JP5882995B2 - 治療方法 - Google Patents
治療方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5882995B2 JP5882995B2 JP2013515638A JP2013515638A JP5882995B2 JP 5882995 B2 JP5882995 B2 JP 5882995B2 JP 2013515638 A JP2013515638 A JP 2013515638A JP 2013515638 A JP2013515638 A JP 2013515638A JP 5882995 B2 JP5882995 B2 JP 5882995B2
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- Prior art keywords
- lactoferrin
- proteinuria
- disease
- creatinine
- diabetes
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Description
−中心性(腹部)肥満−胃部(腹部)内部及び周囲の脂肪過剰−加えて、以下の因子のいずれか2因子:
高血圧;
高い血中トリアシルグリセロール値;
低い高密度リポプロテイン(HDL)値;
空腹時血糖障害(血糖値が正常値より高いが、2型糖尿病と診断されるほどは高くない);及び
インスリン抵抗性(体内(特に筋肉と肝臓)においてインスリンが本来的な機能を発揮しない)。
(a)経口投与用、外用(例えば、水薬(例えば、水性又は非水性の液剤又は懸濁液)、錠剤若しくはボーラス、飼料への混合用の散剤、顆粒剤又は丸薬、舌への塗布用のペースト剤(特に、反芻動物に投与する場合はルーメン側で適切に保護されるもの)、
(b)非経口投与用(例えば、皮下、筋肉内若しくは静脈内注射(例えば、無菌の液体製剤又は懸濁液)用又は(適切な場合は)乳首を介して懸濁剤又は液体製剤を乳房に導入する乳房内注入用)、
(c)局所投与用(例えば、皮膚に適用されるクリーム剤、軟膏剤又は噴霧剤)及び
(d)膣内投与用(例えば、ペッサリー、クリーム剤又はフォーム剤)が挙げられる。
ラクトフェリン「ファースト・リーフ」の試験として、3種の治療群(即ち、ファースト・リーフ群、ラクトフェリン群及びプラセボ群)による無作為化臨床試験を行った。プラセボ群は比較対照としての役割を果たし、試験は無作為化二重盲検で行った。治療群の割り当ては試験チームとは無関係に決定し、12週間の介入期間が終了するまで参加者及び研究者の双方ともいずれの群がいかなる治療を受けるがわからないようにした。各参加者には固有の試験番号を割り当てた。統計ソフトウェアプログラム「ミニタブ」TMにて参加者の固有の試験番号を用い、統計学者によって参加者を無作為に3種の治療群に分けた。治験薬剤師はこれら3群に基づいて薬物を調剤した。
重篤な有害事象や予想外の有害事故、参加者への影響といった不測の事態は本プロジェクトにおいては生じなかった。
本試験は、生活習慣や環境に通常関連する慢性疾患の危険性を示す健康パラメータへの「ファースト・リーフ」及びラクトフェリンの作用を調べるために行った、無作為化二重盲検臨床試験である。12週間の介入期間に亘って、メタボリック症候群の男性及び女性には3種類の治療(同様のカプセル)の内の1種、即ち、(1)「ファースト・リーフ」、(2)ラクトフェリンのみ、又は(3)プラセボを施した。介入期間における臨床マーカー及び生化学マーカーの変化を3群間で比較する。
「ファースト・リーフ」
「ファースト・リーフ」は、活力を高め、免疫力を向上させるための健康サプリメントとして、日本では通常成人が服用するサプリメントである。「ファースト・リーフ」には、マリーゴールド、カシス、及びハーブティーの1種であるアイブライトのエキスが含まれている。成分としては、リコピンやラクトフェリン、補酵素Q10、ルテインが挙げられる。リコピンとルテインは、その抗酸化物質としての役割によって健康をもたらすと考えられているカロテノイドである。ユビキノンとしても知られる補酵素Q10は、特に心疾患の予防に関連するビタミン様物質である。
ラクトフェリンは、強力な抗菌活性及び免疫調節活性を有する鉄結合性糖タンパク質である。最近では、ラクトフェリンが骨芽細胞の増殖や分化を刺激し、破骨細胞形成を阻害することによって骨成長を促進することも分かっている。従って、現在では、ラクトフェリンは、骨の成長や治癒において生理学的役割を果たし、骨粗鬆症においてはタンパク質同化因子として潜在的治療効果をもたらしうると考えられている。ラクトフェリンは乳清から抽出されるが、好中球の二次顆粒中に低濃度で天然に産生される糖タンパク質でもある。動物実験によって、炎症時にラクトフェリンの全身レベルが劇的に上昇することが分かっており、炎症応答のメディエーターの一部に由来する骨格に対する異化作用をラクトフェリンが相殺しうると考えられている。ラクトフェリンの作用機構には、細胞免疫応答を差時的に調節する成分も含まれることが示唆されている。この機構の活性化によって、異なるTヘルパー細胞の比率、即ち、アレルギー症状の指標となるヘルパーT2細胞に対するヘルパーT1細胞の比(Th1/Th2)が変化する可能性が考えられる。
主要な効果目標:
12週間の介入時にメタボリック症候群、骨粗鬆症及び免疫学的機能に関連する臨床マーカー及び生化学マーカーの変化を「ファースト・リーフ」治療群(有効)と「ラクトフェリン」治療群(有効)とプラセボ(対照)群とで比較することを、本試験の主目標とした。
本試験は、ヒトが関与する試験における道義的行為に関するナショナルステートメント(オーストラリア連邦、2001年)、ICHによる医薬品の臨床試験の実施に関するガイドライン、及びヘルシンキ宣言(1996年)に従って行った。本試験はバーウォン衛生研究及び倫理諮問委員会(06/09)によって承認され、参加者全員が本試験のインフォームドコンセントに署名した。
参加者全員がメタボリック症候群に関するオーストラリアの基準に達しており、体重超過であった。参加者の大部分の肥満度指数が肥満カテゴリーにあった(>30)。具体的には、被験者は全員、臨床試験の対象となる以下の基準を満たしていた。
・25歳以上の男性及び女性の外来患者。
・肥満度指数(BMI)が25〜35kg/m2(BMI=体重[kg]/身長[m]2)。
・スクリーニング時に参加者全員がメタボリック症候群であった。
即ち、全員が腹囲によって定められる中心性肥満(ユーロピド男性の場合は94cm以上、ユーロピド女性の場合は80cm以上)であった(他の群に関しては民族に特有の値がある)。
更に、以下の4要因の内のいずれか2つの要因を満たしていた。
1.血清トリグリセリド濃度の上昇(1.7mmol/L以上)。
2.血清HDLコレステロール濃度の低下(男性で1.03mmol/L未満、女性で1.29mmol/L未満)。
3.血圧(BP)の上昇(収縮期BPが130mmHg以上、又は拡張期BPが85mmHg以上、或いは以前に診断された高血圧の治療実施)。
4.空腹時高血糖(以前に2型糖尿病と診断されておらず、空腹時血糖値が5.6mmol/L以上、7.0mmol/L以下)。
・牛乳タンパク質に対する公知のアレルギー;
・BMIが25kg/m2未満又は35kg/m2超;
・次の薬物、即ち、経口血糖降下剤、インスリン、ビスホスホネート、選択的エストロゲン受容体調節薬、ストロンチウム、副甲状腺ホルモン(PTH)、カルシトリオール又はエストロゲン(膣エストロゲンクリームを除く)のいずれかを現在服用しているか、又は過去6ヶ月間の内1ヶ月超に亘って服用;
・過去3年間の内6ヶ月超に亘って受けた、プレドニゾロン(1日量:5mg超)に相当するグルココルチコイド治療;
・次の病態、即ち、糖尿病、関節リウマチ、パジェット病、多発性骨髄腫、癌(非侵襲性非黒色腫皮膚癌及び上皮内子宮頸癌を除く)、重大な腎疾患又は血漿クレアチニン値が150μmol/L超、高カルシウム血症(補正血漿カルシウム値が2.65mmol/L超)、サルコイドーシス、甲状腺機能亢進症(過去2年以内)であると以前に診断;又は、
・活性消化性潰瘍疾患又は炎症性腸疾患。
参加者全員に対し、試験薬物の用量は体重(来院1回目の体重)10kg当たり1カプセルとした。参加者の平均体重は89kgであったため、平均用量は9カプセル/日であった。参加者には用量の半分を午前中、残り半分を夕方に服用するよう指示した。
参加者は、3回の試験来院(即ち、来院1回目(V1)=ベースライン、来院2回目(V2)=試験薬物治療開始から6週間後、来院3回目(V3)=試験薬物治療開始から12週間後)のためジーロング病院の臨床試験ユニットに通った。人体計測を含む病理学的及び臨床的評価を各試験来院の際に行った。病理学的サンプルを遠心分離し、必要に応じて分割した後、直ちに−80℃で保存した。
3群間におけるベースラインから3ヶ月後までの臨床マーカー及び生化学マーカーの変化を主要エンドポイントとした。「ファースト・リーフ」群又はラクトフェリン群の従属変数の平均がプラセボ群と異なる場合に分析を行った。平均値がベースライン(来院1回目)ではプラセボ群と変わらないが、来院2回目及び/又は来院3回目でプラセボ群と異なる場合には有意性を示す可能性が考えられた。治療効果は、P<0.05で有意とされる分散分析によって評価した。ベースライン(来院1回目)後の平均値の差に関しては、「ベースライン以後の従属変数の変化」(即ち、来院3回目−来院1回目)を観察することによって更に解析した。
(A)治療群:群1 vs 群2、群1 vs 群3、及び群2 vs 群3
(B)来院回:V1 vs V2、V1 vs V3、及びV2 vs V3
H0:μ1=μ2=μ3:各パラメータ(従属変数)の平均値は群1、2及び3において等しい。
説明の便宜のため、来院2回目(V2)の結果(6週目)は、来院3回目(12週目)の結果と傾向が違わない場合には表に記載していない。3種の治療群間の差に関する6週目の検定結果を分散分析に含めた。
参加者の数と特徴をそれぞれ表2及び表3に示す。
血清総タンパク質濃度、血清ビリルビン濃度及び血清肝酵素濃度(表4)、γ−グルタミルトランスペプチダーゼ(GGT)及びアラニントランスアミナーゼ(ALT)は、3種の治療群間で差がなく(p=0.9〜0.3)、試験期間に亘って変化しなかった(p=0.5〜0.8)。アスパラギン酸トランスアミナーゼ(AST)濃度はベースラインにおいては差がなかったが、プラセボ群と「ファースト・リーフ」群の両方で試験時に上昇した(p=0.05)。両方の群における平均上昇度は12週間で2U/Lであった。血清アルブミンは、ベースラインにおいてはラクトフェリン群で高かった(プラセボ:41、ラクトフェリン:42、ファースト・リーフ:41(p=0.01))が、3群全てにおいて12週目までには低下した(プラセボ:39、ラクトフェリン:40、ファースト・リーフ:40(p=0.01))。血清アルカリホスファターゼ濃度はベースラインにおいては差がみられた(p=0.02)が、12週間に亘って濃度は変化しなかった(p=0.44)。
高血清コレステロールは循環器疾患の主要な危険因子である。オーストラリア心臓財団では、総コレステロールが5.5mmol/L未満であることを推奨している(http://www.nevdgp.org.au/info/heartf/docs/hhd3.htm)。総血清コレステロールは、概して低密度リポタンパク質(LDL)コレステロールと高密度リポタンパク質(HDL)コレステロールとの組み合わせである。血管の「詰まり」に関係するのはLDLコレステロールであり、この濃度は3.5mmol/L未満であることが推奨されている。試験参加者の平均LDLコレステロール濃度は、「正常」範囲の上限にあり、介入を通じて差がみられなかった(表5)。HDLコレステロールは動脈の「詰まりを取る」のに役立ち得る。高HDLコレステロールと低LDLコレステロールとの組み合わせが望ましい。HDLコレステロールの推奨濃度は1mmol/L超である。参加者のHDLコレステロールのベースライン濃度はプラセボ群でより低かった。これは、男性の方が女性に比べてHDLコレステロールが低い傾向にあるため、男性の数が少ないことと関係している。本試験を通じて、3種の治療群のいずれにおいてもHDLコレステロールは変化しなかった。これは、プラセボ群の方が他の2群よりもコレステロール/HDL比が低かったが、本試験を通じて比の変化に差がなかったことも意味する。トリアシルグリセロール(TAG)は血液中に存在する脂肪の一種である。TAGは脂肪及びアルコールの消化によって生じ、TAG濃度は2mmol/L未満であることが推奨されている。12週間の試験を通じて、TAG濃度は3群全てにおいて低下した。これは、プラセボ服用の被験者でも見られたため、臨床上重要な意味を持たない。
次の電解質及び腎機能指標の血清中濃度の変化(表6)は、12週間の試験に亘って3種の治療群間で差がみられなかった(ナトリウム(p=0.56)、カリウム(p=0.41)、塩化物(p=0.51)、重炭酸塩(p=0.41)、尿素(p=0.85)、血清クレアチニン(p=0.5)、尿アルブミン(p=0.99)及び尿クレアチニン(p=0.3))。尿ACRはノンパラメトリック分布であった。アルブミン/クレアチニン比のメジアンは、ベースラインと12週間後との間でラクトフェリン群及び「ファースト・リーフ」群の両方において低下した(プラセボ群では20%であったのに対し、ラクトフェリン群では40%(p=0.39)、ファースト・リーフ群では50%(p=0.16)であった)。
女性の方が多いプラセボ群では、次のパラメータ(ヘマグロブリン、鉄分、トランスフェリン及びトランスフェリン飽和率のベースライン濃度は低かった(p=0.007〜0.01、表8)。3種の治療群全てにおいて、鉄分濃度は12週間の試験に亘って低下した(p=0.06)。ラクトフェリン群又は「ファースト・リーフ」群とプラセボ群との間に低下の差はみられなかった(p=0.66)。
参加者
本試験の募集広告に応募した男性が少なかった(女性208名に対し男性61名)。18名が試験基準を満たしており、インフォームドコンセントに署名した。離脱率は女性(5%)に比べて男性の方が高かった(22%)。この結果、3回の試験来院終了時には、プラセボ群の男性の比率は他の2群に比べて低かった(プラセボ群12.5%、ラクトフェリン群25%、ファースト・リーフ群22%)。より若い参加者が離脱する傾向にあった(離脱者の年齢のメジアンとその範囲は39.5(27〜62)、試験終了参加者の年齢のメジアンとその範囲は56.5(30.7〜79.5))。
脂肪肝は、血清肝酵素濃度の上昇の有無に関わらず、肥満において一般的であり、インスリン抵抗性やメタボリック症候群と関連があるとされている。
3群間で血清電解質濃度には差がなかった。介入によって電解質に変化が見られることは予想されなかったが、この結果から、ラクトフェリン及び「ファースト・リーフ」サプリメントの経口投与の安全性が支持された。
ラクトフェリンは、強力な抗菌活性及び免疫調節活性を有する鉄結合性糖タンパク質である。ラクトフェリンはトランスフェリンファミリーに属し、鉄キレート剤として作用する。ラクトフェリンは成人の血清中に極微量存在する。現在、特定の細胞種(骨芽細胞を含む)で機能性ラクトフェリン受容体が確認されているが、ラクトフェリンが薬剤又は「栄養アジュバント」として成人の鉄代謝状態に対して治療効果があるかどうかは確認されていない。本発明者らの結果においては、鉄状態パラメータの大きな変化は示されなかった。これらの結果は男性と女性との間で異なっていたが、本試験は性別によるデータの分析までには至らなかった。ラクトフェリン群及び「ファースト・リーフ」群に対するプラセボ群の結果については、男性の比率が低かったため、慎重に解釈する必要がある。
今回の12週間介入のプラセボ対照試験の結果から、前記サプリメントが上述の投与量で安全であるという証拠が得られたと共に、臨床及び治療対象範囲が明らかにされたが、具体的には、「ファースト・リーフ」群及びラクトフェリン群の両方において尿アルブミン/クレアチニン比が低下し、特に、ベースラインのアルブミン/クレアチニン比が高い場合に該群内でラクトフェリンについての反応が良かった。介入期間をより長くし、特定のベースライン特徴を有する参加者を募集の標的にして更に試験することが推奨され、これによって臨床的に重要な知見が得られる可能性が高い。本試験の結果から、募集対象範囲はミクロアルブミン尿症の参加者にすべきであることが示唆される。
Claims (8)
- 治療的有効量のラクトフェリンを有効成分として含むタンパク尿症の治療剤(ただし、糖尿病性腎症に使用する場合を除く)。
- 前記タンパク尿症がアルブミン尿症又はミクロアルブミン尿症である、請求項1に記載の治療剤。
- 前記タンパク尿症が尿中アルブミン/クレアチニン比(ACR)を利用して診断される、請求項1又は2に記載の治療剤。
- タンパク尿症と診断されたとき被験体のACRが約2mg/mmol以上である、請求項3に記載の治療剤。
- 前記タンパク尿症が血中尿素窒素(BUN)/クレアチニン比又は尿素/クレアチニン比で診断される、請求項1又は2に記載の治療剤。
- 前記被験体にACE阻害剤又はARBを投与することを更に含む、請求項1又は2に記載の治療剤。
- 前記ラクトフェリンが経口投与される、請求項1〜6のいずれか1項に記載の治療剤。
- 経口投与される前記ラクトフェリンがカプセル化、マイクロカプセル化又はナノカプセル化されている、請求項7に記載の治療剤。
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| JP3599895B2 (ja) * | 1996-04-05 | 2004-12-08 | 株式会社いかがく | 糖尿病性腎症および糸球体腎炎の早期診断用キット |
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| CN101177456A (zh) * | 2001-08-30 | 2008-05-14 | 比奥雷克西斯药物公司 | 经修饰的运铁蛋白融合蛋白 |
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