JPH0151024B2 - - Google Patents

Info

Publication number
JPH0151024B2
JPH0151024B2 JP54105302A JP10530279A JPH0151024B2 JP H0151024 B2 JPH0151024 B2 JP H0151024B2 JP 54105302 A JP54105302 A JP 54105302A JP 10530279 A JP10530279 A JP 10530279A JP H0151024 B2 JPH0151024 B2 JP H0151024B2
Authority
JP
Japan
Prior art keywords
battery
separator
electrolyte
batteries
water
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
JP54105302A
Other languages
Japanese (ja)
Other versions
JPS5630255A (en
Inventor
Naoto Hoshihara
Yoshihiro Kobayashi
Katsuhiro Takahashi
Tsutomu Iwaki
Toshihide Eguchi
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Panasonic Holdings Corp
Original Assignee
Matsushita Electric Industrial Co Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Matsushita Electric Industrial Co Ltd filed Critical Matsushita Electric Industrial Co Ltd
Priority to JP10530279A priority Critical patent/JPS5630255A/en
Publication of JPS5630255A publication Critical patent/JPS5630255A/en
Publication of JPH0151024B2 publication Critical patent/JPH0151024B2/ja
Granted legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/40Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
    • H01M50/409Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
    • H01M50/411Organic material
    • H01M50/414Synthetic resins, e.g. thermoplastics or thermosetting resins
    • H01M50/42Acrylic resins
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/40Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
    • H01M50/489Separators, membranes, diaphragms or spacing elements inside the cells, characterised by their physical properties, e.g. swelling degree, hydrophilicity or shut down properties
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2300/00Electrolytes
    • H01M2300/0002Aqueous electrolytes
    • H01M2300/0005Acid electrolytes
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2300/00Electrolytes
    • H01M2300/0002Aqueous electrolytes
    • H01M2300/0014Alkaline electrolytes
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10Energy storage using batteries

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Cell Separators (AREA)

Description

【発明の詳細な説明】[Detailed description of the invention]

一般に、電池は正極、負極および電解質からな
る反応系と、電極間隔離板および電槽などの部品
から構成されている。従来から隔離板は充放電に
よる電極の膨張、彎曲あるいは析出物などによる
物理的な電極間の短絡防止に用いられており、耐
電解液性が良好で、イオン透過性が良く、低抵抗
の隔離板がいろいろ検討されている。 また、最近の電池の傾向の1つとして、小型密
閉化・高エネルギー密度化がある。これは電子機
器の発達によりさらに携帯用電源として需要が増
加すると思われる。そこで小型密閉化・高エネル
ギー密度電池の研究が盛んに行なわれている。 たとえば、鉛蓄電池の場合は電極間隔離板とし
て用いるガラスマツトに含浸させる程度に液量を
減少させて電池重量を軽量化し、エネルギー密度
を高めるとともに、充電のときに正極から発生す
る酸素ガスを負極に吸収させるいわゆるノイマン
効果を利用して密閉化をはかる方法や、さらに、
電解液の漏液を防ぐために珪酸ゲル、ゼラチン、
寒天などを用いて電解液をゲル化して用いる電池
が実用化されている。このゲル式電池でも電解液
量は従来の電池に比べ大幅に減少しており、電池
の反応に必要な硫酸量とほぼ等しい量が添加され
ている。このように硫酸量の少ない状態で電池が
つくられているので、放電末期には硫酸が消費さ
れ、電解液の硫酸濃度が著しく低下する。 ところで、鉛の溶解度は酸性領域、すなわちPH
値が小さいほど小さく、中性領域すなわちPH値が
大きくなると溶解度も大きくなる。したがつて、
上記のように硫酸量が少なく、放電末期に電解液
の硫酸濃度が著しく低下し、PH値が高まると、鉛
の溶解度が増加し鉛格子が腐食されやすくなり、
電池の寿命をはやめる原因となる。とくに、放電
状態で放置したり、過放電した場合には著しく寿
命を低下させることになる。 そこで本発明では、従来短絡防止用として用い
られてきた隔離板に新しい機能を付与することに
よりこのような問題を解決するものである。 すなわち、本発明は吸水力にPH依存性を有する
化合物を内部あるいは表面に含有する隔離板を用
いることにより、充電あるいは放電による電解液
中の硫酸濃度の著しい増減を減少させ、信頼性の
向上をはかるものである。 この顕著な効果は、たとえばアクリル酸または
メタクリル酸をグラフト共重合したデン粉に見ら
れ、中性付近で約200〜300倍(重量比)の吸水性
を持ち、酸性あるいはアルカリ性領域になるにし
たがつてその吸水性が減少していく特性を有して
いる。 そこで上記のような隔離板を用いた構成にする
ことにより、まず鉛蓄電池の格子腐食に対し優れ
た効果が得られることがわかつた。この現象は放
電末期PHが上がると、前記アクリル酸等をグラフ
ト共重合したデン粉の吸水量が高まり、反応に関
与する電解液のPHが著しく上昇することを防止し
て、格子の腐食を抑制するためと推察される。し
たがつて、本発明により過放電特性の優れた電池
を得ることができる。また、充電すると、放電に
より電極と反応した硫酸が放出され、電解液のPH
は下がり始める。それとともに前記化合物の吸水
性が低下して保持していた水が放出されるため、
電解液のPHが著しく高くならないように水分量の
調整ができる。 以上のように、本発明の隔離板に付与したデン
粉は電解液のPH値によつて吸水量が異なるため
に、電解液濃度の著しい増減を抑制することにな
り、したがつて電池の寿命を向上させるととも
に、過放電特性を向上させることができる。 以上のように、本発明のアクリル酸あるいはメ
タクリル酸をグラフト共重合したデン粉からな
り、吸水力にPH依存性を有する化合物を表面又は
内部に備えた隔離板を用いた電池は、保水性がPH
値により異なるというまつたく新しい機能を持つ
ているために、電解液濃度の著しい増減を抑制す
ることが可能となり、したがつて電池の寿命を向
上させることができる。とくに、鉛蓄電池におい
ては過放電特性を大幅に向上することができる。
また、本発明で用いる化合物としては、アクリル
酸またはメタクリル酸の誘導体とデン粉とのグラ
フト共重合体のように、同じような保水性を有す
るものでも有効である。さらに、この種共重合体
をポリエチレンなどの熱可塑性樹脂と混合して隔
離板に含浸あるいは塗着したのち、熱処理を行な
うと、一層効果のあることがわかつた。これは熱
可塑性樹脂により隔離板への結着力を強め、共重
合体の脱落を防ぐためと考えられる。 つぎに本発明の実施例を説明する。 アクリル酸をグラフト共重合したデン粉10gに
水1Kgを加えると、水を吸収してペースト状にな
る。これを0.2g/cm2となるようにガラスマツト
に含浸させた。つぎに、このガラスマツトを電極
間隔離板として、公知のペースト式の正・負両極
をそれぞれ2枚・3枚用いて鉛蓄電池をつくつ
た。電極の大きさは50mm×70mmとし、ガラスマツ
トの大きさは55mm×75mmとした。また、正極の重
量は格子を含めると2枚で120gとし、その理論
容量は10Ahである。電解液には理論容量が7Ah
となるように調整した比重約1.28の希硫酸40c.c.を
用いた。このようにして得られた電池をAとす
る。 さらに、前記共重合体10gに水500gを加えた
含水物を0.2g/cm2となるように含浸させたガラ
スマツト、および前記共重合体10gとポリエチレ
ン粉末10gとの混合物に水1Kgを加えた練合物を
0.2g/cm2含浸させ、120℃で30分間熱処理したガ
ラスマツトをそれぞれ隔離板として用いた前記と
同様の構成の電池B、Cとする。また、ガラスマ
ツトのみを用いた電池Dを従来例とした。 このようにして得られた電池各5個をそれぞれ
1Aの電流で完全放電したのち、10日間放置した。
それから電極を取り出して乾燥し、正極の重量を
はかつた。その結果従来の電池Dは格子が腐食・
溶解して、重量が8〜12g減少していたが、本発
明の電池A・B・Cはいずれも外見上は異常な
く、重量の減少も1〜3gと少なかつた。詳細は
表に示すとおりである。
Generally, a battery is composed of a reaction system consisting of a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and an electrolyte, and parts such as an interelectrode separator and a battery case. Separators have traditionally been used to prevent physical short circuits between electrodes due to electrode expansion, curvature, or precipitates due to charging and discharging, and have good electrolyte resistance, good ion permeability, and low resistance isolation. Various boards are being considered. In addition, one of the recent trends in batteries is toward smaller, sealed batteries and higher energy density. It is expected that the demand for this as a portable power source will further increase with the development of electronic equipment. Therefore, research into small, sealed, high energy density batteries is actively being conducted. For example, in the case of lead-acid batteries, the amount of liquid is reduced to the extent that it is impregnated into the glass mat used as a separator between electrodes to reduce the weight of the battery, increase energy density, and transfer oxygen gas generated from the positive electrode during charging to the negative electrode. A method of sealing using the so-called Neumann effect that absorbs water, and
Silicate gel, gelatin,
Batteries in which the electrolyte is gelled using agar or the like have been put into practical use. Even in this gel type battery, the amount of electrolyte is significantly reduced compared to conventional batteries, and the amount of sulfuric acid added is approximately equal to the amount of sulfuric acid required for the battery's reaction. Since the battery is manufactured with such a small amount of sulfuric acid, the sulfuric acid is consumed at the end of discharge, and the sulfuric acid concentration of the electrolyte drops significantly. By the way, the solubility of lead is in the acidic region, that is, the PH
The smaller the value, the smaller the value, and the larger the neutral region, that is, the PH value, the larger the solubility. Therefore,
As mentioned above, when the amount of sulfuric acid is small and the sulfuric acid concentration in the electrolyte drops significantly at the end of discharge and the PH value increases, the solubility of lead increases and the lead lattice becomes susceptible to corrosion.
This will shorten the life of the battery. In particular, if the battery is left in a discharged state or over-discharged, its life will be significantly reduced. Therefore, the present invention solves this problem by adding a new function to the separator plate that has been conventionally used to prevent short circuits. That is, the present invention uses a separator containing a compound whose water absorption power is PH-dependent, either inside or on its surface, to reduce the significant increase or decrease in the sulfuric acid concentration in the electrolytic solution due to charging or discharging, thereby improving reliability. It is something to be measured. This remarkable effect can be seen, for example, in starch that has been graft-copolymerized with acrylic acid or methacrylic acid, which has a water absorption capacity of about 200 to 300 times (weight ratio) near neutrality, and when it becomes acidic or alkaline. It has the characteristic that its water absorbency decreases over time. Therefore, it was found that by adopting a structure using a separator as described above, an excellent effect on grid corrosion of lead-acid batteries can be obtained. This phenomenon is caused by the fact that when the pH at the end of discharge increases, the amount of water absorbed by the starch graft-copolymerized with acrylic acid increases, preventing the pH of the electrolyte involved in the reaction from increasing significantly and suppressing corrosion of the lattice. It is presumed that this was to do so. Therefore, according to the present invention, a battery with excellent overdischarge characteristics can be obtained. Also, when charging, sulfuric acid that has reacted with the electrode due to discharge is released, causing the pH of the electrolyte to increase.
begins to fall. At the same time, the water absorbency of the compound decreases and the retained water is released,
The amount of water can be adjusted to prevent the pH of the electrolyte from becoming extremely high. As described above, since the amount of water absorbed by the starch applied to the separator of the present invention differs depending on the PH value of the electrolyte, it suppresses significant increases and decreases in the concentration of the electrolyte, thus extending the life of the battery. It is possible to improve the overdischarge characteristics as well as improve the overdischarge characteristics. As described above, a battery using a separator made of starch graft-copolymerized with acrylic acid or methacrylic acid of the present invention and equipped with a compound on the surface or inside that has a pH-dependent water absorption ability has a high water retention capacity. PH
Since it has a brand new function of varying the electrolyte concentration depending on the value, it is possible to suppress a significant increase or decrease in the electrolyte concentration, thereby improving the life of the battery. In particular, the overdischarge characteristics of lead-acid batteries can be significantly improved.
Furthermore, as the compound used in the present invention, compounds having similar water retention properties such as a graft copolymer of an acrylic acid or methacrylic acid derivative and starch are also effective. Furthermore, it has been found that it is even more effective to mix this type of copolymer with a thermoplastic resin such as polyethylene and impregnate or apply the mixture to the separator, followed by heat treatment. This is thought to be because the thermoplastic resin strengthens the binding force to the separator and prevents the copolymer from falling off. Next, embodiments of the present invention will be described. When 1 kg of water is added to 10 g of starch that has been graft-copolymerized with acrylic acid, it absorbs water and becomes paste-like. A glass mat was impregnated with this at a concentration of 0.2 g/cm 2 . Next, a lead-acid battery was fabricated using this glass mat as an interelectrode separator and using two and three plates of known paste-type positive and negative electrodes, respectively. The size of the electrode was 50 mm x 70 mm, and the size of the glass mat was 55 mm x 75 mm. In addition, the weight of the two positive electrodes including the grid is 120 g, and their theoretical capacity is 10 Ah. The electrolyte has a theoretical capacity of 7Ah
40 c.c. of dilute sulfuric acid with a specific gravity of approximately 1.28 was used. The battery thus obtained is designated as A. Furthermore, a glass mat impregnated with a water-containing material obtained by adding 500 g of water to 10 g of the copolymer at a concentration of 0.2 g/cm 2 and a kneading material obtained by adding 1 kg of water to a mixture of 10 g of the copolymer and 10 g of polyethylene powder were prepared. compound
Batteries B and C were constructed in the same manner as described above, using glass mats impregnated with 0.2 g/cm 2 and heat-treated at 120° C. for 30 minutes as separators. Furthermore, a battery D using only a glass mat was used as a conventional example. Each of the five batteries obtained in this way was
After being completely discharged with a current of 1A, it was left for 10 days.
The electrode was then removed, dried, and the positive electrode was weighed. As a result, the lattice of conventional battery D was corroded.
Although the weight decreased by 8 to 12 g due to melting, all of the batteries A, B, and C of the present invention had no abnormal appearance, and the weight loss was small at 1 to 3 g. Details are shown in the table.

【表】 つぎに、前記と同様にして電池A・B・C・D
の4種類をつくり、1Aで放電を行ない、転極後
さらに2時間放電を続けたのち、2日間放置して
から充電するまでを1サイクルとして、過放電サ
イクル試験を行なつた。サイクル数と1.7Vまで
の放電容量は図に示すように、従来の電池Dでは
20サイクル前後で初期容量の1/2に減少したが、
本発明のA・Bでは約30サイクルと向上し、さら
にポリエチレン粉末を用いた電池Cでは40サイク
ルまで向上させることができた。 以上のように本発明の隔離板を用いると、とく
に過放電特性に著しい効果があることがわかつ
た。また、通常のサイクル寿命も、過放電特性ほ
どではないが効果がある。 なお、実施例では共重合体に水を吸収させたの
ち隔離板に含浸させたが、表面に塗着してもその
効果は得られるし、共重合体をそのまま隔離板に
含浸するかあるいは表面に保持させても、効果が
あるのはもちろんである。また、共重合体の保持
量は、隔離板の体積の1/2以下、好ましくは1/150
0〜1/50が適当であるが、電池の大きさ、用途な
どにより自由に調整することができる。さらに、
実施例では熱可塑性樹脂としてポリエチレンを使
用したが、耐電解液性のすぐれた樹脂であれば、
これに限る必要がないのはもちろんであり、その
使用量としては、共重合体の1/3〜5倍程度が好
ましいが、高率放電を期待しない用途では特に限
定する必要はない。 以上のように、本発明は鉛蓄電池において希硫
酸からなる電解液濃度の著しい増減を抑制して電
池寿命を向上させることができ、とくに、過放電
特性を大幅に向上することができる優れた鉛蓄電
池を提供するものである。
[Table] Next, use batteries A, B, C, and D in the same manner as above.
Four types of batteries were prepared, and an overdischarge cycle test was conducted by discharging at 1A, continuing discharging for an additional 2 hours after polarity change, leaving the battery for 2 days, and then charging, with one cycle being the time of charging. As shown in the figure, the number of cycles and discharge capacity up to 1.7V are
The capacity decreased to 1/2 of the initial capacity around 20 cycles, but
Battery A and B of the present invention improved to about 30 cycles, and battery C using polyethylene powder was able to improve the cycle to 40 cycles. As described above, it has been found that the use of the separator of the present invention has a significant effect, particularly on overdischarge characteristics. In addition, the normal cycle life is also effective, although it is not as good as the overdischarge characteristics. In the example, the copolymer was made to absorb water and then impregnated into the separator, but the effect can also be obtained by applying it to the surface. Of course, it is effective even if it is kept at a certain temperature. In addition, the amount of copolymer retained is 1/2 or less, preferably 1/150 of the volume of the separator.
A value of 0 to 1/50 is appropriate, but it can be freely adjusted depending on the size of the battery, usage, etc. moreover,
In the examples, polyethylene was used as the thermoplastic resin, but any resin with excellent electrolyte resistance may be used.
Of course, there is no need to limit it to this, and the amount used is preferably about 1/3 to 5 times the amount of the copolymer, but there is no need to limit it in particular in applications where high rate discharge is not expected. As described above, the present invention can improve the battery life by suppressing the significant increase or decrease in the concentration of the electrolyte made of dilute sulfuric acid in a lead-acid battery. It provides storage batteries.

【図面の簡単な説明】[Brief explanation of drawings]

図面は各種の隔離板を用いた鉛蓄電池の過放電
サイクルによる放電容量の変化を示す図である。
The drawings are diagrams showing changes in discharge capacity due to overdischarge cycles of lead-acid batteries using various separators.

Claims (1)

【特許請求の範囲】[Claims] 1 正極と、負極と、電解液と、電極間を隔離す
る隔離板を有し、前記隔離板は、中性付近で最大
の吸水性を呈するよう吸水力にPH依存性をもつた
アクリル酸系モノマーまたはメタクリル酸系モノ
マーをグラフト共重合したデン粉を内部または表
面に備えたことを特徴とする鉛蓄電池。
1. It has a positive electrode, a negative electrode, an electrolyte, and a separator that isolates between the electrodes, and the separator is an acrylic acid-based material whose water absorption power is PH-dependent so that it exhibits maximum water absorption near neutrality. A lead-acid battery characterized by comprising starch, which is a graft copolymerized monomer or a methacrylic acid monomer, inside or on the surface.
JP10530279A 1979-08-17 1979-08-17 Rechargable battery Granted JPS5630255A (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP10530279A JPS5630255A (en) 1979-08-17 1979-08-17 Rechargable battery

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP10530279A JPS5630255A (en) 1979-08-17 1979-08-17 Rechargable battery

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
JPS5630255A JPS5630255A (en) 1981-03-26
JPH0151024B2 true JPH0151024B2 (en) 1989-11-01

Family

ID=14403892

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
JP10530279A Granted JPS5630255A (en) 1979-08-17 1979-08-17 Rechargable battery

Country Status (1)

Country Link
JP (1) JPS5630255A (en)

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS6034317A (en) * 1983-07-29 1985-02-21 日本たばこ産業株式会社 Method and device for unpacking cigarette from pack or packing

Family Cites Families (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS5736714B2 (en) * 1974-06-20 1982-08-05

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JPS5630255A (en) 1981-03-26

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
EP3130025B1 (en) Covalently cross-linked gel electrolytes
JP5138391B2 (en) Control valve type lead acid battery
KR20100056257A (en) Secondary zinc alkaline battery comprising negative electrodes and separators surface-modified with gel electrolyte for coating
EP0048009B1 (en) Zinc electrode with cement additive and a secondary battery comprising same
KR100560533B1 (en) A binder for a lithium secondary battery and a lithium secondary battery comprising the same
US3639176A (en) Zinc electrode containing an additive to reduce gassing at the zinc electrode in a heat sterilized silver-zinc alkaline battery
US3580740A (en) Zinc electrode containing lead sulfide to reduce gassing at the zinc electrode in heat sterilized silver zinc alkaline battery
JP7834087B2 (en) Manufacturing method for lead-acid battery components
JPH11126604A (en) Sealed lead-acid battery and manufacturing method thereof
EP3035433A1 (en) Lead-acid battery
US4091193A (en) Rechargeable silver-zinc batteries
JPS63152868A (en) Lead-acid battery
US3418166A (en) Alkaline storage cell having silicate dissolved in the electrolyte
JPH02201872A (en) Plate for lead-acid battery
JP2764923B2 (en) Lead storage battery
JPH0244648A (en) Paste type lead electrode
CN121922698A (en) Gel electrolyte, negative electrode plate, secondary battery and electricity utilization device
JPS6226155B2 (en)
JP2001222987A (en) Sealed lead-acid battery
JPH034444A (en) Sealed storage battery
WO2025079411A1 (en) Lead-acid battery
JPH0845553A (en) Activated charging method for sealed lead-acid battery
JPH01149369A (en) sealed lead acid battery
JPS61147457A (en) Negative electrode plate for lead-acid batteries
JPS62163271A (en) sealed lead acid battery