JP7629432B2 - グルタチオンレベルを改善するためのn-アセチルシステイン及びグリシンの補給の効果 - Google Patents
グルタチオンレベルを改善するためのn-アセチルシステイン及びグリシンの補給の効果 Download PDFInfo
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- JP7629432B2 JP7629432B2 JP2022176639A JP2022176639A JP7629432B2 JP 7629432 B2 JP7629432 B2 JP 7629432B2 JP 2022176639 A JP2022176639 A JP 2022176639A JP 2022176639 A JP2022176639 A JP 2022176639A JP 7629432 B2 JP7629432 B2 JP 7629432B2
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Description
[0048]本明細書で使用する場合、「a」又は「an」は、1以上を意味し得る。本「特許請求の範囲」で使用する場合、「含む(comprising)」と共に使用する場合、単語「a」又は「an」は、1以上を意味し得る。本明細書で使用する場合、「別の(another)」は、少なくとも第2のもの以上を意味し得る。
[0053]本開示の実施形態は、システイン及びグリシン(例えば、システイニルグリシン)の血中レベルを上昇させ、細胞内のGSH、システイン、及び/若しくはグリシンを上昇させ、かつ/又はCRPレベルを低下させる方法を含む。いくつかの実施形態において、作用機序は、システイン及び/又はグリシンを含むが、GSHとは無関係である。
[0057]特定の実施形態において、本発明は、細胞内GSHレベルの低下に直接若しくは間接的に関連した医学的状態若しくは身体的状態の発症の治療、予防、又は遅延において使用するための医薬組成物を対象とする。特定の実施形態において、組成物は、グリシン(又はその機能性誘導体)及びN-アセチルシステイン(又はその機能性誘導体)からなる、から本質的になる、又は、これらを含む。グリシンの機能性誘導体は、個体において、それ自体又はN-アセチルシステイン(又はその機能性誘導体)と共に細胞内GSHレベルを上昇させるのに有効なグリシン誘導体と定義される。N-アセチルシステインの機能性誘導体は、個体において、それ自体又はグリシン(又はその機能性誘導体)と共に細胞内GSHレベルを上昇させるのに有効なN-アセチルシステイン誘導体と定義される。特定の実施形態において、「システイン」誘導体、すなわち、個体において、それ自体又はグリシンと共に有効なシステインの機能性誘導体が用いられる場合がある。
[0075]あるいは、本発明の治療は、数分~数週間の範囲で、別の治療に先行する、後に続く、又は、これらの両方の場合がある。本発明の組成物(複数可)及び他の薬剤が個体に別々に提供される実施形態において、本発明の組成物及び他の薬剤が、依然として、細胞に対して併用効果を有利に発揮できるよう、概して、各投与の間に著しい期間が過ぎることのないよう留意する。このような例では、両方の療法が、互いに約12~24時間以内、より好ましくは、互いに約6~12時間以内に投与され得ることが企図される。しかしながら、一部の状態では、治療期間を著しく延長することが望ましい場合があり、それぞれの投与の間に、数日(2、3、4、5、6又は7)~数週間(1、2、3、4、5、6、7は8)が経過する。
A/B/A B/A/B B/B/A A/A/B A/B/B B/A/A A/B/B/B B/A/B/B
B/B/B/A B/B/A/B A/A/B/B A/B/A/B A/B/B/A B/B/A/A
B/A/B/A B/A/A/B A/A/A/B B/A/A/A A/B/A/A A/A/B/A
[0078]本発明の組成物に関連した療法キットは、本発明の他の一態様を含む。このようなキットは、概して、好適な容器手段中に、本発明の発明組成物を含む。キットは、本発明の組成物を含む単一の容器手段を有する場合がある、又は、キットは、本発明の組成物用と、このようなキット内に含まれ得る他の試薬用との、別個の容器手段を有する場合がある。
VI.実施例
[0082]以下の実施例は、本発明の好ましい実施形態を実証するために記載する。実施例に開示された技術は、本発明者らが、本発明の実施において良好に機能することを見出した本発明の手法に従うものであり、したがって、その実施のための好ましい様式を構成するものとみなすことができることを、当業者において理解されたい。しかしながら、当業者においては、本開示を考慮することにより、開示された特定の実施形態において多くの変更を行うことが可能であり、本発明の趣旨及び範囲を逸脱することなく、同様又は類似の結果がなおも得られることを理解されたい。
老化におけるサルコペニック肥満の代謝的基礎:グルタチオンの役割
[0083]高齢者は、過体重となる、又は、肥満を発症するリスクが最も高い。この集団における筋量低下の罹患率と共に、高齢者は、「サルコペニック肥満」の表現型を発症し、筋力の低下及び生活の質の低下を伴うが、発症機序は十分に理解されておらず、有効な療法がない。ヒト及びげっ歯類における橋渡しの研究の結果、最も豊富な内因性抗酸化物質であるグルタチオン(GSH)の老化における欠乏が、ミトコンドリアの機能不全に関連することが見出され、いくつかの実施形態では、これによって、高齢者におけるサルコペニック肥満発症の機構の説明がもたらされる。高齢者におけるGSH欠乏は、その前駆体アミノ酸であるシステイン及びグリシンの利用可能量が限定されていることによる、合成の減少が原因となって起こる。これらのアミノ酸の短期間の補給は、これら自体の欠乏を是正し、かつGSHの細胞内合成及び濃度を回復させるには十分である。絶食した健康な若年のヒトの対照に比べ、絶食したGSH欠乏の高齢者は、炭水化物の酸化の増加(筋低下に寄与し得る)と共に、ミトコンドリアの脂肪酸の酸化の重篤な障害(脂肪貯蔵を促進し得る)を有した。絶食状態におけるミトコンドリアの優先的なエネルギー源は脂肪酸であり、グルコースではないことから、絶食時のエネルギー源優先度におけるこの異常な逆転は、ミトコンドリアのエネルギー使用の障害を示唆している。興味深いことに、前駆体のシステイン及びグリシンの2週間にわたる補給による、これらの高齢者におけるGSH合成の回復の結果、絶食時のミトコンドリアの脂肪酸及び炭水化物の酸化は、若年の対照で見られた水準まで完全に回復した。これらのデータに基づき、ミトコンドリアの脂肪酸の酸化の障害により、エネルギー需要を満たすために、エネルギー源の酸化がグルコースに移行しているものと考えられる。絶食状態では、グルコースは、筋タンパク質が大きく寄与する糖新生によって供給されるため、この結果、筋タンパク質が(よって筋量も)低下し、並びに、システイン及びグリシン(既知の糖新生アミノ酸)が欠乏し、GSH欠乏を更に拡大する。筋量の低下は、次いで筋力の低下を来し得る。システイン及びグリシンの補給は、GSH欠乏を是正し、この悪循環を断ち切り、ミトコンドリアの脂肪酸の酸化を是正し(よって総体脂肪を低下させる)、炭水化物の酸化を低下させ(よって筋タンパク質の低下を回避し、除脂肪量を増加させる)、筋力を増加させ得る。この考察は、生物学的老化を有するHIV患者における試験により支持される。この試験において、システイン及びグリシンの補給(高齢者の試験と同一の用量及び期間を用いた)によるGSH欠乏の改善は、2週間の期間内で、絶食時のミトコンドリアのエネルギー源の酸化の回復、総体脂肪量の3.5ポンドの低下、除脂肪量の1.9ポンドの増加、並びに利き腕及び非利き腕の筋力の顕著な増加を伴った。
サルコペニア、サルコペニック肥満、悪液質及び筋消耗の予防及び治療
[0084]サルコペニアは、老化に関連した骨格筋量、質、及び筋力の退行性の低下である。サルコペニアはまた、不使用及び無重力又は無重力に付随する場合がある。悪液質は、癌、HIVAIDS、COPD、神経変性疾患(多発性硬化症等)、うっ血性心疾患、結核及び腎疾患といった、様々な慢性疾患を伴う、体重減少、筋萎縮症、衰弱及び疲労を特徴とする、複雑な代謝消耗症候群である。サルコペニアは、体脂肪量の増加、すなわち、サルコペニック肥満に関連する場合があり、悪液質は体脂肪量の低下に関連する、又は、関連しない場合がある。
薬物及び他の毒性に対する予防及び治療
[0086]例えば、アセトアミノフェン及び抗レトロウイルス薬といった、様々な薬物が、ミトコンドリア毒性及び/又は肝毒性を引き起こす。ミトコンドリア毒性を引き起こす特定の薬物としては、少なくとも、抗痙攣薬、向精神薬(抗うつ薬、抗精神病薬、バルビツレート、及び抗不安薬)、抗コレステロール薬、鎮痛薬/抗炎症薬、抗生物質、抗不整脈薬、ステロイド、抗ウイルス薬、抗レトロウイルス薬、抗癌剤、抗糖尿病薬、β遮断薬、及び免疫化が挙げられる。具体的な薬物としては、バルプロエート、アミトリプチリン、アモキサピン、フルオキセチン、シタロプラム、クロルプロマジン、フルフェナジン、ハロペリドール、リスペリドン、フェノバルビタール、セコバルビタール、ブタルビタール、アモバルビタール、ペントバルビタール、アルプラゾラム、ジアゼパム、スタチン、胆汁酸-コレスチラミン、シプロフィブラート、フェノフィブラート、アスピリン、アセトアミノフェン、インドメタシン、ナプロキセン、ジクロフェナク、テトラサイクリン、ミノサイクリン、クロラムフェニコール、テノホビル、ダルナビル、リバビリン、テラプレビル、アミノグリコシド、リネゾリド、アミオダロン、インターフェロン、ジドブジン、ドキソルビシン、シス-プラチナム、タモキシフェン、及びメトホルミンが挙げられる。
身体パフォーマンスの改善
[0091]本開示の方法及び/又は組成物は、身体パフォーマンスの改善のため、運動の効果を高めることによる筋量低下の予防のため、激しい運動からの回復のため、又は老化及び筋低下を加速させる非疾患状態によって引き起こされる除脂肪筋量の低下を、この低下がなければ身体が健康な若年の個体(宇宙飛行士(無重力状態)、マラソンランナー、消防士、一流アスリート等)において回復に向かわせるために、個体に提供される場合がある。更に、持久的な活動は、酸化ストレスを特に増加させ、これは、細胞内GSHの欠乏を既に有している可能性がある高齢のアスリートにおいて、特に懸念となる場合がある。したがって、特定の実施形態において、本開示の方法は、運動の酸化ストレスを予防及び/又は治療する。
寿命
[0092]老化マウスへのシステイン(n-アセチルシステインとして)及びグリシンの補給給餌は、抗酸化物質のグルタチオンレベルを上昇させるのに十分である。これらの老化マウスにおけるグルタチオンの回復の結果、ミトコンドリアのエネルギー源の酸化が顕著に回復した。これらの有益な変化は、寿命に影響を及ぼすのに有用であるため、マウスの給餌におけるシステイン(n-アセチルシステインとして)及びグリシンの補給が、マウスの寿命を延長するか否かについて試験した。試験は以下のように実施した:60週齢のマウスを2群(各群、マウス7匹(雌2匹及び雄5匹))で試験し、両群とも、性別、週齢及び体重を一致させた。1群は、通常の飼料を自由にとることができ、第2の群は、更にシステイン(n-アセチルシステインとして)及びグリシンを含有する飼料が給餌された。しかしながら、両方の飼料の含量は、飼料1g当たりのカロリー及びタンパク質窒素の量が同一であった。すなわち、両方の飼料は、等カロリーかつ等窒素であった。飼料の重量をモニターしたところ、摂餌量は両群で同様であった。動物には、それぞれの飼料及び水を自由にとらせ、寿命を主要評価項目として記録した。結果によると、システイン及びグリシンを補充した飼料を摂取したマウスは、平均で34週間長く生存し、これは35%の寿命の延長に相当する(図6)。
高齢者におけるHIV
[0093]HIVに感染した50歳超の患者は、老人病の非HIV患者と同等の、筋量の低下、筋力の低下及び機能制限を伴った、加速度的な機能低下を有することが報告されているが、これらの不良の発症機序は十分に理解されておらず、有効な療法がない。このことを認識し、疾病管理センター(Centers for Disease Control)は、HIV患者における「高齢」についてのカットオフが、50歳で開始することを示唆している。
C反応性タンパク質
[0105]C反応性タンパク質(CRP)は、血漿中に見出される急性期タンパク質であり、肝臓によって合成される。CRPレベルは炎症に反応して上昇するため、炎症の増加に関連した状態のバイオマーカーとみなされている。CRPはまた、心臓血管疾患のバイオマーカーとしても特定されており、3μg/mL超のレベルは望ましくなく、1μg/mL未満のレベルが最適であるとみなされる。CRPの上昇はまた、糖尿病、HIV及び老化とも関連づけられている。CRPレベルを低下させる処置は、限られている。スタチンとして知られる薬剤の部類中の、強力なコレステロール低下薬物は、CRPレベルを低下させることができる。
薬物摂取後のミトコンドリアの不良の改善
[0107]特定の薬物は、これらの作用機序がミトコンドリアの機能不全又は機能障害を来すため、毒性の原因となる。特定の実施形態において、グリシン又はその機能性誘導体と、N-アセチルシステイン又はその機能性誘導体と、を含む、組成物の有効量を個体に提供することにより、薬物誘発性のミトコンドリアの機能不全若しくは機能障害を中和又は緩和する方法がある。薬物によって引き起こされる毒性は、ミトコンドリアの機能不全又は機能障害を引き起こす様々なものであり得るが、特定の実施形態において、薬物は、HIV薬、及び肝炎薬等の抗ウイルス薬である。特定の実施形態において、薬物毒性はまた、治療前又は治療後のいずれかで、GSHの枯渇によって引き起こされる、又は、悪化する場合もある。
GSH濃度上昇の生理学的効果
[0111]1.HIV及びTNF-α:8人のHIV患者について、GSH濃度を上昇させるためのシステイン及びグリシンの補給前及び2週間後に、血漿中TNF-α濃度の測定を行った。データによると、TNF-αは、34.6±7.5から27.8±4.7に低下した(p=0.00049)。
[0113]トレイルメイキングテスト(総合指数)38±3から45±5
[0114]MAE III 30±5から45±4
[0115]MOCA(モントリオール認知評価)76±8から86±6
[0117]雄マウス(月齢30~35)を2群で試験した。1群には固形飼料を給餌し(対照群-CON)、一方の群の飼料には、システイン及びグリシンを補充した(NacGly)。大動脈流出、経僧帽弁血流、大動脈の硬直の非観血的な測定、並びに左心室の心エコーの測定、並びに心房の解剖所見及び機能を、7週間の給餌の前後で比較した(各群n=4)。NacGlyのマウスは、変化のなかった対照と比べ、経僧帽弁血流パラメータの顕著な改善を示した。NacGlyマウスはまた、等容性弛緩時間(Con 23.1+2.5 対 NacGly 19.2+0.7m秒、p<0.05)、等容性収縮時間(Con 26.3+4.6 対 NacGly 13.9+0.3m秒、p<0.05)、ピーク早期充填速度(peak Early filling velocity)(Con 67+4 対 NacGly 78+5cm/秒、p<0.05)を有意に改善した。本試験の結論は、システイン(n-アセチルシステインとして)及びグリシンの栄養素補給は、高齢マウスにおける拡張機能を改善するというものである。
[0119]MRIによる肝脂肪
[0120]右前葉(%)
[0121]右後葉(%)
[0122]ベースライン(補給前)
[0123]7.0+/-0.9%
[0124]8.5+/-1.2%
[0125]フォローアップ(補給後)
[0126]5.0+/-1.1%
[0127]6.0+/-1.2%
[0131]補給前:203±59mg/kgLBM/時
[0132]補給後:137±15mg/kgLBM/時
n-アセチルシステイン及びグリシンの補給の実施例
[0133]マウスの試験において、n-アセチルシステイン及びグリシンの作用は、高齢マウスにおいてミトコンドリアの機能及び筋力を改善し、特定の実施形態において、これはグルタチオンを介して起こる。いくつかの実施形態において、n-アセチルシステイン及びグリシンの補給により、マウスの肝脂肪が低下する。
HIV身体的及び神経認知データ
[0136]HIV感染患者は、身体機能の低下を伴う促進老化を有することが報告されている。HIV患者はまた、認知機能の重大な障害を有することも報告されている。システイン及びグリシン補給の効果を評価するため、本発明者らは、12週間のシステイン(n-アセチルシステインとして)及びグリシンの補給の前後に、8人のHIV患者について検査した。また、比較対照群は、年齢、性別及びBMIを一致させた、8人のHIV陰性のヒトであった。結果の測定は、身体機能(歩行速度)及び神経認知機能(トレイルメイキングテスト及びMAE III)を含んでいた。
[0139]本明細書で言及した全ての特許及び刊行物は、本発明が関係する技術分野の当業者の水準を示している。本明細書における全ての特許及び刊行物は、個々の刊行物の全容が参照により組み込まれることが具体的かつ個別に示されているのと同じ程度に、参照により組み込まれる。
[非特許文献]
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Claims (4)
- グルタチオン欠乏の個体において心拡張機能障害を治療するための組成物であって、グリシン又はその機能性誘導体と、N-アセチルシステインとを含むか、グリシン及びN-アセチルシステインのジペプチドを含み、前記グリシン機能性誘導体が、D-アリルグリシン、N-[ビス(メチルチオ)メチレン]グリシンメチルエステル、Boc-アリル-Gly-OH(ジシクロヘキシルアンモニウム)塩、Boc-D-Chg-OH、Boc-Chg-OH、(R)-N-Boc-(2’-クロロフェニル)グリシン、Boc-L-シクロプロピルグリシン、(R)-N-Boc-4-フルオロフェニルグリシン、Boc-D-プロパルギルグリシン、Boc-(S)-3-チエニルグリシン、Boc-(R)-3-チエニルグリシン、D-α-シクロヘキシルグリシン、L-α-シクロプロピルグリシン、N-(2-フルオロフェニル)-N-(メチルスルホニル)グリシン、N-(4-フルオロフェニル)-N-(メチルスルホニル)グリシン、Fmoc-N-(2,4-ジメトキシベンジル)-Gly-OH、N-(2-フロイル)グリシン、L-α-ネオペンチルグリシン、D-プロパルギルグリシン、サルコシン、Z-α-ホスホノグリシントリメチルエステル、及びこれらの混合物からなる群から選択される、組成物。
- 前記グリシン又はその機能性誘導体と、前記N-アセチルシステインとが、経口で前記個体に提供される、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 前記グリシン及び前記N-アセチルシステインが、ジペプチドに含まれる、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 前記ジペプチドが、N-アセチルシステイニルグリシン又はシステイニルグリシンを含む、請求項3に記載の組成物。
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| US10952982B2 (en) | 2021-03-23 |
| CN115957294A (zh) | 2023-04-14 |
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| AU2016268340A1 (en) | 2017-11-30 |
| US20230137543A1 (en) | 2023-05-04 |
| TW201707696A (zh) | 2017-03-01 |
| JP7074663B6 (ja) | 2022-08-01 |
| US12186292B2 (en) | 2025-01-07 |
| CA2987597A1 (en) | 2016-12-01 |
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| JP2025003996A (ja) | 2025-01-14 |
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| MX2021014012A (es) | 2022-01-06 |
| EP3302459A1 (en) | 2018-04-11 |
| US11730711B2 (en) | 2023-08-22 |
| BR112017025499A2 (pt) | 2018-08-07 |
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