倍率1.20で前炭化処理し、最高温度2000℃の炭化炉で延伸比0.96で炭化処理した後、最高温度2500℃の黒鉛化炉で延伸比1.05で黒鉛化処理した。続いて濃度0.1モル/lの硫酸水溶液を電解液として電解表面処理し、水洗、150℃で乾燥処理したのち、サイジング剤を付与し、毛羽の少ない良好な品位の炭素繊維を得た。
【0045】
この炭素繊維を用い、前述した方法によりプリプレグ及び繊維強化複合材料を作製し、ASTM D695の評価方法に従って、繊維強化複合材料の圧縮強度を測定した。また、得られたプリプレグの繊維目付は190g/m2、樹脂含有量は35重量%であった。
比較例4
比較例1と同じ油剤組成の炭素繊維用前駆体繊維束を用い、実施例4と同様の方法で炭素繊維を得ようとしたが、前炭化延伸率を1.10とすると糸切れが多発するため、前炭化延伸比を0.95にして通過させた。また、前炭化延伸比低下により弾性率が低下するため、最高温度を2700℃にあげ、黒鉛化処理した。
【0046】
前炭化から黒鉛化までの工程で毛羽発生、部分的な糸切れが発生しており、工程通過性は不良であった。得られた炭素繊維は、毛羽が非常に多かった。
【0047】
この炭素繊維を用い、前述した方法によりプリプレグ及び繊維強化複合材料を作製し、ASTM D695の評価方法に従って、繊維強化複合材料の圧縮強度を測定した。また、得られたプリプレグの繊維目付は190g/m2、樹脂含有量は35重量%であった。
【0048】
上記実施例1〜4、比較例1〜4における各結果を表1に示した。実施例はいずれも、比較例に対して酸化が進行しており、高い炭素繊維の強度を示した。
【0049】
【表1】
Figure 0004305081
【0050】
なお、表1において、耐炎化行程での酸化不足度は、耐炎化繊維束をギ酸に浸漬すると、酸化不足の部分が選択的に溶出することを利用して得た指標であり、比較例1を基準とした相対比である。その値が大きい程、酸化不足であることを示す。また、比較例1のギ酸溶出度は、1.2%であった。
実施例5
実施例1と同様の炭素繊維製造用油剤、炭素繊維用前駆体繊維束を用い、かかる炭素繊維用前駆体繊維束を4本合糸して単繊維数12000本とした後、実質的に撚りのない状態で230〜260℃の空気中で、延伸比1.0で耐炎化処理し、この耐炎化処理した繊維束を最高温度700℃の前炭化炉で延伸倍率1.20で前炭化処理し、最高温度2000℃の炭化炉で延伸比0.96で炭化処理した後、最高温度2200℃の黒鉛化炉で延伸比1.05で黒鉛化処理した。続いて濃度0.1モル/lの硫酸水溶液を電解液として電解表面処理し、水洗、150℃で乾燥処理したのち、サイジング剤を付与し、毛羽の少ない良好な品位の炭素繊維を得た。
【0051】
この炭素繊維を用い、前述した方法によりプリプレグ及び繊維強化複合材料を作製し、ASTM D695の評価方法に従って、繊維強化複合材料の圧縮強度を測定した。また、得られたプリプレグの繊維目付は125g/m2、樹脂含有量は24重量%であった。
実施例6
最高温度2500℃の黒鉛化炉で処理した以外は、実施例5と同様に製造し、毛羽の少ない良好な品位の炭素繊維を得た。
実施例7
最高温度2700℃の黒鉛化炉で処理した以外は、実施例5と同様に製造し、毛羽の少ない良好な品位の炭素繊維を得た。
比較例5
比較例1同様の炭素繊維製造用油剤、炭素繊維用前駆体繊維束を用いた以外は実施例5と同様の方法で炭素繊維を得ようとしたが、前炭化延伸率を1.10とすると糸切れが多発するため、前炭化延伸比を0.95にして通過させた。また、前炭化延伸比低下により弾性率が低下するため、最高温度を2500℃にあげ、黒鉛化処理した。前炭化から黒鉛化までの工程で毛羽が発生し、得られた炭素繊維は、毛羽が多いものであった。
比較例6
比較例1同様の炭素繊維製造用油剤、炭素繊維用前駆体繊維束を用いた以外は実施例5と同様の方法で炭素繊維を得ようとしたが、前炭化延伸率を1.10とすると糸切れが多発するため、前炭化延伸比を0.95にして通過させた。また、前炭化延伸比低下により弾性率が低下するため、最高温度を2700℃にあげ、黒鉛化処理した。
【0052】
前炭化から黒鉛化までの工程で毛羽発生、部分的な糸切れが発生しており、工程通過性は不良であった。得られた炭素繊維は、毛羽が非常に多かった。
比較例7
比較例1同様の炭素繊維製造用油剤、炭素繊維用前駆体繊維束を用いた以外は実施例5と同様の方法で炭素繊維を得ようとしたが、前炭化延伸率を1.10とすると糸切れが多発するため、前炭化延伸比を0.95にして通過させた。また、前炭化延伸比低下により弾性率が低下するため、最高温度を3000℃にあげ、黒鉛化処理した。
【0053】
前炭化から黒鉛化までの工程で毛羽発生、部分的な糸切れが発生しており、工程通過性は不良であった。得られた炭素繊維は、毛羽が非常に多かった。
【0054】
上記実施例5〜7、比較例5〜7における各結果を表2に示した。実施例はいずれも、前記式(1)を満たし、実施例5〜7の炭素繊維を用いた繊維強化複合材料の圧縮強度は、比較例対比高い強度を示した。
【0055】
【表2】
Figure 0004305081
【0056】
なお、表2において、耐炎化行程での酸化不足度は、耐炎化繊維束をギ酸に浸漬すると、酸化不足の部分が選択的に溶出することを利用して得た指標であり、比較例1を基準とした相対比である。その値が大きい程、酸化不足であることを示す。また、比較例1のギ酸溶出度は、1.2%であった。
【0057】
【発明の効果】
本発明の炭素繊維製造用油剤によって、耐炎化工程において単繊維間への酸素の供給が円滑になり、耐炎化処理時の焼成ムラが減少する。さらには、耐炎化工程において、高糸条密度、高張力の条件下であっても、単繊維間接着を防ぎ、単繊維間への酸素の供給が円滑であり、前炭化工程での高張力条件が容易なため優れた強度を有する炭素繊維を製造することができる。[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
  The present invention relates to an oil agent for producing carbon fiber for providing carbon fiber having excellent strength, a precursor fiber bundle for carbon fiber and carbon fiber using the same.In timeRelated.
[0002]
[Prior art]
Since carbon fibers have superior specific strength and specific elastic modulus compared to other fibers, they are widely used industrially as reinforcing fibers for composite materials with resins by utilizing their excellent mechanical properties. In recent years, the superiority of carbon fiber composite materials has been increasing, and there is a strong demand for higher performance of these carbon fiber composite materials, especially in sports and aerospace applications such as golf and fishing rods. The properties of composite materials, especially the properties such as rigidity and compressive strength, are largely attributed to the properties of the carbon fiber itself, and this requirement is a high-performance requirement for the carbon fiber itself. Properties such as the development of high compressive strength are required.
[0003]
The most widely used polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fiber is a flame-proofing process in which an acrylic precursor fiber bundle is converted to a flame-resistant fiber in an oxidizing atmosphere of 200 to 400 ° C., and carbon in an inert atmosphere of at least 1000 ° C. It is industrially manufactured through a carbonizing step. In these firing processes, there is a problem that single fibers are bonded to each other and the quality and quality of the obtained carbon fibers are deteriorated.
[0004]
In response to this problem, many techniques for applying a silicone oil agent having high heat resistance to an acrylic precursor fiber bundle have been proposed and widely applied industrially. For example, it is disclosed that an oil agent mixed with a specific amino-modified silicone, epoxy-modified silicone, and alkylene oxide-modified silicone has a low weight loss when heated in air and nitrogen and has a high anti-adhesion effect (for example, Patent Document 1). However, when firing with high tension to obtain high-performance carbon fibers using such conventional silicone fluids, due to the low viscosity, the thin fibers are interposed between the single fibers in the flameproofing process. Since the distance is shortened or the single fibers are substantially brought into contact with each other, the supply of oxygen, which is essential for the flameproofing reaction, is hindered, resulting in the occurrence of unevenness in the progress of the flameproofing reaction, so-called firing unevenness. Furthermore, this causes a problem such as yarn breakage and fluff generation in the subsequent carbonization process, which is a great obstacle to productivity improvement. In order to produce a high-performance carbon fiber with high productivity, it is advantageous to fire a precursor with a smoother surface in addition to high tension at a high yarn density. At present, the adverse effects of firing unevenness become even more pronounced, and the yarn density, tension, and processing speed must be reduced. In order to solve this problem, by specifying the curing behavior of the silicone oil agent, a technique for improving firing unevenness by supplying oxygen by interposing the oil agent so as to harden between single fibers (for example, Patent Document 2). ) Is disclosed, however, there is a limit to further improving the performance of carbon fibers.
[0005]
[Patent Document 1]
Japanese Patent Publication No. 3-40152 (Overall)
[0006]
[Patent Document 2]
JP 2001-172880 A (Overall)
[0007]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
  The present inventionPurpose ofAn object of the present invention is to provide an oil agent for producing carbon fibers that solves the above problems, prevents adhesion between single fibers in the flameproofing process, and can smoothly supply oxygen between the single fibers. In particular, an oil agent for producing carbon fiber for producing carbon fiber having excellent performance by reducing unevenness in flame resistance even under conditions of high yarn density and high tension, and precursor fiber for carbon fiber using the same. Bundles and carbon fibersStayIt is to be provided.
[0008]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
  As a result of intensive studies, the present inventionspecificThis is based on the discovery that the use of a reactive surfactant further enhances the performance of carbon fibers.
[0009]
  That is, the present inventionThe reactive group is a vinyl group or an allyl group, and is nonionicReactive surfactantAnd siliconeIncludingThe reactive surfactant is used in an amount of 20 to 40 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of silicone.It is an oil agent for producing carbon fibers, and is a precursor fiber bundle for carbon fibers to which it is applied.In the carbonization process, the film is stretched at a stretch ratio of 1 to 1.3.SinteredObtainedCarbon fiber manufacturing methodWhatThe crystal size Lc and orientation degree (π002) of the (002) plane of the carbon network plane measured by wide-angle X-rayNextIt is a carbon fiber that satisfies the formula (1).
(1) y ≧ 3 * Lc + 78
y: degree of orientation (π002) (%)
Lc: Crystal size of the (002) plane of the carbon network (nm)
[0010]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail.
[0011]
  The reactive surfactant which is an essential component of the oil for producing carbon fiber of the present invention is a surfactant having a hydrophobic part and a hydrophilic part bonded to a reactive group. The term “surfactant” as used herein includes those called so-called emulsifiers and dispersants.The OrSuch reactive groups may be included in any of the surfactant structures. That is, it may be included as a group added to the main skeleton that is a surfactant of the reactive surfactant, or may have some linking group between the main skeleton and the reactive group. In addition, a reactive unsaturated bond or the like may be contained in the main skeleton.Here, the reactive group isVinyl group or allyl group whose terminal is an unsaturated bondIs. In addition, as an example having any linking group between the main skeleton and the reactive group, the linking group may include one or more alkylene oxides such as ethylene oxide, alkylene such as methylene group, and the like. Specifically, for example, an ethylene oxide adduct of nonylphenol such as α- [1-[(allyloxy) methyl] -2- (nonylphenoxy) ethyl] -ω-hydroxypolyoxyethylene is vinyl group or allyl.GroupReactive surfactant bonded through a linking group or directly bonded (for example, manufactured by Asahi Denka Kogyo Co., Ltd.)ADEKA rear soap(Registered trademark) NE series and Daiichi Kogyo Seiyaku Co., Ltd.Aqualon(Registered trademark RN series, etc.), vinyl group and allylGroupReactive surfactant bonded through a linking group or directly bonded (for example, Aqualon ER series, SR series, KH series, Asahi Denka Kogyo Co., Ltd., Clariant Emulsogen R series, Kao Corporation)Ramtel(Registered trademark), etc.), acrylic acid or methacrylic acid, and polyethylene glycol or a copolymer of polyethylene glycol and polypropylene glycol and derivatives thereof (for example, manufactured by NOF Corporation)Blemmer(Registered trademark) series), isoprene sulfonate (for example, manufactured by JSR Corporation), and the like.
[0012]
Examples of reactive unsaturated bonds contained in the main skeleton include, specifically, polyoxyethylene castor oil (Emulex C-series manufactured by Nippon Emulsion Co., Ltd.), unsaturated compounds such as oleic acid. Examples include esters of fatty acids and polyethylene oxide.
[0013]
  In the present inventionAs a reactive surfactant, it is nonionic in that it is the easiest to control the amount of adhesionReactive surfactants are used.
[0014]
The oil agent for carbon fiber of the present invention is a so-called straight oil form in which such a reactive surfactant is mixed with a main component (oil) described later, and the reactive surfactant and the main component are mixed. Alternatively, it may be in a so-called emulsified state or dispersed state in which the main component and the reactive surfactant are mixed in a hydrophilic medium such as water. In any case, a normal surfactant other than the reactive surfactant may be used in combination. The normal surfactant here means a surfactant having no reactive group as described above. Examples of the surfactant having no reactive group include polyethylene glycol alkyl ether, alkylphenyl ether, and alkylamine ether. By adding these normal surfactants, the reactivity of the entire oil can be controlled. For example, when using the reactive surfactants of the Blemmer series manufactured by Nippon Oil & Fats Co., Ltd. mentioned in the above specific examples, when the oil agent reacts because the reactivity is too high, the binding between fibers or pseudo It is effective in such a case because it tends to harden until it causes a strong adhesion or damages the fiber. As will be described later, when the main component is emulsified or dispersed in a hydrophilic medium, a normal surfactant can be used in combination as an emulsification or dispersion aid.
[0015]
When a normal surfactant is used in combination with the reactive surfactant, the weight of the reactive surfactant is preferably equal to or more than that of the normal surfactant. If the amount of the reactive surfactant is less than that of a normal surfactant, the effect of the present invention may be difficult to obtain.
[0016]
  In the case where the oil agent is emulsified or dispersed in a hydrophilic medium such as water, the amount of the reactive surfactant is appropriately determined depending on the stability of the oil agent emulsification system or dispersion system.To be described laterMain component(silicone)For 100 parts by weight20 to 40 parts by weightIs. The compounding amount of the reactive surfactant is 100 parts by weight of the main component,20If the amount is less than parts by weight, it is difficult to obtain the effect of the present invention, or emulsification or dispersion stability can be secured.Z,The amount is 40When the amount is more than part by weight, the effect is saturated, or the amount of reactive surfactant that cannot be reacted in the estimated action of the reactive surfactant described later increases, and these increase within the single fiber of the precursor fiber bundle. Penetrating and causing defects, the effect of the present invention is impaired.TheIn addition, when a reactive surfactant and a normal surfactant are used in combination, it is determined as appropriate depending on the stability of the emulsification system or dispersion system of the oil, but the total amount of the reactive surfactant and the normal surfactant is The amount is preferably 10 to 100 parts by weight, more preferably 10 to 50 parts by weight, and most preferably 20 to 40 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the main component. If the total amount of these surfactants is less than 10 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the main component, it may be difficult to obtain the effects of the present invention, or emulsification or dispersion stability may not be ensured, and more than 100 parts by weight. The effect of the present invention becomes the source of defects due to saturation of the effect, or penetration into the amount of reactive surfactant that cannot be fully reacted in the presumed action of the reactive surfactant described later. It may be damaged.
[0017]
When the reactive surfactant as described above is used, the reason why the carbon fiber has high performance is not necessarily clear, but it is considered as follows. That is, surfactants that have been used as emulsifiers or dispersants in conventional oil agents are not reactive with surfactants or with the oil agent main components described below, so after applying the oil agent to the precursor fiber bundle, Each molecule of the surfactant penetrates independently into the single fiber of the precursor fiber bundle. The surfactant that penetrated into the inside of the single fiber became the core of the defect of the carbon fiber and caused a decrease in strength. On the other hand, when the surfactant is made reactive, the surfactant reacts with or binds to the main component of the oil agent described later, and each molecule of the reactive surfactant behaves independently. It cannot be a large molecule and cannot penetrate into the single fiber of the precursor fiber bundle.
[0018]
Furthermore, this defect nucleation due to diffusion inside the single fiber is the same for the main component of the oil. When a reactive surfactant is used, the main component becomes a larger molecule, It becomes difficult to diffuse to the surface, and the generation of defects such as voids is suppressed. Furthermore, the viscosity of the oil agent after volatilization of water increases due to the macromolecules becoming more macromolecular, and it tends to remain in a rubber-like mass between fibers, even under conditions of high yarn density and high tension. It is believed that adhesion between single fibers can be prevented, and oxygen can be smoothly supplied in the flameproofing process.
[0019]
  The oil agent for producing carbon fibers of the present invention contains the above-mentioned reactive surfactant as an essential component, but requires a main component that functions as an oil agent. As a main component, when heat-treated in air at 240 ° C. for 2 hours, those having heat resistance such that the weight loss rate can be suppressed to 70% or less, preferably 50% or less,Especially in the present inventionSiliconesUsingInThe ShiRicorns have high releasability and are preferably used. In addition, silicones are known as diorganopolysiloxanes such as dimethylpolysiloxane, and various modified products such as amino modification, epoxy modification and polyether modification based on the same. It is preferable that at least a part of the main component of the oil for producing carbon fiber of the present invention contains an amino-modified silicone, and it is more preferable to use an amino-modified silicone and a polyether-modified silicone in combination. It is particularly preferable to use a modified silicone and a polyether-modified silicone in combination. Here, epoxy-modified silicone contributes to heat resistance, and polyether-modified silicone contributes to emulsion stability. The content of the amino-modified silicone is preferably 20 to 100% by weight, more preferably 30 to 100% by weight, and still more preferably 40 to 100% by weight in the main component. When the content of the amino-modified silicone is less than 20% by weight in the main component, binding between the precursor fibers or pseudo adhesion occurs, and fluffing occurs when firing while stretching the precursor fibers. In some cases, thread breakage may occur.
[0020]
The precursor fiber bundle for carbon fibers can be obtained by applying the oil agent for producing carbon fiber of the present invention to the precursor fiber bundle. Examples of the precursor fiber bundle include pitch-based and polyacrylonitrile-based, and polyacrylonitrile-based fibers are particularly preferable.
[0021]
The oil agent for producing carbon fibers of the present invention may be applied at any stage of the spinning process of the precursor fiber bundle. For example, after spinning, it may be applied before stretching, may be applied after stretching, or may be applied at the final stage of the spinning process, that is, immediately before winding. It is more preferable to apply before stretching in terms of preventing adhesion between single fibers in stretching.
[0022]
The mode of imparting may consist of only the reactive surfactant as the essential component and the main component as described above, so-called straight oil, or emulsification by adding a hydrophilic medium such as water to the essential component. You may give as a state or a dispersion | distribution state. These are appropriately determined by the effect of comparing the amount of oil added, but are applied as an emulsified or dispersed state containing 1 to 5% by weight, more preferably 2 to 4% by weight of solid content in the oil for carbon fiber production. Is preferred. The solid content is the weight before and after the oven treatment at 40 ° C. for 12 hours with a small amount of oil placed in a container with a wide bottom so that the water easily evaporates. Required from change. The average particle size of the main component when emulsified or dispersed is preferably 0.001 to 1 μm, more preferably 0.001 to 0.5 μm, and most preferably 0.05 to 0.2 μm. Such an average particle diameter can be confirmed with a particle size distribution meter based on light scattering or the like.
[0023]
After applying the oil agent to the precursor fiber bundle, it is preferable to heat the precursor fiber bundle. By heating, the reaction between the above-described reactive surfactant and the main component becomes easier to proceed. The heating temperature is preferably 120 to 220 ° C, more preferably 140 to 210 ° C, and still more preferably 160 to 200 ° C. If it exceeds 220 ° C, adhesion between single fibers tends to occur, and if it is 120 ° C or less, the reaction takes time, which may not be efficient. When the oil is straight oil, the heating time is preferably 5 to 120 seconds, more preferably 10 to 90 seconds, and still more preferably 15 to 60 seconds. If the heating time is less than 5 seconds, the reaction becomes insufficient, and the effect of the present invention may not be sufficiently exhibited, and even if it exceeds 120 seconds, the effect is often saturated. When the oil contains a hydrophilic medium such as water, the heating time is preferably 5 to 30 seconds, more preferably 10 to 20 seconds. Since this time is the time required for drying a hydrophilic medium such as water, it is appropriately determined depending on the heating temperature and heating method, for example, contact heating or non-contact heating. The heating mode is a non-contact type such as a tenter or an infrared heating device that allows the precursor fiber bundle to pass through air heated by an electric heater or steam, and a contact type such as a plate heater or drum heater. Any of these may be used, but the contact type is more preferable in terms of heat transfer efficiency.
[0024]
The precursor fiber bundle for carbon fibers of the present invention thus obtained has an effect that the oil agent tends to stay between the single fibers as described above, and not only has the effect of reducing defects inside the fibers, but also the following: As described above, it is possible to set the tension and temperature higher than in the prior art to perform firing. Therefore, by using the precursor fiber bundle of the present invention, for example, high-performance carbon fibers that express high compressive strength and elastic modulus can be obtained. The carbon fiber referred to in the present invention includes a graphitized fiber having a graphite structure.
[0025]
Such a firing step includes a flameproofing step of converting the precursor fiber bundle for carbon fiber into a flameproofing fiber in an oxidizing atmosphere of, for example, 200 to 400 ° C, and a pre-carbonizing step of treating in a inert atmosphere of 500 to 800 ° C. And a carbonization step of carbonizing under an inert atmosphere of 1000 to 2000 ° C. The flameproofing step is more preferably performed at 220 to 270 ° C.
[0026]
So-called flame-resistant fiber bundles that have undergone such a flame-proofing process tend to have less oxidation unevenness and a higher degree of oxidation progression than conventional flame-resistant fiber bundles. Specifically, the degree of oxidation progress can be determined from the degree of elution into formic acid. This is an index obtained by utilizing the selective elution of a portion of insufficient oxidation when immersed in formic acid, and is obtained by dividing the weight difference of the flame-resistant fiber bundle before and after immersion by the weight before immersion. . The elution degree is preferably 0 to 2%, more preferably 0 to 1.5%, and particularly preferably 0 to 1.1%. If the elution degree exceeds 2%, oxidation unevenness increases and oxidation progress decreases, and firing unevenness is induced, which may make stretching in the pre-carbonization process difficult.
[0027]
  Excellent carbon fiber mechanical properties in the pre-carbonization processSpecialIn order to obtain excellent compressive strength in the composite material, it is preferable to treat with high tension, and the stretch ratio for that purposeThe1-1.3To. When the draw ratio is less than 1, the strand elasticity of the predetermined bundle of carbon fibers must be performed at a high temperature in the carbonization step, the crystal size described later is grown at a high temperature, and the formula ( 1) is not satisfied and excellent compressive strength cannot be obtained.. Also,Stretch ratio isIf it exceeds 1.3, breakage of yarn, fluff, etc. are likely to occur, and carbon fibers with excellent quality cannot be obtained.Yes.
[0028]
In the carbonization step, the treatment temperature is preferably 1000 to 3000 ° C., although it depends on the performance required for the carbon fiber to be obtained. In particular, when the purpose is to obtain a high-strength carbon fiber having a strand-like carbon fiber strand tensile strength exceeding 6.5 GPa, a treatment temperature of 1200 to 1500 ° C. is more preferable. On the other hand, when it aims at obtaining the high elastic modulus carbon fiber whose strand elastic modulus of bundle-like carbon fiber exceeds 340 GPa, processing temperature 1500-3000 degreeC is preferable and 1800-3000 degreeC is more preferable. If the treatment temperature is less than 1000 ° C, the silicone may remain attached to the yarn bundle when used in the oil agent, and the characteristics of the carbon fiber may be impaired. If the treatment temperature exceeds 3000 ° C, yarn breakage or fluffing may occur. In some cases, carbon fibers with excellent quality cannot be obtained.
[0029]
  As described above, by using the oil agent of the present invention, excellent tension can be increased in the pre-carbonization step, so that high-performance carbon fibers can be obtained. That is, the carbon fiber of the present invention is,The crystal size Lc and degree of orientation (π002) of the (002) plane of the carbon network measured by wide-angle X-ray diffraction areNextSatisfies formula (1)Is a thing.
(1) y ≧ 3 * Lc + 78
y: degree of orientation (π002) (%)
Lc: Crystal size of the (002) plane of the carbon network (nm)
GoodPreferablyNextThe expression (2) is satisfied.
(2) y ≧ 3 * Lc + 80
y: degree of orientation (π002) (%)
Lc: Crystal size of the (002) plane of the carbon network (nm)
Here, the degree of orientation y has a correlation with the elastic modulus of the carbon fiber, and the degree of orientation y tends to increase as the elastic modulus increases. On the other hand, the crystal size has an inverse correlation with the expression of the compressive strength, and the compressive strength tends to increase as the crystal size decreases. That is, the relationship between the degree of orientation y and the crystal size Lc isthe aboveBy satisfying the formula (1), both high elastic modulus and high compressive strength can be achieved, and a high-performance fiber-reinforced composite material can be provided. Here, the crystal size Lc is 2~5 (nm) is preferable, 2.4 to 4.8 (nm) is more preferable, and 2.5 to 4.5 (nm) is still more preferable. If the crystal size is less than 2, the elastic modulus may decrease, and if it exceeds 5, the compressive strength may decrease. The degree of orientation y and the crystal size Lc here are determined by an X-ray diffraction method using CuKα (using a Ni filter) as an X-ray source. The crystal size Lc is calculated from the half width of the peak of the plane index (002) diffraction line by using the following Scherrer equation.
[0030]
Lc (hkl) = Kλ / β0cosθB
However,
Lc (hkl): average size in the direction perpendicular to the crystallite (hkl) plane
K: 1.0, λ: 0.15418 nm (X-ray wavelength)
β0: (ΒE 21 2)1/2
βE: Apparent half width (measured value), β1: 1.046 × 10-2rad
θB: Bragg diffraction angle
Further, the degree of orientation y was determined from the half width of the intensity distribution obtained by scanning the crystal peak of the plane index (002) diffraction line in the circumferential direction by the following equation.
[0031]
y = (180−H) / 180
However,
H: Apparent half width (deg)
However, the diffraction intensity uses a value corrected by the Lorentz factor. In particular, the above formula (1) can be satisfied even with a high modulus carbon fiber whose strand tensile modulus exceeds 340 GPa, which has been difficult to improve in compressive strength. Thus, both a high elastic modulus and a high compressive strength can be achieved.
[0032]
The fiber reinforced composite material of the present invention is composed of the carbon fiber and a cured resin. By using the carbon fiber of the present invention, for example, it becomes possible to obtain a fiber reinforced composite material having a compressive strength measured in accordance with ASTM D695 of 1250 MPa or more. Further, it becomes possible to obtain a fiber-reinforced composite material having a tensile elastic modulus according to JIS R7601 of 340 GPa or more and a compressive strength of 1250 MPa or more, and is suitably used for golf club shafts and fishing rods.
[0033]
【Example】
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail by way of examples. In addition, this invention is not restrict | limited by an Example.
[0034]
In this example, the characteristics of the flameproof fiber, the various characteristics of the carbon fiber, and the compressive strength of the fiber reinforced composite material were measured by the following methods.
(1) Dissolution rate in formic acid
After measuring the weight of the flame-resistant fiber bundle sufficiently dried in an oven set at 120 ° C., 2.5 parts by weight of the flame-resistant fiber bundle was immersed in 100 parts by weight of formic acid and shaken at 25 ° C. for 100 minutes. . Then, the flame-resistant fiber bundle was taken out, sufficiently washed with water and washed with hot water at 90 ° C. for 2 hours, and sufficiently dried in an oven set at 120 ° C. The obtained formic acid-treated flame-resistant fiber bundle was weighed, and the formic acid elution degree was determined by dividing the weight difference of the flame-resistant fiber bundle before and after formic acid treatment by the weight before formic acid treatment.
(2) Strand tensile strength and strand elastic modulus of carbon fiber bundle
In accordance with the method described in JIS R7601, a carbon fiber bundle is impregnated with a resin of the following composition, heat cured at 130 ° C. for 35 minutes, a tensile test piece is produced, and tensile strength and tensile modulus are measured. did.
<Resin composition>
・ 100 parts by weight of 3,4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl-3,4-epoxy-cyclohexyl-carboxylate (ERL-4221, manufactured by Union Carbide)
・ Boron trifluoride monoethylamine (manufactured by Stella Chemifa Corporation) 3 parts by weight
・ Acetone (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) 4 parts by weight
(3) Carbon network plane (002) plane crystal size Lc and crystal orientation
It calculated | required from the diffraction line of the surface index (002) measured on condition of the following by X-ray diffraction method. In this example, a 4036A type (tube) manufactured by Rigaku Corporation was used as an X-ray diffractometer, and measurement was performed by a transmission method.
A. Preparation of measurement sample
A test piece having a length of 4 cm was cut out from the carbon fiber to be measured and solidified using a mold and a collodion / alcohol solution to obtain a prismatic shape as a measurement sample.
B. Measurement condition
X-ray source: CuKα (using Ni filter)
Output: 40 kV, 20 mA
C. Measurement of crystal size Lc
It calculated | required using the following Scherrer formula | equation from the half value width of the peak of the surface index (002) obtained by 2 (theta) / (theta) scan of the transmission method mentioned above.
[0035]
Lc (hkl) = Kλ / β0cosθB
However,
Lc (hkl): average size in the direction perpendicular to the crystallite (hkl) plane
K: 1.0, λ: 0.15418 nm (X-ray wavelength)
β0: (ΒE 21 2)1/2
βE: Apparent half width (measured value), β1: 1.046 × 10-2rad
θB: Bragg diffraction angle
D. Measurement of crystal orientation (π002) y
It calculated | required by calculating using the following Formula from the half value width of the intensity distribution obtained by scanning the crystal peak of a plane index (002) diffraction line in the circumference direction using the transmission method mentioned above.
[0036]
y = (180−H) / 180
However,
H: Apparent half width (deg)
(4) Preparation of prepreg
The following raw material resins were mixed and stirred for 30 minutes to obtain a resin composition.
[0037]
Figure 0004305081
Next, a resin film obtained by coating the resin composition on a release paper coated with silicone was wound around a steel drum whose temperature was adjusted to 60 to 70 ° C. with a circumference of about 2.7 m.
[0038]
On top of this, carbon fibers are unrolled from the creel and arranged through a traverse. Further, it was covered again with a resin film in the previous period, pressed while rotating with a roll, and impregnated with resin in a fiber bundle to prepare a unidirectional prepreg with a width of 300 mm and a length of 2.7 m. Here, the fiber basis weight of the prepreg varied the drum rotation speed and the traverse feed rate.
(5) Compressive strength of fiber reinforced composite materials
The prepreg was laminated with the fiber direction aligned in one direction and cured at a temperature of 130 ° C. and a pressure of 0.3 MPa for 2 hours to form a laminate (fiber reinforced composite material) having a thickness of 1 mm.
[0039]
From such a laminate, the thickness is 1 ± 0.1 mm, the width is 12.7 ± 0.13 mm, the length is 80 ± 0.013 mm, and the length of the gauge portion is 5 ± 0.13 mm so that the part to be destroyed is the center. The test piece was cut out. The both ends of the test piece (each 37.5 mm each) were made to have a gauge portion length of 5 ± 0.13 mm by fixing a reinforcing plate with an adhesive or the like.
[0040]
In accordance with ASTM D695, under the condition of strain rate of 1.27 mm / min, the number of tests n = 6 was measured, and the obtained compressive strength was converted to a fiber volume fraction of 60%, and the average value was a fiber reinforced composite. The compressive strength of the material was used.
Example 1
An oil for carbon fiber production having the following formulation was prepared.
[0041]
50 parts by weight of amino-modified silicone
25 parts by weight of epoxy-modified silicone
25 parts by weight of polyether-modified silicone
30 parts by weight of reactive surfactant
4000 parts by weight of water
As the reactive surfactant, a compound in which a vinyl group was bonded to an ethylene oxide adduct of nonylphenol through a linking group (Adeka Soap NE-10, manufactured by Asahi Denka Kogyo Co., Ltd.) was used. The average particle size of the silicone main component in which three types of silicone were mixed was 0.1 μm as a result of measurement with a particle size distribution meter.
[0042]
This oil agent was attached to acrylic fibers (0.7 dtex, 3000 filaments) and then dried at 170 ° C. for 30 seconds. Then, the precursor fiber bundle for carbon fibers was obtained through steam drawing at a draw ratio of 5.
[0043]
8 carbon fiber precursor fiber bundles are combined to obtain 24,000 single fibers, and then subjected to a flameproofing step at 250 ° C. with a draw ratio of 1.05, a pre-carbonizing step at 650 ° C., and a carbonizing step at 1400 ° C. After that, carbon fiber was obtained.
Example 2
A carbon fiber producing oil agent, a carbon fiber precursor fiber bundle, and a carbon fiber were produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that a block copolymer of 10 mol of polyethylene glycol methacrylate and 4 mol of polypropylene glycol was used as the reactive surfactant. .
Example 3
Similar to Example 1, except that polyoxyethylene castor oil (Emulex C-50 manufactured by Nippon Emulsion Co., Ltd.) was used as the reactive surfactant, carbon fiber precursor oil bundle, carbon fiber precursor fiber bundle, and carbon A fiber was produced.
Comparative Example 1
The oil for carbon fiber production, the precursor fiber bundle for carbon fiber, and the carbon were the same as in Example 1 except that the compound in which a vinyl group was bonded to the ethylene oxide adduct of nonylphenol through a linking group was changed to a 10 mol nonylphenol ethylene oxide adduct. A fiber was produced.
Comparative Example 2
For carbon fiber production in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the compound in which a vinyl group was bonded to the ethylene oxide adduct of nonylphenol through a linking group was changed to a block copolymer of polyethylene glycol 10 mol-polypropylene glycol 4 mol and acrylic acid ester. An oil agent, a precursor fiber bundle for carbon fiber, and a carbon fiber were produced.
Comparative Example 3
Polyoxyethylene hydrogenated castor oil (Emulex HC-50, manufactured by Nippon Emulsion Co., Ltd .; hydrogenated polyoxyethylene castor oil to eliminate unsaturated bonds) compound in which vinyl group is bonded to ethylene oxide adduct of nonylphenol through linking group Except for changing to Compound), an oil agent for carbon fiber, a precursor fiber bundle for carbon fiber, and carbon fiber were produced in the same manner as in Example 1.
Example 4
A carbon fiber precursor fiber bundle was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, and after four such precursor fiber bundles were combined to obtain 12,000 single fibers, the draw ratio was 1.00 and the temperature was 230 to 260. Flameproofing treatment was carried out at 0 ° C.
[0044]
This fiber bundle subjected to flame resistance treatment is pre-carbonized in a pre-carbonization furnace at a maximum temperature of 700 ° C. at a draw ratio of 1.20, carbonized in a carbonization furnace at a maximum temperature of 2000 ° C. at a draw ratio of 0.96, and then a maximum temperature of 2500 Graphitization was performed at a draw ratio of 1.05 in a graphitization furnace at ° C. Subsequently, an electrolytic surface treatment was performed using an aqueous sulfuric acid solution having a concentration of 0.1 mol / l as an electrolytic solution, followed by washing with water and drying at 150 ° C. Then, a sizing agent was applied to obtain carbon fibers of good quality with less fluff.
[0045]
Using this carbon fiber, a prepreg and a fiber reinforced composite material were prepared by the method described above, and the compressive strength of the fiber reinforced composite material was measured according to the evaluation method of ASTM D695. Moreover, the fiber basis weight of the obtained prepreg is 190 g / m.2The resin content was 35% by weight.
Comparative Example 4
A carbon fiber precursor fiber bundle having the same oil agent composition as in Comparative Example 1 was used to obtain carbon fiber by the same method as in Example 4. However, when the pre-carbonized drawing ratio was 1.10, yarn breakage frequently occurred. Therefore, it was passed with the pre-carbonization draw ratio set at 0.95. In addition, since the elastic modulus decreased due to the decrease in the pre-carbonization stretch ratio, the maximum temperature was raised to 2700 ° C. and graphitization was performed.
[0046]
Fluff generation and partial thread breakage occurred in the processes from pre-carbonization to graphitization, and the process passability was poor. The obtained carbon fiber was very fluffy.
[0047]
Using this carbon fiber, a prepreg and a fiber reinforced composite material were prepared by the method described above, and the compressive strength of the fiber reinforced composite material was measured according to the evaluation method of ASTM D695. Moreover, the fiber basis weight of the obtained prepreg is 190 g / m.2The resin content was 35% by weight.
[0048]
The results in Examples 1 to 4 and Comparative Examples 1 to 4 are shown in Table 1. In each of the examples, oxidation proceeded with respect to the comparative example, and high carbon fiber strength was exhibited.
[0049]
[Table 1]
Figure 0004305081
[0050]
In Table 1, the degree of oxidation deficiency in the flameproofing process is an index obtained by utilizing the fact that when the flameproofed fiber bundle is immersed in formic acid, the portion of the oxidation deficiency is selectively eluted, Comparative Example 1 Relative ratio. A larger value indicates a lack of oxidation. Moreover, the formic acid elution degree of the comparative example 1 was 1.2%.
Example 5
Using the same carbon fiber production oil agent and carbon fiber precursor fiber bundle as in Example 1, four such carbon fiber precursor fiber bundles were combined to obtain 12,000 single fibers, and then substantially twisted. The fiber bundle subjected to flame resistance treatment at a draw ratio of 1.0 in air at 230 to 260 ° C. in the absence of heat, and pre-carbonization treatment at a draw ratio of 1.20 in a pre-carbonization furnace having a maximum temperature of 700 ° C. Then, carbonization was performed at a draw ratio of 0.96 in a carbonization furnace having a maximum temperature of 2000 ° C., and then graphitization was performed at a draw ratio of 1.05 in a graphitization furnace having a maximum temperature of 2200 ° C. Subsequently, an electrolytic surface treatment was performed using an aqueous sulfuric acid solution having a concentration of 0.1 mol / l as an electrolytic solution, followed by washing with water and drying at 150 ° C. Then, a sizing agent was applied to obtain carbon fibers of good quality with less fluff.
[0051]
Using this carbon fiber, a prepreg and a fiber reinforced composite material were prepared by the method described above, and the compressive strength of the fiber reinforced composite material was measured according to the evaluation method of ASTM D695. Moreover, the fiber basis weight of the obtained prepreg is 125 g / m.2The resin content was 24% by weight.
Example 6
Manufactured in the same manner as in Example 5 except that it was processed in a graphitization furnace having a maximum temperature of 2500 ° C., and a good-quality carbon fiber with less fluff was obtained.
Example 7
Manufactured in the same manner as in Example 5 except that it was processed in a graphitization furnace at a maximum temperature of 2700 ° C., and carbon fibers of good quality with less fluff were obtained.
Comparative Example 5
A carbon fiber was obtained in the same manner as in Example 5 except that the same carbon fiber producing oil agent and carbon fiber precursor fiber bundle were used as in Comparative Example 1, but the pre-carbonized stretch ratio was 1.10. Since thread breakage occurred frequently, the pre-carbonized stretch ratio was set to 0.95. In addition, since the elastic modulus decreased due to a decrease in the pre-carbonized stretch ratio, the maximum temperature was raised to 2500 ° C. and graphitization was performed. Fluff was generated in the steps from pre-carbonization to graphitization, and the obtained carbon fiber had a lot of fluff.
Comparative Example 6
A carbon fiber was obtained in the same manner as in Example 5 except that the same carbon fiber producing oil agent and carbon fiber precursor fiber bundle were used as in Comparative Example 1, but the pre-carbonized stretch ratio was 1.10. Since thread breakage occurred frequently, the pre-carbonized stretch ratio was set to 0.95. In addition, since the elastic modulus decreased due to the decrease in the pre-carbonization stretch ratio, the maximum temperature was raised to 2700 ° C. and graphitization was performed.
[0052]
Fluff generation and partial thread breakage occurred in the processes from pre-carbonization to graphitization, and the process passability was poor. The obtained carbon fiber was very fluffy.
Comparative Example 7
A carbon fiber was obtained in the same manner as in Example 5 except that the same carbon fiber producing oil agent and carbon fiber precursor fiber bundle were used as in Comparative Example 1, but the pre-carbonized stretch ratio was 1.10. Since thread breakage occurred frequently, the pre-carbonized stretch ratio was set to 0.95. In addition, since the modulus of elasticity decreased due to a decrease in the pre-carbonization stretch ratio, the maximum temperature was raised to 3000 ° C. and graphitization was performed.
[0053]
Fluff generation and partial thread breakage occurred in the processes from pre-carbonization to graphitization, and the process passability was poor. The obtained carbon fiber was very fluffy.
[0054]
The results in Examples 5 to 7 and Comparative Examples 5 to 7 are shown in Table 2. In all the examples, the above formula (1) was satisfied, and the compressive strength of the fiber-reinforced composite material using the carbon fibers of Examples 5 to 7 was higher than that of the comparative example.
[0055]
[Table 2]
Figure 0004305081
[0056]
In Table 2, the degree of oxidation deficiency in the flameproofing process is an index obtained by utilizing the fact that when the flameproofed fiber bundle is immersed in formic acid, the insufficiently oxidized portion is selectively eluted, Comparative Example 1 Relative ratio. A larger value indicates a lack of oxidation. Moreover, the formic acid elution degree of the comparative example 1 was 1.2%.
[0057]
【The invention's effect】
With the oil for carbon fiber production of the present invention, the supply of oxygen between the single fibers becomes smooth in the flameproofing step, and firing unevenness during the flameproofing treatment is reduced. Furthermore, in the flameproofing process, even under conditions of high yarn density and high tension, adhesion between single fibers is prevented, oxygen supply between the single fibers is smooth, and high tension in the pre-carbonization process Since the conditions are easy, carbon fibers having excellent strength can be produced.

Claims (3)

反応性基がビニル基またはアリル基であり、ノニオン性である反応性界面活性剤とシリコーンを含み、前記反応性界面活性剤の配合量がシリコーン100重量部に対して20〜40重量部である炭素繊維製造用油剤。 Reactive group is a vinyl group or an allyl group, see-containing reactive surfactant and the silicone are nonionic, amount of the reactive surfactant is 20 to 40 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the silicone a carbon fiber for the production of oil. 請求項1記載の炭素繊維製造用油剤を付与せしめてなる炭素繊維用前駆体繊維束。A precursor fiber bundle for carbon fibers obtained by applying the oil for producing carbon fibers according to claim 1. 請求項2記載の炭素繊維用前駆体繊維束を、炭化工程で1〜1.3の延伸比で延伸し焼成せしめて得られる炭素繊維であって、広角X線回析により測定される炭素網面の(002)面の結晶サイズLcと配向度(π002)yが次式(1)を満たす炭素繊維。
(1)y≧3*Lc+78
y:配向度(π002)(%)
Lc:炭素網面の(002)面の結晶サイズ(nm)
A carbon fiber obtained by stretching and firing the precursor fiber bundle for carbon fiber according to claim 2 at a stretch ratio of 1 to 1.3 in a carbonization step, and measured by wide-angle X-ray diffraction. A carbon fiber in which the crystal size Lc and orientation degree (π002) y of the (002) plane satisfy the following formula (1).
(1) y ≧ 3 * Lc + 78
y: degree of orientation (π002) (%)
Lc: Crystal size of the (002) plane of the carbon network (nm)
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