JP7725728B2 - 高炭素変換効率を有する炭化水素燃料を製造するためのプロセス及びシステム - Google Patents
高炭素変換効率を有する炭化水素燃料を製造するためのプロセス及びシステムInfo
- Publication number
- JP7725728B2 JP7725728B2 JP2024522703A JP2024522703A JP7725728B2 JP 7725728 B2 JP7725728 B2 JP 7725728B2 JP 2024522703 A JP2024522703 A JP 2024522703A JP 2024522703 A JP2024522703 A JP 2024522703A JP 7725728 B2 JP7725728 B2 JP 7725728B2
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- carbon dioxide
- hydrogen
- reactor
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- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
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- B01D53/14—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by absorption
- B01D53/1456—Removing acid components
- B01D53/1475—Removing carbon dioxide
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B01D53/14—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by absorption
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- C01B3/103—Production of hydrogen; Production of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen by reaction of inorganic compounds containing electro-positively bound hydrogen with inorganic reducing agents the hydrogen being generated from the water as a result of cycles of reactions, e.g. sulfur-iodine cycle
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Description
本出願は、2021年10月15日に出願された米国仮出願第63/256,264号の利益と優先権を主張するものであり、その開示は参照によりその全体が本明細書に組み込まれる。
本開示は、バイオマス(例えば、林業廃棄物、鉄道の枕木、グリースウッド、藻類、農業廃棄物、都市廃棄物など)及び再生可能水素供給原料から、燃料(例えば、液体ジェット燃料及び/またはディーゼル燃料)を製造するためのプロセス及びシステムに関する。いくつかの実施形態では、バイオマスは、鉄道の枕木、グリースウッド、トウモロコシの茎葉、果樹園の剪定枝、森林の間伐材、スラッシュ、スイッチグラス、木材チップ、リグニン、及び/またはセルロース系材料のうちの1つ以上を含む。例えば、森林廃棄物及び残渣を燃料生産に使用することができ、これらは通常、二酸化炭素排出量が最も少ない廃棄物原料として扱われる。具体的には、本明細書に記載のプロセス及びシステムは、本明細書に記載の構成要素とプロセスフローの特定の組み合わせを使用して、バイオマス及び再生可能な水素及び/または天然ガスから炭化水素を、温室効果ガス(GHG)排出量が非常に少ない状態で製造するための、炭素利用率の高い高効率プロセスを提供する。いくつかの実施形態では、本明細書に記載のプロセス及びシステムは、再生可能水素の添加、ならびに構成要素及びプロセスフローの新規な配置により、煙道ガス中にGHGが全くかほとんどない状態で、95%を超える炭素変換効率を提供する。例えば、本システムは、プロセスフローで生成された水及び二酸化炭素を有益に再利用し、ナフサ及びテールガスの流れを、炭化水素ベースの燃料を製造するための合成ガスへの追加変換のために、システム内の他のユニット(例えば、部分酸化改質器及び/またはバイオマスガス化器)に再循環する。
本明細書において使用される場合、「発明」、「本発明(the invention)」、「本発明(this invention)」及び「本発明(the present invention)」という用語は、本特許出願の主題及び以下の特許請求の範囲のすべてを広く指すことを意図している。これらの用語を含む記述は、本明細書に記載の主題を限定するものではなく、また以下の特許請求の範囲の意味または範囲を限定するものでもないと理解すべきである。
図1は、本開示のいくつかの実施形態による、炭化水素燃料を製造するためのシステムの概略図を示す。システム100は、高い炭素変換効率で炭化水素ベースの燃料を製造するための、全体的なシステムを提供する。システム100は、バイオマス及び任意選択で天然ガスを、合成ガス(synthesis gas)(「合成ガス(syngas)」)に変換するための連続プロセスを提供する。合成ガスは、最終的に、フィッシャー・トロプシュプロセスを利用した炭化水素合成、及び任意選択で燃料改良を経て、炭化水素ベースの燃料、例えばジェット燃料に変換される。上述したように、バイオマスの液体への変換はしばしば「BTL」と呼ばれ、天然ガスの液体への変換はしばしば「GTL」と呼ばれる。いくつかの態様では、本システムはBTLとGTLプロセスの両方を組み込んで合成ガスを製造する。
図2は、炭化水素合成プロセスにおける様々なユニットの例示的なCO2排出を示す。いくつかの実施形態では、上記プロセス/システムにおける主なCO2発生源は以下の通りである:
・天然ガスタービンの煙道ガス(ユニット500);
・プロセスヒーターの煙道ガス(ユニット425);
・バイオマス由来の合成ガスから除去されたCO2(ユニット205A);及び
・ATR由来の合成ガス(ユニット205B)。
本明細書で議論されるように、いくつかの実施形態では、本発明は、二酸化炭素及び生成水を、炭化水素製造プロセスで合成ガスに変換するためのプロセスを提供する。本プロセスは、天然ガスを自己熱改質ユニットで処理して第1の合成ガス流を形成すること、バイオマス供給原料をガス化ユニットで処理して第2の合成ガス流を形成すること、第1及び第2の合成ガス流を合成ガス処理ユニットで処理して供給合成ガス流を生成すること(ここで、合成ガス処理ユニットは、第1及び第2の合成ガス流のいずれか一方または両方から二酸化炭素を除去する)、供給合成ガス流をフィッシャー・トロプシュ反応器中で反応させて、炭化水素及び水を生成すること、ならびに二酸化炭素及び水(例えば、精製後)を電気分解ユニット中で電気分解して、FT反応器に送られ得る一酸化炭素及び水素を生成することを含む場合がある。いくつかの態様では、電気分解ユニットは、グリーンエネルギー源によって電力を供給される。グリーンエネルギー源は、太陽エネルギー、風力エネルギー、水力エネルギー、原子力エネルギー、または潮力エネルギーのうちの1つ以上を含み得る。いくつかの実施形態では、少なくとも40MWの太陽光発電が8時間にわたって電気分解ユニットに供給される。
Claims (18)
- 炭化水素ベースの燃料を製造するためのシステムであって、
供給原料から廃棄物を除去して処理済み供給原料を製造するように構成されるバイオマス供給原料処理ユニット;
バイオマス供給原料処理ユニットと連通するガス化ユニットであって、処理された供給原料を二酸化炭素、一酸化炭素、及び水素を含む合成ガスに変換するように構成される前記ガス化ユニット;
前記ガス化ユニットの下流にある反応器であって、前記合成ガスの一部の変換を促進し、COに対する水素の適切な比率を生成するために適切な条件で運転される前記反応器;
前記反応器と連通するスクラバーであって、前記合成ガスから二酸化炭素を除去し、少なくとも1.5:1の水素/一酸化炭素比を有する精製合成ガスを生成する前記スクラバー;
前記精製合成ガスを受け入れるためのフィッシャー・トロプシュ反応器であって、前記精製合成ガスをフィッシャー・トロプシュ液、水、及びテールガスに変換する前記フィッシャー・トロプシュ反応器;
前記フィッシャー・トロプシュ反応器から水を受け取るように構成される電気分解ユニットであって、前記水を酸素流及び水素流に変換する前記電気分解ユニット;
逆水性ガスシフト反応器であって、前記スクラバーで前記合成ガスから除去された前記二酸化炭素の一部が前記逆水性ガスシフト反応器にリサイクルされる、前記逆水性ガスシフト反応器;
を含み、
前記酸素流の一部が、ガス化ユニット、反応器、またはそれらの組み合わせに再循環され、
少なくとも90%の供給原料の炭素変換を達成する、前記システム。 - 前記電気分解ユニットにより生成された前記水素流の一部が、前記逆水性ガスシフト反応器に供給され、前記逆水性ガスシフト反応器が、前記フィッシャー・トロプシュ反応器に供給される一酸化炭素を生成するように構成される、請求項1に記載のシステム。
- 前記合成ガス流及び前記水素流が、前記フィッシャー・トロプシュ反応器に供給される前に加圧される、請求項2に記載のシステム。
- 前記フィッシャー・トロプシュ反応器からの前記テールガスが前記反応器に再循環される、請求項1に記載のシステム。
- 前記フィッシャー・トロプシュ液を燃料に改良するように構成される水素化分解ユニット、分別ユニット、異性化ユニット、またはそれらの組み合わせをさらに含み、前記水素化分解ユニットの副生成物はテールガスを含み、前記分別ユニットの副生成物はナフサを含む、請求項1に記載のシステム。
- 前記テールガス、ナフサ、またはその両方が前記反応器に再循環される、請求項5に記載のシステム。
- 前記システムによって生成される任意の煙道ガスを洗浄するように構成される煙道ガススクラバーをさらに含み、前記反応器が乾式改質器である、請求項1に記載のシステム。
- 二酸化炭素処理・圧縮システムをさらに含み、前記スクラバー及び前記煙道ガススクラバーから生成された二酸化炭素が、前記二酸化炭素処理・圧縮システムで処理されて精製二酸化炭素流を生成し、前記精製二酸化炭素流が、前記乾式改質器、前記逆水性ガスシフト反応器、CO2電気分解ユニット、またはそれらの組み合わせに再循環される、請求項7に記載のシステム。
- 前記供給原料が、鉄道の枕木、グリースウッド、トウモロコシの茎葉、果樹園の剪定枝、森林の間伐材、スラッシュ、スイッチグラス、木材チップ、リグニン、及びセルロース系材料のうちの1つ以上を含む、請求項1に記載のシステム。
- 前記供給原料が木質バイオマスを含む、請求項1に記載のシステム。
- 天然ガス供給原料を合成ガスに変換するように構成される予備改質器及び自己熱改質器をさらに含む、請求項1に記載のシステム。
- 前記システムから除去された二酸化炭素及び水の一部を、一酸化炭素及び水素に変換するように構成されるCO2電気分解ユニットをさらに含む、請求項1に記載のシステム。
- 炭化水素ベースの燃料を製造するためのプロセスであって、
バイオマス供給原料をガス化し、二酸化炭素、水素、一酸化炭素を含む合成ガス流を生成するステップ;
前記合成ガス流を改質して水素富化合成ガス流を生成するステップ;
分離ユニットで前記水素富化合成ガス流から二酸化炭素を分離し、二酸化炭素流及び少なくとも1.5:1の水素/一酸化炭素比を有する精製合成ガス流を生成するステップ;
前記精製合成ガスを追加の水素で濃縮するステップ;
前記精製合成ガス流及び前記水素富化合成ガス流をフィッシャー・トロプシュ反応器で反応させ、フィッシャー・トロプシュ液、水、及びテールガスを生成するステップ;
前記フィッシャー・トロプシュ反応器からの前記水の一部を電気分解ユニットに再循環するステップ;
前記電気分解ユニットで前記水を電気分解し、酸素流と水素流とを生成するステップ;及び
前記水素流の一部と前記二酸化炭素流の一部とを逆水性ガスシフト反応器に再循環して一酸化炭素を製造するステップ;
を含む、前記プロセス。 - 前記分離ユニットから生成された前記二酸化炭素流を精製して精製二酸化炭素流を生成し、前記精製二酸化炭素流を前記改質ステップに再循環することをさらに含む、請求項13に記載のプロセス。
- 前記酸素流の一部及び前記水素流の一部を、前記ガス化ステップ、前記改質ステップ、またはそれらの組み合わせに再循環することをさらに含む、請求項13に記載のプロセス。
- 改質ユニットで天然ガスを処理して、前記フィッシャー・トロプシュ反応器に供給される第2の合成ガス流を生成することをさらに含む、請求項13に記載のプロセス。
- 前記電気分解ユニットが、太陽エネルギー、風力エネルギー、水力エネルギー、原子力エネルギー、または潮力エネルギーによって駆動される、請求項13に記載のプロセス。
- 前記フィッシャー・トロプシュ反応器からの前記水を処理して精製水を製造することをさらに含み、前記精製水が前記電気分解ユニットで電気分解される、請求項13に記載のプロセス。
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