JP5241012B2 - Pamps、病原体関連分子パターン - Google Patents
Pamps、病原体関連分子パターン Download PDFInfo
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- JP5241012B2 JP5241012B2 JP2008521662A JP2008521662A JP5241012B2 JP 5241012 B2 JP5241012 B2 JP 5241012B2 JP 2008521662 A JP2008521662 A JP 2008521662A JP 2008521662 A JP2008521662 A JP 2008521662A JP 5241012 B2 JP5241012 B2 JP 5241012B2
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Description
本発明は、ワクチンアジュバントの分野である。
サブユニットワクチンは、多くの場合免疫活性を増強するのを助けるために、アジュバントの助けを必要とする。アルミニウム塩およびMF59TMのような化学的アジュバントが、ヒトへの使用のために認可されてきた。しかし、アルミニウム塩は安全性の問題があり、そしていくつかの抗原と適合性でない。さらに、それはTh2型のヘルパーT細胞反応を生じ、それは多くの場合防御免疫のために不適当または不十分である。
本発明は、様々な病原体関連分子パターン(PAMP[参考文献1−6])の同定およびアジュバント活性ポリペプチドの同定におけるこれらパターンの使用に基づく。ポリペプチドPAMPは、病原性ポリペプチドに存在するが、宿主生物自身のポリペプチドにはまれであるか、または存在しないモチーフである。そのようなモチーフは、微生物においてよく見出されるが、脊椎動物では見いだされない。従って、それらは宿主によって外来性であると認識され、適当な免疫反応を引き起こし、それはこれらのポリペプチドPAMPを、ワクチンにおけるアジュバントの理想的な候補にする。さらに、それらは性質においてタンパク質性であるので、そのアミノ酸配列を直接タンパク質抗原のアミノ酸配列に組み入れて、効力を増加させ得る。
従って本発明は、以下の工程を含む、宿主生物においてアジュバントとして作用するポリペプチドを同定する方法を提供する:
a)少なくともa種の異なる病原性生物由来のアミノ酸配列をグループ化することによって、タンパク質ファミリーを産生し、その配列は1E−05より低い(すなわち、1E−06、1E−07、1E−08、1E−09、1E−10、1E−15、1E−20またはそれより低い)EスコアでBLASTアライメントを共有する;
b)工程a)のタンパク質ファミリーを選択する、ここで:
(i)そのファミリーは、少なくともb個の異なる病原性生物由来の配列を含む、および
(ii)そのファミリーのタンパク質のうち少なくとも1つは、選択された非病源性生物由来のアミノ酸配列と、1E−05より低い(すなわち、1E−06、1E−07、1E−08、1E−09、1E−10、1E−15、1E−20またはそれより低い)EスコアでBLASTアライメントを共有しない;
c)工程b)のできたファミリーから、ファミリー内で保存されている配列モチーフを決定する;そして
d)工程c)のモチーフを含むポリペプチド配列を選択する、
ここで:aは少なくとも60(例えば62、64、66、68、70、72、74、76、78、80、82、84、86、88、90、92、94、96、98、99またはそれ以上)である;そしてbは少なくとも30(例えば32、34、36、38、40、42、44、46、48、50、52、54、56、58、60またはそれ以上)であり、ここでb≦aである。
工程a)は、ポリペプチドアジュバントが由来するタンパク質ファミリーを提供する。しかし、ただの無作為な配列ではなく、病原性生物由来のアミノ酸配列から始めることによって、本方法は、ハイスループットスクリーニングのような無作為な方法と比較して、スクリーニングする必要がある配列の総数を最小限にする。この工程において同定されたタンパク質ファミリーのいくつかは病原体ゲノムに限定されるものではなく、そして本方法において後で除外される。好ましくは、工程a)のタンパク質ファミリーを産生するために使用するアミノ酸配列は、ゲノムデータベースから、より好ましくはcDNAまたは発現配列データベースから入手可能である。
多くのタンパク質ファミリーを産生したら、本方法は少なくともb個の異なる病原性生物由来の配列を含むファミリーのみを選択し、ここでbはaと同じか、またはより少ない。本発明の方法の目的は、いくつかの病原体に存在する共通または保存された細菌成分をコードするポリペプチドを同定することなので、この工程は、多数の病原性生物由来の配列を含まないタンパク質ファミリーを除外する。bの値がaに近いほど、この工程の厳密さが増す。
多くの病原性生物に共通であるが、非病原性生物とは共通でない配列を含むタンパク質ファミリーを選択したら、工程c)は、選択されたタンパク質ファミリー内の保存されたサブ配列またはモチーフを同定する。これらのサブ配列を、その統計学的関連性によって試験する。
好ましくは、工程a)の配列は、発現またはオープンリーディングフレーム(ORF)配列由来である。これは、本発明のアジュバントが病原体の発現したペプチド配列に基づくためである。
本発明の方法は、アジュバントとして使用/試験するために適当なアミノ酸配列を明らかにする。したがって、本発明は、上記で記載した方法によって得られるアミノ酸配列を含むポリペプチドを提供する。その病原体特異的な性質のために、そのようなポリペプチドはワクチンアジュバントの理想的な候補である。ポリペプチドの免疫刺激性質は周知である[例えば参考文献10を参照のこと]。多くの公知のポリペプチドアジュバントが脂質またはグリカン(特に細菌由来、例えばMDP)で修飾されるが、未修飾のペプチドアジュバントも開示された[17]。
A(1)−x(i1,j1)−A(2)−x(i2,j2)−…A{p−1}−x(i{p−1},j{p−1})−Ap
を含むペプチドは、以下の方式で解釈される:A(k)は成分であり、1つのアミノ酸、例えばC、またはアミノ酸のセット、例えば[ILVF]を特定する。成分A(k)は、もしそれが正確に1つのアミノ酸(例えばCまたはL)を特定するならアイデンティティー成分であり、またはもしそれが1つ以上(例えば[ILVF]または[FWY])を特定するなら多義成分である。i(k)、j(k)は整数であり、全てのkに関してi(k)<=j(k)である。x(ik,jk)の部分は、ikおよびjkの任意のアミノ酸間のパターンマッチングのワイルドカード領域を特定する。もしjkがikよりも大きいなら(例えばx(2,3))、ワイルドカード領域x(ik,jk)は「柔軟」である。そのような領域の柔軟性は、jk−ikである。例えばx(2,3)の柔軟性は1である。もしj(k)がi(k)と等しいならば、例えばx(2,2)なら、ワイルドカード領域は固定され、x(2)と書き得る。パターンに関する柔軟性の産物(product of flexibility)は、もしあるなら、パターン内の柔軟なワイルドカード領域の柔軟性の産物であり、そうでなければ1(one)であるよう定義される。
本発明のポリペプチドは、本来的に有用なアジュバントである。しかし、アジュバント活性を改善するために(一般的または特異的のいずれか)、または生物学的利用能、毒性、代謝、薬物動態等のような、薬理学的に重要な特徴を改善するために、それらを改良し得る。従って、そのポリペプチドを、さらなる研究および改良のためのリード化合物として使用し得る。
本発明は、本発明のポリペプチドをコードするヌクレオチド配列を含む核酸を提供する。
本発明は、本発明のポリペプチドまたはポリマー、および薬剤学的に許容可能な担体を含む組成物を提供する。
本発明において使用するために適当な細菌抗原は、タンパク質、多糖、リポ多糖、および外膜小胞を含み、それは細菌から単離、精製、または得ることができる。それに加えて、細菌抗原は、細菌溶解物および不活性化細菌処方を含み得る。細菌抗原を、組み換え発現によって産生し得る。細菌抗原は、好ましくは、そのライフサイクルの少なくとも1つの段階中に、細菌の表面に露出しているエピトープを含む。細菌抗原は、好ましくは複数の血清型を通じて保存されている。細菌抗原は、1つまたはそれ以上の下記で述べる細菌由来の抗原、および下記で同定される特定の抗原の例を含む。
本発明において使用するために適当なウイルス抗原は、不活性化(または死滅させた)ウイルス、弱毒化ウイルス、分断ウイルス処方、精製サブユニット処方、ウイルスから単離、精製、または得ることができるウイルスタンパク質、およびウイルス様粒子(VLP)を含む。ウイルス抗原を、細胞培養で増殖したウイルスから得ることができる、または組換え的に発現させ得る。ウイルス抗原は、好ましくは、そのライフサイクルの少なくとも1つの段階中、ウイルスの表面に露出しているエピトープを含む。ウイルス抗原は、好ましくは複数の血清型を通じて保存されている。ウイルス抗原は、下記で述べる1つまたはそれ以上のウイルス由来の抗原、および下記で同定する特定の抗原の例を含む。
好ましいパラミクソウイルスタンパク質は、HN、F1およびF2を含む。パラミクソウイルス抗原はまた、キメラウイルスに処方し得る、またはそれから得ることができる。例えば、キメラRSV/PIVウイルスは、RSVおよびPIV両方の成分を含み得る。市販で入手可能な流行性耳下腺炎ワクチンは、一価の形式か、または麻疹および風疹ワクチンと組み合わせて(NMR)、生きた弱毒化流行性耳下腺炎ウイルスを含む。
いくつかの実施態様において、真菌症の治療または予防を含む、本発明の方法において使用するために、本発明の組成物を真菌抗原と組み合わせる。ワクチンと関連して、本明細書中で使用するための真菌抗原は、Trichophyton mentagrophytesによって引き起こされる白癬症の予防および治療に関する、米国特許第4,229,434および4,368,191号;モルモット、ネコ、ウサギ、ウマおよび子ヒツジのような動物における皮膚糸状菌感染の予防のための広域皮膚糸状菌ワクチンに関する、米国特許第5,277,904および5,284,652号、これらの抗原は死滅したT.equinum、T.mentagrophytes(var.granulare)、M.canisおよび/またはM.gypseumの懸濁液を有効な量で、任意でアジュバントと組み合わせて含む;有効な量のホモジナイズした、ホルムアルデヒドで死滅させた真菌、すなわちMicrosporum canis培養物を担体中に含む白癬ワクチンに関する、米国特許第5,453,273および6,132,733号;ピシウム感染症(pythiosis)の細胞外および細胞内タンパク質に関わる米国特許第5,948,413号において記載されたものを含む。抗真菌ワクチン中で同定されたさらなる抗原は、Ringvac bovis LTF−130およびBiovetaを含む。
ここでその過程は、以下の工程を含む:生きた真菌細胞を得ること;細胞壁を実質的に除去した、または少なくとも部分的に除去した真菌細胞を得ること;細胞壁を実質的に除去した、または少なくとも部分的に除去した真菌細胞を破裂させること;不溶性画分を得ること;および不溶性画分から可溶化画分を抽出および分離すること。
本発明の実施態様は、細胞の感染前に中和し得る微生物の予防的および治療的処理に関連する組成物および方法を含む。特定の実施態様において、本組成物および方法がそれに対する手段であり得る微生物(細菌、ウイルス、および/または真菌)は、性行為感染症(STD)を引き起こすもの、および/またはその表面に標的であり得る抗原または本発明の抗原組成物をディスプレイするものを含む。本発明の好ましい実施態様において、組成物をウイルスまたは細菌STD由来の抗原と組み合わせる。細菌またはウイルス由来の抗原を、本発明の組成物と組み合わせて投与して、少なくとも特に以下のSTDの1つに対する保護を提供し得る:クラミジア、性器ヘルペス、肝炎(特にHCV)、性器疣贅、淋病、梅毒および/または軟性下疳(WO00/15255を参照のこと)。
本発明は、特に呼吸器ウイルスの感染および/または1つまたはそれ以上の症状を抑制または予防することによって、RSウイルス(RSV)、PIV、SARSウイルス、インフルエンザ、Bacillus anthracisのような、ウイルス、細菌、または真菌を含む呼吸器病原体による感染を予防および/または治療する方法を提供する。呼吸器ウイルス、細菌、または真菌由来のもののような、本明細書中で記載された抗原を含む組成物を、その特定の呼吸器微生物にさらされる危険のある、呼吸器微生物にさらされた、または呼吸器ウイルス、細菌、または真菌に感染した個体に、本発明の組成物と組み合わせて投与する。本発明の組成物を、好ましくは呼吸器病原体の抗原と同時に、または同じ処方中で同時投与する。組成物の投与は、呼吸器感染の1つまたはそれ以上の症状の発生率および/または重症度の抑制を引き起こす。
本発明の1つの実施態様は、本発明の組成物と組み合わせた腫瘍抗原または癌抗原に関与する。腫瘍抗原は、例えばポリペプチド腫瘍抗原または糖タンパク質腫瘍抗原のような、ペプチドを含む腫瘍抗原であり得る。腫瘍抗原はまた、例えば糖脂質腫瘍抗原またはガングリオシド腫瘍抗原のような、糖類を含む腫瘍抗原であり得る。腫瘍抗原はさらに、例えばポリペプチドを含む腫瘍抗原を発現するポリヌクレオチドを含む腫瘍抗原、たとえばRNAベクター構築物またはプラスミドDNAのようなDNAベクター構築物であり得る。
1つの実施態様において、本発明の組成物を、小児抗原(pediatric antigen)におけるような、小児集団の治療のための抗原と組み合わせて使用する。より具体的な実施態様において、小児集団は、約3歳より小さく、または約2歳より小さく、または約1歳より小さい。別の実施態様において、小児抗原を(本発明の組成物と組み合わせて)、少なくとも1、2、または3年にわたって複数回投与する。
本発明の組成物と組み合わせて使用するための他の抗原は、院内(hospital acquired)(院内(nosocomoal))関連抗原を含む。
本発明の他の局面において、抗原を吸着させた微粒子を産生する方法が提供される。その方法は、以下を含む:(a)(i)水、(ii)界面活性剤、(iii)有機溶媒、および(iv)ポリ(α−ヒドロキシ酸)、ポリヒドロキシブタン酸、ポリカプロラクトン、ポリオルトエステル、ポリ無水物、およびポリシアノアクリル酸から成るグループから選択される、生物分解性のポリマーを含む混合物を分散させることによって、エマルションを提供すること。そのポリマーは、典型的には有機溶媒と相対的に約1%から約30%の濃度で混合物中に存在し、一方界面活性剤は、典型的には約0.00001:1から約0.1:1(より典型的には約0.0001:1から約0.1:1、約0.001:1から約0.1:1、または約0.005:1から約0.1:1)の重量対重量の界面活性剤対ポリマー比で、混合物中に存在する;(b)エマルションから有機溶媒を除去すること;および(c)抗原を微粒子の表面に吸着させること。ある実施態様において、生物分解性のポリマーは、有効溶媒と相対的に約3%から約10%の濃度で存在する。
以下の参考文献は、本発明の組成物と組み合わせて有用な抗原を含む:
本発明は、患者に本発明の組成物を投与することを含む、患者において免疫反応を引き起こす方法を提供する。その組成物を、静脈内、筋肉内、腹腔内、皮下、経皮、経口、鼻腔内、直腸内、膣内、および局所に投与し得る。免疫反応は、好ましくは保護的である。
「含む(comprising)」という用語は、「含む(including)」および「から成る」を意味し、例えばXを「含む(comprisig)」組成物は、Xのみから成り得る、またはさらなる何か、例えばX+Yを含み(include)得る。
1.タンパク質ファミリーの産生
60個の完全な細菌ゲノム(下記の表1を参照のこと)から成るデータベースは、148251個のオープンリーディングフレーム(ORF)を含むことが見出された。これらの148251個のORFによってコードされるポリペプチドを、その配列同一性によってタンパク質ファミリーにグループ分けする。1.0E−05より低いE−スコアでアラインメントを共有するタンパク質の全てのペアを同定するために、BLOSUM62置換マトリックスおよびデフォルトパラメーターを用いて、GCGプログラムスイートのBLASTプログラムを使用した。BLAST E−スコアは、アラインメントスコアによって測定されるような、よりよい質のアラインメントが、同じデータセット中で偶然見つかる確率である。タンパク質データセットを、次いで重複しないファミリーへ分割し、それは同じファミリーの他の全てのメンバーと、1.0E−05より低いE−スコアでアラインメントを共有するタンパク質のみを含む。
定義によって病原体に限定的な(そして宿主ヒトに存在しない)モチーフであるPAMPを含むタンパク質ファミリーのみを同定するために、Drosophilaゲノム由来のタンパク質を含まないタンパク質ファミリーのみを選択した。これは、ファミリーのタンパク質の少なくとも1つが、Drosophilaゲノムのいかなるタンパク質とも、1.0E−05の閾値よりも低いE−スコアでBLASTアラインメントを有さないことを意味する。Drosophilaは本実施例の宿主生物ではないが、ショウジョウバエ(すなわち、非病原性)タンパク質配列と高い同一性を共有する病原性タンパク質ファンリー配列は、ヒト配列と高い同一性を共有する可能性が高い。
病原体の分泌タンパク質または表面タンパク質をコードするタンパク質ファミリーが好ましい。既に表面関連タンパク質をコードすると注釈をつけられたか、またはPSORTによって細胞表面に局在化するタンパク質であると予測された、少なくとも1つのアミノ酸配列を含むタンパク質ファミリーのみを残した。この段階で、251個のタンパク質ファミリーが同定された。
前の選択を通過したファミリーのうち、タンパク質ファミリー内からの保存されたポリペプチド配列のリストを同定した。そのリストは、PRATTアルゴリズムの助けを借りて編集された。以下のデフォルトパラメーターを使用した、すなわちi)100%の配列で保存されたパターン、ii)最長:50、iii)連続するxの最大数は5、iv)柔軟なスペーサーの最大数は2、v)最大の柔軟性は2、およびvi)最大の柔軟な産物は10。[8]で明細に記されたように、PRATTを用いてパターンをランク付けした。各タンパク質ファミリーに関して、点数上位10個のパターンのみを残した。251ファミリーのPRATT分析は、2500以上のポリペプチド配列のリストを生じた。
EMBOSS[43]ソフトウェアスイートにおいて2500以上のポリペプチド配列のリストを用いて、公開されたヒトゲノム配列に対してパターン検索を行った。EMBOSSは、2500以上のポリペプチド配列のいずれかが、ヒトポリペプチド配列のいずれかと高い同一性を共有するかを試験し得た。EMBOSSスイートの一部であるfuzzproを用いて、ヒトタンパク質の完全なセットに対して各パターンに関して検索を行った。ヒトゲノムで少なくとも1つのヒットを有するパターンは廃棄した。この最後の選択工程は、312個のポリペプチド配列のリストを生じ、それを表3に列挙する。
表3に列挙した推定ペプチドPAMPのアジュバント活性を評価するために、細菌のサイン(signature)配列PDCG−[LM]−[KR](配列番号584)に関連するペプチドのセットを合成、精製、およびエンドトキシンを含まないことを示した。可能性のある配列の組み合わせは、PDCGLR(配列番号6)、PDCGLK(配列番号7)、PDCGMR(配列番号8)、およびPDCGMK(配列番号9)を含んでいた。ヒト単球細胞系統THP−1を各ペプチドとインキュベートし、そしてアジュバント活性を、サイトカイン(IL1−β、IL−8、およびTNFα)の特異的産生によって測定されるように、ペプチドPDCGLRに関して観察した。このペプチドをさらに、一次ヒト末梢血単核球(hPBMC)において評価し、ここでもサイトカイン産生(IL−6およびTNFα)が示された。従って、細菌タンパク質において通常見出されるがショウジョウバエにはない細菌のサインとして同定された、特定のペプチド配列PDCGLR(配列番号6)は、ヒト免疫系によってPAMPとして認識される。
Claims (4)
- 宿主生物においてアジュバントとして作用するポリペプチドを同定するための方法であって、
a)少なくともa種の異なる病原性生物に由来するアミノ酸配列を一緒にグループ化することによってタンパク質ファミリーを生成する工程であって、該アミノ酸配列のうちの任意の2つを、BLOSUM62置換マトリックスを用い、GCGプログラムスイートのBLASTプログラムを用いてアラインメントを行った場合に、1E−05未満のEスコアが達成される、工程
b)工程a)において生成されたタンパク質ファミリーから、タンパク質ファミリーを選択する工程であって、ここで、
(i)該ファミリーは、少なくともb種の異なる病原性生物に由来する配列を含み、
(ii)該ファミリー内の少なくとも1種のタンパク質は、該少なくとも1種のタンパク質のアミノ酸配列を、選択された非病原性生物に由来するアミノ酸配列と、BLOSUM62置換マトリックスを用い、GCGプログラムスイートのBLASTプログラムを用いてアラインメントを行った場合に、1E−05未満のEスコアを達成せず、
(iii)該タンパク質ファミリーは、表面タンパク質または分泌タンパク質として予測されるか、または注釈をつけられたアミノ酸配列を少なくとも1つ含む、工程
c)PRATTアルゴリズムを用いて、工程b)で生じたファミリーから、該ファミリー内で保存される配列モチーフを決定する工程であって、該配列モチーフは、内因性ヒトアミノ酸配列と同一ではない、工程、ならびに
d)工程c)のモチーフを含むポリペプチド配列を選択する工程を包含し、ここでaは少なくとも60であり、かつbは少なくとも30であり、b<aである、方法。 - 工程a)で使用されるアミノ酸配列が、ゲノムデータベースから利用可能である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記宿主生物が脊椎動物である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記宿主生物がヒトである、請求項3に記載の方法。
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| US69952405P | 2005-07-15 | 2005-07-15 | |
| US60/699,524 | 2005-07-15 | ||
| PCT/US2006/027484 WO2007011776A2 (en) | 2005-07-15 | 2006-07-15 | Pamps, pathogen associated molecular patterns |
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| JP2009501525A JP2009501525A (ja) | 2009-01-22 |
| JP2009501525A5 JP2009501525A5 (ja) | 2009-09-24 |
| JP5241012B2 true JP5241012B2 (ja) | 2013-07-17 |
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| US (1) | US8165823B2 (ja) |
| EP (1) | EP1910827A4 (ja) |
| JP (1) | JP5241012B2 (ja) |
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| WO (1) | WO2007011776A2 (ja) |
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| EP2947083A1 (en) * | 2009-03-27 | 2015-11-25 | Suntory Holdings Limited | Novel compound contained in blue rose |
| US20210164991A1 (en) * | 2018-01-19 | 2021-06-03 | Arizona Board Of Regents On Behalf Of Arizona State University | Induced common antibody response |
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| US6074645A (en) * | 1996-11-12 | 2000-06-13 | City Of Hope | Immuno-reactive peptide CTL epitopes of human cytomegalovirus |
| GB9727512D0 (en) * | 1997-12-31 | 1998-02-25 | Adprotech Plc | Fuzzy genes and their application in molecular adjuvants |
| ATE283920T1 (de) * | 1998-04-30 | 2004-12-15 | Chiron Srl | Verfahren zur immunisierung und behandlung von h. pylori infektion |
| US6812337B1 (en) * | 1999-04-01 | 2004-11-02 | The Governing Council Of The University Of Toronto | Presenilin associated membrane protein and uses thereof |
| GB9914960D0 (en) * | 1999-06-25 | 1999-08-25 | Chiron Spa | Delivery system |
| AT409085B (de) * | 2000-01-28 | 2002-05-27 | Cistem Biotechnologies Gmbh | Pharmazeutische zusammensetzung zur immunmodulation und herstellung von vakzinen |
| US7657378B1 (en) * | 2000-03-30 | 2010-02-02 | Council Of Scientific & Industrial Research | Computer based method for identifying peptides useful as drug targets |
| US7393921B2 (en) * | 2000-12-04 | 2008-07-01 | Institute For Systems Biology | Prostate-specific polypeptide pamp and encoding nucleic acid molecules |
| US7351686B2 (en) * | 2001-12-06 | 2008-04-01 | Yeda Research And Development Co. Ltd. | Method for neuronal protection in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis by a vaccine comprising Copolymer-1 or Copolymer-1 related peptides |
| US6752995B2 (en) * | 2002-04-15 | 2004-06-22 | Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas System | Nucleic acid and polypeptide sequences useful as adjuvants |
| JP2005536987A (ja) * | 2002-04-01 | 2005-12-08 | ユーロ−セルティーク エス.エイ. | 抗原提示細胞標的化機構を含むエピトープ構築物 |
| GB0309916D0 (en) * | 2003-04-30 | 2003-06-04 | Ares Trading Sa | Secreted protein family |
| ITMI20031326A1 (it) * | 2003-06-27 | 2004-12-28 | Univ Degli Studi Milano | Sali di acidi idrossicinnamici e di idrossistilbeni otticamente attivi. |
| US20050112139A1 (en) * | 2003-10-23 | 2005-05-26 | Nmk Research, Llc | Immunogenic composition and method of developing a vaccine based on factor H binding sites |
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| CA2615506A1 (en) | 2007-01-25 |
| US8165823B2 (en) | 2012-04-24 |
| WO2007011776A2 (en) | 2007-01-25 |
| WO2007011776A3 (en) | 2007-06-21 |
| US20090155306A1 (en) | 2009-06-18 |
| EP1910827A2 (en) | 2008-04-16 |
| JP2009501525A (ja) | 2009-01-22 |
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