JP5961110B2 - 低分子サポート多能性細胞成育およびその方法 - Google Patents
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Description
この出願は米国特許法に基づき2009年4月27日に出願した米国仮出願番号61/172,998の優先権の利益を請求する。その全体の開示は本明細書中に参考として援用する。
多分化能ベース細胞補充療法の最終的な用途は、大量培養を可能にする方法と規制ガイドラインに対応する分化条件の発達を必要とするだろう。
図面の簡単な説明
特記のない場合、本願発明明細書で使用される用語は、関連技術における当業者によって理解される通常の使用法による。また、以下に提供された用語の定義に加えて、分子生物学の一般的な定義は以下に見られる。Rieger et al., 1991 Glossary of genetics:classical and molecular, 5th Ed., Berlin:Springer-Verlag;Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, F.M. Ausubel et al., Eds., Current Protocols, a joint venture between Greene Publishing Associates, Inc. and John Wiley & Sons, Inc., (1998 補足)。単数形の表記が明細書と特許請求の範囲において使用される場合、それが使用されている文脈に基づいて、1つまたはそれ以上の意味であることが理解されるべきである。したがって、たとえば、「細胞」は少なくとも1つ、2つまたは多数の細胞を意味することができる。
Sambrook et al., 1989 Molecular Cloning, Second Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Plainview, New York; Maniatis et al., 1982 Molecular Cloning, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Plainview, New York; Wu (Ed.) 1993 Meth. Enzymol. 218, Part I; Wu (Ed.) 1979 Meth. Enzymol. 68; Wu et al., (Eds.) 1983 Meth. Enzymol. 100 and 101; Grossman and Moldave (Eds.) 1980 Meth. Enzymol. 65; Miller (ed.) 1972 Experiments in Molecular Genetics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York; Old and Primrose, 1981 Principles of Gene Manipulation, University of California Press, Berkeley; Schleif and Wensink, 1982 Practical Methods in Molecular Biology; Glover (Ed.) 1985 DNA Cloning Vol. I and II, IRL Press, Oxford, UK; Hames and Higgins (Eds.) 1985 Nucleic Acid Hybridization, IRL Press, Oxford, UK; and Setlow and Hollaender 1979 Genetic Engineering: Principles and Methods, Vols. 1-4, Plenum Press, New York. Lastly, を参照されたい。
大量の薬学的に活性な薬物は、低分子神経伝達物質受容体リガンドであり、たとえばアゴニスト、拮抗体、モジュレータ等である。
多能性細胞のマルチポーネント細胞、さらなるマルチポーネント細胞または分化細胞への進行は、ある種の遺伝子マーカーの発現を測定し、定量化することによってモニターすることができる。たとえば、TGF−βシグナル伝達物質のような外因性の要因の添加の前後の異なる時間ポイントで特定の遺伝子マーカーの存在または非存在を検出することができる。あるいはまた、ある種のマーカーの発現は、細胞培養または細胞集団の細胞内のマーカーの存在量を測定することによって、決定できる。例えば、あるプロセスで、多分化能細胞に対するマーカーの発現、およびマルチポーネント細胞または分化細胞に対するマーカーの顕著な発現の不足が決定される。
CAGGAGGCGCATCCACA(SEQ ID NO:2);Nkx6.1(NM_006168):
プライマーCTGGCCTGTACCCCTCATCA(SEQ ID NO:3);
CTTCCCGTCTTTGTCCAACAA(SEQ ID NO:4);Pdx1(NM_000209):
プライマーAAGTCTACCAAAGCTCACGCG(SEQ ID NO:5);
GTAGGCGCCGCCTGC(SEQ ID NO:6);Ngn3(NM_020999):
プライマーGCTCATCGCTCTCTATTCTTTTGC(SEQ ID NO:7);
GGTTGAGGCGTCATCCTTTCT(SEQ ID NO:8);
FOXA2(HNF3B)(NM_021784):
プライマーGGGAGCGGTGAAGATGGA(SEQ ID NO:9);
TCATGTTGCTCACGGAGGAGTA(SEQ ID NO:10);
グルカゴン(GCG)(NM_002054):
プライマーAAGCATTTACTTTGTGGCTGGATT(SEQ ID NO:[[16]]11);
TGATCTGGATTTCTCCTCTGTGTCT(SEQ ID NO:12);
HNF6(NM_030712):
プライマーCGCTCCGCTTAGCAGCAT(SEQ ID NO:13);
GTGTTGCCTCTATCCTTCCCAT(SEQ ID NO:14);
HNF4アルファ(NM_000457):
プライマーGAAGAAGGAAGCCGTCCAGA(SEQ ID NO:15);
GACCTTCGAGTGCTGATCCG(SEQ ID NO:16);
Sox17(NM_022454):プライマーGGCGCAGCAGAATCCAGA(SEQ ID NO:17);HLxB9(NM_005515):
プライマーCACCGCGGGCATGATC(SEQ ID NO:19);
ACTTCCCCAGGAGGTTCGA(SEQ ID NO:20);Nkx2.2(NM_002509):
プライマーGGCCTTCAGTACTCCCTGCA(SEQ ID NO:21);
GGGACTTGGAGCTTGAGTCCT(SEQ ID NO:22);PTF1a(NM_178161):
プライマーGAAGGTCATCATCTGCCATCG(SEQ ID NO:23)
GGCCATAATCAGGGTCGCT(SEQ ID NO:24);SST(NM_001048):
プライマーCCCCAGACTCCGTCAGTTTC(SEQ ID NO:25);
TCCGTCTGGTTGGGTTCAG(SEQ ID NO:26);
PAX6(NM_000280):
プライマーCCAGAAAGGATGCCTCATAAAGG(SEQ ID NO:27);
TCTGCGCGCCCCTAGTTA(SEQ ID NO:28);
Oct4プライマー:TGGGCTCGAGAAGGATGTG(SEQ ID NO:29)
GCATAGTCGCTGCTTGATCG(SEQ ID NO:30);
MIXL1プライマーCCGAGTCCAGGATCCAGGTA(SEQ ID NO:31)
CTCTGACGCCGAGACTTGG(SEQ ID NO:32);
GATA4プライマーCCTCTTGCAATGCGGAAAG(SEQ ID NO:33)
CGGGAGGAAGGCTCTCACT(SEQ ID NO:34);
GSCプライマーGAGGAGAAAGTGGAGGTCTGGTT(SEQ ID NO:35)
CTCTGATGAGGACCGCTTCTG(SEQ ID NO:36);
CERプライマーACAGTGCCCTTCAGCCAGACT(SEQ ID NO:37)
ACAACTACTTTTTCACAGCCTTCGT(SEQ ID NO:38);
AFPプライマーGAGAAACCCACTGGAGATGAACA(SEQ ID NO:39)
CTCATGGCAAAGTTCTTCCAGAA(SEQ ID NO:40);
SOX1プライマーATGCACCGCTACGACATGG(SEQ ID NO:41)
CTCATGTAGCCCTGCGAGTTG(SEQ ID NO:42);
ZIC1プライマーCTGGCTGTGGCAAGGTCTTC(SEQ ID NO:43)
CAGCCCTCAAACTCGCACTT(SEQ ID NO:44);
NFMプライマーATCGAGGAGCGCCACAAC(SEQ ID NO:45)
TGCTGGATGGTGTCCTGGT(SEQ ID NO:46)。
FGF17(Hs00182599_m1)、VWF(Hs00169795_m1)、CMKOR1(Hs00604567_m1)、CRIP1(Hs00832816_g1)、FOXQ1(Hs00536425_s1)、CALCR(Hs00156229_m1)およびCHGA(Hs00154441_m1)を含む他のプライマーは、ABI Taqmanから利用可能である。
いくつかの実施態様では、スクリーニング法は、多能性、マルチポーネント細胞および/または分化細胞を含むある細胞集団を得るのに使われる。ついで候補分化因子(candidate differentiation factor)を細胞集団に提供する。候補分化因子を提供する前またはほとんど同時である最初の時間ポイントでは、マーカーの発現が決定される。あるいはまた、候補分化因子を提供した後に、マーカーの発現を決定できる。最初の時間ポイントに引き続く、候補分化因子を細胞集団に提供する工程に引き続く第2の時間ポイントで、同じマーカーの発現が再び決定される。候補分化因子が膵性前駆細胞の分化を促進できるかどうかが、第2の時間ポイントでのマーカーの発現を最初の時間ポイントでのマーカーの発現と比較することによって、決定される。最初の時間ポイントでのマーカーの発現と比べて、第2の時間ポイントでのマーカーの発現が増加するか、または減少しているなら、候補分化因子は膵性先祖細胞の分化を促進できる。
以下の実施例で使われた単純で定義された培地は、DC−HAIFと呼ばれ、DMEM/F12、非必須アミノ酸、微量元素、アスコルビン酸、β−メカプトエタノール、ペニシリン/ストレプトマイシン(任意)、カプリル酸抽出された脂肪酸非含有のBSA、鉄結合性グロブリン、組換え型のヘレグリン−1β(H)、アクチビンA(A)、LR3−IGF1(I)、およびFGF2(F)のタンパク質から本質的になる。DC−HAIFは多分化能hES細胞の長期維持をサポートし、またAccutase(登録商標)を使用した単独細胞継代およびhES細胞のスケールドエキスパンション(scaled expansion)をサポートした。上掲のRobins, A. & Schulz, T. 2009を参照。DC−HAIFのバッチテストされた市販製剤は、StemPro(登録商標) hESC SFMという商号でInvitrogenから利用可能である。
多能性幹細胞における重要な経路の同定
定義されたメディアDC−HAIF(StemPro(登録商標) hESC SFM、Life Technologies製)での生育の間、この定義された培地中のhES細胞の培養とAccutase(登録商標)による単一細胞継代が小規模培養形式における確固とした平板培養を可能にすることが示された。96−および384ウェルのプレートにこのアプローチを適用して、定量的で統計的に有意に細胞を数え、データは、ERBB2シグナリングの阻害剤であるAG825の自己再生への効果を確認した。
1ウエルあたりおよそ3×104のhES細胞がStemPro(登録商標) hESC SFMのマトリゲル(Matrigel)上で、96ウェルのプレートで約24時間培養された。次に培地を変えた。新しい培地は、LOPAC1280ライブラリ(表1の部分的なリスト)からの化合物の10マイクロMを含んでいて、培地はさらに48時間培養された。培養物はついで固定され、未分化型hES細胞のマーカーである内因性のアルカリホスファターゼ活性のために染色された。このアッセイの形式は影響を受けたウエル(非集密的成長)と、影響を受けないウェル(集密的成長(confluent growth))の明らかな区別を示した。
定義された培地の低細胞濃度における多能性細胞自己再生をサポートする低分子
神経伝達物質受容体を通して作動するのが知られている11の候補化合物の一次的なLOPACスクリーニングでは、6つは拮抗体(アデノシン、ドーパミン、コリン作動性、NMDA、セロトニン、およびヒスタミン受容体)と1つの受容体モジュレータ(コリン作動性(ニコチン様の)の受容体)である(図1)。これらの受容体のブロッキングが増殖を禁止するか、またはアポプトーシスを引き起こすように見えたので、hES細胞の成育と生存に、受容体シグナルは重要であるかもしれない。したがって、リガンド駆動の受容体刺激がhES細胞での自己再生または他の望ましい活性に作用できるということになる。現在のhES細胞培養における主要な制限は低密度での細胞培養のが不能であることである。hES細胞の単独細胞クローニングのいくつかの報告にもかかわらず、完全に定義された培地における、個々のhES細胞の低密度培養とクローニングのための信頼できる条件は開発されていない。Amit et al., 2000 Dev Biol 227, 271-278; Pyle et al., 2006 Nat Biotechnol 24, 344-50; and Watanabe et al., 2007 Nat Biotechnol 25, 681-6を参照。そのような活性を顕在化させる低分子は、高密度、大規模なhES細胞の懸濁培養において、より高い培養/生存、集合または抗アポトーシス活性をサポートし、実質的な改善を提供すると予測されるだろう。上記で特定された受容体に対応する神経伝達物質リガンド、並びに他のさまざまな神経伝達物質リガンドは、hES細胞が低密度で培養された時に、細胞生存と増殖のサポートについてテストされた。
約104hES細胞/ウエルでStemPro(登録商標) hESC SFM中、6ウェルのトレー中で、異なった化合物の存在下において約7日間培養された。培養物はついで固定され、アルカリホスファターゼ活性染色され、そして、コロニーが数えられた(図2)。50未満のコロニーがStemPro hESC SFM単独で、定義された培地で7日後に観測され、hES細胞がStemPro hESC SFMの臨界密度閾値以下で生存および/または、有効に増殖しなかったことを示した。
前の実験は、最小で約105の細胞が6ウェルのトレーの中のエキスパンションと連続継代に必要であることを示した。ROCK阻害剤のY27632が、MEFの低密度で育てられたhES細胞成長が報告されていた(Watanabe et al., 上掲)のでコントロールとして含まれていたが、定義された培地におけるコロニー生存/エキスパンションをサポートしなかった(0コロニー)。また、神経伝達物質ヒスタミン、ニコチン、およびNMDAも向上したコロニー形成をサポートしなかった。しかしながら、アデノシン、アセチルコリン(ACh)、およびノルエピネフリン((−)−ノルエピネフリン、または(±)ノルエピネフリン(+)酒石酸水素塩)のすべては、 向上したコロニー形成をサポートした(図2)。すべての3つの分子類が結合し、細胞表面受容体を活性化して、hES細胞で自己再生または反アポプトーシス信号に重要な、新たに認識されるシグナリング経路を示唆した。(±)ノルエピネフリン(+)−酒石酸水素塩は、特記の無い限り、ノルエピネフリン(NE)にかかわるすべての以下の実験に使用された。
より詳細に個々の神経伝達物質の潜在能力を調べて、相乗作用が異なった要素の間に存在しているかどうかを評価するために、低密度検定方法がリアルタイムのインピーダンスリーダーを使用することで実行された。ACEAバイオサイエンスRT−CESシステムは、細胞指数(cell index)の尺度に翻訳される電気インピーダンスの変化をモニターするために組み込まれたマイクロセンサを含む96−ウエルトレイを使用する。細胞培養中のどんな明白な変調も検出でき、たとえば細胞増殖、移動、細胞拡散、アポプトーシス、分化、および同様のものが検出できるがこれらには限定されない。前の実験は、hES細胞がRT−CESトレー中において、有効に接着しエクスパンドすることを示し、進行性の増加する細胞指数が未分化細胞(Q−PCRで確認される)の増殖を意味した。未分化型培養がいったんコンフリューエントになると、細胞指数は高いままであるが、毎日の給餌の間に上下する(波形:scallop)傾向がある。逆に、分化は典型的にはたとえば細胞指数における山と谷などのような特有のパターンの外観で示される。同様に上皮から間葉への変転(epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition)、平坦化、細胞移動、アポプトーシスまたは同様の分化とまたは成長に関連する変化を暗示する。
RT−CESシステムは、NEとAChが有効である濃度領域を調べるのに使用された。人間の胚性幹細胞は低密度、1000細胞/ウエルで、10日間、RT−CESトレー中で培養された(図4)。細胞はキャリアコントロール(DMSO)、NE、またはAChを含むStemPro hESC SFM中で直接培養された。予想された通り、細胞はDMSO単独では生存もしなかったし、有効に増殖もしなかった。細胞指数の上昇は9日後に観測されただけである。1マイクロMのNEは低密度生存/増殖に影響するように見えなかったが、細胞指数の増大は最初の約6.5日間で5、10、および50マイクロM NEで検出された。70マイクロMおよび100マイクロM NEの両方では、細胞指数は次第に速い上昇を示して、それぞれ約9日と10日の後に明らかにコンフリューエントであった。AChの力価測定は類似パターンをもたらした、また、効果を顕在化させた最も低い濃度は5マイクロMであった。これらのデータはNEとAChの両方のための増加する用量応答を示唆した。これは受容体仲介機構と一致した、NEとAChの両方が次に50マイクロMで使用された。それは、それぞれの神経伝達物質のための中間濃度を表した。
低分子神経伝達物質の潜在的追加効果を調べるために、hES細胞は、キャリア対照(DMSO)、またはNE、ACh、アデノシン、GABA、Y27632、またはこれらの要素の2つの組み合わせを含むStemPro hESC SFM中で培養された(図5)。DMSO単独、またはY27632の存在下において、細胞は生存も増殖もしなかった。細胞膨張の3つのパターンが検出された。50マイクロM NE、またはAChの、ただ一つの要素としての追加が、有効な生存とエキスパンションを可能にし、細胞指標が約3日後にバックグラウンドを超えて上昇した。2番目のグループの中のエキスパンションでは、50マイクロMのアデノシンまたはGABAを含むものはあまり効果的ではなく、培養の約4.5日後に検出可能であった。最も著しいエキスパンションを示すグループは、3日後に検出可能であり、NE+アデノシンおよびNE+AChを含む培養液から成った。これはこれらのホルモン/神経伝達物質の間の相乗作用を示唆する。相乗作用を示唆した他の唯一の組み合わせが、GABA+アデノシンであった。これは中程度のグループであった。興味深いことには、Y27632の存在はNE、ACh、アデノシンおよびGABAの効果を減少させ、明確に、StemPro hESC SFM培地と神経伝達物質の中でROCK系路を禁止するという好ましくない効果を示した。これらの要素の間の相互作用に関する要約図は図5に提示される。
多分化能性幹細胞の低密度生存/エキスパンションをサポートするアゴニスト
合計6つの異なったクラスの神経伝達物質受容体がオリジナルのLOPACスクリーニングに含まれたので、次の目的はhES細胞の低密度生存そして/または、エキスパンションへの影響の大きさを決定するために、同様のリガンドの広い配列(array)を調べることであった。88の神経伝達物質アゴニストのサブライブラリをLOPACコレクションから作成した。これはアデノシン、アドレナリン性、ベンゾジアゼピン系、大麻類のアゴニストおよびコリン作動性レセプタを表す。人間の胚性幹細胞は1000細胞/ウエルで直接、DMSOまたは個々のアゴニスト(10マイクロM)を含むStemPro hESC SFM中に入れられ、RT−CESシステムで約9日間培養された。アデノシンとアドレナリン受容体(図6B)のアゴニストである、(±)ノルエピネフリン(+)酒石酸水素塩(図6A)の効果をまねた追加アゴニストが同定された。ドーパミン、セロトニン、およびホモバニリン酸(HVA)、カテコールアミン代謝物を含む、いくつかの追加神経伝達物質が低密度インピーダンスアッセイでテストされた。DMSOコントロール(図6C)と比べて、これらの化合物は上昇した生存/増殖を示した。これらの研究は、さまざまな神経伝達物質受容体またはシグナリング経路が低密度培養およびエキスパンションをサポートできて、それぞれの系路が多発性リガンドまたはアゴニストを活性化することができそうだと確認した。重要なことには、神経伝達物質系路のすべてがhES細胞成育と多分化能にかかわるわけではない。これは、NMDA、ヒスタミン、およびGABAによって示された確固とした活性の不足、およびアゴニストサブライブラリの10マイクロMの濃度でテストされたのときに有効でなかった83個の化合物によって証明される。
低密度多分化能幹細胞培地の定義された培地における、神経伝達物質と増殖因子の組み合わせの効果
上記の研究は、同定された神経伝達物質によって提供されたシグナリングは潜在的にDC−HAIFまたはStemPro hESC SFMに含まれた成長因子蛋白質を補足するかまたは置き換え、したがって、安価な低分子を高価な組換体蛋白質の代わりに用いることによってそのような培地をより費用対効果に優れるようにすることができると示唆した。定義された培地の費用の約半分は特に、アクチビンのためである。それは、製造するのが、難しく、CHO細胞を使用して製造されている。しかし、少なくとも低密度のRT−CES検定方法は、神経伝達物質の候補がStemPro hESC SFMに提供された増殖因子の完全な代理をすることができそうにないことを示した。しかしながら、通常の(高い)細胞濃度では、これらの低分子は潜在的適合性代用物である。
異なるアプローチを使用することでこれらの観察が適正であることを示すために、低密度コロニー計数法アッセイが実行された(図8)。約104hES細胞はHAI(ヘレグリン、アクチビン、およびIFG1)またはHI(ヘレグリンとIGF1)を含むStemPro hESC SFMと、それ単独または神経伝達候補物質との組み合わせ、および前の実験からの(NE、NE/セロトニン、NE/ACh、ACh、またはACh/セロトニン)の組み合わせを、6ウェルのトレーの中で培養した。AP+コロニーの計数は、低細胞濃度におけるコロニー形成のときのアクチビンの負の影響を明確に確認し、HI内で神経伝達物質コントロールの無い場合に、>200コロニーであった(図8A)。これらのコロニーは、小さく、大規模に増殖していなかったが、ネガティブコントロールと比べて、明確に存在していた。任意の神経伝達物質リガンドの付加はコロニー形成における顕著な改善を引き起こし、これはRT−CES検定方法と一致した。またNEを有するHI条件はテストされた他の要素の添加で改良されなかった。染色されたコロニーのイメージは、アクチビンの存在下で、生き残っているコロニーが主として不均等であり、分散細胞が小さなコロニーコアの周囲に観察され、一般にはより多くの星状の形態(stellate morphology)を示した(図8B)。これらの特徴は、低い細胞濃度のアクチビンが培養物の部分的な分化、または細胞の遊走の増加を引き起こし、コンパクトなコロニーが形成されないことを示唆する。これらまたは他の効果は細胞生存に非常に影響を与えそうである。逆に、アクチビンの非存在と神経伝達物質の存在下では、タイトでコンパクトなコロニーが典型的に形成された。これは安定してエキスパンドできる未分化型hES細胞の典型である。
神経伝達物質は多能性細胞の浮遊培養を向上する
低細胞濃度で生存または自己再生をサポートする低分子リガンドが、他の培養形式においても有益な効果を持っていると予想できた。出願人は、以前に、細胞の連続的増殖と培養の効果的なエキスパンションを可能にするhES細胞の浮遊培養システムを開発した。人間の胚性幹細胞(少なくともBG02とCyT49細胞)は、分化なしで10以上の継代で懸濁で維持された。テクニックの基礎は、Accutase(登録商標)、TrypLEまたは細胞散布バッファなどの高い生育性を保持する試薬で培養物を分離して単独細胞にすることであり、次に、回転培養で定義された培地において、細胞の規定された濃度で集合体にした。これらの方法は、2008年11月4日に出願された、PCT/US2008/082356の幹細胞集合体懸濁液組成物、その分化方法、および2007年2月23日に出願された、PCT/US2007/062755の分化細胞の培養方法および培養物に詳細に記載される。これらは本明細書に参考として全体を援用する。hES細胞の自己凝集は、加えられた細胞外マトリックス(ECM)またはECMのようなタンパク質の非存在下に起こり、E−カドヘリンのホモタイプ相互作用によって一部駆動されると推定される。3−4日間のエキスパンドで形成される集団は、回転培養によって発生したせん断力によって互いに離れて保たれる。細胞は、定義された培地によって提供される自己再生シグナリングにより分化が妨げられて、それらの多分化能特性、生体外と奇形腫におけるマーカー発現、正常核型、および分化能を保持する。それぞれの継代で培養のエキスパンションを最大にするために、最小量の実行可能なサイズの均一の集団の最多数を発生させるのは、望ましい。
これらの可能性を調べるために、これらの培養物はp1に連続的に継代された(図10E)。Y27632によって処理された集団がより大きいサイズのものであったので、それらは、3日後に継代を必要として、その期間におよそ1.2×107の細胞しか発生させなかった。対照的に、NE、AChまたはNE/ACh含有培養液が、6日間培養されて、1ウエルあたり2×107の細胞を発生させた。NE、AChまたはNE/AChを含む浮遊培養液が、12の連続継代のために保持され、平行してHAIFコントロール培養が行われ、すべての条件が、未分化型形態を維持した。懸濁集団は、10継代の後に単独細胞に分離され、分析のために接着培養で再培養された。Oct4およびTra−1−60(図11)、および他の多分化能マーカーの発現は一様に維持され、培養が未分化であったのを示した。再培養物も、それらの核型を決定するためにG−結合された。HAIFコントロールとHAIF/NE培養物の両方が、正倍数体または正常であったが、ACh含有培養物は異数体または異常性であり、第5染色体の三染色体性と他の変調を示した。この実験は、NEの存在下においてhES細胞の長期培養の間ゲノム安定性を維持できて、成長利点を有する異数性細胞の亜細胞が、発生されなかったか、または富化されなかったことを示唆した。しかしながら、このデータが、AChがゲノム一体性に影響することを示唆するので、hES細胞の低密度の生存/成長をサポートするすべての要素が、より高い密度での細胞生育条件で有用性を有するわけではないことは明確である。
ノルエピネフリンの存在下において標準の密度での多能性細胞のエキスパンションをサポートする増殖因子の組み合わせ
ノルエピネフリンは細胞が低密度で育てられたとき、ヘレグリンシグナリングの代理をすることができるように見えなかった。これはこれらの要素が異なったシグナリング経路に影響を与えることができることを示唆している。しかしながら、細胞−細胞接触とシグナリングの関係は、標準の播種密度において全く異なっている。そこでは細胞がマイグレートし、最初の24時間の培養でミクロコロニーを形成する。上掲のRobins and Schulz, 2009を参照。したがって、hES細胞をサポートするのに必要な増殖因子の実質的な相違を、低密度および高密度で観測できる。したがって、インピーダンスリーダーを使用して、hES細胞の標準の密度における短期的成長検定が行われた。約104hES細胞/ウエルが、50マイクロMの、NE、ヘレグリン(H)、LR3−IGF1(I)、アクチビン(A)、またはFGF2(F)の異なった組み合わせを含むStemPro hESC SFMで培養され、3.5日間にわたりモニターした。低細胞濃度における結果と対照的に、NEはある程度の高い密度条件でヘレグリンが存在しない時、培養のエキスパンションをサポートするかもしれない(図12A)。サポートできる組み合わせはNE/AIF、NE/IF、NE/IAおよびNE/Iを含む。ログ相成長の間の細胞指数の傾斜の測定結果が示される(図12B)。これらのデータは、NEが存在する時、組換え型の増殖因子の簡単な組み合わせで、未分化型hES細胞をエキスパンドすることが可能であることを示す。そのような簡単な培地は実質的な利益を持つことができ、特に治療応用のための大規模製造の間のhES細胞の商品原価と関連する。
ノルエピネフリンの存在下における多能性細胞の連続継代のための成長因子への要求
NEと増殖因子の簡単な組み合わせ候補を含むメディア中のhES細胞の連続継代の効果は、少なくともBG01(図13)とBG02(図14)細胞についてテストされた。試験条件は10ng/mlのヘレグリン(H)、200ng/mlのLR3−IGF1(I)、10ng/mlのアクチビン(A)、および8ng/mlのFGF2(F)を含むStemPro hESC SFM中で維持された細胞と比較された。ヘレグリン(すなわち、AIF)の非存在下において、ある種のhES細胞培養は有効に維持できなかった。たとえば培養物は、密にパックされた領域があるが、一般に不十分な増殖であった。たとえば増殖はウェルの外側の縁で密であるが、増殖は通常であった。アクチビンが省略された培地(IF)も、不十分に増殖して、4番目の継代で失われた。しかし、NEが含まれていたとき、ヘレグリン(AIF NE)の非存在下において、有効なhES細胞増殖とウェル全体のhES細胞コロニー増殖さえ観測された。それでも、NEは標準細胞ではアクチビンの要件のための代理をするように見えない。IF NE培地がいくつかの継代にわたって分化されるからである。HAIF、AIF、およびAIF NE条件は少なくとも5継代にわたり維持された。AIF NEはAIFだけより好ましかった。なぜなら後者は、不均等な成長を示し続けたからである。
多能性細胞におけるアドレナリン受容体の発現と機能
多分化能幹細胞増殖におけるそれらの潜在的役割を調べるために、アドレナリン受容体の発現がQ−PCRを使用して調べられた。そして、アドレナリン受容体機能の阻害剤が細胞成育への効果についてテストされた。いくつかのアドレナリン受容体の一定の比較的高い発現はADRB1、ADRB2、ADRA2BおよびADRA1Dを含むhES細胞ラインで検出された(図16)。ADRA2Cは、hES細胞試料で一貫して発現されるが、低レベルでは、ADRA1AとADRA1Bは低水準にあったか、または未分化細胞中で非一貫的に検出されただけである。50マイクロM NEの存在下において、アドレナリン受容体の40個の異なった阻害剤がhES細胞膨張への効果について低細胞濃度でテストされた。未処置のHAIF+NEコントロール、7つのα−アドレナリン作動性受容体拮抗体、5つのβ−アドレナリン受容体拮抗体、および2つのβ−アドレナリン受容体遮断薬の比較により、低細胞濃度でhES細胞生存および/または、エキスパンションに影響を与えかどうかが同定された(図17)。これらの研究は、hES細胞が、さまざまなαおよびβアドレナリン受容体の両方を発現し、受容体機能を禁止して、hES細胞のエキスパンションに影響を与える。その両方がhES細胞におけるNEシグナリングの重要さを確認する。
細胞ラインが利用可能となり、登録が得られると、定期的にこれらのデータベースはアップデートされる。それの細胞ラインのいくつかは、NSCB幹細胞レジストリで利用可能ではない。
それにも関わらず、本発明の出願日現在、少なくとも以下のhES細胞ラインは商業的に利用可能である。
Claims (19)
- a)定義された細胞培地、
b) 神経伝達物質受容体のアゴニスト、リガンド、およびモジュレータから成る群から選択された化合物であって、該神経伝達物質受容体は、アドレナリン作動性、ドーパミン作動性、またはアドレナリン作動性およびドーパミン作動性受容体である化合物、および
c) 人間の多分化能性幹細胞を含む組成物。 - 該化合物は神経伝達物質受容体のアゴニストである、請求項1記載の組成物。
- 該神経伝達物質受容体が、ノルエピネフリン、ドーパミン、それらの構造類似体、誘導体、および生理的に許容できる塩から成る群から選択される、請求項2記載の組成物。
- 該神経伝達物質受容体が、ノルエピネフリン、その構造類似体、誘導体、および生理的に許容できる塩である、請求項3記載の組成物。
- 少なくとも1つの増殖因子を含む、請求項1記載の組成物。
- 該少なくとも1つの増殖因子が以下から成る群から選択される、請求項5記載の組成物:
ErbB3リガンドまたはそれらの機能的な断片;TGF−βファミリーメンバーまたはそれらの機能的な断片;インスリン様成長因子受容体(IGF−1R)のアクチベータまたはそれらの機能的な断片;および繊維芽細胞生長因子(FGF)受容体のアクチベータまたはそれらの機能的な断片。 - 該組成物が外因のインシュリン、インシュリン代用物、インスリン様活性剤、およびそれらの機能的な断片を含まない、請求項6記載の組成物。
- 該ErbB3リガンドは、ニューレグリン−1、ヘレグリン−P(HRG−P)、ヘレグリン−a(HRG−a)、Neu分化因子(NDF)、アセチルコリン受容体誘導活性剤(ARIA)、膠細胞成長因子2(GGF2)、感覚および運動神経由来の因子(SMDF)、ニューレグリン−2;エピレグリン、ビレグリン、およびそれらの機能的な断片から成る群から選択される、請求項6記載の組成物。
- 該TGF−βファミリーメンバーが、ノーダル、アクチビン A、アクチビン B、TGF−β、骨形成タンパク質−2(BMP2)、GDF−8、GDF−11、および骨形成タンパク質−4(BMP4)から成る群から選ばれる、請求項6記載の組成物。
- 該IGF−1RのアクチベータがIGF−1、IGF−2、longR3−IGF1、およびそれらの機能的な断片から成る群から選択される、請求項6記載の組成物。
- 該FGF受容体のアクチベータが、FGF−2、FGF−7、FGF−10、FGF−22、およびそれらの機能的な断片から選択される、請求項6記載の組成物。
- 該培地が外因のFGF受容体のアクチベータ、外因のTGF−βファミリーメンバー、外因のErbB3リガンド、およびそれらの機能的な断片を含まない、請求項1記載の組成物。
- 単独細胞集合体の懸濁液として、多分化能性幹細胞が培養される、請求項1記載の組成物。
- 該組成物が、正倍数体状態で該多能性幹細胞のエキスパンションをサポートする、請求項1記載の組成物
- 前記の少なくとも1つの増殖因子が、インスリン様成長因子受容体(IGF−1R)のアクチベータまたはそれらの機能的な断片;繊維芽細胞生長因子(FGF)受容体のアクチベータまたはそれらの機能的な断片;および任意のErbB3リガンドまたはそれらの機能的な断片の組み合わせから成る、請求項6記載の組成物。
- 該化合物がノルエピネフリン、その構造類似体、誘導体、または生理的に許容できる塩を含む、請求項1記載の組成物。
- ノギンをさらに含む、請求項16記載の組成物。
- 人間の多分化能性幹細胞をエキスパンドさせるための方法であって、
a)定義された細胞培地、および
b) 神経伝達物質受容体のアゴニスト、リガンド、およびモジュレータから成る群から選択された化合物であって、該神経伝達物質受容体は、アドレナリン作動性、ドーパミン作動性、またはアドレナリン作動性およびドーパミン作動性受容体である化合物を含む組成物中で、人間の多分化能性幹細胞をインキュベートすることを含む方法。 - 500から10,000セル/ウエルの濃度で人間の多分化能性幹細胞がインキュベートされる、請求項18記載の方法。
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| EP1471140A4 (en) * | 2002-01-31 | 2005-02-16 | Asahi Techno Glass Cosporation | LIQUID FOR FROZEN STORAGE OF PRIMATE EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS AND FREEZING STORAGE METHOD |
| US20040121464A1 (en) * | 2002-09-30 | 2004-06-24 | Rathjen Peter David | Method for the preparation of cells of mesodermal lineage |
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| EP2049129B1 (en) * | 2006-06-22 | 2013-06-12 | Yeda Research And Development Co., Ltd. | Catecholamine receptor modulation |
| US20100316613A1 (en) * | 2007-09-04 | 2010-12-16 | Zee Upton | Feeder cell-free culture medium and system |
| US8685726B2 (en) | 2009-04-27 | 2014-04-01 | Viacyte, Inc. | Small molecules supporting pluripotent cell growth and methods thereof |
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