JPH01152165A - Production of surface-treated carbon black - Google Patents

Production of surface-treated carbon black

Info

Publication number
JPH01152165A
JPH01152165A JP62309598A JP30959887A JPH01152165A JP H01152165 A JPH01152165 A JP H01152165A JP 62309598 A JP62309598 A JP 62309598A JP 30959887 A JP30959887 A JP 30959887A JP H01152165 A JPH01152165 A JP H01152165A
Authority
JP
Japan
Prior art keywords
carbon black
polyamine
treated
present
polyethyleneimine
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
JP62309598A
Other languages
Japanese (ja)
Inventor
Shigeru Tanimori
谷森 滋
Kiyoshi Kawamura
清 川村
Yoshihiro Arita
有田 義広
Masuji Izumibayashi
益次 泉林
Sadanori Sano
佐野 禎則
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Nippon Shokubai Co Ltd
Original Assignee
Nippon Shokubai Co Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Nippon Shokubai Co Ltd filed Critical Nippon Shokubai Co Ltd
Priority to JP62309598A priority Critical patent/JPH01152165A/en
Publication of JPH01152165A publication Critical patent/JPH01152165A/en
Pending legal-status Critical Current

Links

Landscapes

  • Inks, Pencil-Leads, Or Crayons (AREA)
  • Pigments, Carbon Blacks, Or Wood Stains (AREA)
  • Paints Or Removers (AREA)

Abstract

PURPOSE:To obtain easily the subject carbon black excellent in dispersibility in resin, fiber, water or the like and suitable as a resin modifier, a toner or the like, by mixing carbon black with a polyamine (modified product) at a specified temperature condition under agitation. CONSTITUTION:Surface-treated carbon black is obtained by mixing carbon black with a polyamine and/or its modified product under agitation at a temperature condition of 0-300 deg.C. As said polyamine (modified product), polyethyleneimine, polypropyleneimine or a reaction product of polyethyleneimine with an epihalohydrin each having an MW in the range of 1,000,000-2,000,000 can be suitably used. The surface-treated carbon black is uniform in the state of the treated surface, and the bond between the polyamine (modified product) used in the treatment and the carbon black is strong.

Description

【発明の詳細な説明】 (産業上の利用分野) 本発明は表面処理されたカーボンブラックの製造方法に
関する。詳しくは、特定のポリマー成分で表面を処理さ
れてなシ、インキ、トナー、塗料、繊維、プラスチック
成形材料等の着色剤、導電性付与剤及び各種高分子物質
の改質剤等に有用な表面処理されたカーボンブラックを
簡便に得るための製造方法に関する。
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION (Industrial Field of Application) The present invention relates to a method for producing surface-treated carbon black. Specifically, the surface is not treated with a specific polymer component, and the surface is useful as a coloring agent for ink, toner, paint, fiber, plastic molding material, etc., a conductivity imparting agent, and a modifier for various polymeric substances. The present invention relates to a manufacturing method for easily obtaining treated carbon black.

(従来の技術) カーボンブラック(以下CBと記す。)は着色性、導電
性、耐候性、耐薬品性等に優詐るため、例えば繊維、プ
ラスチックやエラストマーの補強剤、充填剤、着色剤等
種々の目的で巾広く使用されている。しかし、CBはそ
の形状が粉状又は粒状のため、単独で使用されることが
少なく、通常ゴムや樹脂等の固状の基材又は水や溶剤等
の液体に均一に分散されてその特性を発揮する。
(Prior art) Carbon black (hereinafter referred to as CB) has excellent coloring properties, conductivity, weather resistance, chemical resistance, etc., and is therefore used as a reinforcing agent, filler, coloring agent, etc. for fibers, plastics, and elastomers, etc. Widely used for various purposes. However, since CB is powdery or granular in shape, it is rarely used alone; it is usually dispersed uniformly in a solid base material such as rubber or resin, or in a liquid such as water or solvent to improve its properties. Demonstrate.

しかし、CBは粒子間の凝集力に比べて他の物質、例え
ば有機高分子、水及び有機溶剤等との親和力か弱いため
、通常の混合又は分散条件では、均一に混合又は分散す
ることが極めて困難であった。
However, CB has a weak affinity with other substances such as organic polymers, water, and organic solvents compared to the cohesive force between particles, so it is extremely difficult to mix or disperse uniformly under normal mixing or dispersion conditions. Met.

この問題を解決するために、C8表面を各種の界面活性
剤や樹脂で被覆して、固状又は液状の基材との親和性を
高めることによシ、CBを均一に混合又は分散する方法
が数多く検討されている。
In order to solve this problem, a method of uniformly mixing or dispersing CB by coating the C8 surface with various surfactants and resins to increase its affinity with solid or liquid base materials. are being considered in many ways.

特公昭42−22047号には、CBの存在下に重合性
モノマーを重合してCBの表面に、ポリマー成分をグラ
フトする方法が開示されている。しかし、これらの方法
で得られた表面が被覆されてなるCBは、他の物質との
親和性が期待した程には改良されず、混合又は分散条件
によって分散状態が異なシ、かならずしも満足する結果
は得られないのが実状である。
Japanese Patent Publication No. 42-22047 discloses a method of grafting a polymer component onto the surface of CB by polymerizing a polymerizable monomer in the presence of CB. However, the compatibility of CB with a coated surface obtained by these methods is not improved as much as expected, and the dispersion state varies depending on the mixing or dispersion conditions, so the results are not always satisfactory. The reality is that this is not possible.

(発明が解決しようとする問題点) 本発明者等は、このような現状に鑑み各種の物質への分
散性に優れたCBを容易にしてかつ安定に製造する方法
について鋭意検討を行った結果、上記目的を完全に満足
しうるCBが、通常のCBと特定のポリマー成分とを特
定条件下に撹拌混合するだけという極めて簡便な方法に
ょシ得られることを見い出し本発明を完成するに至った
(Problems to be Solved by the Invention) In view of the current situation, the present inventors have conducted intensive studies on a method for easily and stably producing CB with excellent dispersibility in various substances. The present inventors have discovered that a CB that completely satisfies the above objectives can be obtained by an extremely simple method of stirring and mixing ordinary CB and a specific polymer component under specific conditions, leading to the completion of the present invention. .

(問題点を解決するための手段および作用)即ち本発明
は、カーボンブラックとポリアミン(a)及び/又はポ
リアミン変性物fblの1種又は2種以上とを0〜30
0℃の温度条件下に撹拌混合することを特徴とする表面
処理されたカーボンブラックの製造方法に関するもので
ある。
(Means and effects for solving the problems) That is, the present invention provides carbon black and one or more types of polyamine (a) and/or polyamine modified product fbl at a concentration of 0 to 30%.
The present invention relates to a method for producing surface-treated carbon black, which is characterized by stirring and mixing under a temperature condition of 0°C.

本発明におけるCBとしては、コンタクト法、ファーネ
ス法、サーマル法等の通常公知の方法によって製造され
たCBが使用できるが、その表面に官能基としてカルボ
キシル基、水酸基、カルボニル基等の官能基を含有する
CBを使用するとポリアミン(a)及び/又はポリアミ
ン変性物(b)(以下両者をまとめてポリマー囚と総称
する。)との親和性がすぐれているため、処理効果が大
きく、よって各種物質への分散性にすぐれ、且つ、樹脂
の改質剤として用いた場合にも優れた効果を発揮するC
Bが得られるので好ましい。
As the CB in the present invention, CB produced by a commonly known method such as a contact method, a furnace method, or a thermal method can be used, but the surface thereof contains a functional group such as a carboxyl group, a hydroxyl group, or a carbonyl group. When using CB, it has excellent affinity with polyamine (a) and/or modified polyamine (b) (hereinafter collectively referred to as polymer particles), so the treatment effect is large, and it is therefore effective for treating various substances. C has excellent dispersibility and also exhibits excellent effects when used as a modifier for resins.
This is preferable because B can be obtained.

本発明においてCBの表面処理に用いるポリマー囚のう
ちポリアミン(a)とは分子量200以上好ましくは3
00以上で、ポリアルキレンポリアミン部分を有するポ
リマーであシ、アジリジン化合物を開環重合して得られ
るホモポリマー、コポリマー、ブロックポリマーまたは
グラフトポリマーである。例えば ■ エチレンイミン、プロピレンイミンをそれぞれ単独
重合して得られるポリエチレンイミン、ポリプロ゛ピレ
ンイミン、 ■ それらアジリジン化合物を共重合して得られるコポ
リマー、 ■ 脂肪族あるいは芳香族ジカルボン酸とジエチレント
リアミンとの重縮合反応物であるポリアミドポリアミン
および更にアジリジン化合物をグラフト重合し九ポリア
ミドポリアミン、■ ポリアルキレンオキシドとエピハ
ロヒドリンとの反応物であるハロヒドリン末端ポリアル
キレンオキシドにアジリジン化合物を付加重合して得ら
れるブロックポリマー、 等であシ、中でもポリエチレンイミンが安価で工業的に
も入手しやすく好適である。
Among the polymer particles used for surface treatment of CB in the present invention, polyamine (a) has a molecular weight of 200 or more, preferably 3
00 or more and has a polyalkylene polyamine moiety, and is a homopolymer, copolymer, block polymer, or graft polymer obtained by ring-opening polymerization of an aziridine compound. For example, ■ polyethylene imine and polypropylene imine obtained by homopolymerizing ethylene imine and propylene imine, respectively, ■ copolymers obtained by copolymerizing these aziridine compounds, ■ polycondensation reaction of aliphatic or aromatic dicarboxylic acid and diethylene triamine. A block polymer obtained by addition polymerizing an aziridine compound to a halohydrin-terminated polyalkylene oxide, which is a reaction product of a polyalkylene oxide and an epihalohydrin, etc. Of these, polyethyleneimine is preferred because it is inexpensive and industrially available.

又、ポリマー囚のうちのポリアミン変性物(blとはこ
れらポリアミン(a)がら誘導される変性物のことであ
シ、例えばポリアミンとエピハロヒドリンとの反応物、
ポリアミンとα−オレフィンオキシドとの反応物、ポリ
アミンと脂肪族あるいは芳香族カルボン酸またはその無
水物との反応物である部分あるいは全アミド化ポリアミ
ン、ポリアミンとアルキルハライドとの反応物である部
分あるいは全4級化ポリアミン、ポリアミンとアルキレ
ンオキシドとの反応物であシ、中でも前記した理由から
ポリアミンがポリエチレンイミンであるものが好適であ
る。
In addition, polyamine modified products (bl refers to modified products derived from these polyamines (a), such as reaction products of polyamines and epihalohydrin,
A partially or completely amidated polyamine that is a reaction product between a polyamine and an α-olefin oxide, a reactant between a polyamine and an aliphatic or aromatic carboxylic acid or its anhydride, a partially or completely reacted product between a polyamine and an alkyl halide. It is a quaternized polyamine, a reaction product of a polyamine and an alkylene oxide, and among them, one in which the polyamine is polyethyleneimine is preferable for the above-mentioned reasons.

本発明の製造方法において、表面処理されたCBはCB
と前記ポリマー囚の1111又は2種以上とを0〜30
0℃、好ましくは20〜250’Cの温度条件下に混合
撹拌して得られる。3oo℃以上の温度ではポリマー囚
が変質するので好ましくない。
In the manufacturing method of the present invention, the surface-treated CB is
and 1111 or two or more of the polymer particles 0 to 30
It is obtained by mixing and stirring at a temperature of 0°C, preferably 20 to 250'C. Temperatures of 300° C. or higher are not preferred because the quality of the polymer particles deteriorates.

ポリアミン成分によって表面が処理されたCBを得るに
は必ずしも本発明の製造方法のみによることはなく、例
えばCBの存在下にエチレンイミンモノマーを重合する
方法等の他の手段によっても達成できるが、他の方法に
よるものは各種材料への分散性や各種高分子物質の改質
剤としての効果が十分に満足できるものではない。即ち
、CBの存在下でエチレンイミンモノマーを重合する方
法では、二次凝集状態のCBを解砕することが困難で、
得られる製品中には粗大粒子状態のCBがそのまま混在
する。一方、本発明の製造方法によれる製品は粒子径が
小さく、かつ均一である。又、各種材料への分散性はC
Bの処理に用いるポリアミン成分の分子量が重要な意味
を持っており、通常に高い分子量にコントロールするこ
とが好ましいが、本発明以外の方法ではポリアミン成分
を所望の分子量にコントロールするのが極めて困難であ
る。
Obtaining CB whose surface has been treated with a polyamine component is not necessarily achieved only by the production method of the present invention, but can also be achieved by other means such as, for example, a method of polymerizing ethyleneimine monomer in the presence of CB; However, the dispersibility in various materials and the effect as a modifier for various polymeric substances are not fully satisfactory. That is, in the method of polymerizing ethyleneimine monomer in the presence of CB, it is difficult to disintegrate CB in a secondary agglomerated state.
The resulting product contains CB in the form of coarse particles. On the other hand, the products manufactured by the manufacturing method of the present invention have small and uniform particle sizes. Also, the dispersibility in various materials is C
The molecular weight of the polyamine component used in the treatment of B has an important meaning, and it is usually preferable to control it to a high molecular weight, but it is extremely difficult to control the polyamine component to a desired molecular weight using methods other than the present invention. be.

本発明の製造方法の具体的実施態様としては、例えば (1)1種以上のCBと1種以上のポリマー囚とを0〜
300℃、好ましくは20〜250℃の温度条件下に撹
拌混合して表面処理する方法、(2)適当々溶媒中で1
種以上のCBと1種以上のポリマー囚とを、0〜300
℃、好ましくは20〜250℃の温度条件下に撹拌混合
して表面処理する方法 等を挙げることができる。
As a specific embodiment of the production method of the present invention, for example, (1) one or more types of CB and one or more types of polymer
A method of surface treatment by stirring and mixing at a temperature of 300°C, preferably 20 to 250°C, (2) 1.
CB of 0 to 300 types and CB of 1 or more types and polymer prisoner of 0 to 300
Examples include a method of surface treatment by stirring and mixing at a temperature of 20 to 250°C, preferably 20 to 250°C.

ポリマー囚でCBを処理するに際し、該ポリマー囚と該
CBの使用比率は特に制限されないが、CBの表面に均
一に処理できしかもCBと該ポリマー囚とを強固に結合
させることによシ、各種物質への分散性や樹脂の改質剤
としての効果がよシ高められた表面処理されたCBを得
るために、CB/該ポリマー囚の比率を100/1〜1
000とするのが好ましく、よシ好ましくは10015
〜500の範囲とするのが好適である。
When treating CB with a polymer matrix, the ratio of the polymer matrix and the CB used is not particularly limited. In order to obtain a surface-treated CB with improved dispersibility in substances and effectiveness as a modifier for resins, the ratio of CB/polymer is 100/1 to 1.
000, more preferably 10015
A range of 500 to 500 is preferable.

また、CBとポリマー囚との反応時または反応後に、必
要により抗酸化剤、熱安定剤、界面活性剤、潤滑剤、ポ
リマー囚以外の高分子物質を添加剤として適宜配合して
もよい。
Further, during or after the reaction between CB and the polymer matrix, an antioxidant, a thermal stabilizer, a surfactant, a lubricant, and a polymeric substance other than the polymer matrix may be appropriately blended as an additive, if necessary.

(発明の効果) 本発明の製造方法によシ得られる表面処理されたCBは
、従来の方法によシ表面が被覆されたCBに比し、表面
の処理状態が均一で、かつ処理に用いたポリマー囚とC
Bとが強固に結合してなるものである。しかも処理に用
いたポリマー囚は各種物質との親和性が高いために、得
られた本発明の表面処理されたCBは有機溶剤、水、プ
ラスチック、繊維中への分散性に極めて優れ、かつ樹脂
の改質剤としての効果にも著しく優れている。
(Effects of the Invention) The surface-treated CB obtained by the production method of the present invention has a more uniform surface treatment state than CB whose surface has been coated by the conventional method, and can be used for treatment. The polymer prisoner and C
It is formed by strongly bonding with B. Moreover, since the polymer particles used in the treatment have a high affinity with various substances, the obtained surface-treated CB of the present invention has excellent dispersibility in organic solvents, water, plastics, and fibers, and has excellent dispersibility in organic solvents, water, plastics, and fibers. It is also extremely effective as a modifier.

従って本発明によシ得られる表面処理さnたCBは、例
えばインキ、トナー、塗料、繊維、プ管」 ラスチック成形材料等の着色幹、導電性付与剤及び各種
高分子物質の改質剤として好適に使用することができる
Therefore, the surface-treated CB obtained by the present invention can be used, for example, as a coloring agent for inks, toners, paints, fibers, plastic pipes, plastic molding materials, conductivity imparting agents, and modifiers for various polymeric substances. It can be suitably used.

本発明は、上記特徴を有する表面処理されたCBを容易
にしてかつ安定に製造する方法を提供するものである。
The present invention provides a method for easily and stably producing a surface-treated CB having the above characteristics.

(実施例) 以下、実施例によって本発明の詳細な説明するが、本発
明はこれら実施例によって制限されるものではない。
(Examples) Hereinafter, the present invention will be explained in detail with reference to Examples, but the present invention is not limited to these Examples.

実施例1 チ 導電性カーボンブラックケツキエンブラックEC■  
        10011と分子量3万のポリエチレ
ンイミン5P−300(日本触媒化学工業■製)200
.9をプラストミルで、反応温度150℃で20分間撹
拌混合した。反応後、冷却、粉砕して本発明の表面処理
されたCBを得九。
Example 1 Conductive carbon black EC■
10011 and polyethyleneimine 5P-300 with a molecular weight of 30,000 (manufactured by Nippon Shokubai Chemical Co., Ltd.) 200
.. 9 was stirred and mixed using a plastomill at a reaction temperature of 150° C. for 20 minutes. After the reaction, it is cooled and pulverized to obtain the surface-treated CB of the present invention.

この表面処理されたCBの水およびエチレングリコール
に対する分散性および安定性は第1表に示した。
The dispersibility and stability of this surface-treated CB in water and ethylene glycol are shown in Table 1.

実施例2 実施例1のポリエチレンイミンに替えて、分子量100
00で陽イオン性窒素5.2ミリモル/gを7父1!E
粥BWt用い窺以外顛瞥今例1と同禄にして本発明の表
面処理されたCBを得た。
Example 2 In place of polyethyleneimine in Example 1, molecular weight 100
00 and 5.2 mmol/g of cationic nitrogen 7 Father 1! E
A surface-treated CB of the present invention was obtained using the same method as in Example 1 except for using porridge BWt.

この表面処理されたCBの水およびエチレングリコール
に対する分散性および安定性は第1表に示した。
The dispersibility and stability of this surface-treated CB in water and ethylene glycol are shown in Table 1.

実施例3 SP−300(日本触媒化学工業■製)に窒素1モル轟
ジエチレンオキシド平均2モルを付加したポリエチレン
イミン・エチレンオキシド変性樹脂を実施例上陸ポリエ
チレンイミンに替えて用いる以外は実施例1と同様の操
作を行い、本発明の表面処理されたCBを得た。
Example 3 Same as Example 1 except that a polyethyleneimine/ethylene oxide modified resin obtained by adding 1 mol of nitrogen and an average of 2 mol of diethylene oxide to SP-300 (manufactured by Nippon Shokubai Kagaku Kogyo ■) was used instead of the polyethyleneimine landed in the example. The following operations were performed to obtain the surface-treated CB of the present invention.

この表面処理されたCBの水およびエチレングリコール
に対する分散性および安定性は第1表に示した。
The dispersibility and stability of this surface-treated CB in water and ethylene glycol are shown in Table 1.

比較例1 無処理CBの水およびエチレングリコールに対する分散
性および安定性は第1表に示した。
Comparative Example 1 The dispersibility and stability of untreated CB in water and ethylene glycol are shown in Table 1.

第   1   表 (注1)分散性 表面処理されたCBIO,9を水およびエチレングリコ
ール200−に分散させた液を/I63のガラスフィル
ターを通過させ、ガラスフィルタ一部に残存する成分の
量を調べた。
Table 1 (Note 1) A liquid in which dispersible surface-treated CBIO,9 was dispersed in water and ethylene glycol 200- was passed through a /I63 glass filter, and the amount of components remaining in a part of the glass filter was examined. Ta.

○・・・全く無し ×・・・かなシ有シ (注2)安定性 ガラスフィルターを通過させた分散液の安定性を調べた
○: None ×: Kana (Note 2) Stability The stability of the dispersion liquid passed through a glass filter was examined.

O・・・半年以上CBが沈降することなく安定 ×・・・半年以内にCBがかなシ沈降O... CB remains stable for more than half a year without settling. ×・・・CB will settle down within half a year

Claims (1)

【特許請求の範囲】 1、カーボンブラックとポリアミン(a)及び/又はポ
リアミン変性物(b)の1種又は2種以上とを0〜30
0℃の温度条件下に撹拌混合することを特徴とする表面
処理されたカーボンブラックの製造方法。 2、ポリアミン(a)及び/又はポリアミン変性物(b
)が200〜100万の範囲の分子量である特許請求の
範囲第1項記載の表面処理されたカーボンブラックの製
造方法。 3、ポリアミン(a)がポリエチレンイミンである特許
請求の範囲第1項記載の表面処理されたカーボンブラッ
クの製造方法。 4、ポリアミンの変性物(b)がポリエチレンイミンの
変性物である特許請求の範囲第1項記載の表面処理され
たカーボンブラックの製造方法。
[Claims] 1. 0 to 30 carbon black and one or more of polyamine (a) and/or polyamine modified product (b)
A method for producing surface-treated carbon black, which comprises stirring and mixing under a temperature condition of 0°C. 2. Polyamine (a) and/or polyamine modified product (b)
2. The method for producing surface-treated carbon black according to claim 1, wherein said carbon black has a molecular weight in the range of 2,000,000 to 1,000,000. 3. The method for producing surface-treated carbon black according to claim 1, wherein the polyamine (a) is polyethyleneimine. 4. The method for producing surface-treated carbon black according to claim 1, wherein the modified polyamine (b) is a modified polyethyleneimine.
JP62309598A 1987-12-09 1987-12-09 Production of surface-treated carbon black Pending JPH01152165A (en)

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JPH01152165A true JPH01152165A (en) 1989-06-14

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WO1998029358A3 (en) * 1996-12-30 1998-10-08 Hydro Quebec Surface modified carbonate materials
WO2008020620A1 (en) * 2006-08-17 2008-02-21 Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation Negative electrode active material for lithium ion secondary battery, method for producing the same, negative electrode for lithium ion secondary battery using the same, and lithium ion secondary battery
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Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0688836A3 (en) * 1994-06-20 1996-09-04 Orient Chemical Ind Aqueous ink containing a pigment and its method of preparation
WO1998029358A3 (en) * 1996-12-30 1998-10-08 Hydro Quebec Surface modified carbonate materials
US6228942B1 (en) * 1996-12-30 2001-05-08 Hydro-Quebec Surface modified carbonaceous materials
JP2008007781A (en) * 1996-12-30 2008-01-17 Hydro Quebec Surface-modified carbonized material
WO2008020620A1 (en) * 2006-08-17 2008-02-21 Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation Negative electrode active material for lithium ion secondary battery, method for producing the same, negative electrode for lithium ion secondary battery using the same, and lithium ion secondary battery
JP5268023B2 (en) * 2006-08-17 2013-08-21 三菱化学株式会社 Negative electrode active material for lithium ion secondary battery, method for producing the same, negative electrode for lithium ion secondary battery and lithium ion secondary battery using the same
KR101395403B1 (en) * 2006-08-17 2014-05-14 미쓰비시 가가꾸 가부시키가이샤 Negative electrode active material for lithium ion secondary battery, method for producing the same, negative electrode for lithium ion secondary battery using the same, and lithium ion secondary battery
US20100015543A1 (en) * 2008-07-18 2010-01-21 Seiko Epson Corporation Black Toner and Image Forming Method
US8268524B2 (en) * 2008-07-18 2012-09-18 Seiko Epson Corporation Black toner and image forming method
JP2013518160A (en) * 2010-01-27 2013-05-20 オムヤ・デイベロツプメント・アー・ゲー Use of polyethyleneimine as an additive in aqueous suspensions of calcium carbonate containing materials

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