JP7520882B2 - バッテリ熱管理システムおよび方法 - Google Patents
バッテリ熱管理システムおよび方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP7520882B2 JP7520882B2 JP2021563395A JP2021563395A JP7520882B2 JP 7520882 B2 JP7520882 B2 JP 7520882B2 JP 2021563395 A JP2021563395 A JP 2021563395A JP 2021563395 A JP2021563395 A JP 2021563395A JP 7520882 B2 JP7520882 B2 JP 7520882B2
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- battery pack
- board
- battery
- working fluid
- temperature
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Description
バッテリ熱管理システム100は、バッテリパック110と、循環サブシステム120と、熱交換システム130とを含む。循環サブシステムは、ポンプ122および流体マニホールド(fluid manifold)124を含み、任意で、ホース継手(hose coupling)126およびロックアウト機構(lockout mechanism)128を含むことができる。システム100は、任意で、冷却システム190、リザーバ150、脱イオン化フィルタ160、バッテリ充電器170およびコントローラ180を含むことができる。システム100は、追加または代替で、任意の他の適切なコンポーネントを含むことができる。システム100の実施例を図1に示す。
本技術の変形形態は、いくつかの利点および長所または利点もしくは長所をもたらすことができる。
3.システム
バッテリ熱管理システム100は、バッテリパック110と、循環サブシステム120と、熱交換システム130とを含む。循環サブシステムは、ポンプ122および流体マニホールド124を含み、任意で、ホース継手126およびロックアウト機構128を含むことができる。システム100は、任意で、冷却システム190、リザーバ150、脱イオン化フィルタ160、バッテリ充電器170およびコントローラ180を含むことができる。システム100は、追加または代替で、任意の他の適切なコンポーネントを含むことができる。システム100の実施例を図1に示す。
バッテリパックおよびそのセルは、様々なバッテリの化学的性質を使用して、電気化学エネルギーを充電可能に蓄積することができる。例えば、バッテリパックは、アルミニウムイオンバッテリ、カーボンバッテリ(例えば、シングルカーボンバッテリ、デュアルカーボンバッテリ、等)、フローバッテリ(例えば、バナジウムレドックスバッテリ、亜鉛臭素バッテリ、亜鉛セリウムバッテリ、等)、鉛蓄バッテリ(例えば、ディープサイクルバッテリ、VRLAバッテリ、AGMバッテリ、ジェルバッテリ、等)、ガラスバッテリ、リチウムイオンバッテリ(例えば、リチウムイオンコバルト酸リチウムバッテリ、リチウムイオン酸化マンガンバッテリ、リチウムイオンポリマーバッテリ、リン酸鉄リチウムバッテリ、リチウム硫黄バッテリ、チタン酸リチウムバッテリ、薄膜リチウムイオンバッテリ、リチウムセラミックバッテリ、等)、マグネシウムイオンバッテリ、金属空気電気化学バッテリ(例えば、リチウム空気バッテリ、アルミニウム空気バッテリ、ゲルマニウム空気バッテリ、カルシウム空気バッテリ、鉄空気バッテリ、カリウムイオンバッテリ、シリコン空気バッテリ、空気亜鉛バッテリ、錫空気バッテリ、ナトリウム空気バッテリ、ベリリウム空気バッテリ、等)、溶融塩バッテリ、ニッケルカドミウムバッテリ(例えば、ベント形ニッケルカドミウムバッテリ)、ニッケル水素バッテリ、ニッケル鉄バッテリ、ニッケル水素(NiMH : nickel metal hydride)バッテリ、ニッケル亜鉛バッテリ、有機ラジカルバッテリ、ポリマー系バッテリ、多硫化ソーダバッテリ、カリウムイオンバッテリ、充電可能なアルカリバッテリ、充電可能な燃料バッテリ、砂バッテリ、シリコン空気バッテリ、銀亜鉛バッテリ、銀カルシウムバッテリ、ナトリウムイオンバッテリ、ナトリウム硫黄バッテリ、全固体バッテリ、鉄酸塩カソードバッテリ(例えば、超イオンバッテリ)、亜鉛イオンバッテリ、および/または電気エネルギーの蓄積および放出のために任意の他の適切な化学的性質を利用する任意の他の適切なバッテリである。追加または代替で、バッテリパックは、コンデンサ、超コンデンサ、および/または制御可能な方法で電気エネルギーを蓄積してその電気エネルギーを放出する任意の他の適切な手段などの、容量性エネルギー蓄積ユニットを含むことができる。
図4に図示するように、方法200は、バッテリパックの温度設定点を決定すること(S100)と、バッテリパックの温度を温度設定点に調整すること(S150)とを含む。方法は、追加または代替で、バッテリパックの温度を判定すること(S200)と、バッテリパックの温度に基づいてバッテリパック内の熱を再分配すること(S250)とを含むことができる。方法200は、追加または代替で、任意の他の適切なプロセスを含むことができる。
ブロックS100は、好ましくは、輸送機関の運行プロファイルに基づいて行われる。運行プロファイルは、航続時間、運行範囲、輸送機関の重量、様々な動作モードに費やす時間(例えば、ホバー、前進/巡航、転移、離陸、着陸、等)、(例えば、運行に沿った場所の)雰囲気温度、バッテリパラメータ(例えば、年数、容量、セルタイプ/型式、現在の温度、現在のSoC、SoP、SoH、等)、輸送機関の重量、貨物重量、重量分布、および/または任意の他の適切なパラメータを含むことができる。バッテリパラメータは、個々のセルについて決定することができ、同様なパラメータを有するセルについて包括的なものとすることができ、バッテリパックについて決定することができ、同様なパラメータを有するバッテリパックについて包括的なものとすることができ、または別様に決定することができる。輸送機関が航空機である実施例において、運行プロファイルは、飛行計画(例えば、1つもしくは複数のフライトまたはフライトの行程について)と、任意の他の飛行データ(例えば、気象データ、航空交通データ、等)と、の両方または一方を含むことができる。運行プロファイルは、ユーザ、ユーザデバイス、機内コントローラ、遠隔システム、および/または他の適切なエンドポイントから受け取ることができ、任意の他の適切なパラメータセットを含むことができる。
第3変形例において、バッテリパックの温度設定点は、予め決定することができる(例えば、絶対最大、静的設定点、等)。
第5変形例において、温度設定点は、ルックアップテーブルから決定することができる(例えば、飛行距離または航空機の重量などのフライトパラメータを、温度設定点または予想温度上昇に関係付ける)。
第7変形例において、温度設定点は、バッテリパックの特定の化学的性質に関連する最適な放電温度に基づいて決定することができる(例えば、電力供給が最大限効率的になる温度または温度設定点)。温度設定点は、最適放電温度に等しくすることができるが、追加または代替で、バッテリパックが放電中に温かくなる結果として、運行中の所望の期間(例えば、最大化期間、離陸および着陸の両方または一方などのリスクの高い輸送機関の動作に関連する期間、等)にバッテリパックが最適放電温度になるように、最適放電温度未満にすることができる。しかし、温度設定点は、追加または代替で、別様に適切に決定することができる。ブロックS100の実施例を図14に示す。
ブロックS150は、バッテリパックの温度を温度設定点に調整することを含む。変形例において、輸送機関の動作(例えば、離陸または飛行)は、バッテリパックの温度が温度設定点を満たすことを条件とすることができる。ブロックS150は、バッテリパックをコンディショニングする働きをし、これは、輸送機関動作中に能動的な温度制御の必要性をなくすとともにバッテリパックのパフォーマンスを最大化するために、バッテリを加熱および冷却または加熱もしくは冷却することを含む。温度設定点は、好ましくは、離陸温度設定点であるが、追加または代替で、動作上の設定点または任意の他の適切な設定点にすることができる。ブロックS150は、輸送機関コンポーネント(例えば、バッテリパックおよび機内循環サブシステム)を輸送機関外のコンポーネント(例えば、機外循環サブシステム、熱交換器、機外ポンプ、等)に連結されている間に行われることが好ましく、これは、好ましくは運行(例えば、飛行)時の輸送機関の動作前であるが、ブロックS150は、追加または代替で、任意の他の適切な時に行うことができる。S150は、好ましくは、バッテリパックの充電中(例えば、所定のSOCまで)に行われるが、追加または代替で、バッテリパックの充電とは独立して行うことができる(例えば、航空機が地上待機中にはバッテリパックのみが冷却される、離陸温度設定点に到達した後にのみ航空機は離陸する、等)。
ブロックS250は、バッテリパックの温度に基づいてバッテリパック内の熱を再分配することを含むことができる。ブロックS250は、バッテリパックのサーマルマスを全体として利用して、バッテリパックの一部分における熱イベントから生じる過剰な熱を吸収する働きをする。ブロックS250は、バッテリパック内の温度の均一性を達成する働きをすることもできる。ブロックS250は、熱イベントの発生を防止する(例えば、不調なセルから熱を取り去って熱暴走を防止する)働きと、熱イベントの悪化を防止する(例えば、熱暴走を受けているセルから熱を取り去って伝播を防止する)働きと、の両方または一方をすることもできる。S250は、機内ポンプ、機外ポンプ、および/または任意の他の適切なポンプで行うことができる。
第4変形例において、ブロックS250は、運行中に連続的に熱を再分配する。特定の実施例において、作動流体は、ポンプ、機内熱交換器、および/または流体マニホールド(もしくはエンベロープ)の最大流量(例えば、絶対最大、最大連続流量)で循環させられる。第2の特定の実施例において、運行中の循環の流量は、50%以内、25%以内、10%以内、5%以内、3%以内、1%以内、全く同じ、および/またはその他の等価量など、バッテリコンディショニング中、実質的に同じ循環である。
以下に、本開示に含まれる技術思想を付記として記載する。
[付記1]
電動航空機のためのシステムであって、
前記電動航空機の機内のバッテリパックと、
前記電動航空機の機内の循環ループと、を備えており、
該循環ループは、
前記バッテリパックに熱的に結合されている機内ヒートシンクと、
機内循環システムであって、
前記機内ヒートシンクに流体接続されている分配マニホールドと、
作動流体と、
前記分配マニホールドに接続されて、航空機の飛行中に前記機内ヒートシンクに前記作動流体を連続的に循環させるように構成されているポンプと、を含んでおり、
前記機内循環システムは、機内圧縮機を含んでいない、前記機内循環システムと、
前記分配マニホールドを機外冷却システムに選択的に接続するように構成されている継手であって、前記機外冷却システムは、前記作動流体から、機外圧縮機を備える準周囲冷却ループに熱を伝達するように構成されている、前記継手と、を含む、システム。
[付記2]
前記作動流体は、前記バッテリパックの充電中に前記機外冷却システムを循環させられる、付記1に記載のシステム。
[付記3]
前記作動流体は飛行中に第1流量で循環させられ、前記作動流体は前記バッテリパックの充電中に前記第1流量と実質的に等しい第2流量で循環させられる、付記2に記載のシステム。
[付記4]
前記作動流体は、飛行中に前記ポンプの最大連続流量で循環させられる、付記1に記載のシステム。
[付記5]
前記機外冷却システムは、バッテリ充電中に前記バッテリパックを離陸温度以下に冷却する、付記1に記載のシステム。
[付記6]
前記バッテリパックの温度は、航空機の飛行中に単調に上昇する、付記1に記載のシステム。
[付記7]
第2ヒートシンクをさらに備え、
前記第2ヒートシンクは、
前記分配マニホールドによって前記機内ヒートシンクに流体接続されているリザーバと、
前記リザーバ内に収容される前記作動流体の容積と、を含む、付記1に記載のシステム。
[付記8]
前記機内ヒートシンクはチルプレートを備える、付記1に記載のシステム。
[付記9]
前記バッテリパックは、第1セルと第2セルとを備えており、
前記機内ヒートシンクは、前記第1セルを前記第2セルに熱的に結合して、前記第1セルから前記第2セルに熱を伝達するように構成されている、付記1に記載のシステム。
[付記10]
前記第1セルおよび前記第2セルは、隣接して、互いに熱的に絶縁されている、付記9に記載のシステム。
[付記11]
第2バッテリパックと、
前記第2バッテリパックに熱的に結合されるとともに、前記機内循環システムに流体接続されている第2ヒートシンクとをさらに備えており、
前記ポンプは、前記第1および第2バッテリパックによって冗長的に電力供給される、付記1に記載のシステム。
[付記12]
前記ポンプは、前記第1バッテリパックと前記第2バッテリパックとの間に配置されている、付記11に記載のシステム。
[付記13]
バッテリ充電モード中および航空機の飛行中に、前記作動流体の流量を指令するように構成されている機内バッテリ管理システム(BMS)と、
前記バッテリ充電モード中に、前記機内循環システムを前記機外冷却システムから選択的に分離する流体ロックアウト機構と、をさらに備える付記1に記載のシステム。
[付記14]
前記機内ヒートシンクは3ミリメートル未満の厚さを備える、付記1に記載のシステム。
[付記15]
電動航空機の動作方法であって、
飛行距離を含む飛行計画をユーザから受け取ること、
前記飛行距離およびバッテリパックのサーマルマスに基づいて前記バッテリパックの離陸温度閾値を決定すること、
前記バッテリパックに作動流体を循環させることによって前記バッテリパックを前記離陸温度閾値以下に冷却すること、
前記バッテリパックを前記離陸温度閾値以下に冷却した後、前記飛行計画に従って前記航空機を制御すること、を備える電動航空機の動作方法。
[付記16]
前記バッテリパックを冷却することは、
前記電動航空機を前記電動航空機の機外の冷却システムに流体接続すること、
前記作動流体を前記冷却システムで冷却すること、を含む、付記15に記載の電動航空機の動作方法。
[付記17]
前記バッテリパックの冷却と同時に前記バッテリパックを充電することをさらに備えており、
前記バッテリパックを冷却することは、バッテリパックの温度を下げることを含む、付記15に記載の電動航空機の動作方法。
[付記18]
前記飛行計画に従って前記航空機を制御しているときに、機内ポンプを用いて前記作動流体を前記バッテリパックに循環させることをさらに備える付記15に記載の電動航空機の動作方法。
[付記19]
前記離陸温度閾値を決定することは、
前記飛行距離に基づいて前記飛行計画の予想電力消費を決定すること、
前記予想電力消費とバッテリ熱モデルとに基づいて前記バッテリパックの予想熱変化を計算すること、
前記予想熱変化と一組のバッテリ熱制限とに基づいて前記離陸温度閾値を決定することと、をさらに含む、付記15に記載の電動航空機の動作方法。
[付記20]
前記離陸温度閾値は、前記バッテリパックの充電状態に基づいて決定される、付記15に記載の電動航空機の動作方法。
[付記21]
付記15~20のいずれか1項に記載の電動航空機の動作方法を実施するように構成されているシステムであって、バッテリパックに接続されている循環システムを備えるシステム。
[付記22]
電動航空機のためのシステムであって、
機外圧縮機と作動流体とを備える機外冷却ループと、
前記機外冷却ループを、機内循環ループに選択的に結合するように構成されている弁と、を備え、
前記機内循環ループは、前記電動航空機のバッテリパックに熱的に結合されており、
前記機内循環ループは、
前記バッテリパックに熱的に結合されている機内ヒートシンクと、
前記機内ヒートシンクに接続されている分配マニホールドと補助作動流体とを含み、
前記機内循環ループは、機内圧縮機を備えていない、システム。
[付記23]
付記2~15のいずれか1項をさらに備える付記22に記載のシステム。
[付記24]
付記1~14のいずれか1項に記載のシステムを使用する方法。
[付記25]
複数のセルを含むバッテリパックと、
圧縮機のない機内冷却システムであって、前記複数のセル間に熱を分配するように構成されている前記機内冷却システムと、を備える電動航空機。
[付記26]
付記2~14のいずれか1項をさらに備える付記25に記載のシステム。
[付記27]
バッテリパックを含む電動航空機を熱管理するための方法であって、
バッテリが発生する熱の閾値量未満が飛行中に前記電動航空機の機外に除去されると想定して、前記バッテリパックの離陸温度を決定すること、
前記バッテリパックを前記離陸温度以下に冷却すること、
前記バッテリパックの温度が前記離陸温度を満たすかまたは前記離陸温度未満に低下することに応答して航空機の飛行を許可すること、を備える方法。
[付記28]
付記16~20のいずれか1項をさらに備える付記27に記載の方法。
[付記29]
前記離陸温度は、さらに、飛行距離を含む飛行計画および前記バッテリパックのサーマルマスに基づいて決定される、付記27に記載の方法。
[付記30]
バッテリパックを含む電動航空機を熱管理するための方法であって、
電動航空機を動作させること、
前記バッテリパックによって発生する熱の閾値量未満を電動航空機の動作中に前記航空機から除去すること、を備える方法。
[付記31]
前記閾値量は50%に等しいかまたはそれ未満である、付記27および30に記載の方法。
Claims (14)
- 電動航空機のためのシステムであって、
前記電動航空機の機内のバッテリパックと、
前記電動航空機の機内の循環ループと、を備えており、
該循環ループは、
前記バッテリパックに熱的に結合されている機内ヒートシンクと、
機内循環システムであって、
前記機内ヒートシンクに流体接続されている分配マニホールドと、
作動流体と、
前記分配マニホールドに接続されて、航空機の飛行中に前記機内ヒートシンクに前記作動流体を能動的且つ連続的に循環させるように構成されているポンプと、を含んでおり、
前記機内循環システムは、機内圧縮機を含んでいない、前記機内循環システムと、
前記分配マニホールドを機外冷却システムに選択的に接続するように構成されている継手であって、前記機外冷却システムは、前記作動流体から、機外圧縮機を備える準周囲温度冷却ループに熱を伝達するように構成されている、前記継手と、を含み、
前記循環ループと前記バッテリパックとによって共同で構成する熱システムは、航空機の飛行中に前記バッテリパックによって発生する閾値パーセンテージ未満の熱エネルギーを排出するように構成されており、排出されない前記熱エネルギーは、航空機の飛行中に前記バッテリパックによって発生する過剰な熱エネルギーを含む、システム。 - 前記機外冷却システムは、
前記作動流体を、前記バッテリパックの充電中に前記機外冷却システムに循環させるように前記ポンプに加えて機能するように構成されている機外ポンプを含む、請求項1に記載のシステム。 - 前記作動流体は飛行中に第1流量で循環させられ、前記作動流体は前記バッテリパックの充電中に前記第1流量よりも大きい第2流量で循環させられる、請求項2に記載のシステム。
- 飛行中の前記ポンプの前記作動流体の流量が、飛行プロファイルの変化に応じて調整されて、前記バッテリパック内の前記熱エネルギーを再分配する、請求項1に記載のシステム。
- 前記機外冷却システムは、バッテリ充電中に前記バッテリパックを離陸温度以下に冷却する、請求項1に記載のシステム。
- 前記バッテリパックの温度は、航空機の飛行中に単調に上昇するように制御される、請求項1に記載のシステム。
- 第2ヒートシンクをさらに備え、
前記第2ヒートシンクは、
前記分配マニホールドによって前記機内ヒートシンクに流体接続されているリザーバと、
前記リザーバ内に収容される前記作動流体の容積と、を含む、請求項1に記載のシステム。 - 前記バッテリパックは、第1セルと第2セルとを備えており、
前記機内ヒートシンクは、前記第1セルを前記第2セルに熱的に結合して、前記第1セルから前記第2セルに熱を伝達するように構成されている、請求項1に記載のシステム。 - 第2バッテリパックと、
前記第2バッテリパックに熱的に結合されるとともに、前記機内循環システムに流体接続されている第2ヒートシンクとをさらに備えており、
前記ポンプは、前記バッテリパックおよび前記第2バッテリパックによって冗長的に電力供給される、請求項1に記載のシステム。 - 前記ポンプは、前記バッテリパックと前記第2バッテリパックとの間に配置されている、請求項9に記載のシステム。
- バッテリ充電モード中および航空機の飛行中に、前記作動流体の流量を指令するように構成されている機内バッテリ管理システム(BMS)と、
前記バッテリ充電モード中に、前記機内循環システムを前記機外冷却システムから選択的に分離する流体ロックアウト機構と、をさらに備える請求項1に記載のシステム。 - 前記閾値パーセンテージは、50パーセントである、請求項1に記載のシステム。
- 前記閾値パーセンテージは、20パーセントである、請求項1に記載のシステム。
- 電動航空機のためのシステムであって、
前記電動航空機の機内のバッテリパックと、
前記電動航空機の機内の循環ループと、を備えており、
前記循環ループは、
前記バッテリパックに熱的に結合されている機内ヒートシンクと、
機内循環システムであって、
前記機内ヒートシンクに流体接続されている分配マニホールドと、
作動流体と、
前記分配マニホールドに接続されて、航空機の飛行中に前記機内ヒートシンクに前記作動流体を能動的且つ連続的に循環させるように構成されているポンプと、を含んでおり、
前記機内循環システムは、機内圧縮機を含んでいない、前記機内循環システムと、
前記分配マニホールドを機外冷却システムに選択的に接続するように構成されている継手であって、前記機外冷却システムは、前記作動流体から、機外圧縮機を備える準周囲温度冷却ループに熱を伝達するように構成されている、前記継手と、を含み、
前記バッテリパックの温度は、航空機の飛行中に単調に上昇するように制御される、システム。
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